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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11899.
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Index

A

Advertising and marketing

of competitive foods and beverages, 9899

recommendations for Tier 2 products, 11, 136

After-school activities

concession stands, 84

recommendations for food and beverage availability, 1112, 136137

À la carte entrée items

availability in schools, 23, 7980, 83

definition, 7

nutritional quality, 24

recommended nutrition standards, 7, 8, 129130

regulation, 83

school revenue from, 9394, 96

scope, 83

See also Competitive foods and beverages in schools

Alabama, 184185

Alaska, 186187

Alliance for a Healthier Generation, 114, 115, 257

Anorexia nervosa, 3839

Arizona, 186187

Arkansas, 186189

Aspartame, 47

Atherosclerosis, 30, 33

Athletics. See Sports drinks

Availability of foods and beverages

competitive foods and beverages, 23, 7980, 83

determinants of, in schools, 16

effect of competitive foods on student food intake, 8586, 107

monitoring implementation of nutrition standards, 146147

parental restrictions, 67

physical environment, 99100

rationale for school regulation, 2224

recommendations for after-school activities, 1112, 136137

recommendations for school day, 1011, 134136

B

Benchmark data, 20, 144, 145146, 147148

Beverages

Alliance for a Healthier Generation guidelines, 260262

caffeine content, 910, 133134

consumption patterns, 6061

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11899.
×

consumption trends, 69

fortified, 41

industry efforts to improve nutritional value of, 114115

nonnutritive sweeteners in, 8, 130132

obesity and, 61

recommendations for school day availability, 1011

regulatory trends, 111

sugar content, 6, 5960, 127128

Tier 1 classification, 123

Tier 2 classification, 124

See also Competitive foods and beverages in schools

Body mass index, 31, 60, 65

Bone health, 3536, 56, 58, 60

Breakfast, 6566, 70

Bulimia nervosa, 3839

C

Caffeine

consumption patterns, 50

potential adverse effects, 9, 5153, 134

recommended nutrition standards, 910, 133134

sources, 50

stimulant effects, 5051

Calcium, 36, 42, 5658, 5960

California, 190193

Calorie intake

current standards for school meals, 25

discretionary calorie allowance, 6365

low nutrient density foods, 6265

nonnutritive sweeteners and, 8, 4850

patterns and trends, 15, 23, 4344, 60

snacks, 7, 67, 129

sugar, 58

from sugar-sweetened beverages, 60

weight gain and, 62

See also Intake, energy and nutrient

Cardiovascular disease, 33

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 12, 19, 87

Channel One, 98

Child Nutrition Act, 74, 104

Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act, 1, 1619

Child Nutrition Labeling Program, 128

Child Nutrition Promotion and School Lunch Protection Act, 108

Cholesterol, 33, 62

trans fat effects, 4, 126

Civil Rights Act, 74

Colorado, 194195

Competitive foods and beverages in schools

after-school sales, 1112, 84, 136137

Alliance for a Healthier Generation guidelines, 114, 115, 257262

availability, 23, 7980, 83

concerns, 16, 106107

current nutritional characteristics, 16, 24

current regulation, 7879, 109, 183255

definition, 1, 16, 78

determinants of access and availability, 16

effects on student food intake, 8586, 107

evolution of regulation, 104105

financial effects of restricting, 9697

foods used as reward or discipline, 11, 85, 135136

goals, 14, 108, 119120

marketing of, 11, 9899, 136

national sales, 9293

national school meals program and, 7677, 79, 104, 107, 124

rationale for nutrition standards, 16, 2324, 2526, 107108, 118

recommendations for after-school availability, 1112, 136137

recommended standards for nonnutritive food components, 810, 130134

recommended standards for nutritive food components, 48, 126130

recommended standards for school day availability, 1011, 134136

research needs, 12, 19

as school revenue source, 75, 77, 9197, 104, 110, 148

sources, 1, 78, 8385

two-tier classification, 34, 119, 120

Connecticut, 196197

D

Dairy products

as calcium source, 5658

displacement by sweetened beverages, 5960

sugar content, 67, 59, 128129

Tier 1 foods, 123

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11899.
×

Delaware, 198199

Dental disease, 3738

Diabetes, 34

Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2, 16, 20, 24, 26, 54, 61, 88, 118119, 121, 126, 139

current intake and consumption patterns and, 3941

Dinner, 66

District of Columbia, 198199

E

Eating disorders, 3839

Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 74

Elementary school

after-school food and beverage availability, 1112

availability of competitive foods, 23

competitive foods regulation, 110, 111

nutrition standards, 2627, 183255

open campus, 100

recommendations for after-school food and beverage availability, 136137

F

Fast food consumption, 65

Fat

Alliance for a Healthier Generation guidelines, 260

consumption trends, 6970

current intake, 15, 61

health effects, 4, 62, 126

recommended nutrition standards, 4, 126

Federal government

competitive foods regulation, 104105, 107108

current nutrition standards for school meals, 25, 78

food safety regulation and oversight, 4647

implementation of recommended nutrition standards, 1214, 138139

school governance structure, 74

school system funding, 75

wellness program mandates, 1, 1619, 108

Fiber, dietary, 42

Financial considerations

competitive foods as school revenue source, 75, 77, 9196, 104, 148

cost of implementing recommended standards, 20, 139

effects of restricting competitive food sales, 9697, 113

federal school meal program, 93

monitoring implementation of nutrition standards, 148

obstacles to competitive foods regulation, 110, 113

Florida, 198199

Folate, 42

Food industry

efforts to improve nutritional value of school-available beverages and foods, 114115

implementation of recommended nutrition standards, 1314, 138139, 146

product information and labeling, 14, 127, 128, 138139

receptivity to regulation, 114

Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity, 26

Foods of Minimal Nutritional Value, 79, 104105, 106, 108

Foods to be encouraged, 3

Fortification and supplementation, 41

Fruits

current consumption patterns, 53

sugar content, 6, 128

Tier 1 foods, 121122

Fundraising activities, 12, 8485, 137

G

Gender differences

dietary intake, 6768

eating disorders, 38, 39

energy intake, 43

nutrient intake, 42, 43

obesity patterns, 32

Georgia, 200201

Growth

energy balance and, 7, 2930, 43

individual patterns, 30

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11899.
×

H

Hawaii, 200203

Health

caffeine intake and, 9, 5153, 134

current dietary guidelines, 2, 26, 3941

diet and nutrition concerns, 1, 16, 29

fat intake and, 4, 62, 126

life-course approach, 3031

normal growth, 30

nutrition linkage, 15, 16, 22, 24, 27, 2939, 53

school role in children’s, 1, 15, 2223, 2526

sodium intake and, 7, 130

unhealthy weight control behaviors, 39

Healthful eating

goals of nutrition standards for competitive foods, 14, 108, 119, 126

student attitudes and beliefs, 86

students’ food choice behaviors, 67, 86

HealthierUS School Challenge, 56

Healthy People 2010, 88

High schools

availability of competitive foods, 23

competitive foods regulation, 110111

nutrition standards, 2627, 183255

open campus, 100

physical education, 8889

recommendations for after-school food and beverage availability, 8, 1112, 136, 137

Hypertension, 3334, 44, 51

I

Idaho, 202203

Illinois, 204207

Implementation of nutrition standards

benchmarks, 144, 145146

changes in food availability for, 143144

changes in food sources for, 144

costs, 20, 139

decisions and actions in, 143

expected benefits, 149

food industry role, 1314, 138139, 146

framework for, 141142

key decision-makers in, 145

promoting awareness and understanding, 142143

recommendations for, 1214, 138139

requirements for, 2425, 145

success stories, 113114

tracking and evaluation, 144149

wellness program compliance, 108

Indiana, 208209

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 74

Institute of Medicine, 12, 19

Intake, energy and nutrient, 15, 4244

added sugar, 6, 5859

age-related patterns, 70

basis for nutrition standards, 118

calcium, 5658

competitive food availability and, 8586

concerns, 15, 22, 4243

current nutritional standards for school meals, 25, 78

data sources, 20, 7172

demographic differences, 42, 43

dietary guidelines and, 3941, 61

economic status and, 6869

effects of parental restrictions, 67

energy requirements of children, 6365

fast food consumption, 65

fat, 15, 61

fruits and vegetables, 53

gender differences, 6768

low nutrient density foods, 6265

meal patterns, 6566, 70

monitoring implementation of nutrition standards, 147148

nonnutritive food components, 4553

portion size and, 71

race/ethnicity and, 69

requirements, 179181

at school, 103, 106107

school environment as factor in, 73, 99101

snacks, 7, 66, 7071

sources, 1516

students’ food choice behaviors, 67

sweetened beverages, 5961

trends over time, 6971

whole-grain foods, 5355

See also Calorie intake

Iron deficiency, 3637, 42

J

Juices, 6, 12, 83, 106, 120, 123

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11899.
×

K

Kansas, 210211

Kentucky, 212213

L

Local food producers, 146

Louisiana, 214217

Low nutrient density foods, 6265

Lunch, 66

school lunch period, 99100

M

Magnesium, 42

Maine, 218219

Making It Happen! School Nutrition Success Stories, 97, 113114

Marketing. See Advertising and marketing

Maryland, 218219

Massachusetts, 218219

Metabolic syndrome, 3435

Michigan, 220221

Middle schools

availability of competitive foods, 23

competitive foods regulation, 110111

current state nutrition standards, 183255

dietary intake patterns, 86

nutrition standards, 2627

open campus, 100

recommendations for after-school food and beverage availability, 1112

Minnesota, 220221

Mississippi, 220221

Missouri, 220221

Monitoring outcomes of nutrition standards, 144149

availability of foods and beverages, 146147

benchmark data, 20, 144, 145146, 147148

dietary intake, 147148

ease of implementation, 145146

at local level, 145

programs for, 148149

school finances, 148

at state and federal levels, 145

Montana, 222223

Mortality

cardiovascular disease, 33

diet-related, 30

N

National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs, 2, 1516, 2223, 6869, 7374

administration, 7576, 77

competitive foods and, 7677, 79, 104, 107, 124

coordination of health-related programs, 87

dietary intake related to, 106107

financing, 77, 93, 106

grab and go programs, 100101

nutritional standards for, 25, 78, 106

participation, 76

school environment factors influencing use, 99101

scope of service, 76

stigmatization of poor children, 107

Nebraska, 222223

Nevada, 224225

New Hampshire, 224225

New Jersey, 224225

New Mexico, 226231

New York, 232233

No Child Left Behind Act, 74, 91

North Carolina, 232235

North Dakota, 234235

Nutrient displacement

competitive food availability and, 25, 8586

definition, 8

fortification and, 41

nonnutritive-sweetened beverages, 8, 9, 48, 131132, 133

sweetened beverage consumption and, 5960

Nutrition standards

for competitive foods, rationale for, 16, 2324, 107108

current standards, 103, 106, 109, 183255

food-based, 25, 78, 118

goals for competitive foods and beverages in schools, 14, 108, 119120, 126, 147

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11899.
×

guiding principles, 2, 2127, 117, 118119

National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs, 25, 78, 106

penalties for noncompliance, 111

product information and labeling issues, 14, 127, 128, 138139

recommendations for after-school availability, 1112, 136137

recommendations for implementation, 1214

recommendations for nonnutritive food components, 810, 130134

recommendations for nutritive food components, 48, 126130

recommendations for school day foods and beverages, 1011, 134136

research goals, 12, 19

for school-available foods and beverages, rationale for, 2224, 2526, 27, 103

scientific base, 26

scope, 2627

state and local, 2, 109112

trends, 109110

two-tier classification of competitive foods, 34, 119, 120

wellness program goals, 1, 19

wellness program implementation, 108

See also Implementation of nutrition standards

Nuts/seeds, 122123

O

Obesity

complications of, 1, 15, 30, 3335

definition, 31

demographic patterns, 32

energy imbalance in, 4344

fat intake and, 62

life course, 30

meal-skipping patterns and, 66

socioeconomic status and, 68

sweetened beverage consumption and, 6061

trends, 1, 3132

wellness program mandates, 1619

Ohio, 234235

Oklahoma, 234235

Open campuses, 100

Oregon, 236237

Osteoporosis, 3536, 56

P

Packaging, for implementation of nutrition standards, 146

Parental restrictions on food consumption, 67

Pennsylvania, 236237

Physical activity

coordination of school health-related programs, 88

current levels in schools, 8889

discretionary calorie allowance and, 63

energy requirements, 179181

recommendations for, 88

state requirements, 88

Portion sizes, 71

Potassium, 42

Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance, 26

Private sector

nongovernmental organizations, 114

See also Food industry

Processed foods, 4

Product information and labeling, 14, 127, 128, 138139

Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity, 26

Psychosocial factors

effects of parental restrictions on food consumption, 67

food choice behavior, 67

self-reported food intake, 7172

R

Race/ethnicity

dietary intake differences, 68, 69

hypertension risk, 34

obesity patterns, 32

Rewards, use of foods and beverages as, 11, 85, 135136

Rhode Island, 238239

Richard Russell National School Lunch Act, 74

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11899.
×

S

Safety of food supply, 4647

Saturated fat

current intake, 15, 61

health effects, 62

recommended nutrition standards, 4, 61, 126

School Food Authority, 7576, 77, 94

School Nutrition Dietary Assessment, 78

School nutrition programs, federally reimbursable, 1, 14

School Physical Activity and Nutrition survey, 148149

School stores and snack bars, 1, 14, 23, 79, 80, 83, 84

Schools

cafeteria conditions, 101

competitive foods in. See Competitive foods and beverages in schools

coordination of health-related programs, 8687

current enrollment, 22

dietary intake in, 103, 106107

environmental factors in food behavior, 73, 99101

funding system, 75, 9192

governance structure, 7475, 113

nutrition education in, 8991

nutrition standards rationale, 2224, 2526, 27

physical education, 8889

role in children’s health, 1, 15

sources of foods and beverages, 1516

wellness program mandates, 1

Snacks

calorie limits, 7, 129

consumption patterns, 7, 66, 7071

definition, 7

discretionary calorie allowance and, 6364

fat standards, 4

nutrition characteristics, 67

recommended nutrition standards, 78, 129130

sodium content, 8, 130

sugar standards, 6

Socioeconomic status

dental disease and, 37

dietary intake and, 6869

stigmatization of school lunch programs, 107

Sodium, 4445

Alliance for a Healthier Generation guidelines, 260

associated health risks, 7, 130

recommended nutrition standards, 78, 130

South Carolina, 240241

South Dakota, 240241

Sports drinks, 1011, 135

State and local governments

administration of school meals programs, 77

current school nutrition standards, 183255

federal wellness program mandates, 1

implementation of recommended nutrition standards, 1213, 2425, 138

monitoring outcomes of nutrition standards, 145

physical education requirements, 88

regulation of competitive foods and beverages, 109112

school funding, 75

school governance structure, 7475

school nutrition program administration, 7576

vending machine regulation, 8384

See also specific states

Sugar

dental health and, 3738

dietary guidelines, 58

intake patterns, 58

low nutrient density foods, 62

measurement in foods, 59

product labeling, 127, 128

rationale for reduced intake, 6, 127

recommended nutrition standards, 67, 127129

sources, 5859

sweetened beverages, 5961, 127128

See also Sweeteners, nonnutritive

Sweeteners, nonnutritive

concerns, 45, 130

to increase consumption of healthful foods, 9, 133

nutrient displacement, 8, 9, 48, 131132

purpose, 45

recommendations, 89, 130133

research needs, 133

safety, 8, 9, 4548, 131, 133

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11899.
×

sources, 45

weight control and, 8, 9, 4850, 131, 132, 133

Syndrome X, 3435

T

Taxes, school system funding, 75

Tennessee, 242243

Texas, 244249

Tier 1 foods and beverages

definition, 3, 119, 124, 134

recommendations for after-school availability, 1112, 134, 136137

recommendations for school day availability, 10, 136

types of, 120123

Tier 2 foods and beverages

definition, 34, 119, 124

recommendations for after-school availability, 1112

recommendations for nonnutritive components, 8

recommendations for school day availability, 11

Trans fat, 62

recommended nutrition standards, 4, 126

U

Utah, 248249

V

Vegetables

current consumption patterns, 53

sugar content, 6, 128

Tier 1 foods, 121122

Vending machines

contents, 83

exterior design, 11, 136

prevalence, 23, 7980, 83, 97

regulation, 8384

trends, 97

See also Competitive foods and beverages in schools

Vermont, 250251

Virginia, 250251

Vitamin A, 42

Vitamin C, 42

Vitamin D, 36

Vitamin E, 42

W

Washington, 252253

Water, recommendations for availability and access, 10, 135

Wellness programs

after-school activities and, 84

coordination of health-related programs, 87

current state, 1, 87, 108

federal mandate, 1, 1619, 87, 108

implementation of nutrition standards in, 146

nutrition education, 8991

research goals, 12

West Virginia, 252253

Whole-grain foods, 5355, 121122

WIC Reauthorization Act, 108

Wisconsin, 252253

Wyoming, 254255

Y

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 148

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11899.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11899.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11899.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11899.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11899.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11899.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11899.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11899.
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Food choices and eating habits are learned from many sources. The school environment plays a significant role in teaching and modeling health behaviors. For some children, foods consumed at school can provide a major portion of their daily nutrient intake. Foods and beverages consumed at school can come from two major sources: (1) Federally funded programs that include the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), the School Breakfast Program (SBP), and after-school snacks and (2) competitive sources that include vending machines, "a la carte" sales in the school cafeteria, or school stores and snack bars.

Foods and beverages sold at school outside of the federally reimbursable school nutrition programs are referred to as “competitive foods” because they compete with the traditional school lunch as a nutrition source. There are important concerns about the contribution of nutrients and total calories from competitive foods to the daily diets of school-age children and adolescents.

Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools offers both reviews and recommendations about appropriate nutrition standards and guidance for the sale, content, and consumption of foods and beverages at school, with attention given to foods and beverages offered in competition with federally reimbursable meals and snacks. It is sure to be an invaluable resource to parents, federal and state government agencies, educators and schools, health care professionals, food manufacturers, industry trade groups, media, and those involved in consumer advocacy.

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