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APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies John J. Stegeman, Ph.D. (Chair), is a Senior Scientist, former Chair of the Biology Department at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and Director of the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, in Woods Hole, Massa- chusetts. He received his Ph.D. in biochemistry, concentrating on enzymology, from Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. His research interests center on metabolism of foreign chemicals in animals and humans, and the struc- ture, function, and regulation of the enzymes that accomplish this metabolism. Dr. Stegeman served on the committees for Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 and Update 2002, and chaired the committee for Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004. Richard A. Fenske, Ph.D., M.P.H., is a Professor and Associate Chair of En- vironmental and Occupational Health Sciences at the University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, and is the Director of the Paciï¬c Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center at the University of Washington in Seattle. Dr. Fenskeâs work has focused on the evaluation of en- vironmental health risks in special populations. Specialty areas include health risks of pesticide exposures, development of new exposure assessment methods, childrenâs exposure to hazardous chemicals, and investigation of the role of der- mal exposure for workers. Dr. Fenske serves on the Science Advisory Board of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and also serves as a member of EPAâs Human Studies Review Board. He had previously served on the commit- tees for Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002 and Update 2004. Jordan Firestone, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H., is Assistant Professor of Medicine, with Adjunct appointments in Neurology and Occupational and Environmental 778
APPENDIX D 779 Health Sciences. He is Director of the University of Washington Occupational and Environmental Medicine Clinic at Harborview Medical Center in Seattle. Dr. Firestoneâs research involves chemical exposures and their interactions with individual genetic susceptibility in neurological disease, with a special focus on Parkinsonâs disease. His clinical specialty is in occupational neurotoxicology. Dr. Firestone previously served on the committee for Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004. Peter H. Gann, M.D., Sc.D., is a Professor and Director of Pathology Research at the University of Illinois at Chicago. A physician-epidemiologist by training, his research work focuses on the causes of breast and prostate cancer, with par- ticular emphasis on the development and application of novel biological markers. His interest in biological markers actually originates with his service as a Project Director at the National Academy of Sciences in the 1980s. Prior to his current position, Dr. Gann spent 13 years in the Department of Preventive Medicine at Northwestern University Medical School. He received a B.A. degree from Swarthmore College, M.D. and M.S. (epidemiology/biostatistics) degrees from the University of Pennsylvania, and his doctorate in epidemiology from Harvard University. Dr. Gann serves on a number of national and international advisory and peer-review panels in the ï¬eld of cancer prevention. Mark S. Goldberg, Ph.D., is Associate Professor in the Department of Medi- cine, McGill University, Montreal, associate member in the Joint Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Occupational Health, the Department of Oncology, and Medical Scientist, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre. Dr. Goldberg is an occupational and environmental epidemiologist and holds an Investigator Award from the Canadian Institute for Health Research. His current research interests include the investigation of occupational and envi- ronmental risk factors for breast cancer and the health effects associated with exposures to ambient air pollution. In addition to being a member of grant review panels, Dr. Goldberg is also a member of Health Canadaâs Science Advisory Board. He has served on the committee for Disposition of the Air Force Health Study and the Division of Earth and Life Sciences committee for Assessing the Human Health Risks of Trichloroethylene: Key Scientiï¬c Issues. Claudia Hopenhayn, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor in the Department of Epi- demiology at the University of Kentucky, College of Public Health. Her primary research interests have focused on cancer and reproductive outcomes, within the context of environmental and occupational epidemiology and cancer control. Dr. Hopenhaynâs expertise combines toxicology, biomarkers of exposure and effect, statistics, risk factors, and assessment of intervention, within a framework of epidemiology and multidisciplinary collaborations, both in the United States
780 VETERANS AND AGENT ORANGE: UPDATE 2006 and internationally. Dr. Hopenhayn previously served on the committee for Vet- erans and Agent Orange: Update 2004. Nancy I. Kerkvliet, Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Dr. Kerkvlietâs research is focused on using animal models to understand how chemi- cals of environmental concern alter immune function. Her primary interest is focused on understanding how activation of the Ah receptor by TCDD and other ligands suppresses immune responses. She previously served on the Committee on Toxicology, the Subcommittee of Jet Propulsion Fuel 8, and the committee for Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004. Linda A. McCauley, Ph.D., FAAN, R.N., is a Nightingale Professor of Nurs- ing and Associate Dean for Nursing Research at the University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing. Dr. McCauley received her doctoral degree in environmental health/epidemiology from the University of Cincinnati. Dr. McCauley has special expertise in the design of epidemiological investigations of occupational and en- vironmental hazards and is nationally recognized for her expertise in occupational and environmental health nursing. Dr. McCauleyâs research interests are in the areas of chemical exposure among working populations and young children. DeJuran Richardson, Ph.D., is a Professor and Associate Dean of the Faculty at Lake Forest College and an Adjunct Professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Dr. Richardsonâs areas of expertise include biostatistics and clinical trial data management. He received his B.A., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Northwestern University. His professional activities have included appointments to the National Cancer Instituteâs ECOG Data Monitoring Committee, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Initial Grant Review Committee, and the Advisory Board for the Harvard School of Public Health Initiatives for Minority Student Development Program in the Department of Biostatistics. Dr. Richardsonâs research interests include the design and analysis of large multicenter clinical trials, the recruitment and retention of underrepresented minorities in clinical trials, and performing statisti- cal survival analyses in the presence of informative censoring. Dr. Richardsonâs research articles have appeared in many scientiï¬c journals. He has served on the committee for Disposition of the Air Force Health Study. Hollie I. Swanson, Ph.D., is Associate Professor in the Department of Molecu- lar and Biomedical Pharmacology and with a joint position with the Toxicology Department at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine. She received her M.S. from Oregon State University, Ph.D. from Purdue University, and post- doctoral training from Michigan State University and Northwestern University. Her research focuses on the study of the aryl hydrocarbon pathway and its role
APPENDIX D 781 in altering cell fate. She currently serves as Councilor of the Drug Metabolism Specialty Section of the National Chapter of the American Society for Pharmacol- ogy and Experimental Therapeutics and is a member of the National and Ohio Valley Chapters of the Society of Toxicology. She is an editorial board member of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Dr. Swanson has published numerous articles pertaining to the molecular and cellular aspects of the Ah receptor and dioxin. Mary K. Walker, Ph.D., is a Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology at the University of New Mexico, College of Pharmacy. Her research interests focus on the mechanisms by which high afï¬nity ligands for the AHR increase the risk of cardiovascular disease; and the structural, functional, and molecular changes in adult cardiovascular physiology in a genetic mouse model which lacks the AHR gene. Dr. Walker has also authored and coauthored several articles on these topics. Stephen D. Walter, Ph.D., is Professor of Clinical Epidemiology and Biosta- tistics in the Faculty of Health Sciences at McMaster University. Dr. Walter has published extensively on epidemiology and biostatistical methods. His research interests include disease screening and diagnosis; risk assessment; environmental health; and analysis of spatial and temporal data patterns. He is a former Editor of the American Journal of Epidemiology and is the Section Editor for Clinical Epidemiology in the Wiley Encyclopedia of Biostatistics. Dr. Walter has served previously on the IOM Committee on Medicare Coverage of Routine Thyroid Screening. Staff Biographies Mary Burr Paxton, Ph.D., is Senior Program Ofï¬cer in the Institute of Medi- cine (IOM) Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice. Before joining IOM, she worked as a consultant on the regulation of toxic substances and managed the conduct and analysis of several epidemiology studies on vet- eransâ health. She received a masterâs of science in biostatistics from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health and a doctorate in genetics from the George Washington University. She is a diplomate of the American Board of Toxicology. Dr. Paxton has worked on several National Academies reports, including Issues in Risk Assessment; Environmental Neurotoxicology; Gulf War and Health: Insecticides and Solvents; Gulf War and Health: Fuels, Combustion Products, and Propellants; Asbestos: Selected Cancers; and Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004. Jennifer A. Cohen is a Program Ofï¬cer in the IOM Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice. She received her undergraduate degree in art history
782 VETERANS AND AGENT ORANGE: UPDATE 2006 from the University of Maryland. She is currently attending the University of Maryland where she is working towards her masters in public health. She has been involved with the IOM committees that produced Organ Procurement and Transplantation; Clearing the Air: Asthma and Indoor Air Exposures; Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicide/Dioxin Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes; Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000; Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicide/Dioxin Exposure and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia in the Children of Vietnam Veterans; and Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004. Rose Marie Martinez, Sc.D., is Director of the IOM Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Before joining IOM, she was Senior Health Researcher at Mathematica Policy Research, where she studied the effects of health-system change on the public-health infrastructure, access to care for vulnerable popula- tions, managed care, and the health care workforce. Dr. Martinez is former As- sistant Director for Health Financing and Policy with the US General Accounting Ofï¬ce, for which she directed evaluations and policy analysis on national and public-health issues. Dr. Martinez received her doctorate from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. Tia S. Carter is a senior program assistant on the IOM Board on Population Health and Public Health Practices. She is working on a masterâs in health care administration at the University of Maryland University College. She received her undergraduate degree in community health from the University of Maryland, College Park. Before coming to IOM, she worked at the Greater Washington Urban League in the Division of Aging and Health Services as the health promo- tions coordinator, where she was responsible for health-promotion and disease- prevention education services and activities among the elderly. She has been involved with the IOM committee on Asbestos: Selected Cancers. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006 is Tiaâs second report with IOM. Sonia J. Cheruvillil, M.P.H., is a senior program assistant (until June 2006) in the IOM Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. She received her masters in public health from George Washington University School of Public Health. She received her undergraduate degrees in English literature (B.A.) and microbiology (B.S.) from the University of Iowa. She has been involved with the IOM committee on the Disposition of the Air Force Health Study (AFHS) and Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002 and Update 2004. Norman Grossblatt, ELS(D), is a senior editor at the National Academies. Be- fore joining the National Research Council Division of Medical Sciences in 1963, he worked as an analyst in information storage and retrieval at Documentation Incorporated and as a technical editor at the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co., Nuclear Power Department, in Washington, DC. He received a B.A. in English
APPENDIX D 783 from Haverford College. Mr. Grossblatt is a diplomate editor in the life sciences and was the founding president of the Board of Editors in the Life Sciences. He is a fellow of the American Medical Writers Association and a recipient of its Presidentâs Award; a member of the Council of Science Editors and since 1997 the manuscript editor of its journal, Science Editor; and a member of the Euro- pean Association of Science Editors. At the National Academies, he has edited over 300 reports.
Index Note to the reader: This index contains entries for each of the seven volumes of the Veterans and Agent Orange series released to date: Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam (I), Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996 (II), Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998 (III), Vet- erans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 (IV), Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002 (V), Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004 (VI), and Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006 (VII). Page numbers for the discussions of topics in spe- ciï¬c volumes follow the roman numerals denoted above. Thus, for example, the entry âAgent Blue, I: 27, 89â90, 93, 97, 100; III: 136, 137; IV: 118â ï¬rst refers to material found on pages 27, 89â90, 93, 97, and 100 in Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam, then to material found on pages 136 and 137 of Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998 and on page 118 of Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000. 784
INDEX 785 A diabetes prevalence, data by age, III: 492 epidemiologic studies, control of aging Abortions. See Spontaneous abortion effects, II: 261â262; III: 409; IV: 3, 13, ACC. See US Army Chemical Corps 23 Acquired immune deï¬ciency syndrome. See female reproductive system cancer AIDS/HIV incidence, data by type, for selected age ACS. See American Cancer Society groups, III: 329, 330; IV: 321; V: 310 ACTH. See Adrenocorticotropic hormone gastrointestinal tract cancer incidence, data Acute lymphocytic leukemia. See Leukemia by type for selected age groups, III: Acute myelogenous leukemia. See Leukemia 267; IV: 250; V: 244 Acute myeloid leukemia. See Leukemia Hodgkinâs disease incidence, data for AD. See Alzheimerâs disease selected age groups, III: 372; IV: 365; ADA. See American Diabetes Association V: 355 Adipose tissue immune system, IV: 31, 79 TCDD distribution, I: 130, 131, 168-169, kidney cancer, V: 334 259, 269, 280; IV: 42, 43, 64, 116, 117; laryngeal cancer incidence, data for selected VI: 67â68; VII: 89 age groups, III: 292; IV: 277; V: 268 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), IV: 59 latency and, II: 261â262, 273, 275; III: 409, Aerial spraying, I: 3, 24; III: 135, 137, 139; 414â415, 425, 428, 430; IV: 254, 256, IV: 117, 120, 123, 150, 160, 303; VI: 264, 265 l75â177, 185 leukemia incidence, data by type, for military early research, I: 25â26; III: 28; selected age groups, III: 384; IV: 378; IV: 150 V: 367 records of, I: 84â85, 287 liver/intrahepatic bile duct cancers See also Herbicide application methods; incidence, data for selected age groups, Herbicides III: 282; IV: 267; V: 260 AFHS. See Air Force Health Study lung cancer incidence, data for selected age Aï¬atoxin, I: 453; IV: 267 groups, III: 296; IV: 281; V: 272 Africa, sub-Saharan, II: 181; III: 282; IV: 267; melanoma incidence, data for selected age VI: 221 groups, III: 313; IV: 300; V: 288 Age and aging menopause, VII: 148 acute lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data multiple myeloma incidence, data for for selected age groups, III: 384; IV: 9, selected age groups, III: 377; V: 361 378 nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer incidence, data acute myeloid leukemia incidence, data for for selected age groups, III: 289; IV: selected age groups, III: 384; IV: 378 273; V: 265 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, V: 524 non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma age of onset, I: bone/joint cancer incidence, data for 436 selected age groups, III: 302; IV: 288; non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma incidence, data V: 279 for selected age groups, III: 362; IV: brain cancer incidence, data for selected age 356; V: 344 groups, III: 356; IV: 351; V: 339, 524 parkinsonism, V: 524 breast cancer incidence in US women, data prostate cancer incidence, data for selected for selected age groups, III: 324; IV: age groups, III: 334; IV: 10, 327; V: 314; V: 301 317, 524 cancer age-speciï¬c incidence, I: 436â438 renal cancers incidence, data for selected chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence, age groups, III: 352; IV: 346 data for selected age groups, III: 384; reproductive disorders, IV: 51â52, 59, 63, IV: 378 66, 71, 80, 200 chronic myeloid leukemia incidence, data for research recommendations, V: 524 selected age groups, III: 384; IV: 378 soft-tissue sarcoma age of onset, I: 436
786 INDEX soft-tissue sarcoma incidence, data for Orange II formulation, I: 90; III: 137; IV: selected age groups, III: 306; IV: 292; 119 V: 282 product liability litigation, I: 34â35 TCDD halfâlife, IV: 24, 28, 45 spontaneous abortion, II: 283; IV: 399â400, testicular cancer incidence, data for selected 409â412; V: 414 age groups, III: 343; IV: 335; V: 325 suspension of use, I: 92â93; II: 26 urinary bladder cancer incidence, data for TCDD as contaminant of, I: 91, 114, selected age groups, III: 347; IV: 340; 126â127; II: 102; III: 140; IV: 133â135 V: 328 Vietnam amount used, I: 1, 27, 74, 90, See also Demographic data, Vietnam 97â98, 106; II: 1, 26; III: 136; IV: 115, veterans 118â119 Agent Blue, I: 27, 89â90, 93, 97, 100; III: 136, Vietnam military application, I: 1, 3, 27, 74, 137; IV: 118; VI: 183â185 84â85, 90, 92â93, 97â107, 543â545; II: volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, 1, 26â27; III: 1, 25, 136, 137, 138, 140; data, III: 136 IV: 125â126 Agent Green, I: 27, 90, 92, 114; III: 136, 137, Vietnam surplus disposal, I: 93â94 140, 146; IV: 118; VI: 183 Vietnam veteransâ concerns, I: 32â34; II: volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, 26â27 data, III: 136; IV: 123 Vietnam veteransâ increased disease risk, Agent Orange, II: 308; III: 130, 159, 315, 344, II: 22â23; III: 22â23, 272; IV: 8â9, 12, 359, 389, 407, 444, 460, 462, 489, 491; 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305, IV: 117â118, 150, 156; V: 1, 12; VI: 311, 318, 323, 332, 338, 343, 348, 353, 1, 183 359, 367, 374, 381, 388 Air Force research activities, II: 31â32; III: volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, 28â29 data, II: 136; IV: 120, 123, 150 birth defects association, II: 298, 300; III: See also Herbicides; Incineration, of Agent 435; IV: 400 Orange breast cancer association, V: 307 Agent Orange, the Deadly Fog, I: 33 cancer latency issues, II: 260â276; III: Agent Orange Act of 1991. See Public Law 407â431; IV: 284 102-4 chemical composition, I: 27; II: 102; IV: 119 Agent Orange Briefs, I: 56; II: 31; III: 28 chloracne association, II: 317, 318; III: 479; Agent Orange Registry (AOR), I: 20, 53, 56, IV: 138, 463; V: 478 729; II: 29, 31, 153, 228; III: 28, 344 congressional hearings, II: 27â28; III: 25 See also Department of Veterans Affairs, defoliant effectiveness, I: 90 US (DVA) Department of Veterans Affairs activities, II: Agent Orange Review, I: 56; II: 31; III: 28 29â31, 153, 156â157; III: 27â28; IV: 15 Agent Orange Scientiï¬c Task Force, I: 60â61 Environmental Protection Agency research Agent Orange Study, I: 19, 57, 58â59, 63â64, activities, II: 32; III: 29â30 276â278; II: 102; III: 147, 148; IV: 124 exposure opportunity index (EOI), II: Agent Orange Task Force, II: 24â26; III: 290â291; III: 146, 147, 148; IV: 124, 24â25, 148; IV: 124 405 See also Department of Veterans Affairs, federal government action/research, I: (DVA) 45â60; II: 27â32; III: 27â32; IV: 13 Agent Orange Validation Study, III: 240; IV: health effects of, concerns, I: 2; II: 19â23, 156, 159, 160, 162, 283, 304, 327, 403; 26â27; III: 19â20, 236, 237, 240, 242, VI: 139, 190; VII: 245 243 Agent Orange Victims International, I: 34 International Agency for Research on Agent Orange Working Group, I: 19, 46, 58, Cancer research activities, III: 30 277, 743 legislation, I: 47â52; II: 28â29; III: 26â27; research methodology, I: 728 IV: 1, 15
INDEX 787 Agent Pink, I: 27, 90, 92, 114; III: 136, 137, non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma, I: 9, 256â257, 140, 146; IV: 118, 122â123; VI: 183 530â540; II: 138, 139, 232â234; III: volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, 364â365; IV: 359â361 data, III: 136; IV: 123 parkinsonism in, V: 6 Agent Purple, I: 27, 89, 92, 114; III: 136, 140, prostate cancer, I: 11, 518, 519, 575; II: 146; IV: 118, 122â123; VI: 183 8â9; III: 335; IV: 327â329 Operation Ranch Hand, IV: 123 reproductive outcomes, I: 510â511, 598 TCDD in, I: 126; IV: 122 respiratory cancer, I: 11, 466; II: 197â198 volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, soft-tissue sarcomas, I: 37, 326â328, data, III: 136 479â481, 486â488 Agent White, I: 27, 90, 92â93, 97, 115, 189; sperm dysfunction, I: 632 III: 136, 137; IV: 118â119; V: 36, 40; suicide, I: 650 VI: 43, 183â185 See also Forests; Professional herbicide/ volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, pesticide applicators data, III: 136 Agricultural Health Study (AHS), IV: 142; VI: Agricultural/forestry workers, VI: 119, 124â 126, 175; VII: 156â159, 229,655 128; VII: 156â162, 227â230, 729â739 See also Iowa brain tumors, I: 320, 523; II: 136 Agricultural herbicides, I: 24, 35, 39, 174â175, Canadian Farmer Cohort, II: 135â136 181; II: 137â139 cancers, I: 13, 37, 320â323, 443, 447, 454; See also Herbicides II: 133â137, 179 Agriculture. See Agricultural/forestry workers; case-control studies, I: 326â341, 486â488; Food crops; Forests II: 118â122, 138â140; III: 185â195, Ah receptor (AhR), I: 3, 123, 134; II: 3â4, 228â232; V: 113â114; VI: 127â128 51â53, 54â56, 57â62; III: 54â58, 129; cohort studies, I: 318â323; II: 118â120, IV: 25â26, 29â30, 42, 47, 50â58, 60, 135â137, 197â198; III: 178â185, 68, 69, 70â73, 76, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 224â228; IV: 197â202; V: 6, 109â113; 87, 90, 93, 94, 95, 99â100; V: 24â25, VI: 124â127 52â55; VI: 55â66; VII: 93 epidemiologic studies, I: 37, 318â323; II: animal studies and, I: 114, 123; II: 3â4, 118â120, 135â137, 232â234, 238â239, 51â53, 54â56, 57â62, 92â93; III: 33, 241â243; III: 178â195, 224â232, 284â 34, 35, 54â58, 62â63, 67â69, 129; IV: 285, 335, 364â365, 379â380, 387â388; 48â49, 61â62, 64â67, 74â75; VI: 55â57 IV: 134, 141â142, 145, 257, 260, 263, anti-estrogenicity and, II: 62; III: 67â69 265, 271, 285, 290, 296, 306, 312, 318, biological consequences of activation, II: 324, 333, 338, 349, 353, 360, 368, 374, 57; III: 62; IV: 56â60, 323 381, 401; V: 3, 143â153, 222â224; VI: blood abnormalities, I: 125 124â125 cacodylic acid acute toxicity, I: 188 female reproductive and breast cancers, I: cacodylic acid and mechanism of toxicity, 510â511; IV: 324â325 II: 50â51; IV: 24 hepatobiliary cancer, I: 454; II: 183â184; cacodylic acid carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, III: 284â285; IV: 271 187; IV: 5, 387 herbicide exposure assessment, I: 265â266; cacodylic acid chronic exposure, I: 188â189 III: 154â157; IV: 202 cacodylic acid developmental toxicity, I: 189 Hodgkinâs disease, I: 550â553; II: 135 cacodylic acid genotoxicity, I: 187â188 Irish agricultural workers study, II: 136â137 cacodylic acid mechanism of action, I: kidney cancer, I: 515 188â189 leukemia, I: 332â335, 566â568; II: 136; III: cacodylic acid pharmokinetics, I: 186â187 387â388 cacodylic acid renal toxicity, II: 50â51 malignant lymphoma in, IV: 201 cacodylic acid reproductive toxicity, I: 189 multiple myelomas, I: 11â12, 558â561; cacodylic acid toxicity summary, II: 50; III: II: 138â139, 238â239, 241â243; III: 48; IV: 38 379â380
788 INDEX cacodylic acid toxicokinetics, I: 188â189; bone/joint cancer in, III: 303; IV: 289 IV: 24, 27, 38 cancer and latency in, III: 423, 424, 425, combinatorial interactions, II: 57â58 427 DNA binding capability and transcription, chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, V: activation of, II: 56â57; III: 58â61 465â466 free radicals and, II: 60; III: 64â65 circulatory disease in, I: 703â705, 706; II: growth/differentiation signaling, III: 62â63 336; III: 514, 517; IV: 508â509 growth factor and, II: 59 cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders, V: 449 inconsistencies in, II: 57â62 data sources, I: 385â386; II: 150â151 interactions, VI: 58â59 diabetes mellitus in, I: 684; II: 330; III: 495, ligand-independent activation, II: 58 498â500, 502; IV: 485â487 multiple forms of, II: 57 epidemiological studies, II: 31, 32, 149, nervous system and, I: 161; V: 470â471 150â152, 154â156, 293â295; III: 28â29, protein and, VI: 56â58 206â207, 218, 237â240, 303, 309â310, protein kinases and, II: 60â62; III: 65â67; 313â314, 318, 321, 322, 339, 340, 385, IV: 69â71 436, 438, 439, 446â447, 449, 452â453, redox signaling, III: 64â65; IV: 67â69 457â458, 481, 486, 495, 498â500, 502, signaling interactions, II: 59â62; III: 62â69; 505, 506, 507, 510, 513, 514, 517; IV: 60â61, 64, 71â74 IV: 291, 294â295, 298, 301, 305â306, structural and functional aspects of, II: 308â311, 313, 327, 329, 331, 334â336, 54â56; III: 54â58; IV: 54â56; VI: 56â66 342, 345, 347, 350, 352, 355, 357, 362, TCDD biologic plausibility and, I: 3, 366, 370, 373, 376, 380, 383 133â138, 452â453; IV: 4, 25â26, 29, exposure assessment in, I: 279â280, 281, 42, 47â53, 322, 386 386; II: 4â5, 101, 103, 109; III: 6, TCDD carcinogenicity and, I: 118, 439 146â147, 157â158, 162; IV: 123â124 TCDD hepatotoxicity and, I: 151, 152, 457; gastrointestinal ulcers in, I: 691; III: 510, II: 3â4 513 TCDD immunotoxicity and, I: 122, 150 immune system disorders in, I: 696 TCDD interactions with, V: 24â25, 52â54, infertility in, II: 280; III: 446â447, 449 309 laryngeal cancer in, V: 272 TCDD reproductive toxicity and, I: 123 lipid abnormalities in, I: 689; II: 333; III: TCDD teratogenicity and, I: 159â160 505, 506, 507; IV: 494 transcriptional-independent responses, II: liver toxicity in, II: 332; III: 510, 513; IV: 58â59 502 See also ARNT low birthweight in, I: 626, 627; III: AHS. See Agricultural Health Study 457â458 AIDS/HIV, I: 338, 527, 541, 695; II: 326; IV: melanoma in, III: 313â314; IV: 303â304 144, 214, 356, 475, 476 methodology, I: 230â231, 385â386, 445, Air Force. See US Air Force 757â762 Air Force Health Study (AFHS), I: 62â63, 260, multiple myelomas in, I: 562; II: 244, 245; 272, 622; II: 284, 293â295, 336; III: 23, IV: 373 25, 29, 239, 438â439, 495, 505, 514; neurological disorders in, I: 659; IV: IV: 13, 232, 233, 234, 235; V: 10, 513; 441â443, 445, 454â455, 459 VI: 120, 260, 406, 492; VII: 173â181, non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma in, I: 541; IV: 241â242, 647â649, 763â767 362 appropriation for, I: 51 participants, I: 722â723; II: 150â152 autoimmune disease in, I: 698 perinatal death in offspring, III: 452â453 basal/squamous cell skin cancer in, III: 318, peripheral nervous system disorders in, I: 321, 322; IV: 309 665; IV: 454â455 baseline mortality studies, II: 151 porphyria cutanea tarda in, I: 681â682; II: birth defects in offspring, II: 286, 293â295; 321â322; III: 481 III: 436, 438, 439; IV: 402
INDEX 789 recommendations for, I: 16â17, 722â724; American Cancer Society (ACS), I: 334; II: II: 23, 24; IV: 13; V: 524 177, 181, 189, 191, 204, 205, 209, 211, reproductive outcomes in, I: 601, 612â613, 217, 223, 228, 231, 239, 245; III: 267, 632, 633, 727; II: 293â295; III: 436, 282, 289, 292, 295, 296, 302, 304, 312, 438, 439, 446â447, 449, 452â453, 322, 324, 329, 334, 343, 347, 351, 356, 457â458; IV: 403 362, 371, 377, 383; IV: 250, 267, 273, respiratory cancers in, I: 469; II: 201 277, 281, 287, 291, 299, 300, 314, 320, respiratory disorders in, I: 711â712; III: 486 326, 335, 339, 345, 350, 355, 364, 371, role of, I: 53 377; V: 244, 278, 282, 289, 309, 316, skin cancers in, II: 209; IV: 303 425 skin disorders in, I: 678 Cancer Prevention Study, II: 239; III: 229 soft-tissue sarcoma in, I: 492â493; III: American College of Epidemiology, II: 25 309â310; IV: 294â295 American Diabetes Association (ADA), III: spina biï¬da in offspring, II: 9, 295â296; III: 492, 493, 502; V: 485 7, 8, 9â10, 438 American Industrial Hygiene Association, II: 25 spontaneous abortions in, II: 283â284 American Journal of Epidemiology, II: 281 status of, I: 53; II: 31â32 American Legion, I: 60, 278â279, 399, TCDD half-life estimates, I: 260â261; II: 601â602, 626, 633; II: 113, 157; IV: 104â105; III: 37, 50, 157â158 133, 158; VI: 120; VII: 184, 651 TCDD serum levels, I: 273, 281, 285, 656; Vietnam veteransâ epidemiological studies, II: 101, 103, 105, 109, 351, 356, 357; III: 212â213, 243; V: 126; V: 126, 187; III: 146, 147 VI: 140; VII: 771â772 update of, V: 6 American Public Health Association, II: 25 See also Operation Ranch Hand; US Air American Thoracic Society Force; Vietnam veterans Epidemiology Standardization Aktiengesellschaft, Germany, IV: 137 Questionnaire, II: 136 AL-type primary amyloidosis. See Amyloidosis d-Aminolevulinic acid synthetase, I: 153â154 Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), II: 331, 332; Amitrole, I: 323 III: 45, 509, 510; IV: 37 AML. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Alaskan natives Herbicides/Dioxin Exposure and Acute Inuit, III: 50â51 Myelogenous Leukemia in the Children See also Race/ethnicity of Vietnam Veterans Alberta, Canada, II: 135â136, 232, 242, 246; Amsterdam, Netherlands, V: 5, 228â229, 511; III: 234â235, 319â320; IV: 149, 198, VII: 235 229, 312â313; V: 117 Amyloidosis, IV: 2, 7, 11, 511â513; V: Alberta Cancer Registry, III: 235 506â507; VI: 471â473; VII: 142, Alberta Health Care Insurance Plan, III: 235 472â474, 675 Alcohol consumption, I: 507 biologic plausibility, VI: 473; VII: 474 ALL. See Leukemia scientiï¬c literature update, VI: 472 Allergies, II: 327, 329; III: 487â488; IV: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), V: 6, 461â 469â470; VII: 617â618 465, 524; VI: 420â422; VII: 580â585 See also Immune system disorders biologic plausibility, VI: 420â422; VII: 584 ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis clinical features, V: 461 ALS. See Assembly of Life Sciences pesticide exposure and, V: 463â465 Alsea, Oregon, I: 42â43, 372â373, 598 pesticide occupational exposure studies, V: ALT. See Alanine aminotransferase 462; VII: 141 Alzheimerâs disease (AD), V: 6, 449, 451 scientiï¬c literature update, VI: 422 American Association for the Advancement of Vietnam veteransâ risk, VI: 422 Science, I: 29, 92 Anencephaly, IV: 404â405 Herbicide Assessment Commission, I: Angina, I: 708; IV: 135 30â31 See also Circulatory disorders
790 INDEX Angiogenesis, VII: 105 cacodylic acid acute toxicity, I: 188 Animal studies, III: 394â396, 524; IV: 254, cacodylic acid carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 256, 269, 275, 279, 290, 293â294, 296; 187; IV: 5, 387 V: 35â36; VI: 29â30, 34â41; VII: 43â44 cacodylic acid chronic exposure, I: 188â189 2,4-D carcinogenicity, I: 118â119, 176â178; cacodylic acid developmental toxicity, I: 189 II: 48; III: 47, 396; IV: 37; VI: 36â40 cacodylic acid genotoxicity, I: 187â188 2,4-D chronic exposure, I: 179â180; IV: 34 cacodylic acid mechanism of action, II: 50; 2,4-D developmental toxicity, I: 124, III: 49â50 180â181; III: 46; VI: 38â39 cacodylic acid mechanism of toxicity, II: 2,4-D disease outcomes and mechanisms of 50â51; IV: 24; VI: 41â43 toxicity, II: 48â49; III: 38â39, 44â47; cacodylic acid pharmacokinetics, I: IV: 30â32, 35 186â187 2,4-D genotoxicity, I: 178â179; IV: 28, 33; cacodylic acid renal toxicity, II: 50â51 VI: 36â40 cacodylic acid reproductive toxicity, I: 189 2,4-D immunotoxicity, I: 122â123, 181; III: cacodylic acid toxicity summary, II: 50; IV: 46, 423; IV: 36; VI: 39 38 2,4-D lethality, III: 44â45; IV: 35 cacodylic acid toxicokinetics, II: 50; III: 48; 2,4-D mechanism of action, II: 47â48; III: IV: 24, 27, 38; VI: 41 44; IV: 33; VI: 40â41 characteristics of, I: 111â114; IV: 48 2,4-D mechanism of toxicity, II: 48â49; IV: epidemiologic studies, IV: 359, 361, 369, 28, 37; VI: 36 381 2,4-D neurotoxicity, II: 48; III: 45â46, 473; evidentiary role, I: 228; IV: 85, 106, 385, IV: 30, 35; VI: 37 515â516 2,4-D pharmacokinetics, I: 175 generalizability, I: 112, 113, 114, 118, 2,4-D reproductive toxicity, I: 124, 180, 122â123, 160; IV: 26, 85, 426, 459 181; III: 46; IV: 29, 36; VI: 38â39 hepatic abnormalities, I: 124â125, 688; IV: 2,4-D toxicity proï¬le update summary, II: 25, 57, 59â60 46; IV: 33 human health relevance of toxicology, III: 2,4-D toxicokinetics, II: 46â47; III: 43â44; 35â36; IV: 26, 48 IV: 24, 27; VI: 34â36 male-mediated disorders, I: 593â594 2,4,5-T acute toxicity, I: 184 nonhuman primates, I: 151 2,4,5-T carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, picloram in, I: 118, 119, 125, 190â192; III: 182â184; III: 396 51 2,4,5-T chronic exposure, I: 184 research recommendations, V: 526â527 2,4,5-T developmental/reproductive toxicity, squamous cell carcinomas, IV: 284 I: 124, 185; II: 49â50 TCDD acute toxicity, II: 75â76 2,4,5-T genotoxicity, I: 184 TCDD and bladder cancer in, IV: 342 2,4,5-T immunotoxicity, I: 123 TCDD and bone/joint cancer in, IV: 290 2,4,5-T mechanism of action, III: 47â48 TCDD and Hodgkinâs disease in, IV: 367 2,4,5-T mechanism of toxicity, II: 49â50; TCDD and leukemia disease in, IV: 380 IV: 37 TCDD and multiple myeloma in, IV: 374 2,4,5-T pharmacokinetics, I: 182 TCDD and nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer in, 2,4,5-T toxicity proï¬le update summary, II: IV: 275 49; IV: 37 TCDD and non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma in, 2,4,5-T toxicokinetics, II: 49; III: 47; IV: 37 IV: 358 Ah receptor, I: 3, 123, 134; II: 3â4, 51â53, TCDD and prostate cancer in, IV: 332 54â56, 57â62; III: 54â58, 129; IV: 4, TCDD and soft-tissue sarcoma in, IV: 279 30, 386 TCDD carcinogenicity, I: 3, 116, 138â142; amyloidosis, IV: 512 II: 3, 65â68; IV: 26, 305, 311 blood abnormalities, I: 125; IV: 496 TCDD cardiovascular toxicity, I: 171; II: breast cancer, IV: 29, 317â318 76; III: 74â75
INDEX 791 TCDD dermal toxicity, I: 173â174; II: 76 Army Reserve Personnel Center, II: 152 TCDD developmental toxicity, I: 123â124, ARNT, II: 4, 45, 55, 56, 57, 58, 66; III: 38, 156â157, 159â160; II: 3, 71, 72â73; III: 54â58, 63; IV: 30, 47â56, 61, 67, 92â105; IV: 58 69â73, 86 TCDD disease outcomes, II: 3; III: 39â43, See also Ah receptor (AhR) 71â105; IV: 3, 23 Arsenic TCDD endocrine effects, III: 83â84 cacodylic acid component, IV: 117â118; V: TCDD gastrointestinal toxicity, I: 169â170; 4, 21; VI: 21 IV: 256 respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268; III: TCDD hepatotoxicity, I: 124â125, 151â156; 420 II: 3, 73â75; III: 76â79 Arsenic in Drinking Water, V: 21, 38; VI: 21, TCDD immunotoxicity, I: 119â122, 42 146â151; II: 3, 68â71; III: 85â92; IV: 3, Arthritis. See Rheumatoid arthritis 26 Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, I: 135, 153, TCDD-induced diabetes, IV: 488 155â156, 170 TCDD-induced wasting syndrome, I: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor. See Ah receptor 162â166; II: 76â77; III: 80â83; IV: 57, (AhR) 76 Asbestos, respiratory cancer and latency, II: TCDD lethality, III: 71â73; IV: 76 268; III: 420 TCDD mechanism of action, II: 3, 54â65; Asia, III: 471; VI: 203, 221, 226, 233 III: 51â53, 54â58, 62â63, 67â69; IV: 3, See also Southeast Asia (SEA); individual 24 countries TCDD mechanism of toxicity, II: 65â77 Asian Americans, II: 188 TCDD metabolic toxicity, I: 166â169 See also Race/ethnicity TCDD neurotoxicity, I: 160â166; II: 3, 75; Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), II: 331, 333; III: 84â85; IV: 352, 458 III: 45, 509; IV: 37 TCDD pharmacokinetics, I: 127â133 Assembly of Life Sciences (ALS), I: 62, 63 TCDD renal toxicity, II: 77; III: 75â76; IV: Association of Birth Defect Children, II: 292 348 AST. See Aspartate aminotransferase TCDD reproductive toxicity, I: 123â124, Asthma, I: 708, 711, 713; IV: 199 156â159; II: 3, 71â72; III: 92â105; IV: See also Respiratory disorders 26, 64, 323, 337, 411, 432, 434 Astrocytomas, V: 525 TCDD respiratory tract toxicity, I: 170 Ataxia, I: 658 TCDD toxicity update summary, II: 51â53 See also Motor/coordination dysfunction; TCDD toxicokinetics, II: 3, 53â54; III: 4â5, Neurobehavioral toxicity 33; IV: 3, 23, 41, 47 Atlanta, Georgia, II: 241, 296; III: 229 toxicity, potential health risks and CDC Birth Defects Study, II: 9; III: 438; contributing factors, III: 106, 107, 108; IV: 237 VI: 45â47 Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, I: 387 Anthropometry. See Body weight Atlantic Ocean, III: 108 AOR. See Agent Orange Registry Australia, I: 61, 91, 340, 406, 418, 444, 470, Aphasia, V: 447 488â489, 537, 546, 614â615, 633, 702, Apoptosis, TCDD and, II: 3, 67; VII: 104 710; II: 113, 132, 149, 160, 202, 293; Arctic region natives, III: 50â51; VI: 226 III: 216â217, 218, 237, 244â245; IV: 8, Argentina, III: 224; VI: 125; VII: 162 10, 144, 150, 159, 210, 304; VI: 128; Arkansas, I: 373â374, 663; III: 234; IV: 149, VII: 185â186, 775â777 231; V: 117; VI: 133 Air Force veterans, III: 244 Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, I: 494 Army veterans, III: 244, 245; IV: 159; VI: Army. See US Army 141 Army Chemical Corps. See US Army Chemical Australian National Service Vietnam Corps veterans, III: 273, 286
792 INDEX Bureau of Statistics Health Interview herbicide environmental exposure and, III: Survey, 1989-1990, III: 245, 485, 511, 323; IV: 229, 309; V: 297â298, 299; 517 VII: 368, 370 Department of Defense, III: 244, 245 herbicide occupational exposure and, Department of Veterans Affairs, III: 244, 245 III: 321, 323; IV: 309; V: 296, 297, Electoral Commission rolls, III: 245 298â299; VII: 367, 370 Health Insurance Medicare, III: 245 herbicides association with, III: 317â322, herbicide use by forces, III: 137â138 323; V: 295â300 lung cancer mortality in Vietnam veterans, incidence, III: 319â320 III: 424 morbidity studies, V: 297â298 National Death Index, III: 245 mortality studies, III: 319, 321; V: 296 Navy veterans, III: 244 scientiï¬c literature update, III: 319â320; IV: Victorian Cancer Registry, III: 232; IV: 144; 309; V: 296, 298â299; VI: 261 VI: 128 Vietnam veterans and, III: 323; V: 298; VI: Vietnam veterans epidemiologic studies, III: 265; VII: 369â370 9, 273, 285â286, 290, 294, 295, 298, See also Melanomas; Skin cancer 299, 303, 310, 311, 314, 315, 327, 329, BASF, I: 312â313, 444, 530, 550, 558; II: 339, 340, 343, 346, 349, 353, 355, 359, 130â131, 238, 318â319, 325, 330â331, 365, 380, 389, 469, 486, 489, 500, 506, 332â333, 334, 336; III: 153, 154, 174, 512â513, 517; IV: 244â247, 255, 259, 221â222, 269â270, 273, 297, 349, 484, 262, 264, 266, 272, 276, 280, 283, 287, 495, 506, 511; IV: 112, 188â189, 257, 295, 298â299, 305â308, 310, 313, 319, 260, 271, 285, 290, 301, 333, 343â344, 323â326, 332, 334â335, 337, 339, 345, 368, 382; V: 108, 135â136; VI: 123, 350, 355, 362â363, 371, 376, 380, 383, 425; VII: 154â155, 723â724 404â405; V: 127â128, 191â193, 324, Aktiengesellschaft, III: 221; IV: 137 420; VII: 243, 652â654 Dioxin Investigation Programme, II: 131 See also Tasmania Occupational Safety and Employee Austria, IV: 138â139, 189, 467â468, 500 Protection Department, II: 131 Autoimmune disease, I: 697â699; IV: 475â481; Basic helix-loop-helix (BHLH), II: 54, 55, 56; VII: 618 IV: 49 See also Immune system disorders; Bayer, III: 154; IV: 112 Systemic autoimmune disease; Systemic Beckâs Depression Inventory, I: 650, 651 lupus erythematosus Belgium, VI: 133, 181, 447, 476â477; VII: 235 Autoimmunity, I: 693, 697â699; II: 7, 21, 327, Beneï¬ts. See Compensation, veterans 329; III: 487â488; IV: 476â477 BHLH. See Basic helix-loop-helix See also Immune system disorders Bias Axonal nerve damage, VI: 428 in an investigation, V: 22; VI: 23 methodological. See Methodological bias publication, VI: 30â31 B Binghamton, New York, III: 234; IV: 149; V: 117 Biochemical warfare, I: 29, 45 B cell function, I: 147, 148 Biologic plausibility, II: 88, 92; III: 2, 124, 128; Baltic Sea, II: 329; III: 108, 236, 272, 285, 358, IV: 2â3, 16, 20â22, 26, 29, 106â107, 484, 515 249, 385â388; V: 4, 378â381, 516â518; Baltimore, Maryland, V: 5, 400 VI: 18, 24â25, 483â485; VII: 26, 36â37, Baltimore-Washington Infant Study, V: 400 263 Basal/squamous cell skin cancer, VII: 366â371 Ah receptor-TCDD interaction, I: 3, biologic plausibility, III: 322; IV: 311; V: 133â137, 439, 452â453; III: 129; IV: 300; VI: 264â265; VII: 371 48, 86 epidemiologic studies, III: 317â322, 323; V: altered sperm parameters, I: 634; III: 451 296, 297â298, 299; VI: 261â265; VII: 370 amyloidosis, V: 505; VI: 473; VII: 474
INDEX 793 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, VI: 420â422; Hodgkinâs disease, I: 557; III: 377; IV: 367; VII: 584 V: 361; VI: 319; VII: 465 animal studies, I: 228; II: 176; III: 460â462, hormonal effects, VI: 394â397 474â475; IV: 431â435 hyperlipidemia, I: 692 basal/squamous cell skin cancer, III: 322; V: immune system disorders, VI: 447â448; 300; VI: 264â265; VII: 371 VII: 619â620 birth defects, II: 298; III: 444; IV: 403; V: immunotoxicity, I: 122, 146â151, 181, 192, 404; VI: 365; VII: 543â544 699; III: 491 bladder cancer, III: 351; IV: 342â343; V: infant death, VII: 530â531 333; VI: 291; VII: 414 infertility, I: 634; II: 282; III: 451; VI: 372; bone/joint cancer, I: 474; III: 304; IV: 290; VII: 523â524 V: 282; VI: 245; VII: 345 kidney cancer, V: 338; VII: 420 brain tumors, I: 525; III: 362; IV: 352; V: laryngeal cancer, III: 295; IV: 279; V: 343; VI: 302; VII: 432 271â272; VI: 234; VII: 330 breast cancer, II: 217; III: 327, 329; IV: leukemia, I: 571; III: 390; IV: 380â381; V: 317â318; V: 309; VI: 269â270; VII: 372, 376; VI: 333, 337; VII: 485â486 379â380 lipid and lipoprotein disorders, VI: carcinogenicity, I: 116â118, 119, 146, 459â463; VII: 637â638 176â178, 182â184, 187, 190â191, 439, liver disorders, I: 691â692; II: 335; III: 451; II: 176; III: 394â397; IV: 385â387 513â514; IV: 270; VII: 643 childhood cancer, I: 630; II: 300; IV: 426; low birthweight outcomes, I: 628; III: 458; VI: 389; VII: 552â553 V: 425; VI: 382â383; VII: 534 chloracne, I: 678; II: 320â321; III: 480; IV: lung cancer, III: 302; IV: 284; V: 278; VII: 466; V: 479; VI: 438; VII: 601â602 340â341 chronic lymphocytic leukemia, VII: male-mediated reproductive outcomes, I: 489-490 593â595; III: 451; IV: 413, 416â417, 426 circulatory disorders, I: 708; III: 518; IV: melanoma, III: 317; IV: 305; V: 295; VI: 510; V: 505â506; VI: 471; VII: 669â670 260; VII: 363 colorectal cancer, VII: 209 motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 661; III: diabetes mellitus, I: 692; II: 335; III: 475; IV: 448 502â503; IV: 488; V: 492; VI: 456; VII: multiple myeloma, I: 12, 563; III: 383; IV: 630â631 374; V: 366; VI: 325; VII: 472 endocrine cancers, VII: 442 nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 460; III: endometrial cancer, IV: 322 292; IV: 275; V: 268; VI: 230 endometriosis, VI: 478; VII: 679 neonatal death, VII: 530â531 esophageal cancer, VII: 290 neurobehavioral disorders, II: 314; III: evidentiary role of, I: 111, 114, 223â224, 474â475; VI: 409 240â241, 434; II: 88, 92, 176; III: 23, neuropsychological disorders, I: 658; IV: 106â107; V: 23â24 457â459; VI: 429â430 female reproductive system cancers, I: 512; non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma, I: 549; III: 366; III: 334; IV: 323; V: 316 IV: 358â359; V: 355; VI: 312; VII: 456 fetal/neonatal/infant death, I: 624; III: 453 pancreatic cancer, VII: 324 gastrointestinal disorders, III: 513â514; V: parkinsonism, VI: 419â420; VII: 579 502; VI: 466; VII: 643 perinatal death, III: 453, 458; IV: 413; V: gastrointestinal tract cancers, III: 281â282; 422; VI: 379 IV: 256; V: 246; VI: 221 peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 666; genitourinary tract cancers, I: 521â522 V: 470â472; VI: 428; VII: 589 genotoxicity, I: 178â179, 184, 187â188, 191 porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 679, 682; II: hepatobiliary cancer, I: 453, 457; III: 286, 323; III: 482; IV: 468; V: 480; VII: 603 288; IV: 270; V: 263â264; VI: 225â226; prostate cancer, III: 343; IV: 331â332; V: VII: 317â318 323â324; VI: 282â283; VII: 401
794 INDEX renal cancers, III: 356; IV: 348 herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: renal toxicity, I: 179â180 607â608; II: 286â287, 297; III: 437; IV: reproductive outcomes, I: 123â124, 197; V: 394â395; VI: 362; VII: 536â537 180â181, 185, 189, 192, 605, 618, 628; Ranch Hand participantsâ children and, II: II: 300â301; III: 458, 460â462; IV: 411; 293â296; III: 436, 438, 439; IV: 18; V: VI: 394â397; VII: 384, 553â556 16; VI: 15 respiratory cancers, I: 472 risk factors of, I: 606â607; II: 298; III: 444; respiratory disorders, I: 713; III: 486; V: V: 405 482; VI: 443; VII: 615 scientiï¬c literature update, III: 437, sex ratio, VI: 393â394 439â443; IV: 401â402; V: 394â403, skin cancer, I: 503; IV: 305, 311; VI: 260; 433â437; VI: 362â365 VII: 363 Seveso, Italy, study, II: 287; III: 436 soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 500; III: 311; IV: summary, II: 295â296; IV: 400â401 296; V: 287; VI: 251; VII: 353â354 TCDD association with, V: 5, 434, 439â441 spontaneous abortion, V: 420; VI: 378; VII: TCDD biologic plausibility in, I: 618; II: 526 298; III: 460â461 squamous cell carcinomas, IV: 284 Vietnam veteransâ children and, I: 609â615, stillbirth, VII: 530â531 618; II: 288â296, 297, 298; III: 435, stomach cancer, VII: 298 436, 437â438; IV: 403; V: 396â398; VI: testicular cancer, III: 347; IV: 337; V: 327; 364; VII: 539â541, 543 VII: 406 See also Cleft lip/palate; Neural tube thyroid homeostasis, VI: 481; VII: 684 defects; Reproductive disorders; Spina See also TCDD biologic plausibility biï¬da; Teratogenicity Biological samples, I: 20â21, 729â730 Birth Defects Study, II: 9, 290â291, 296; III: Biomarkers 147, 436, 438, 439; IV: 405, 429 chloracne as, I: 4, 10, 172â173, 262, 401, See also Centers for Disease Control and 672â674; II: 318; V: 478 Prevention (CDC) exposure assessment and, I: 259â262, Births. See Birth defects; Low birthweight; 280â284; II: 101â104; III: 146â147; IV: Perinatal death; Preterm delivery (PTD) 111, 123, 448, 479 Birthweight. See Low birthweight research recommendations, I: 17, 725; II: 25 Bladder cancer and disorders, VII: 407â414 sperm parameters as, I: 631 biologic plausibility, III: 351; IV: 342â343; Bionetics Research Laboratory, I: 30 V: 333; VI: 291; VII: 414 Birth defects, VII: 535â545 epidemiologic studies, I: 515â517; II: 225â biologic plausibility, III: 444; IV: 403; V: 227; III: 347â351; IV: 19, 339â347, 404; VI: 365; VII: 543â544 385, 387; V: 5, 17, 330â332, 333; VI: deï¬nition of, I: 605â606; II: 286; III: 435; 286â292; VII: 408â413 IV: 400; V: 393â394 epidemiology, II: 223; III: 347 epidemiologic studies, II: 140, 286â296; herbicide association in, I: 12, 521, 576; II: III: 436, 437â438, 443; IV: 247, 403; V: 7, 12, 21, 225â227, 250; III: 3, 10, 21, 404; VI: 355â365; VII: 536â543 132, 347â351; IV: 19, 31, 40; V: 17, 21, epidemiology, I: 606; II: 286; III: 435â436 328â333; VI: 16â17 evaluation of epidemiologic data, I: herbicide environmental exposure and, 615â618; IV: 144â145, 403 III: 349, 350â351; IV: 341; V: 329, herbicide association ï¬rst reports, I: 1 331â332; VII: 411, 413 herbicide association in, I: 13â14, 618; II: herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 7, 11, 20, 286â296; III: 436â444; IV 348, 350; IV: 340â341; V: 329, 330; 400â405; V: 393â405 VII: 408â413 herbicide environmental exposure studies, histopathology, I: 513 I: 608â609; II: 140, 287â288, 297; III: incidence, I: 513 437; V: 394, 400â402; VI: 363; VII: 536â543
INDEX 795 incidence, data by age/gender/race, for epidemiologic studies, II: 136, 229â230; selected age groups, III: 347; IV: 340; III: 356â361; IV: 198; V: 340â343; VI: V: 328; VI: 287 296â302; VII: 425â432 risk factors, I: 513â514; V: 333 epidemiology, I: 522â523; II: 228â229; III: scientiï¬c literature update, II: 226â227; III: 356 348â349; IV: 340; V: 329, 332; VI: 291 herbicide association in, I: 12, 525, 576; II: TCDD association with, IV: 19, 24; V: 5 7, 12, 21, 229â230, 250; III: 8, 12, 21, Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 513, 517, 522; II: 356â362; IV: 19; V: 17, 338â343 223, 226; III: 349, 351; V: 333; VI: 292 herbicide environmental exposure and, III: Vietnam veteransâ studies, VII: 411â413 358, 361; IV: 351; V: 341â342; VI: 301; See also Genitourinary cancers VII: 428â429, 431 Body mass index (BMI), II: 281; III: 499, 502 herbicide occupational exposure and, III: Body weight, loss of and TCDD, II: 3 357â358, 360; IV: 351; V: 340â341; VI: Boehringer-Ingelheim, I: 313; III: 153â154; IV: 301; VII: 144, 425â431 111â112; V: 220; VI: 172 incidence, data by gender/race, for selected Bone development effects, VI: 68â69; VII: age groups, III: 356; IV: 351; V: 339; 89â90 VI: 297 Bone/joint cancer, VII: 342â346, 711 research recommendations, V: 524 biologic plausibility, III: 304; V: 282; VI: scientiï¬c literature update, II: 229â230; 245; VII: 345 III: 357â359; IV: 351; V: 339, 342; VI: children and, I: 628 301â302 chondrosarcomas of the skull, III: 2, 10, TCDD association with, IV: 19; VII: 266, 304 114â116 epidemiologic studies, III: 303â305; V: Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 525; II: 228â229, 280â282; VI: 242â245; VII: 342â345 230; IV: 353; V: 343; VI: 302 epidemiology, I: 472â473; II: 204; III: 302 Vietnam veteransâ studies, III: 358â359, herbicide association in, I: 13, 473â474, 361; IV: 352; V: 342; VI: 301â302; VII: 577; II: 6, 11, 20, 204â205, 249â250; 429â432 III: 7, 10, 303â305; V: 278â282; VII: Breast cancer, VII: 371â382, 710â711 141 agricultural workers and, I: 510; IV: 140 herbicide environmental exposure and, III: biologic plausibility, II: 217; III: 327, 329; 303, 305; IV: 289; V: 280; VII: 344â345 IV: 318; V: 309; VI: 269â270; VII: herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 379â380 303, 305; IV: 288; V: 280; VII: 342â345 epidemiologic studies, II: 214â216, 217; incidence of, data by gender/race, for III: 324â328; IV: 318â320; V: 302â304, selected age groups, III: 302; IV: 288; 308; VI: 265â270; VII: 373â379 VI: 242 epidemiology, I: 505, 506â507; II: 213â214; scientiï¬c literature update, II: 204â205; III: III: 322, 324; IV: 144 303; IV: 288; V: 279, 281; VI: 242â244 herbicide association in, I: 13; II: 6, 11, Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 473, 474; II: 204; 12, 20, 89, 213â217, 249â250; III: 7, IV: 290; V: 282; VI: 245 10, 324â329; IV: 24, 29, 38, 73; V: Vietnam veteransâ studies, III: 303, 305; IV: 300â309; VII: 142â143 289; V: 281; VII: 344â345 herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: Boston Hospital for Women, II: 291â292 511, 512; III: 328; IV: 315; V: 302â303, Brain tumors, I: 339; IV: 350; VII: 304â307; VII: 375â379 423â433,711â712 herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 2,4-D exposure and, I: 119, 176â177 214â216; III: 324â326, 328; IV: 315; V: agricultural workers and, I: 320; II: 136 301, 302, 304; VII: 144, 147, 373â378 biologic plausibility, III: 362; IV: 352; V: histopathology, I: 505â506 343; VI: 302; VII: 432 incidence in US women, data by race, for clinical features, I: 522 selected age groups, III: 324; IV: 314; V: 301; VI: 265
796 INDEX risk, estimated, II: 218; V: 300â301 domestic use, I: 185â186 risk factors, I: 507; V: 309 genotoxicity, I: 119, 187â188 scientiï¬c literature update, III: 326â327; IV: kidney toxicity, I: 125; II: 42 315; V: 301, 304â307; VI: 266 mechanism of action, II: 50; III: 38, 49â50; TCDD association with, V: 5, 65â66, VI: 41â43 306â307; VI: 81; VII: 109â110 mechanisms of toxicity, II: 50â51 Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 213, 216â217, metabolism, I: 115, 116 505, 511; III: 329; IV: 318; V: 309; VI: Operation Ranch Hand, use in, IV: 117 270 pharmacokinetics, I: 186â187 Vietnam veteransâ studies, III: 326, 328; IV: renal toxicity, II: 50â51 316; V: 304; VII: 376â377, 379 reproductive toxicity, I: 124, 189; II: 42; IV: See also Reproductive system cancers, 403 women toxicity update summary, II: 50; IV: 23, 33, Breast milk, VI: 50â51, 389 38; V: 38â40, 78; VI: 33â34, 41â43, British Columbia, Canada, III: 10, 227â228, 89â90; VII: 58â61 338, 439â440, 447â448, 449, 452, 453, toxicokinetics, II: 50; III: 32â33, 48; IV: 24, 457; IV: 419; VII: 163 27â29; V: 38â39; VI: 41 Cancer Incidence File, III: 227 Vietnam formulations, I: 186 Death File, III: 227 volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, Division of Vital Statistics, III: 452, 457 data, III: 136 Health Surveillance Registry, III: 227, 439 Calcium, homeostasis of and 2,4,5-T, II: 4 British workers. See United Kingdom California, I: 341; III: 232; VI: 129 Bronchitis, I: 708, 711, 713 See also Irvine, California See also Respiratory disorders California United Farm Workers Study, VII: Bronchus cancer. See Lung cancer 159â160, 229, 731 Brown, Jesse, II: 24; III: 24, 25 Camp Drum, New York, I: 25â26, 89 Bureau of Census, III: 231 Canada, I: 11, 319â320, 323, 374â375, 443, Bureau of Labor Statistics, I: 79, 80 467â468, 537â539, 620, 650; II: 8, 132, Burkitt lymphoma, V: 430 135â136, 140, 219â220, 243, 248; III: n-Butyl esters, I: 27; IV: 117â119 226, 232, 303, 309, 335, 344, 348, 353; IV: 141, 199, 209, 257, 296, 333, 353, 360, 374, 381; V: 352; VI: 50, 125â126, C 176 Census of Agriculture, 1971, II: 135 Ca Mau peninsula, I: 100, 104 Census of Population, 1971, II: 135 Cacodylic acid, I: 88â89; II: 4; III: 5, 19, 32, Central Farm Register, 1971, II: 135 135, 136, 137, 218; IV: 22, 117â118, Central Farm Register, 1981, II: 135 133; V: 1, 3, 4; VI: 1, 3, 11, 20â21, Cross-Canada Study of Pesticides and 41â43, 118â119, 201, 276, 436 Health, VII: 167 acute toxicity, I: 188 Mortality Data Base, II: 135; III: 227 animal studies, I: 185â189; II: 50â51; III: Mortality Study of Canadian Male Farm 34, 38, 48, 49â50, 396; IV: 5; VI: 41â43 Operators, II: 135â136; III: 224; IV: carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 187; II: 40; III: 140, 198â200; VII: 161 396; V: 39 Saskatchewan Cancer Foundation, II: 139 chemical properties/structure, I: 111, 114, Saskatchewan Hospital Services Plan, II: 186; II: 38; III: 32; V: 21 139 chronic exposure, I: 188â189 Statistics Canada, III: 227 and circulatory disorders, V: 503 See also Alberta, Canada; British Columbia, developmental toxicity, I: 124, 189 Canada; Manitoba, Canada; New dimethylarsenic radical formation and, II: 4 Brunswick, Canada; Ontario, Canada; disease outcomes, III: 34, 50; IV: 25, 31 Saskatchewan, Canada
INDEX 797 Cancer herbicide occupational exposure studies, age-speciï¬c incidence, I: 436â438; IV: 250, I: 443â444; II: 133, 134; IV: 251, 268, 267, 273, 277, 281, 288, 292, 300, 314, 274, 282, 288, 292, 302, 309, 315, 321, 321, 327, 335, 346, 351, 356, 365, 372, 327, 336, 340, 346, 351, 356, 365, 372, 378 379; VII: 144, 147 agriculture workers and, I: 320â323, 443; herbicide/pesticide applicators and, I: II: 136, 137â138 320â321, 323, 325â326, 443, 447, biologic plausibility, I: 116â118, 119, 434; 466â468, 488, 491; II: 137â138; IV: 276 II: 176; III: 394â397; IV: 249, 256, 270, herbicides, categories of association in, I: 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305, 311, 318, 572 322, 323, 331, 332, 337, 342, 343, 348, mortality studies, I: 442â445; II: 133, 134, 352, 358, 359, 367, 374, 380, 381, 385; 136, 137, 263; III: 410â411, 421, 422, VI: 339â341; VII: 263 423, 424, 426, 427, 429; IV: 251â254, children and, I: 14, 594â595, 628â631; IV: 268â270, 277, 282, 288, 289, 292, 293, 345, 399, 400, 417â429; V: 425â432 294, 299, 302, 303, 305, 327, 329, 330, clinical features, I: 433â436 331, 332, 336, 341, 346, 347, 351, 352, epidemiologic studies, I: 45, 317, 320â323, 356, 357, 358, 365, 366, 367, 372, 373, 325â326, 367, 383â384, 391â393, 443â 379, 380; VII: 145 445; II: 133â138, 147â148; IV: 182, multistage model, I: 142â143, 434, 439 251â255, 268â269, 274â275, 277â278, P450 induction to, I: 144â145, 170 282â283, 288â289, 292â295, 302â304, phenoxy herbicide association in, I: 483; 309â310, 315â316, 321â323, 327â329, III: 422, 423, 429 336â337, 340â342, 346â347, 351â352, research priorities, I: 19, 727 356â358, 365â367, 372â373, 379â380; research recommendations, I: 19, 727 V: 5, 242â393; VI: 5, 201â353; VII: risk assessment, I: 442â443, 578; II: 251, 261â516 276; III: 430â431 epidemiology, I: 433, 435â438, 442, 525; site groupings for ICD-9 cancer codes, III: II: 175; III: 265â266 537â539 herbicide association, insufï¬cient evidence TCDD animal studies, I: 138â142; II: 176; for determining, I: 13â14, 577â578; II: III: 394, 396; IV: 306, 311, 317 249â250; III: 393; IV: 268, 270, 274, TCDD genotoxicity, I: 143â144 279, 286, 302, 305, 311, 314, 318, 321, TCDD in initiation/promotion, I: 116, 323, 336, 337, 338, 340, 342, 346, 348, 142â143, 434, 439 374, 378, 380, 384; VI: 338 TCDD in P450 induction to, I: 144â145 herbicide association, limited/suggestive types classiï¬cation, VII: 264â267 evidence of, I: 10â12, 574â576; II: Vietnam civilians, II: 148 247â249; III: 393; IV: 256, 278, 279, Vietnam veterans, expected incidence, 283, 331, 373, 384, 385; VI: 338 I: 439â440, 442, 452, 460â461, 473, herbicide association, no evidence of, I: 12â 475, 501, 505, 513, 522, 526, 564; II: 13, 576â577; II: 250; III: 393â394; IV: 176â177; III: 266â267 254, 256, 269, 289, 317; VI: 338â339 Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 391â393, 401, herbicide association, sufï¬cient evidence of, 402â403, 405, 436â438, 444â445, 578; I: 8â10, 572â574; II: 175, 176, 247; III: II: 251, 276; III: 397, 430â431; IV: 256, 390, 392; IV: 295, 358, 367, 384; VI: 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305, 311, 337â338 318, 323, 332, 338, 343, 348, 353, 359, herbicide environmental exposure 367, 374, 381, 388; VI: 341 epidemiologic studies, I: 444, 469; II: See also Carcinogen(s); Latency effects in 147â148; IV: 254, 269, 274, 278, 282, cancer studies; speciï¬c cancer sites; 289, 293, 302, 309, 315, 321, 329, 336, speciï¬c cancers; speciï¬c tumors 341, 347, 351, 357, 366, 372, 379 Cancers of the digestive organs, VII: 283â325 herbicide exposure measures, II: 175, 176; See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers III: 265â266
798 INDEX Cancers of the eye and orbit, VII: 421â423 herbicide exposure assessment for, I: Carcinogen(s) 256â257, 727; IV: 9, 137, 144â146, 2,4-D as, I: 118â119, 176â178; II: 40, 48; 207â221, 336, 369, 401, 418â420, 428, III: 47, 396; IV: 5; V: 37 444â445, 447 2,4,5-T as, I: 118, 119, 182â184; II: 40; III: herbicide occupational exposure, II: 396 122â127, 138â140, 183, 184, 186, cacodylic acid as, I: 118, 119, 187; II: 40; 188, 190, 193, 200, 222, 240; III: 173, III: 396; IV: 29, 31; VII: 59â61 175, 185â196; IV: 133, 136, 187, 192, herbicides as, I: 3, 40; II: 273, 275; III: 426, 207â221, 328; VII: 164â168 428, 430; IV: 10, 17, 267, 270, 341, paper/pulp workers, II: 126â127, 200; IV: 345, 511; VI: 340 147, 221â223 mechanism of action, I: 434; V: 61â62; VI: Vietnam veterans, II: 155â157, 159â160, 36â40 187, 223; III: 208â217; IV: 124, picloram as, I: 118, 119, 190â191; II: 40; 236â245, 247, 420, 423â425, 427 III: 396 Causality TCDD as, I: 3, 116â118, 434, 439; II: 3, statistical association vs., I: 7, 227, 239, 39â40, 65â68; III: 394, 396; IV: 3, 82â 246; II: 5, 19, 97, 247; III: 6, 20, 83, 134, 256, 274â275, 279, 284, 290, 132â133, 390; IV: 6; V: 22â23; VI: 7 296, 305, 311, 318, 330, 332, 337, 342, CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and 348, 352, 358, 367, 374, 380, 385â387, Prevention 477; V: 61â63, 75â76; VI: 76â78; VII: CDDs. See Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins 50â51, 101â105 Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) See also Cancer TCDD and, II: 69â70 Cardiovascular system disorders Cell proliferation cardiomegaly, I: 703 TCDD and, II: 3, 67; IV: 23, 60, 61, 63, 79, cardiovascular disease, V: 6; VI: 69â70 82 circulatory disorders, I: 699â709; IV: 182; Cell stress responses, VI: 40; VII: 55 V: 502â506 Cellular retinoic acid binding protein, type II developmental, in infants, V: 5 (CRABP-II), II: 73 herbicide association in, V: 21 Census Bureau. See Bureau of Census lipid abnormalities in, I: 688 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention TCDD in, I: 171; II: 76; III: 74â75; IV: (CDC), I: 19, 40â41, 51; II: 9; III: 23â26, 135, 156â157; IV: 76, 135, 363, 517; IV: 115, 123, 133; VI: 48, 156â157; V: 70; VII: 91, 111â113 120, 167, 364, 425; VII: 181â182, 651, See also Circulatory disorders; Myocardial 767â768 infarction Agent Orange action/research, I: 57â62, CART. See Classiï¬cation and regression tree 63â64; II: 28; III: 25; IV: 125â126 method Agent Orange Study, I: 276â278; II: 102; CAS. See Chemical Abstract Service IV: 124 Case-control studies, VII: 741â752 birth defects research, I: 387â389, 609â612; agriculture/forestry workers, I: 326â341; II: 289; IV: 124; V: 418 II: 138â140; III: 185â195, 228â232; V: epidemiological studies, II: 113, 155â156; 153â166; VI: 127â128 III: 26, 207â209, 218, 240; IV: evidentiary role of, I: 234â235, 727; II: 156â157, 208, 235, 236, 237; V: 123, 94â95, 178, 179, 180, 188; III: 130; IV: 182â183; VI: 138â139 105, 108 exposure opportunity index, I: 274â276, herbicide environmental exposure, II: 611â612; II: 290â291; III: 147â148 144â146, 148â149, 184, 186, 190, 193, neural tube defects in children, studies by, 241; III: 201â204; IV: 227â231, 322 IV: 18; V: 16; VI: 15 research methodology, I: 728
INDEX 799 TCDD half-life investigation, II: 104â105 Chemoreception validation study, I: 59, 260â261, 281â284, characteristics of, I: 133â134 285, 387, 742â743; II: 103, 104; III: dioxin-responsive enhancers in, I: 135â136 240 estrogen-mediated, I: 145 See also Birth Defects Study; Cerebrospinal TCDD dose-response linearity, I: 137â138 Malformation (CSM) Study; General TCDD hepatotoxicity and, I: 154â155 Birth Defects Study (GBDS); Selected TCDD-induced wasting syndrome and, I: Cancers Study; Vietnam Experience 164 Study (VES) See also Ah receptor (AHR) Central nervous system (CNS). See Child mortality studies, II: 147 Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders; See also Deaths; Mortality studies Motor/coordination dysfunction; Childhood cancer. See Neuroblastoma Neurobehavioral toxicity; Neurologic Children disorders spina biï¬da in Vietnam veterans offspring, Cerebrospinal Malformation (CSM) Study, I: II: 9â10, 296, 298, 309; III: 7, 8, 9â10, 610; II: 289â290 21, 24â25, 437â438 Cerebrovascular disease, I: 702 Children, cancer in, I: 14, 594â595, 628â631; stroke, I: 658, 659, 660 II: 7, 11, 20; IV: 399â400, 417â420, Cervical cancers, I: 13, 505, 509, 510, 512; II: 422, 425â426, 427, 428, 432; V: 6; III: 329, 330, 332; IV: 320â321, 324, 425â432; VII: 142, 144, 546â553 385; V: 5, 310, 311; VI: 272; VII: 385 biologic plausibility, VI: 389; VII: 552â553 Chance, VI: 23 epidemiologic studies, II: 299; V: 427â429, Chapaevsk, Russia, V: 5â6, 117â118, 228, 245, 432; VI: 383â389; VII: 547â552 269, 279, 292, 294, 299, 305, 314, 316, epidemiology, II: 298; IV: 422â425 322, 329, 332â333, 337, 368, 371, 402, herbicide association in, II: 299â300; V: 416â417, 436, 504â505; VI: 133, 180; 425â432; VII: 547â552 VII: 234 scientiï¬c literature update, II: 299â300; IV: Chemical Abstract Service (CAS), VI: 21 418â422; V: 429â431; VI: 384 Chemical production. See Herbicides; Industrial Seveso, Italy, study, II: 299; IV: 428 accidents; Production workers Vietnam veteransâ offspring, II: 299; IV: Chemicals and chemical industry 426, 429; V: 431; VI: 389; VII: 550â552 Agent Orange product liability litigation, I: See also Wilmâs tumor 34â35 Childrenâs Oncology Group, VII: 166 hexachlorophene production, I: 40; II: 128; China, I: 458; II: 188, 320; III: 159, 289; IV: IV: 134â135, 138, 148 273; VI: 203, 226 production workers exposure studies, See also Shanghai, China I: 303â318; II: 114â118, 128â135, Chloracne, I: 39; VII: 142, 600â602 171â175, 182â183, 191, 193â197, animal studies, I: 173â174; III: 480 206â207, 232, 237â238, 273â274, biological plausibility, II: 320â321; III: 480; 275; III: 170â178, 218, 219â224, 284, IV: 466; V: 479; VI: 438; VII: 601â602 363â364, 378â379, 386â387, 420, 423, chemical production workers and, I: 308, 426, 429; IV: 133â140, 194â197, 252, 310, 316; IV: 464, 466 257, 258, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 271, clinical features, I: 672â673; V: 477â478 276, 280, 285, 286, 293, 296, 297, 301, diet and, I: 174; IV: 463â464 306, 307, 318, 319, 325, 327, 333, 334, epidemiologic studies, I: 674â678; II: 338, 343, 344, 348, 349, 353, 354, 360, 318â320; III: 479â480; IV: 135â136, 368, 374, 381, 382; V: 3; VII: 728â729 138â139, 147, 152, 186, 189, 194, TCDD contamination in production, I: 91, 233; V: 478â479; VI: 7, 437â438; VII: 126 600â601 See also Herbicides; Industrial accidents epidemiology, II: 317â318; III: 478â479
800 INDEX herbicide association in, I: 10, 678; II: 5, 6, Circulatory disorders, VII: 622, 644â675 20, 318â321; III: 6, 7, 20, 24, 479â480; biologic plausibility, III: 518; IV: 510; V: IV: 185, 463â464; V: 14; VI: 13; VII: 505â506; VI: 471; VII: 669â670 600â601 deï¬nition, II: 335, 337; III: 514; IV: 505 scientiï¬c literature update, II: 318â320; III: epidemiologic studies, I: 700â707; II: 480; IV: 465; V: 478; VI: 437â438 335â337; III: 514â518; IV: 506â509; V: Seveso, Italy, accident and, I: 366â367; IV: 6; VI: 467â471; VII: 645â669 464 epidemiology, III: 514 skin cancer and, I: 502 herbicide association in, I: 14, 708; II: 7, TCDD biomarker for, I: 4, 10, 28, 172â173, 11, 21, 335â337; III: 3, 8, 514â518; VI: 262, 401, 672â674; II: 3, 318; V: 478 467â469 Vietnam veterans and, II: 317, 318, 321; III: morbidity studies, II: 336 479, 480; IV: 233, 465â466; V: 479; VI: mortality studies, II: 335 438 research methodology, I: 699â700; II: 335 Vietnam veterans compensation for, I: 50, scientiï¬c literature update, II: 336â337; III: 51, 55, 56; II: 24, 28â29, 30, 31 515â518; IV: 506â509; V: 503â504; VI: Vietnam veteransâ risk, VI: 438 467â469 See also Skin sensitivity Vietnam veterans and, II: 336; III: 514; IV: Chlordane, I: 91 510; V: 506; VI: 468â469, 471; VII: Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs), II: 666â669 63â64, 65 See also Angina; Cardiovascular system 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), disorders; Depressive disorders; II: 113, 133, 188, 193, 195â196, 207; Hypertension; Myocardial infarction III: 218, 225; IV: 133, 197, 258, 259, Cirrhosis, VI: 465 260, 262, 264, 265, 267, 276, 280, Classiï¬cation and regression tree (CART) 286â287, 290, 291, 297, 299, 312, 334, method, V: 414â415 335, 338, 339, 344â345, 349, 350, 354, Cleanup efforts. See Hazardous materials 355, 401; VII: 31, 660 disposal and cleanup 2-[4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy]propanoic acid Cleft lip/palate, I: 373â374, 375, 611, 612; IV: (MCPP), II: 133, 195â196; VII: 31 402, 433 Chlorodibenzodioxins, I: 28 See also Birth defects Chlorophenols, I: 9; III: 150, 151, 154, 218, Clinton, William J., III: 24 222, 223, 422, 423, 429; IV: 16; V: 3, CLL. See Chronic lymphocytic leukemia; 104 Leukemia Chondrosarcomas of the skull. See Bone/joint CMGCs. See Congenital morphogenetic cancer conditions Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, III: 384â385; CMI. See Cell-mediated immunity IV: 208, 211, 377, 417, 422; V: 7, 366â CML. See Leukemia 367, 372â376; VI: 15â16, 334â337; VII: Coast Guard. See US Coast Guard 486â490, 713 Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders, VII: See also Leukemia 568â570 Chronic myeloid leukemia. See Leukemia covariants in, V: 449 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease epidemiologic studies, II: 148, 307â308; (COPD), II: 129; IV: 184, 470, 472, III: 468â469; V: 449â451; VI: 406â410; 474, 475; VI: 441 VII: 569 See also Respiratory disorders herbicide association in, I: 657â658; II: Chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, V: 6, 7, 11, 20, 307â309; III: 468â469; IV: 465â469; VI: 6 441â443; V: 449â451; VI: 6 scientiï¬c literature update, V: 466â467 herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: TCDD and, V: 465â469 651â653; II: 148 herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: 649â651; V: 6
INDEX 801 scientiï¬c literature update, II: 307â308; Committee to Review the Health Effects in III: 469; IV: 441â442; V: 449â451; VI: Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to 407â409 Herbicides, II: 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 653â656; II: 308; 264â266; III: 17, 18, 19, 23, 412; IV: V: 449â451 15; V: 2â3, 12â13; VI: 2, 167, 569â570, See also Encephalopathy; Neurasthenia; 575â579; VII: 2â4, 17â19 Neurobehavioral toxicity; Neurologic epidemiologic studies of Vietnam Veterans, disorders; Posttraumatic stress disorder recommendations, II: 24â25; VII: 14â15 (PTSD) Compensation, veterans, I: 227 Cohort studies congressional legislation, I: 47, 50â51; II: agriculture/forestry workers, I: 318â323; 28â29; III: 26â27 II: 118â122, 135â138; III: 178â182, Department of Veterans Affairs, I: 55â56; 224â226; IV: 140â142, 197â206; VI: II: 24, 30â31; III: 28 124â127 product liability litigation, I: 34â35 deï¬nition, I: 229 Con Thieu province, Vietnam, I: 96; III: 139; gleaning information from, VII: 701â702 IV: 121 herbicide environmental exposure, II: Concentration difï¬culties, V: 447 141â147, 190, 218; III: 197â201; IV: Conï¬dence intervals, I: 244; V: 17; VI: 23 224â237 Confounding distortion of measures of herbicide exposure assessment for, I: association, V: 22; VI: 23, 465 254â256; II: 105â107, 178, 179, 180 Congenital anomalies/malformations. See Birth herbicide occupational exposure, II: defects 107â108, 114â122, 130â133, 182â183, Congenital morphogenetic conditions 186, 190, 192, 193, 218, 222, 240; III: (CMGCs), V: 402â403 170â185, 196; IV: 134â140, 182â206, Congress. See Legislation; US Congress 222â230; VI: 169â174; VII: 147â149 Congressional hearings methodology, I: 229â232 Agent Orange and, II: 27â28; III: 25 Ranch Hand cohort, II: 109, 150â152, Connecticut, tumor registry, III: 235, 388 154â156, 201; IV: 13, 18, 150â156 COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary Vietnam veterans, II: 149â160, 187, 218; disease III: 206â217; IV: 232â247 Corticosterone, TCDD and, I: 168, 171â172 Vietnamese civilians cohort, II: 108â109 Cox Proportional Hazard, III: 499, 502 Colon cancer CRABP-II. See Cellular retinoic acid binding agricultural workers and, I: 328â329 protein, type II epidemiologic studies, III: 276â278; IV: Craniofacial development, VII: 116 250â252, 255â256, 262, 385; V: 250â Cretinism. See Thyroid homeostasis 253; VI: 210â213; VII: 283, 300â304 Crohnâs disease, VI: 444 herbicide association in, I: 12â13, 576â577; Cryptorchidism, V: 324 II: 7, 12; III: 8, 21; V: 17 CSM. See Cerebrospinal Malformation Study See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers Cyclophosphamide, V: 40 Colorado, III: 47 Cynomolgus monkeys, V: 60 Colorectal cancer, I: 446; VII: 299â310 Cytochrome P450. See P450 Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 447, 450, 451, Cytogenetics 452; IV: 256 non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma studies, III: See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers 365â366 Commercial herbicide sprayers. See Cytoplasmic inclusions, V: 464 Professional herbicide/pesticide Czech Republic, I: 317, 649, 675, 688; IV: 139; applicators V: 6, 449â450; VI: 408 Committee on the Assessment of Wartime See also Prague, Czech Republic Exposure to Herbicides in Vietnam, V: 525; VI: 493
802 INDEX D research future recommendations, I: 287â289, 291, 722â725, 729â730; IV: 13 2,4-D. See 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid review of, I: 244â245 2,4-DB. See 2,4-Dichlorophenoxybutyric acid self-reports, I: 270â271 Data sources state government, I: 60 Agent Orange Registry, I: 20, 53, 56, 729; state-sponsored Vietnam veteran studies, II: 153 I: 400â405, 495â496; III: 213â215, agricultural/forestry worker studies, I: 243â244 265â266, 318â341; IV: 140â142 TCDD production workers, I: 264â265; IV: animal studies, I: 111â114, 228 134â140 biological stored samples as, I: 20â21, Toxline, IV: 252 729â730 troop location, I: 273â279, 287; IV: 121 Cancerlit, IV: 253 Vietnam casualties, I: 82â83 case reports, I: 235â236 Vietnam military herbicide use, I: 84â85 Centers for Disease Control studies, I: 387â Vietnam veteran demographics, I: 79, 80â84 391; II: 113, 155â156; III: 207â209, Vietnam veteran exposure assessment use, 218, 240; IV: 133, 156â157 I: 270â287 chemical production workers, I: 303â318; Vietnam veteran reproductive outcomes, I: IV: 134â140 601 computerized data bases, I: 735â736; II: Vietnamese civilian health outcomes, I: 24â25, 31 371â372 Department of Veterans Affairs women veterans, I: 83â84; II: 152â153 epidemiologic studies, I: 393â399; II: See also Death certiï¬cates; Epidemiologic 152, 153; III: 209â212, 218, 240â243; studies; Military records; Questionnaires IV: 151, 157â158 DBCP. See Dibromochloropropane epidemiologic controlled studies, I: DDT, I: 87, 91; IV: 141 228â237; II: 150â153 Death certiï¬cates, I: 236â237; II: 128, 136, epidemiologic studies as, I: 737â738 137â138, 151; III: 470; IV: 112 herbicide environmental exposure studies, See also Data sources I: 267â269, 372â375, 383â384; IV: Deaths 147â150 2,4-D lethality, III: 44â45; IV: 35 herbicide exposure reconstruction model, I: Australian Vietnam veterans lung cancer 725â726 deaths, III: 424 herbicide non-military exposures, I: 4â5, female reproductive system cancer deaths, 222â223, 241â242 by cancer site, III: 329 herbicide/pesticide applicators, I: 266â267, Finland male herbicide applicators 323â326; IV: 142â143 respiratory cancer mortality, II: 271 HERBS tapes, I: 20, 62, 85, 96â98, Germany herbicide/chemical production 273â279, 287, 291, 602, 725; III: 146, workers cancer mortality, III: 423, 429 148; IV: 123, 125 non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma mortality, III: International Register of Workers Exposed 429; IV: 355 to Phenoxy Herbicides and Their prostate cancer mortality, III: 426, 427; IV: Contaminants, I: 313â314; IV: 137 326; V: 319â321 mandated efforts, I: 20â21 respiratory cancer mortality, III: 421, 422, Medline, IV: 252 423; IV: 273 organization of, I: 737 Seveso, Italy, male cancer mortality, II: 271, paper/pulp mill workers, I: 341, 364; IV: 275; III: 422, 427; IV: 282 114, 134 TCDD lethality, III: 71â73; V: 69â70; VI: presentations/reports to committee, I: 67 739â756; II: 343â348; III: 533â536 See also Child mortality studies; Death randomized controlled trials, I: 227â228 certiï¬cates; Mortality studies; Perinatal reproductive outcomes, I: 593â595 death
INDEX 803 Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC), II: herbicide use precautions, I: 95; IV: 121 24â25 military records, I: 78, 724â725 Defoliants See also Defense Manpower Data Center Agent Orange as, I: 90; IV: 38 (DMDC) military applications, I: 25, 26; III: 135, Department of Veterans Affairs, US (DVA), I: 137; IV: 117 2, 8, 17, 18, 20, 50â51, 284; II: 2, 5, 8, Vietnam herbicide mission maps, I: 99â100 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 26, 27, 89, 153, 176, Vietnam tactical role of, I: 85 181, 187, 218, 249, 260, 278, 305, 312; See also Herbicides III: 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 12, 17, 18, 20, 24, 25, Dekonta Company, II: 329 26, 125, 132, 266, 303, 304, 390, 407, Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), IV: 120 434, 468, 478, 519; IV: 1, 2, 6, 15, 16, Demographic data, Vietnam veterans, I: 79, 18, 123, 133, 151, 158, 284, 463; V: 80â84 2, 12â13, 20; VI: 2, 20, 120, 139â140, DEN. See Diethylnitrosamine 186; VII: 17, 182â184, 769â771 Denmark, I: 317, 443, 444, 454, 463, 477, Agent Orange controversy and, I: 33, 480, 509, 510, 537, 553, 565, 567; II: 53â54; II: 29â31; III: 28â29; V: 1 131â134, 139â140, 183, 194â195, 207, Agent Orange Coordinator, II: 31 209â210, 212, 215, 232, 238; III: 223, Death Beneï¬ciary Identiï¬cation and Record 224, 307, 313, 318, 325, 330â331; IV: Location System (BIRLS), II: 151, 152, 199â200, 209, 252, 406, 408; VI: 124, 153; III: 238, 241, 242; IV: 151, 157; 128â129, 177; VII: 162 VI: 136 Cancer Registry, III: 232; VI: 128 health care in, I: 54; II: 28; III: 27 Central Population Register, II: 133, 139, military records, I: 78â79, 724â725; II: 151, 224; III: 352 152, 153 Danish National Institute for Social mortality studies, II: 101, 152â153, Research, II: 140 156â157; III: 146; IV: 151, 157â158 National Cancer Register, II: 133, 139, 215, outreach activities, I: 56; II: 31; III: 28 224; III: 325, 352; IV: 144 Patient Treatment File (PTF), III: 242 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), II: 45, 48, 50, recommendations for, I: 724â725, 726â730; 51, 54, 55, 56, 57â58, 60, 61, 64, 74, II: 24â25; VII: 702â703 75; III: 34, 35, 39, 42, 43, 48, 49, 53, research efforts, I: 54â55; II: 29â30; III: 54, 56, 57, 58â61, 65, 67, 69, 75, 77, 27â28 83, 90, 91, 98, 99, 103, 104, 109; IV: veteransâ advocacy groups and, I: 61; VI: 20 29, 33, 40, 47, 48, 49, 53, 60, 64, 67, Vietnam veteran compensation and beneï¬ts, 68, 69, 70, 73, 75, 77, 85, 458; V: 4; VI: II: 24, 30â31; III: 28 166; VII: 5, 103â104 Vietnam veteran epidemiologic studies, I: Department of Agriculture, US (USDA), I: 50, 393â399, 445, 469â470, 493â495, 35, 39, 443; II: 178, 219, 224, 229, 543â547, 562; II: 101, 113, 156â157, 238â239, 248; III: 230, 335, 352; IV: 201â202; III: 209â212, 218, 240â243; 212, 213, 257, 259, 262, 264, 267, 301, V: 123â126, 183â187 345, 350, 355, 364, 371, 376, 383 women veterans epidemiological studies, II: Agricultural Census, IV: 149 152â153; IV: 399 extension agents, IV: 144 See also Agent Orange Registry Department of Air Force, US (AOR); Agent Orange Task Force; Vietnam herbicide use by military, response, Environmental Agents Service (EAS); II: 31â32; III: 28â29 Environmental Epidemiology Service Department of Defense, US (DoD), I: 17, 27, (EES) 29, 31, 78; II: 24; III: 138, 139, 140; IV: Depressive disorders, I: 650, 651 119, 121 See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric Environmental Services Group, III: 148 disorders; Neurobehavioral toxicity herbicide spray mission records, I: 84â85
804 INDEX Dermal toxicity Dibenzofurans, I: 126; IV: 41, 64, 138 TCDD and, II: 76; III: 73â74; IV: 76 Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), II: 279 Desiccant herbicides, I: 88â89; III: 136 4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid, V: 33 See also Herbicides 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), II: 4, Detroit, Michigan, II: 241; III: 229 18; III: 5, 19, 135, 136, 137; IV: 4â5, Developmental disorders, VI: 38â39; VII: 110â111, 122, 133; V: 1, 3, 12; VI: 1, 517â565 3, 20, 34â41, 118â119, 201, 276, 436; 2,4-D in, I: 180â181; II: 42; III: 46 VII: 31 2,4,5-T in, I: 185; II: 42, 49â50 acute toxicity, I: 179 cacodylic acid in, I: 189; II: 42 Agent Orange and, I: 27 neurological, I: 660 Agent White and, I: 90 picloram in, I: 192; II: 42 altered sperm parameters, I: 632 TCDD in, I: 123â124, 149, 156â157, animal studies, I: 174â181; II: 46â49; III: 159â160, 185; II: 3, 41â42, 71, 72â73; 34, 36â37, 38â39, 43â47, 396, 462, III: 92â105; V: 67â69, 72â73; VI: 475; VI: 34â41 83â87; VII: 111â117 carcinogenicity, I: 118â119, 176â178, 439; See also Low birthweight; Reproductive II: 40, 48; III: 47, 396; VI: 36â40 disorders cell stress responses, V: 34; VI: 40â41 Diabetes mellitus, I: 683â685, 691, 692, 698; chemical properties, I: 114, 175; II: 38; III: II: 7; IV: 481; V: 6; VII: 620â632 32 biologic plausibility, III: 502â503; IV: 488; chemical structure, I: 111, 114 V: 492; VI: 456; VII: 630â631 chronic exposure, I: 179â180 diagnostic criteria, III: 493, 494 development of, I: 24, 26, 35 epidemiologic concerns, III: 494 developmental toxicity, I: 124, 180â181; II: epidemiologic studies, II: 330â331; III: 42; III: 46; VI: 38â39 494â502; IV: 182, 232; V: 492; VI: disease outcomes, III: 34, 38â39, 44â47; V: 448â456; VII: 623â630 34â37 epidemiology, II: 330; III: 491â492, 493 domestic use, I: 174â175, 177â178 herbicide environmental exposure and, III: energy metabolism, V: 33â34; VI: 40 497; IV: 484â485; V: 489, 491; VI: 15, formulations, I: 175 450; VII: 625â626, 628 genotoxicity, I: 119, 178â179; V: 33; VI: herbicide exposure and, II: 332â333; III: 36â40 2, 11â12, 125, 494â503; IV: 152; V: half-life of, II: 4 485â492 immunotoxicity, I: 122, 181; II: 41; III: 46, herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 524; VI: 39 496; IV: 483â484; V: 487â491; VI: 450 infertility and, II: 280â282 pathogenetic diversity of, III: 494 ingestion of, I: 653 peripheral neuropathy and, relationship, III: kidney toxicity, I: 125; II: 42 471â472; V: 468â469; VI: 6 lethality, III: 44â45 prevalence, data by age/race/gender, III: 492 liver toxicity, I: 125; II: 42; III: 524 scientiï¬c literature update, II: 330â331; III: mechanism of action, II: 47â48; III: 44; V: 496, 497; IV: 483; V: 487; VI: 450â455 33â34; VI: 40â41 TCDD and, V: 490 mechanisms of toxicity, II: 48â49; VI: 36 type 2 (adult-onset), IV: 1, 8, 16â18, 21, metabolism, I: 115, 116 150â151, 182â183; V: 485 military ï¬eld tests, I: 26 Vietnam veterans and, II: 330; III: 2, 11â12, mitochondrial function, V: 33â34; VI: 40 495, 497, 498, 500, 502; IV: 154â156, neurobehavioral disorders and, II: 305; III: 485â487; V: 492; VI: 450â455, 456; 475 VII: 626â630 neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 649, 650, Diamond Shamrock Corporation, I: 34, 35 653 Diazinon, I: 91 neurotoxicity, II: 48; III: 45â46; V: 471; VI: 37
INDEX 805 non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma and, I: 256â257, Diquat, I: 91; III: 137; IV: 119 574 Disease-exposure associations, V: 28 occupational exposure, I: 36, 37, 310â311, Diseases and disorders. See Health outcomes of 321; III: 218, 224, 225, 226; IV: 117 herbicide exposure; Military health care; peripheral neuropathy and, II: 312; III: 473 Vietnam veterans; speciï¬c cancer sites; pharmacokinetics, I: 175 speciï¬c cancers; speciï¬c diseases and plasma concentrations and, V: 32 disorders porphyria cutanea tarda and, II: 322 DMA. See Cacodylic acid; Dimethylarsenic reproductive toxicity, I: 124, 180â181, radical; Dimethylarsinous acid; 597â598; II: 41, 280â282; III: 46, 460, Pentavalent dimethylarsinic acid 461â462; VI: 38â39 DMDC. See Defense Manpower Data Center role of, I: 88 DMZ. See Demilitarized zone teratogenic potential, I: 30, 92 DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid therapeutic application, I: 659 DoD. See Department of Defense, US thyroid hormones, V: 34; VI: 40 Domestic herbicide use toxicity proï¬les, V: 76â77; VI: 88 2,4-D, I: 174â175 toxicokinetics, II: 46â47; III: 32â33, 36â37, 2,4,5-T, I: 181â182 43â44; IV: 27â28; V: 31â32; VI: 34â36 agricultural use, I: 24, 35, 39, 174â175, 181 toxicologic properties, IV: 22â25, 27â31, pet cancers and, I: 119, 177â178 33â37; VI: 33â34 picloram, I: 189 volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, TCDD contamination in, I: 91 data, III: 136; IV: 117â119 See also Agricultural/forestry workers See also Herbicides Dopaminergic system, I: 163â164, 165 2,4-Dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB) Doppler measurement, VI: 467 differences with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Dormagen, Germany, III: 154; IV: 112 acid (2,4-D), IV: 5 Dose-response relationship Diet 2,4-D pharmacokinetics, I: 175 breast cancer and, I: 507 animal fetal mortality, I: 159 cancer risk and, I: 442 animal studies, I: 111â114, 118 chloracne and, I: 174 evidentiary role of, I: 239â230, 252; V: 18; gastrointestinal cancers and, I: 446 VI: 17 TCDD interactions, II: 64 research recommendations, I: 19, 727; VI: Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) 406 TCDD and, II: 67; IV: 71 TCDD-chloracne, I: 673; II: 318 Digestive disorders. See Gastrointestinal (GI) TCDD dermal application, I: 128â129 disorders; Metabolic and digestive TCDD-exposed workers and, I: 445 disorders TCDD-immune system processes, I: 696 Dimethylarsenic radical TCDD immunotoxicity, I: 122 bladder hyperplasia and tumors associated TCDD threshold, I: 137â138 with, IV: 31, 40 TCDD tissue distribution, I: 130 cacodylic acid and formation of, II: 4 Doubs, France, IV: 116; V: 227â228; VI: Dimethylarsinous acid (DMA), V: 39; VI: 21 179â180 See also Cacodylic acid Dow Chemical Company, I: 34, 35, 307â312, Dinoxol, I: 91; III: 137; IV: 119 461â462, 529, 558, 598, 607, 620, 674; Dioxin. See 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p- II: 115â116, 130, 178, 191, 193, 207, dioxin (TCDD) 232, 238, 286; III: 152â153, 172â174, Dioxin congeners, II: 105â107; III: 158â159 220â221, 270â271, 357â358, 387, 484, Dioxin Registry, I: 36â37 511, 516; IV: 136, 186â188; V: 5, 6, Dioxin-responsive enhancers, I: 135â136 107â108, 132â135, 221â222, 245â246, Dioxin toxic equivalent factors (TEQ factors), 298, 318, 325, 329, 334, 338, 339, II: 106, 107; III: 99, 106, 107, 108, 158, 351, 356, 419, 462; VI: 5, 122â124, 159; IV: 139; VI: 134, 250; VII: 219 171â173, 235, 310; VII: 154, 225â227, 660, 721â723
806 INDEX Drosophila melanogaster Environmental Agents Service (EAS), II: 31; genotoxicity in, V: 38 III: 28 Dutch workers. See Netherlands See also Department of Veterans Affairs, DVA. See Department of Veterans Affairs, US US (DVA) Dystonia, I: 658 Environmental Epidemiology Service (EES), See also Motor/coordination dysfunction II: 29 See also Department of Veterans Affairs, US (DVA) E Environmental herbicide exposure, VII: 752â762 EAS. See Environmental Agents Service accidental exposures, I: 364â365, 368â370; East Germany. See German Democratic II: 141â143, 144, 148; IV: 114â116 Republic acute and subacute transient peripheral EES. See Environmental Epidemiology Service neuropathy and, II: 312â313 EGF. See Epidermal growth factor agricultural areas exposure, I: 372â375 EGFR. See Epidermal growth factor receptor Alsea, Oregon, I: 39, 42â43, 372â373, 598; Electrical transformers, I: 364â365, 444, 626, II: 149 675 assessment strategies, I: 262â263, 267â270; Electrophoretic mobility shift gene (EMSA) III: 144â145, 156â157 TCDD and, II: 66 basal/squamous cell skin cancer and, III: Embryological effects, VII: 111 323; V: 297â298, 299; VII: 368, 370 Emphysema, I: 708, 713 birth defects and, I: 608â609; II: 140, See also Respiratory disorders 287â288; III: 437; V: 394, 400â402; VI: EMSA. See Electrophoretic mobility shift gene 363; VII: 536â543 Encephalopathy, I: 649 birthweight, low, and, III: 459 See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric bladder cancer and, I: 516â517; III: 349, disorders 350â351; V: 329, 331â332; VII: 411, End points, VII: 143, 146, 150â151 413 molecular and cellular, V: 26 bone/joint cancer and, III: 303, 305; V: 280; nonfunctional, V: 484 VII: 344â345 toxic, V: 55â69; VI: 36, 41â43, 55â87; VII: brain tumors and, I: 523; III: 358, 361; V: 58â61, 88â117 341â342; VI: 301; VII: 428â429, 431 Endocrine cancers, VII: 433â443 breast cancer and, III: 328; V: 302â303, Endocrine system, I: 150â151; IV: 156 304â307; VII: 375â379 TCDD toxicity, III: 83â84; IV: 77, 331; V: breast cancer estimated risk, II: 218; V: 66â67, 73â74; VI: 82â83; VII: 110 300â301 Endometrial cancer, IV: 320â324, 385 cancer risk factor, I: 442 Endometriosis, V: 508â510; VII: 142, 675â680 cancer studies, I: 442, 444, 454â455, 469; biological plausibility, V: 509â510; VI: 478; II: 147â148, 179â180, 184 VII: 679 cancers of the digestive organs, VII: 285 clinical features, V: 508 cancers of the eye and orbit, VII: 422 epidemiologic studies, V: 509; VI: 473â478; childhood cancer, VII: 547-552 VII: 676â678 cervical cancer, VII: 385 herbicide association in, V: 508â510 chloracne and, I: 676â677; VII: 600â601 scientiï¬c literature review, V: 508â509; VI: chronic lymphocytic leukemia, VII: 474â477 488â489 TCDD and, V: 508 circulatory disorders and, I: 701â702; VI: Vietnam veterans and, V: 510; VI: 478 468; VII: 664, 666 Energy metabolism, VI: 40; VII: 54â55, 57 colon cancer and, V: 251â252; VII: England. See United Kingdom 302â303
INDEX 807 colorectal cancer, VII: 309 melanoma and, III: 316; IV: 302â303; V: diabetes and, III: 497; V: 489, 491; VI: 450; 291â292; VI: 256; VII: 358, 362 VII: 625â626, 628 motor/coordination dysfunction and, I: endocrine cancers, VII: 436â436, 441 658â659 endometriosis, VII: 676â678 multiple myeloma and, I: 562; II: 243; III: epidemiologic studies, I: 3, 301, 365â384, 380, 382; V: 364â365; VI: 324; VII: 469; II: 3, 6â7, 140â149; III: 197â205, 469, 471 218, 232â236, 271â272, 275, 277, nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, II: 189; III: 279â281, 283, 285, 287â288, 290, 291, 290, 291; IV: 274â275; V: 266; VI: 229; 297â298, 301, 303, 305, 309, 316, 323, VII: 272 328, 333, 336, 338, 342, 344, 345, 349, neonatal death and, I: 621; III: 455 350â351, 353, 354, 358, 361, 365, 369, neural tube defects, II: 297; III: 437; IV: 18 373, 375, 380, 382, 388â389, 392, 437, neurobehavioral disorders association 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 497, 520; IV: studies, II: 306; III: 467 147â150, 224â231, 254; V: 226â229; neuroblastoma, V: 429â431 VI: 129â134, 177â182, 540â550; VII: neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 651â653; 168â172 II: 148 esophageal cancer, VII: 290 non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma and, I: 540â541; evidentiary role of research on, I: 4â5, II: 234; III: 365, 369; IV: 17; V: 222â223, 241â242 347â348, 351â354; VI: 310â311; VII: female reproductive system cancers and, I: 449â451, 455â456 511; III: 333; V: 311, 312, 313, 314 ovarian cancer and, III: 333; IV: 321â322; gastrointestinal/digestive disorders and, V: VII: 388 245; VII: 642 pancreatic cancer and, V: 258; VII: 321, 323 gastrointestinal tract tumors and, II: 179â peripheral nervous system disorders and, I: 180; III: 271â272, 275, 277, 279â281; 663â665 IV: 254; V: 245; VI: 219â220 porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 680â681 hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 454â455; II: preterm birth and, III: 459 184, 185, 186; III: 283, 285, 287â288; prostate cancer and, II: 221, 222; III: 336, V: 262â263, 269; VII: 314â315, 317 338, 342; IV: 329; V: 320â321, 322; VI: Hodgkinâs disease and, II: 236; III: 373, 281; VII: 392â393, 399 375; V: 358â359, 366; VI: 318; VII: rectal cancer and, V: 255â256; VII: 461â462, 464 306â307 immune modulation and, I: 693â694 renal cancers and, III: 353, 354; IV: 347 immune system disorder and, VI: 445â446; respiratory cancers and, I: 469; II: 190, 193, VII: 619 200â201 infant death and, III: 456 respiratory disorders, VII: 609â610, 614 infertility and, VI: 366â371; VII: 520, 523 skin cancers and, VI: 256; VII: 358, 362 kidney cancer, VII: 417â418, 420 soft-tissue sarcomas and, I: 491â492; II: laryngeal cancer and, V: 270â271; VI: 233; 207â208; III: 319; IV: 116; V: 285â286; VII: 328â329 VI: 246â250; VII: 350â351, 353 leukemia and, I: 568â570; III: 388â389, spontaneous abortion and, I: 598â599; V: 392; IV: 379; V: 368, 370â371; VI: 332; 414â417; VII: 527â528 VII: 481â482, 485 stillbirth and, I: 620; III: 454 lip cancer, VII: 278 stomach cancer and, V: 248â249; VII: lipid/lipoprotein disorders and, III: 520; IV: 294â295, 298 493; VI: 458; VII: 635 testicular cancer and, III: 344, 345; V: 327; low birthweight, VI: 381â382; VII: 533â534 VII: 404, 406 lung cancer and, III: 297â298, 301; IV: thyroid homeostasis and, VI: 480 282â283; V: 275â276; VI: 240; VII: tongue cancer, VII: 280 335â336, 339 uterine cancer and, III: 333; VII: 387
808 INDEX Vietnam exposure studies, III: 156â157 bladder cancer, I: 515â517; II: 7, 225â227; Washington residents, II: 149 III: 7, 10, 347â351; IV: 340â342; See also Herbicide exposure assessment; V: 330â332, 333; VI: 286â292; VII: Herbicides; Seveso, Italy; Times Beach, 408â413 Missouri bone/joint cancer, I: 472â473; II: 6, 204â Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), I: 39, 205; III: 7, 10, 303â305; IV: 288â289; 59â60, 93; V: 27; VI: 132 V: 280â282; VI: 242â245; VII: 342â345 Alsea, Oregon, I: 42â43 brain tumors, I: 523; II: 7, 136, 229â230; directives, IV: 117 III: 8, 12, 356â361; IV: 351â352; V: Science Advisory Board (SAB), II: 32; III: 340â343; VI: 296â302; VII: 425â432 29 breast cancer, II: 6, 176, 213â217, 218; III: TCDD cancer potency estimate, I: 138 7, 10, 324â328; IV: 315â316; V: 302â Times Beach, Missouri, I: 41; III: 234; IV: 304, 308; VI: 265â270; VII: 373â379 148 cancer, I: 45, 59, 317, 320â323, 367, 383â Vietnam military use of herbicides, 384, 391â393, 401, 402â403, 435â445, response, II: 32; III: 29â30, 136 574; II: 133â138, 147â148, 175, 176; Enzyme induction III: 265â266; VI: 5, 201â353; VII: 7â8 liver, I: 155â156 cancer latency issues, II: 260â276; III: lung, I: 170 407â431 porphyria, I: 153â154 cancers of the eye and orbit, VII: 421â423 TCDD and, II: 3, 66â67 case-control studies, I: 326â341; II: 94â95, EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency 118â127, 138â140, 144â146, 148â149, Epidemiologic studies, VII: 717â777 155, 157, 159â160, 183â184, 186â187, acute and subacute transient peripheral 188, 190, 193, 200, 222â223, 240â241; neuropathy, II: 312â314 III: 173, 175, 185â195, 201â204, 208â acute myelogenous leukemia, VII: 493â494 217, 228â232; IV: 143â146, 207â220, aging effects control, II: 261â262; III: 409 227â231, 236â245, 247; VI: 127â128 agricultural/forestry workers, I: 318â323, cervical cancer, III: 332 326â341; II: 118â120, 135â137, 183, Chapevsk, Russia, VI: 180 197â198, 232â234, 238â239, 241â243; chemical industry production workers, I: III: 178â195, 224â232, 335, 364â365, 303â318; II: 114â118, 128â135, 191, 379â380, 387â388; IV: 134, 140, 193â197, 206â207, 232, 237â238; III: 144â145, 197â206; VI: 124â128 170â178, 218, 219â224, 363â364, 378â Air Force personnel involved in herbicide 379, 386â387; IV: 134â140, 182â197 spraying, II: 31â32; III: 28â29; IV: childhood cancer, I: 628â630; II: 7, 232â235 299â300; VI: 383â389 altered sperm parameters, I: 632; III: chloracne, I: 674â678; II: 5, 6, 318â320; 445â449, 450 III: 6, 7, 479â480; VI: 7, 437â438; VII: amyloidosis, IV: 512; V: 507; VII: 473â474 600â601 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, VII: 581â585 chronic lymphocytic leukemia, VII: autoimmunity, I: 697â698; II: 7; III: 486â490 488â491 chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, II: basal/squamous cell skin cancer, III: 310â311 317â322, 323; V: 296, 297â298, 299; circulatory disorders, I: 700â707; II: 7, VI: 261â265; VII: 370 335â337; III: 8, 514â518; IV: 510; V: birth defects, I: 607â618; II: 7, 140, 505; VI: 467â471; VII: 645â669 286â296; III: 436, 437â438, 443; IV: cleft lip/palate, I: 373â374, 375 400â405; V: 404; VI: 355â365; VII: cofounders, possible, V: 527 536â543 cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders, II: 7, 307â308; III: 468â469; V: 449â451; VI: 406â410; VII: 569
INDEX 809 cohort studies, I: 229â232; II: 105â109, 290, 291, 297â298, 301, 303, 305, 309, 135â138, 141â147, 154â160, 178, 179, 316, 323, 328, 333, 336, 338, 342, 344, 180, 182â183, 186, 187, 190, 192â193, 345, 349, 350â351, 353, 354, 358, 361, 204, 218, 222, 240; III: 170â185, 196, 365, 369, 373, 375, 380, 382, 388â389, 197â200, 206â208, 217; IV: 140â143, 392, 437, 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 497, 182â206, 222â230, 232â247; V: 25â26; 520; IV: 147â149, 224â231, 255, 269, VI: 124â127 274â275, 278, 282â283, 289, 293, 294, colon cancer, I: 12, 328â329, 576â577; II: 302â303, 315â316, 321â322, 329, 336, 7; III: 8, 276â278 341, 347, 351â352, 357, 366, 372â373, colorectal cancer, VII: 299â309 379; V: 2â3; VII: 232â237 congressionally mandated, I: 50; II: 5 herbicide exposure assessment for, I: controlled observational, I: 228 251â259; II: 99â109; III: 142â146; VI: cost of, I: 727 165â169 cross-sectional studies, IV: 187, 188, 196, herbicide exposure indices development, II: 197, 199, 204, 226, 228, 229, 238, 242 107â109 cytogenetic studies, III: 365â366 herbicide exposure levels, II: 175 developmental studies, IV: 196, 227, 229, herbicide exposure reconstruction model 231, 242; VI: 6, 354â403; VII: 8 and, I: 725, 726â728 diabetes mellitus, I: 684â685; II: 7, 330â herbicide occupational exposure studies, 331; III: 494â502; IV: 482, 488â492; V: II: 107â108, 112, 113â140, 188â189, 492; VI: 448â456; VII: 623â630 190, 191â199, 206â207, 214â216, 218, Doubs, France, VI: 179â180 219â220, 222, 232â234, 235â236, ecological design studies, IV: 231 237â243, 286â287, 297, 306, 312; endocrine cancers, VII: 438â442 III: 170â196, 218, 219â232, 274â280, endometriosis, VI: 473â478; VII: 676â678 282â283, 284, 287, 290, 291, 293â294, environmental exposure, VI: 129â134, 296â297, 300â301, 303, 305, 308â309, 540â550; VII: 232â237 312, 316, 317, 321, 323, 324â326, 328, esophageal cancer, VII: 232â237 332â333, 335â336, 337, 338, 341, 344, evaluation of, I: 300â301, 591â592, 737â738; 345, 348, 350, 353, 354, 360, 363â365, II: 5, 93â94; III: 129â130; VI: 2 367â369, 372â373, 374â375, 378â380, evidentiary role of, I: 224â225, 228â237, 381â382, 386â388, 391â392, 437, 450, 300, 305; II: 175, 176; III: 265, 266; IV: 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 483â485, 489, 104â105 491, 496, 510â512, 515â516, 520; IV: female reproductive system/breast cancers, 134â143, 182â223, 251â254, 268â269, I: 508â511; II: 6, 211â213; III: 7, 10, 274, 277â278, 282, 288â289, 292â293, 330â334; V: 311â316; VI: 265â275 302, 321, 327â329, 336, 340â341, gastrointestinal tract cancers, I: 446â447; II: 346, 351, 356, 365â366, 372, 379; VII: 7, 177â181; III: 8, 12, 268â281; V: 246; 221â232 VI: 203â221 herbicide/pesticide applicators, I: 323â326; gastrointestinal ulcers, I: 691; II: 334; III: II: 31â32, 120â122, 137â138, 198â200; 510â513; IV: 505; V: 502 III: 182â185, 226â228; IV: 202â206 hepatic enzyme disorders, I: 686â688 Hodgkinâs disease, I: 9, 329, 331, 335â336, hepatobiliary cancers, I: 453â455; II: 6, 341, 384, 391, 393, 549â556, 574; II: 5, 176, 181â187; III: 7, 10, 282â288; V: 6, 138, 235â236; III: 6, 7, 372â376; V: 261â263; VI: 221â226 357â360; VI: 313â319; VII: 458â465 herbicide environmental exposures, I: immune modulation, I: 693â696 365â384; II: 140â149, 189, 190, 193, immune system disorders, II: 7, 327â329; 200â201, 207â208, 218, 221, 222, 234, III: 488â491; IV: 480â481; V: 484â485; 236, 241, 243, 287â288, 297, 306, VI: 443â448; VII: 619 312â313; III: 197â205, 218, 232â236, infant death, III: 456; VII: 530 275, 277, 279â281, 283, 285, 287â288,
810 INDEX infertility, I: 632â633; II: 7, 280â282; neurological disorders, I: 365â366, III: 445â449, 450; VI: 365â372; VII: 642â648; II: 141; VI: 6, 404â435; VII: 522â523 8â9 kidney cancer, I: 515; II: 7, 139â140, neuropsychiatric disorders, I: 649â657; II: 224â225; III: 352â355; VI: 292â296; 7, 148; III: 468â469; VII: 569 VII: 415â420 non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma, I: 9, 328, 329, laryngeal cancer, II: 202â203; III: 293â295; 330, 331, 333â334, 335â338, 383, 384, V: 270â271; VI: 230â234; VII: 326â329 391â393, 401, 528â548, 573â574; II: latency (cancer) issues, II: 260â276; III: 5, 6, 134â135, 136, 138, 139, 231â234; 407â431 III: 6, 7, 362â371, 428â430; IV: leukemia, I: 13, 332â333, 334â335, 564â 356â358; V: 345â355; VI: 303â312; 571, 577â578; II: 7, 136, 245â247; III: VII: 444â456 7, 10, 385â390, 391â392; IV: 379â380; NRC Commission on Life Sciences, I: 63 V: 369â372; VI: 325â337; VII: 476â485 occupational exposures, VI: 496â539 limitations, I: 4, 223; VI: 23 ovarian cancer, III: 333 lip cancer, VII: 277â278 pancreatic cancer, III: 280â281; VII: lipid abnormalities, I: 688â690; II: 7, 318â324 333â334; III: 504â506, 520â521; IV: paper/pulp workers, II: 126â127, 200, 243; 493, 495; VI: 457â463; VII: 637 III: 196, 232; IV: 134, 252; VI: 128â129 liver cancer, I: 13, 329, 391, 393 parkinsonism, VI: 410â420; VII: 572â580 liver toxicity, II: 332â333; III: 510â513; IV: perinatal death, I: 620â624; II: 7, 285â286; 499; VI: 463â466; VII: 642â643 III: 451â453, 454, 455, 456; V: low birthweight, I: 626â627; II: 7; III: 421â422; VI: 378â379 456â457, 459; V: 425; VI: 379â383; peripheral nervous system disorders, I: VII: 532â534 662â666; II: 6, 7, 310â311, 312â314; lung cancer, III: 296â298, 300â301; IV: III: 7, 8, 470â471, 473; VI: 423â429 282â283; V: 274â277; VI: 234â241; porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 680â682; II: 5, VII: 331â340 6, 129, 321â323; III: 7, 8, 481â482; V: melanoma, III: 313â317; V: 288â294; VI: 480; VI: 439â440; VII: 603 251â261 proportionate mortality studies, I: 232â233 meta-analysis, I: 225, 237â238, 242â243, prostate cancer, I: 11, 518â519, 575â576; 244 II: 6, 176, 219â223; III: 7, 8, 9, metabolic and digestive disorders, II: 7, 335â342, 426â428; IV: 327â329; V: 330â337; VI: 463â466; VII: 642â643 319â323; VI: 275â283; VII: 398â401 molecular and cellular end points, V: 26 Quail Run, Missouri, VI: 132 motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 658â661; Ranch Hand cohort, II: 31, 32, 109, 150â II: 7, 309â310; III: 469â470; VI: 152, 154â156, 201, 209, 280, 283â284, 410â422 286, 293â295, 321â322, 330, 332, 336; multiple myeloma, I: 11â12, 331, 334, 335, III: 28â29, 218, 206â207, 237â240, 336, 341, 557â563, 576; II: 6, 138â139, 309â310, 313â314, 318, 321, 322, 339, 176, 237â244; III: 7, 8, 9, 377â383; V: 340, 385, 436, 438, 439, 446â447, 449, 363â366; VI: 319â325; VII: 466â472 452â453, 457â458, 481, 486, 495, 498, nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 459; II: 6, 502; IV: 13, 232â235; VI: 5â6 176, 187â189; III: 7, 10, 290â291; V: rare diseases in, I: 231, 499 267; VI: 226â230 recommendations, I: 15â20, 721â725, 731; neonatal death, III: 455; VII: 530 II: 24â25; III: 23; V: 523â527; VI: 10 neural tube defects numbers, II: 297 rectal cancer, III: 278â279 neurobehavioral disorders, II: 305â308, renal cancer, VI: 292â296 309â311, 312â314; III: 457; VI: reproductive outcomes, I: 41â42, 311â312, 406â410; VII: 569 321, 364â365, 368, 370, 371â375, 387â388, 389â390, 591â592; II: 280â
INDEX 811 282, 283â284, 285, 286â296; III: 436, stomach cancer, III: 274â275; IV: 251â255; 437â438, 443, 445â449, 450, 451â453, VII: 291â298 454, 455, 456â457, 459; IV: 401â402, strength of evidence in assessment of, I: 406â407, 410â411; VI: 354â403; VII: 8 238â241 resolution in, I: 242â243; IV: 513 tables of, VI: 495â568 resolving power of, V: 23 TCDD biomarkers, I: 259â262; II: 101â105, respiratory cancers, I: 10â11, 364, 461â472, 318 575; II: 6, 176, 189â203; III: 7, 8, 9, testicular cancer, I: 405, 519; II: 7, 153, 418, 420â426; IV: 273, 278, 282, 284 227â228; III: 7, 10, 343â346; IV: 336; respiratory disease, I: 709â713; II: 7, V: 325â327; VI: 283â286; VII: 405â406 324â326; III: 483â486; IV: 475; VI: thyroid homeostasis, VI: 478â481 440â443; VII: 605â615 Times Beach, Missouri, I: 368â370; II: Seveso, Italy, population studies, I: 44â45, 144; III: 200â201, 218, 234, 283; IV: 365â368, 444, 454â455, 469, 491â492, 115â116, 133, 148; VI: 132, 179 503, 511, 517, 523, 540, 568â570, 571, uroporphyrins, VI: 7 598â599; II: 141â143, 148, 200â201, tongue cancer, VII: 279â281 206, 207â208, 209, 210, 211â212, 213, tonsil cancer, VII: 282 216, 221, 225, 226â227, 228, 230, 234, usefulness of, IV: 103â108 236, 243, 245, 246, 287, 299â300, 312â uterine cancer, III: 333; IV: 321â324 313; III: 197â200, 218, 232â233, 283, Vietnam environmental herbicide exposure, 285, 290, 296, 297â298, 299, 303, 307, II: 144â145; III: 201â202, 218, 234, 309, 314, 318, 324â326, 327, 330, 331, 283; VI: 132â133, 181â182 332, 336, 338, 344, 348, 349, 352, 353, Vietnam veterans in, I: 50, 57â59, 62â63, 356, 358, 363, 365, 372, 373, 380, 385, 384â418; II: 149â161, 189, 190, 201â 386, 388â389, 390, 408, 414, 420, 422, 202, 204, 205, 208, 209, 212, 213, 216, 427, 436, 449, 495, 505; IV: 114â115, 217, 218, 221, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 464, 468, 472â475, 484, 487, 491, 501, 229, 230, 231, 234, 235, 236, 244, 245, 507, 509; VI: 129â132, 177â179 246, 278, 283, 285, 286, 288â296, 299, skin cancer, I: 502â503; II: 7, 209â211; 300â301, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, III: 8, 10, 312â313; IV: 302â303; VI: 313, 314, 317, 318, 321â322, 323, 330, 251â265; VII: 356â363 332, 333, 336; III: 206â217, 236â245, soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 8, 311, 326â328, 275, 277â278, 279, 281, 283, 285â286, 329â330, 335â336, 337, 339â340, 384, 288, 290, 291, 294â295, 298, 301, 303, 391, 393, 395â396, 401, 403, 476, 305, 309â310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, 477â500, 572â573, 574; II: 5, 6, 132, 328, 333, 336, 338, 339, 340, 342, 134â135, 205â208; III: 6, 7, 306â311; 343â344, 345â346, 349, 351, 353, 355, IV: 116, 292â296; V: 284â287; VI: 358â359, 361, 363, 365, 370â371, 372, 245â251; VII: 347â353 373, 376, 380, 382, 385, 386, 389, 392, sperm abnormal parameters, II: 7; III: 435, 436, 437â438, 445, 446, 450, 454, 445â449, 450 456, 457, 459, 467, 468, 469, 470, 473, spina biï¬da, II: 6; III: 7, 8, 9â10, 437â438; 475, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485â486, 489, IV: 404â405 491, 495, 497, 498, 500, 502, 505â506, spontaneous abortion, I: 42, 336â337, 372â 512â513, 516â518, 523; IV: 150â160, 373, 405â406, 596â605; II: 7, 283â284; 232â247, 255, 269, 275, 278, 282â283, IV: 410â411; V: 420; VI: 372â378; VII: 289, 294â295, 303â304, 309â310, 316, 526â529 322â323, 329, 336â337, 342, 347, state-sponsored, I: 399â405, 495â496, 546; 352, 357â358, 366â367, 373, 380; VI: II: 153, 158â159, 161, 202, 292; III: 551â568 213â215, 243â244 Vietnamese in, I: 370â372, 599â601; II: stillbirth, III: 454; VII: 530 108â109, 144â145, 148, 287â288; III: 217, 245, 283; IV: 116â117, 227â228
812 INDEX Epidemiology, VI: 5â7, 118â164 prostate cancer, I: 513, 514â515; II: 217, acute lymphocytic leukemia, III: 383 219; III: 334 acute myeloid leukemia, III: 383â384 respiratory cancers, I: 460â461; II: 189â191 birth defects, I: 606; II: 286; III: 435â436 respiratory disorders, III: 482â483 bladder cancer, II: 223; III: 347 skin cancer, I: 501â502; II: 209; III: 312, bone/joint cancer, I: 472â473; II: 204; III: 313 302 soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 475; II: 205; III: 304, brain tumors, I: 522â523; II: 228â229; III: 306; IV: 116 356 spontaneous abortion, II: 282â283 breast cancer, I: 505, 506â507; II: 213â214; stillbirth/neonatal deaths/infant death, III: III: 322, 324 451 cancer, I: 433, 435â438, 442, 525; II: 175; testicular cancer, I: 515; II: 223â224; III: III: 265â266; VI: 5 343 children, cancer in, II: 298 Epidermal growth factor (EGF), I: 145, 154; II: chloracne, II: 317â318; III: 478â479 59, 73â74; III: 77, 97; IV: 51, 64, 66 chronic lymphocytic leukemia, III: 384â385 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), II: chronic myeloid leukemia, III: 385 67; III: 78, 80, 97; IV: 64, 67, 70 circulatory disorders, III: 514 Epigenetic events. See Apoptosis; Cell diabetes mellitus, II: 330; III: 491â492, 493 proliferation; Enzyme induction; female reproductive system cancers, I: 505, Intracellular communication 506â508; II: 211; III: 329â330 Epstein-Barr virus, I: 528; II: 188; V: 344, 352; gastrointestinal tract cancers, I: 445â447; II: VI: 226 177; III: 267â268 Erbon®, I: 309; II: 128; III: 219; IV: 134; V: 105 gastrointestinal ulcers, II: 334; III: 508â509 EROD. See Ethoxyresoruï¬n O-deethylase hepatobiliary cancers, I: 452â455; II: Error in design, conduct, or analysis of an 181â182; III: 282 investigation, V: 22 Hodgkinâs disease, I: 526, 527â528; II: 231; Erythrocyte sedimentation, I: 696 III: 371â372 Escherichia coli, VI: 30 immune system disorders, II: 326â327; III: Esophageal cancer, VI: 209; VII: 283, 286â291 487â488 Estrogen infertility, II: 279; III: 444â445 hepatic binding, I: 154 kidney cancer, I: 513, 514; II: 223; III: receptor mediated responses, I: 145 351â352; V: 335â338 receptor signaling, III: 65â67 laryngeal cancer, III: 292 transduction pathway, TCDD interaction, II: leukemia, I: 564; II: 245; III: 383â385 4; VI: 58 lipid abnormalities, II: 333; III: 503â504 Ethoxyresoruï¬n O-deethylase (EROD), I: 153, liver disorders, II: 331â332; III: 509â510 155; II: 52, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, low birthweight, I: 625â626; III: 454, 455, 69, 74; III: 40, 42, 51, 52, 53, 68, 69, 456 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 91, 96; IV: 386 lung cancer, III: 295â296 Europe, III: 108, 308, 471 malignant lymphomas, II: 231; IV: 137 European registry, II: 197 multiple myeloma, I: 526, 528; II: 236â237; Evidence of herbicide association. See III: 377 Herbicide association, insufï¬cient nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 458â459; II: evidence for determining; Herbicide 187â188; III: 288â289 association, limited/suggestive evidence; neurobehavioral toxicity, II: 304â305, 307; Herbicide association, III: 466 limited/suggestive negative evidence; non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma, I: 526, 527; II: Herbicide association, sufï¬cient 231; III: 362 evidence porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), II: 321; III: Executive Order 11850, II: 27; III: 25 480â481; IV: 10
INDEX 813 Experimental studies Foreign veterans, II: 113, 160, 202, 293; III: 9, evaluation of, II: 92â93 216â217, 218, 244â245, 273, 285â286, Exposure assessment. See Herbicide exposure 290, 294, 295, 298, 299, 303, 310, 311, assessment; Herbicide exposure 314, 315, 327, 329, 339, 340, 343, 346, reconstruction model 349, 353, 355, 359, 365, 380, 389, 413, Exposure reconstruction model. See Herbicide 423, 424, 469, 485, 486, 489, 500, 506, exposure reconstruction model 512â513, 517 Eye cancer. See Cancers of the eye and orbit Forest Service, US, I: 42; IV: 410 Forestry workers. See Agricultural/forestry workers F Forests 2,4,5-T spraying, I: 42â43 Farmers. See Agricultural/forestry workers defoliant early ï¬eld tests in, I: 26 Fecundity Ratio (FR), IV: 406 Vietnam forests, I: 31â32, 62, 90, 104; III: Federal government in herbicide management/ 137 research, I: 45â60; II: 27â32; III: 25â30; See also Agricultural/forestry workers; IV: 13 Lumber industry; Mangrove forests Federal Register, II: 30; III: 28 Fort Detrick, Maryland, I: 25 Federation of American Scientists, I: 29 FR. See Fecundity Ratio Female reproductive system cancers, VII: France, IV: 116; V: 227â228; VI: 50, 179â180, 710â711. 310; VII: 235 See also Reproductive system cancers, Free radicals, II: 4 women TCDD and, II: 60 Fertility. See Infertility Frierfjord, Norway, III: 236; IV: 117, 149 Fetotoxicity FSH. See Follicle-stimulating hormone cacodylic acid, V: 39 Fungicides, I: 91 TCDD, VII: 113â114, 117 Fibrosarcoma. See Soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) Finland, I: 324, 364, 383â384, 443, 444, 467, G 492, 541, 561; II: 134, 137, 140, 179, 183, 188â189, 198, 207, 220, 222, 226, Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), II: 229â230, 233, 235, 243, 246, 269, 271; 331â332; III: 509, 510; IV: 499, 503; V: III: 226, 232, 234, 348, 372, 422, 472; 499â501 IV: 142, 146, 149, 344, 353, 359, 361, Gamma rays 362, 368â369, 374â375, 381, 415; V: respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268; III: 117; VI: 129, 133, 246, 250; VII: 163 418 Finnish Cancer Registry, II: 137 Gardnerâs syndrome, V: 283; VI: 246 Finnish Register of Congenital Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, III: 508â514; Malformations, II: 140 IV: 498â505; V: 498â502; VI: 463â466; Social Insurance Institution, II: 137 VII: 639â641 Florida, I: 324, 467; II: 199; III: 226; IV: 142, biologic plausibility, VI: 221; VII: 643 258, 260, 263, 266, 286, 297, 327â328, cacodylic acid in, I: 188 330, 333â334, 336, 338, 344, 349, 354 science literature update, VI: 465 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), II: 279, TCDD in, I: 169â170; IV: 19, 135, 156; V: 280, 282; III: 41, 68, 72â73, 444, 445; 60; VII: 95â96 IV: 399â400, 405, 408; V: 405 Vietnam veteransâ risk, VI: 466; VII: 643 Food crops, I: 89 See also Ulcers, gastrointestinal Agent Orange in destruction of, I: 62, 90 Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers, VII: 709 as military target, I: 27, 31, 87, 97, 98â100, biologic plausibility, I: 451; III: 281â282; 106 IV: 256; V: 502; VI: 221 Ford, Gerald, II: 27; III: 25 colon cancer, epidemiologic studies, VI: 210â213
814 INDEX epidemiologic studies, III: 268â273, chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence, 274â281; IV: 251â255; V: 243â259; VI: data by gender, III: 384; VI: 326 203â221; VII: 283 chronic myeloid leukemia incidence, data epidemiology, I: 445â447; II: 177; III: by gender, III: 384; VI: 326 267â268 diabetes prevalence, data by gender, III: 492 esophageal cancer, epidemiologic studies, female reproductive system cancer VI: 209 incidence, data by type, for selected age herbicide association in, I: 12, 447â451, groups, III: 329, 330; IV: 321; V: 310; 576â577; II: 7, 12, 21, 177â180, 250; VI: 261 III: 8, 12, 21, 268â282; V: 17 gastrointestinal tract cancer incidence, herbicide environmental exposure and, II: data by type and gender, III: 267; IV: 179â180; III: 271â272, 275, 277â278, 145â146; V: 244; VI: 204 279, 280â281; IV: 254; V: 501 Hodgkinâs disease incidence, data by gender, herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 372; IV: 356; V: 355; VI: 313 II: 178â179; III: 268â271, 274â275, kidney cancer, V: 334 276â277, 278â279, 280; IV: 251; V: laryngeal cancer incidence, data by gender, 500â501 III: 292; IV: 277; V: 268; VI: 231 incidence, data by type/gender/race/selected leukemia incidence, data by type and gender, age group, III: 267; IV: 250; VII: 284 III: 384; IV: 378; V: 367; VI: 326 pancreatic cancer, epidemiologic studies, liver/intrahepatic bile duct cancers III: 280â281; IV: 250â254, 256, incidence, data by gender, III: 282; IV: 385â386; V: 257â259; VI: 72, 217â219 267; V: 260; VI: 222 rectal cancer, epidemiologic studies, III: lung cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 278â279; IV: 250â251, 255â256, 262n, 296; IV: 281; V: 272; VI: 235 264n, 385; V: 254â256; VI: 214â216 melanoma incidence, data by gender, III: scientiï¬c literature update, II: 178â180; 313; IV: 300; V: 288; VI: 252 III: 268â273; IV: 251â255; V: 245; VI: multiple myeloma incidence, data by 219â220 gender, III: 377; V: 361; VI: 320 stomach cancer, epidemiologic studies, VI: nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer incidence, data 205â208 by gender, III: 289; IV: 273; V: 265; VI: Vietnam veterans and, I: 446, 452; II: 177, 227 180, 181; III: 272â273, 275, 277â278, non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma incidence, data 279, 281; IV: 255; V: 502; VI: 221 by gender, III: 362; IV: 356; V: 344; VI: See also Cancers of the digestive organs; 303 Colon cancer; Colorectal cancer renal cancers incidence, data by gender, III: GBDS. See General Birth Defects Study 352; VI: 292 Gender Seveso, Italy, in, IV: 148 acute lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data soft-tissue sarcoma incidence, data by by gender, III: 384; VI: 326 gender, III: 306; IV: 292; V: 282; VI: acute myeloid leukemia incidence, data by 245 gender, III: 384; VI: 326 See also Demographic data, Vietnam bladder cancer incidence, data by gender, veterans; Women veterans III: 347; IV: 339; V: 328; VI: 287 Gene-expression proï¬ling, VII: 55â56, 69â83 bone/joint cancer incidence, data by gender, Gene imprinting, VII: 117 III: 302; IV: 387; V: 279; VI: 242 General Accounting Ofï¬ce, I: 52â53, 96; III: brain cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 139, 140; IV: 121 356; V: 339; VI: 297 General Birth Defects Study (GBDS), I: 610, cancer studies and, II: 180, 181, 183, 190, 626; II: 289, 290; III: 438, 439 191, 204â205, 234, 242, 243, 246; IV: See also Centers for Disease Control and 199, 249 Prevention (CDC) General Services Administration, I: 77
INDEX 815 Genetic alteration GIS. See Geographic information system 2,4-D in, I: 119, 178â179 Givaudan Company, I: 43 2,4,5-T in, I: 119, 184 Glioblastomas, V: 11, 525; VII: 145 cacodylic acid in, I: 119, 187â188 Glucocorticoid receptor, I: 154 cancer mechanism, I: 433â434 Golgi apparatus, VI: 428, 430 picloram in, I: 191 Graveâs disease. See Thyroid homeostasis reproductive outcomes, male-mediated, I: Great Britain. See United Kingdom 593â594 Ground/perimeter spraying, I: 20, 24, 74, 85, TCDD in, I: 118, 142, 143â144, 439; V: 90, 91, 94â96, 100, 272, 286, 287, 52â53; VII: 87â88 288â289; III: 138â140; VI: 175â177, Genetic factors 185 Ah receptor-mediated events and, I: 134; See also Herbicide application methods; VI: 60â66 Herbicides cancer risk and, I: 10; IV: 249, 273, 300, Grouping system for cancer types, VII: 364, 386; V: 264 264â267, 707â716 porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 10, 679 Growth factors Genetics. See Cytogenetics epidermal, I: 145, 154; II: 59 Geneva Protocol, I: 45; II: 27; III: 25 TCDD induction of, I: 136â137; II: 4, 59; Genitourinary cancers, II: 223â224 III: 62â63; IV: 66; VII: 104 See also Bladder cancer and disorders; transforming, I: 145; II: 59 Kidney cancer; Prostate cancer; tumor necrosis, II: 59 Testicular cancer Guillain-Barre syndrome, II: 10, 312 Genotoxicity, V: 38; VI: 36â40; VII: 50â51, 59â61, 111â113 Geographic information system (GIS), VI: H 190â191 Half-life studies, VI: 51â54 Georgia. See Atlanta, Georgia Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, I: 125, German Democratic Republic, III: 226; VI: 126 126, 151; IV: 41, 58, 68, 77 Germany, I: 312â313, 326, 443, 477, 508â509, hepatic enzyme induction and, I: 155 530, 565, 675â676; II: 105, 108, Halsted Reitan (HR) neuropsychologic test 130â131, 149, 308, 319â320, 322, 323, battery, V: 450 328, 331, 333; III: 221, 222, 223, 224, Hamburg, Germany, II: 195, 214â215, 329; III: 232, 234, 235, 240, 269, 284, 308, 326, 153, 223, 324â325, 515; IV: 191; VII: 332, 337, 357, 364, 365, 379, 386, 422, 657â659 423, 429, 470, 481, 483, 490, 506, Hamburg Boehringer Company, IV: 138 510â511, 515; IV: 137, 149, 156, 191, Hancock County, Ohio, III: 229; IV: 213 195, 208, 420; V: 117; VI: 47, 50, 124, Hanoi, Vietnam, II: 148 126, 133; VII: 163 Hawaii, I: 60, 400, 603; II: 292; III: 243; V: 6; German Cancer Research Center, III: 495, VII: 184 506 Hazardous materials disposal and cleanup herbicide exposure assessment, III: Agent Orange surplus disposal, I: 93â94 153â154, 158, 159â160; IV: 124, 257, Nitro, West Virginia, accident efforts, I: 38; 260, 263, 265, 271, 280, 285, 297, 301, IV: 136 319, 333, 349, 353, 359, 368, 374, 381 Seveso, Italy, I: 43â44, 367â368 See also Aktiengesellschaft, Germany; See also Incineration, of Agent Orange Dormagen, Germany; Hamburg, HBV. See Hepatitis B virus Germany; Ludwigshafen, Germany; HC. See Hydrocortisone Uerdingen, Germany HD. See Hodgkinâs disease GGT. See Gamma-glutamyltransferase HDLP. See High-density lipoprotein receptors GI. See Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders; Headaches, I: 650, 660; V: 447 Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers
816 INDEX Health and Human Services, US, Department 177â181, 250â251; III: 8, 12, 21â22, of, I: 57â59 133, 359, 393â394, 522; IV: 7, 11, Health care. See Military health care 384â385; V: 9, 15, 17, 378, 516; VI: 9, Health outcomes of herbicide exposure 16â17, 338â339, 483; VII: 12â13, 22, 2,4-D outcomes, II: 48â49; III: 34, 38â39, 24â25, 498, 687â688 44â47 evidence sufï¬cient for herbicide association 2,4,5-T outcomes, II: 49; III: 48; IV: 185 in, I: 8â10, 246â247, 500, 548, cacodylic acid outcomes, II: 50â51; III: 34, 556â557, 572â574, 678, 682; II: 5, 6, 8, 50 19, 20, 21, 97, 247, 320; III: 6, 7, 8, 20, categories of evidence for assessing, I: 132â133, 311, 366, 373, 374, 390, 392, 227â237 480, 519; IV: 8, 384; V: 8, 14, 15, 377, categories of herbicide association in, I: 514â515; VI: 8, 13â15, 337â338, 482; 5â8, 221, 223â225, 246â247; II: 4â14, VII: 11, 20â22, 496â497, 686 19â22, 97; III: 6â15, 19â22, 132, 390, research priorities, I: 19, 726â727 392â394; IV: 6â12; V: 7 research update, II: 37 choice of, VI: 20 statistical association of herbicide exposure, disease outcomes of, II: 37; III: 33â35, II: 88, 90â91; III: 1â2, 6, 124, 126â127; 38â43, 44â47, 48, 50, 71â105; IV: 22, IV: 6â12; V: 22â23 27, 110 TCDD outcomes, III: 34â35, 71â105; IV: early herbicide research, I: 29â32, 35â36; 20 II: 19â23; III: 19â23 toxicity potential health risks, estimation of, early TCDD research, I: 28â29 III: 105â108; IV: 20 evaluating exposure reconstruction model Vietnam veteransâ increased risk of disease, and, I: 289â290; IV: 85 II: 14, 22â23, 88, 91, 218, 223, 251, evidence inadequate/insufï¬cient for 276, 283, 298, 300â301, 321, 323; III: determining herbicide association in, 12â13, 14â15, 22â23, 124, 127â128, I: 13â14, 19, 247, 457, 460, 473â474, 329, 334, 343, 397, 430â431, 444, 462, 512, 521, 571, 577â578, 605, 618, 624, 475â476, 491, 503, 507â508, 525; 627, 630, 634, 657, 666, 691, 699, IV: 12, 403, 407, 411, 413, 417â418, 708, 713, 727; II: 6â7, 11â12, 20â21, 421â422, 424, 426, 431, 435, 459, 468, 22, 97, 181â187, 249â250, 282, 284, 475; VI: 17â18; VII: 13â14, 25â26 285â286, 298, 300, 325, 329, 334â335, See also Epidemiologic studies; speciï¬c 337; III: 7â8, 10â12, 21, 132, 133, 292, cancer sites; speciï¬c cancers; speciï¬c 304, 316, 322, 327, 332, 334, 346, 349, diseases and disorders 351, 355, 390, 393, 444, 449, 453, 458, Healthy worker effect, I: 230 459, 473â474, 486, 491, 503, 507, 513, Hearing loss, I: 659â660 518, 522; IV: 11; V: 8â9, 15, 16â17, Heart disease, VI: 7; VII: 673â674 377â378, 515â516; VI: 8â9, 16, 338, Heart neoplasms. See Soft-tissue sarcoma 483; VII: 11, 21â24, 497â498, 687 (STS) evidence limited/suggestive of herbicide Heat shock protein (HSP90), IV: 30 association in, I: 10â12, 19, 247, 472, Helicobacter pylori, II: 334; III: 268, 362, 509; 519â521, 563, 574â576, 727; II: 6, IV: 145; V: 344; VI: 27, 303, 464 8â10, 20, 22, 97, 247â249, 298, 300, Helicopters 323; III: 7, 8â10, 20â21, 133, 295, 299, herbicide delivery use, I: 26, 86, 87, 93, 94; 340, 342, 383, 393, 444, 458, 474, 482, III: 135, 137, 138; IV: 117 519; IV: 6, 7â11, 384; V: 8, 14, 15, 16, Hematopoietic cancers, IV: 198 377, 515; VI: 8, 15â16, 338, 482; VII: Hepatic phosphoenol pyruvate carboxy kinase 11, 21â23, 497, 686â687 (PEPCK), II: 63, 75â76, 77; III: 71, evidence of no association of herbicides in, 72, 82 I: 12â13, 224, 247, 447â451, 503, 521, Hepatitis B infection, I: 453 525, 576â577; II: 7, 12â13, 21â22, 97, Hepatitis B virus (HBV), II: 182, 183
INDEX 817 Hepatitis C infection, I: 453 basis for ï¬nding of, I: 13, 247, 577; II: 6â7, Hepatitis C virus, II: 182 11â12, 20â21, 22, 97, 249â250; III: Hepatobiliary cancers, VII: 710 7â8, 10â12, 21, 133, 393 biologic plausibility, III: 286, 288; V: birth defects and, I: 14, 605; II: 7, 20, 298, 263â264; VI: 225â226; VII: 317â318 300; III: 444, 458; IV: 7; V: 404; VI: 9, epidemiologic studies, III: 282â288; IV: 14 268â269; V: 259â264; VI: 221â226; bladder cancer and, III: 7, 10, 132, 349, VII: 283, 310â318 351, 393; IV: 7, 19; V: 333; VI: 8, 14 epidemiology, I: 452â455; II: 181â182; III: bone/joint cancer and, I: 13, 473â474, 577; 282 II: 6, 20, 205; III: 7, 10, 304, 393; IV: 7; herbicide association and, I: 13, 577; II: 2, V: 281â282; VI: 8, 14 6, 11, 12, 20, 89, 182â187, 249â250; breast cancer and, II: 217; III: 7, 10, 327, III: 7, 10, 282â288; V: 259â264 393; IV: 7; V: 308; VI: 8, 14 herbicide environmental exposure and, II: chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, II: 184; III: 283, 285, 287â288; IV: 269; V: 311, 314; IV: 7; VI: 9, 14 262â263; VII: 314â315, 317 circulatory disorders and, I: 14, 708; II: 7, herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 21, 337; III: 518, 522; IV: 7; V: 505; VI: 182â184; III: 282â283, 284, 287; IV: 9, 14 268â269; V: 261; VII: 311â317 cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders and, I: incidence, data by gender/race, for selected 14, 657â658; II: 7, 20, 308â309, 314; age groups, III: 282; IV: 267; VI: 222 III: 473â474; IV: 441; VI: 9, 14 risk estimates, II: 186â187; V: 164; VI: 226 diabetes mellitus and, I: 14, 691; II: 7, 21, scientiï¬c literature update, III: 284â286; IV: 335; III: 503, 522; V: 492; VI: 8, 14 268; V: 260â263; VI: 222 female reproductive system/breast cancers TCDD and, IV: 77; V: 264 and, I: 13, 14, 512, 577; II: 6, 20, 213; Vietnam veterans and, II: 181, 185, 187; III: III: 7, 10, 332, 334, 393; IV: 7; V: 316; 283, 285â286, 288; IV: 269; V: 264 VI: 8, 14 See also Liver cancer gastrointestinal tract ulcers and, I: 14, 691; Hepatocellular carcinoma, II: 148; IV: 149 II: 335; III: 513, 522; V: 502; VI: 9, 14 Hepatomegaly, V: 6, 517 genitourinary tract cancers and, I: 13, 521, Hepatotoxicity 577 TCDD and, II: 3, 73â75; III: 76â79; IV: 23, hepatic enzyme abnormalities and, I: 14, 71, 77; V: 58â60, 71; VI: 70â72; VII: 691 93â95 hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 13, 577; II: 6, Herbicide application methods 20, 187; III: 7, 10, 286, 393; IV: 7; V: military early research, I: 25â26 263; VI: 8, 14 Operation Ranch Hand use, I: 85â87; III: immune system disorders and, I: 14, 699; 135, 136, 137, 138, 139 II: 7, 21, 329; III: 491, 522; IV: 7; V: Vietnam use, I: 1, 3, 24, 27, 74, 85â87, 484â485; VI: 9, 14 94â96; III: 135â142; V: 229â232 infertility and, I: 14, 634; II: 7, 282, 300; See also Aerial spraying; Ground/perimeter III: 449, 458; IV: 7 spraying; Herbicides; Professional leukemia and, I: 13, 571, 577â578; II: 7, 20, herbicide/pesticide applicators 247; III: 7, 10, 390, 393; IV: 7, 198; V: Herbicide association, insufï¬cient evidence for 372; VI: 8, 14 determining lipid abnormalities and, I: 14, 691; II: 7, 21, altered sperm parameters and, I: 14, 634; II: 335; III: 507, 522 7, 20; III: 449, 458; IV: 7; VI: 8, 14 liver cancer and, I: 13, 457, 577 amyloidosis, IV: 7; V: 507; VI: 9, 14 liver toxicity and, II: 335; III: 513, 522 basal/squamous cell skin cancer and, III: low birthweight and, I: 14, 627; II: 7, 20; 322, 393; IV: 311; V: 299â300 III: 458; IV: 7; VI: 9, 14 melanoma and, III: 316; V: 294
818 INDEX metabolic and digestive disorders and, II: multiple myeloma, I: 10, 11â12, 563, 574, 334â335; IV: 7; VI: 9, 14 576; II: 6, 20, 244; III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 383, motor/coordination dysfunction and, I: 14, 393; IV: 6, 18â19; V: 365; VI: 15 661; II: 7, 21, 310, 314; III: 474; IV: 7; neurobehavioral disorders, II: 314 VI: 9, 14 peripheral neuropathy, II: 6; VI: 15 nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, I: 13, 460, porphyria cutanea tarda, II: 6, 323; III: 7, 8, 577; II: 6, 20, 189; III: 7, 10, 292, 393; 20, 482, 519; IV: 6, 18â19; V: 480; VI: IV: 7; V: 267; VI: 8, 14 15 neonatal/infant deaths and stillbirths, IV: 7 prostate cancer, I: 11, 519â521, 575â576; neurobehavioral disorders, II: 314; III: II: 6, 20, 223; III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 340, 342, 473â474; VI: 9, 14 393; IV: 6, 10, 18â19; V: 316; VI: 15 neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 14, research recommendations, I: 19, 727 657, 666; II: 7, 20, 308â309, 314; III: respiratory cancers, I: 10â11, 472, 574, 473â474; IV: 7; VI: 8, 14 575; II: 6, 20, 203; III: 7, 8, 9, 20; IV: 6, perinatal death and, I: 14, 624; II: 7, 18â19; VI: 15 20, 285â286, 300; III: 453, 458; V: spina biï¬da, II: 6, 298, 300; III: 7, 8, 9â10, 421â422; VI: 9, 14 21, 444, 458; IV: 7, 18â19; VI: 8, 14 peripheral nervous system disorders and, I: Herbicide association, limited/suggestive 14, 666; II: 21; III: 474; VI: 8, 14 negative evidence renal cancer and, I: 13, 521, 577; II: 7, 20, basis for ï¬nding of, I: 12â13, 224, 247, 225; III: 7, 10, 355, 393; IV: 7; VI: 9, 14 576â577; II: 7, 12â13, 21, 97, 250; III: research recommendations, I: 19, 727 8, 12, 21â22, 133, 393â394, 522; IV: 7, respiratory disorders and, I: 14, 713; II: 7, 19â20 21, 325; III: 486, 522; IV: 7; V: 482; VI: brain tumors, I: 12, 525, 576; II: 7, 21, 230; 8, 14 III: 8, 12, 21, 359, 394; IV: 7; V: 343 skin cancers, II: 210â211; III: 8, 10, 21, gastrointestinal tract cancers, I: 12â13, 393; IV: 7, 19; VI: 8, 14 447â451, 576â577; II: 7, 21, 177â181; spontaneous abortions and, I: 14, 605; II: 7, III: 8, 12, 21, 268, 273, 282, 394; IV: 7, 20, 284, 300; IV: 7; VI: 8, 14 19 testicular cancer and, I: 13, 521, 577; II: 7, skin cancer, I: 12, 503, 576; III: 21 20, 228; III: 7, 10, 346, 393; IV: 7; V: urinary bladder cancer, I: 12, 521, 576; II: 325, 327; VI: 8, 14 7, 21, 227; III: 21; V: 333 Vietnam veteransâ children, cancer in, I: 14, Herbicide association, sufï¬cient evidence 630; II: 7, 20, 300; IV: 7; V: 430â431 basis for ï¬nding of, I: 8â10, 246â247, 572; Herbicide association, limited/suggestive II: 5, 6, 8, 19, 20, 21, 97, 247; III: 6, 7, evidence 8, 20, 132â133, 390, 392; IV: 6, 17â18 acute and subacute transient peripheral cancer and, I: 8â10, 572â574; II: 247; III: neuropathy, II: 314; III: 7, 8, 21, 474; 390, 392; IV: 6, 17â18 IV: 6, 18â19; VI: 15 chloracne and, I: 10, 678; II: 5, 6, 20, 320; acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), IV: 7; III: 6, 7, 20, 480, 519; IV: 6, 17â18; V: V: 372 479; VI: 13 basis for ï¬nding of, I: 10â12, 247, 574â575; Hodgkinâs disease and, I: 8, 9â10, 556â557, II: 6, 8â10, 20, 22, 97, 247â249; III: 7, 573â574; II: 5, 6, 20, 236; III: 6, 7, 20, 8â10, 20â21, 133, 393 373, 374, 390; IV: 6, 17â18; V: 360; VI: birth defects, IV: 6, 18â19; V: 405 13 cancer, I: 10â12, 519â521, 574â576; II: non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma and, I: 8â9, 10, 247â249; III: 393 548, 573â574; II: 5, 6, 20, 234; III: 6, 7, diabetes, type 2, IV: 6; VI: 8, 14 20, 366, 390; IV: 6, 17â18; V: 354â355; laryngeal cancer, III: 295, 393; V: 268â272 VI: 13 lung cancer, III: 299, 393; V: 278 porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 10, 682; II: 5, 6, 20; III: 20; IV: 6, 17â18; V: 479; VI: 13
INDEX 819 soft-tissue sarcoma and, I: 8, 9â10, 500; II: indices development, II: 107â109; III: 5, 6, 20, 208; III: 6, 7, 20, 311, 390; IV: 161â162 6, 17â18; V: 287; VI: 13 individual differences, I: 261, 286 Herbicide exposure assessment, VI: 4â5, industrial exposure, VI: 177â181 165â200; VII: 41â43, 214â260 job exposure matrix, I: 259â262 agricultural/forestry workers studies, III: literature update, II: 104â109; III: 157â162 154â155; IV: 111â113 methodological issues, II: 4â5; III: 5â6 biomarkers for, I: 17, 259â262, 280â284; II: misclassiï¬cation bias in, I: 17, 257â259, 101â104; IV: 111 724 cancer studies use, I: 436â439 non-military settings and, I: 4â5, 15, case-control studies use, I: 256â257; IV: 222â223, 241â242 124 occupational studies use, I: 262â267, Centers for Disease Control Agent Orange 269â270; II: 107â108; III: 150â156; V: Study, I: 58; II: 102; IV: 124â125 217â225; VI: 169â177 Centers for Disease Control exposure paper/pulp mill workers, I: 266â267; III: opportunity index, I: 274â276, 611â612; 155â156; IV: 114, 134 III: 147â148; IV: 124â125 process perspective, I: 252â253 Centers for Disease Control validation Ranch Hand study use, I: 386; II: 109; III: study, I: 59, 260â261, 281â284, 387; II: 145â147 103, 104; IV: 125â126 research recommendations, I: 16â18, Centers for Disease Control Vietnam 287â290, 291, 721â722, 724â725 Experience Study, II: 101; III: 240; IV: risk assessment use, I: 14â15, 247â248, 123 250, 578; III: 14â15 cohort studies use, I: 254â256; II: 107â109 sawmill workers, IV: 10, 114, 156, cumulative exposure, III: 144 227â228, 338, 439â440, 447â448, 449, current estimates, I: 284â287 452, 453, 457 data sources (existing) limitations, I: 14â15, self-reports, I: 270â271; IV: 113 290â291 serum TCDD in, I: 19, 20â21, 261, deï¬nition of, methodological issues, II: 4â5; 282â285, 289, 290, 725, 742â743; III: III: 5â6; IV: 16, 20; V: 4, 215â216 159â161; IV: 135, 400 Department of Veterans Affairs mortality Seveso, Italy, accident, I: 267â268, 285, studies, II: 101; IV: 123; IV: 151, 598â599; III: 156; IV: 400 157â158 state-sponsored studies, I: 400, 401â402, difï¬culties in, I: 14â15, 222, 247â248, 284, 403â404 286â287; VI: 28â29 Stellmansâ study, I: 278â279, 284 dioxin congeners, recent literature, II: strategies for, I: 253â254; III: 144â145 106â107; III: 158â159; VII: 218â219 TCDD exposure levels for epidemiological environmental studies use, I: 262â263, 267â studies, II: 105â106; III: 159â161; VII: 270; III: 156â157; IV: 111, 114â116 216 epidemiologic studies evaluation and, II: TCDD half-life investigation, II: 104â105; 99â101; III: 142â146; VI: 165â169; VII: III: 157â158; IV: 112, 115â116, 214â221 125â126 evidentiary role of, I: 4, 15, 250â253; VI: Times Beach, Missouri, case, I: 268, 4â5, 28â29, 368â369 exposure-dose relationship, I: 252â253 Vietnam military records in, I: 271â280; IV: exposure misclassiï¬cation, VII: 217â218 125; VII: 220â247 ground spraying, I: 288â289; III: 138â140 Vietnam service as element of, I: 271, historic exposure reconstruction, I: 17â18, 284â287; II: 101â104; III: 146â150 19â20, 254, 255â256, 725â726, 728; Vietnam spray data, I: 273â279 III: 143 Vietnam troop movement data in, I: 95â96, 273â279, 287
820 INDEX Vietnamese population, I: 108â109, 269, cancer latency issues, II: 2, 13â14, 175, 731; III: 156â157; IV: 148â149 260â276; III: 3, 12â14, 407â431; IV: workshop on, I: 746â747 289 See also Environmental herbicide exposure; cancer risk and development, II: 13â14, Occupational herbicide exposure 175; III: 12â14, 265â266 Herbicide exposure reconstruction model carcinogenicity, I: 118â119; II: 175; III: data sources, I: 725â726 265â266; IV: 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, epidemiologic research and, I: 726â728 290, 296, 305, 311, 318, 323, 332, 337, evaluation of, I: 18, 289â290, 726; II: 25 342, 348, 352, 358, 367, 374, 380, 387 recommendations, I: 15â16, 17â20, cervical cancer association, III: 332; IV: 287â290, 291, 721â722, 725â728; II: 323 25; VII: 703 chemistry of, II: 38 Request for Proposals (RFP), II: 25â26; IV: childhood cancer association, II: 299â300; 5 IV: 424â425 Herbicide/pesticide applicators. See chloracne association, II: 318â320; III: 6, 7, Professional herbicide/pesticide 479â480; IV: 466 applicators chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy Herbicides and, II: 310â311 action of, I: 88 circulatory disorders association, II: acute and subacute transient peripheral 335â337; III: 3, 514â518; IV: 510 neuropathy and, II: 2, 312â313; III: 7, 8, cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders and, 473; IV: 441, 457 II: 307â309; III: 468â469; IV: 443; V: agricultural role of, I: 24, 35, 39, 174â175, 449â451 181 congressional hearings, II: 27â28; III: 25 Air Force research activities, II: 31â32; III: congressional legislation on, II: 28â29; III: 28â29 26â27 basal/squamous cell skin cancer association, Department of Veterans Affairs activities, II: III: 317â322, 323; IV: 311; V: 295â300 29â31; III: 27â28; IV: 151, 157â158 biologic plausibility, II: 88, 92, 176, 217, developmental toxicity, I: 124; IV: 403, 413, 282, 298, 300; III: 2, 23, 124, 128, 416, 431, 434 281â282, 286, 288, 292, 295, 302, 304, diabetes mellitus association, II: 330â331, 311, 317, 322, 327, 329, 334, 343, 347, 334â335; III: 2, 11â12, 125, 494â503 351, 356, 362, 366, 377, 383, 390, 444, disease outcomes of exposure, III: 6â15, 451, 453, 458, 460â462, 467, 480, 482, 33â35, 38â43, 44â47, 48, 50, 71â105 486, 491, 502â503, 507, 513â514, 518, early concerns about, I: 17â19, 29â32, 522â525; IV: 22, 26, 29, 48, 85, 86, 35â36; II: 26; III: 25 249, 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, environmental exposure studies, I: 140â149, 306, 311, 318, 322, 323, 331, 332, 337, 184, 186, 189, 190, 193, 200â201, 221, 342, 343, 348, 352, 358, 359, 367, 374, 222, 234, 236, 241, 243, 287â288, 306, 380â381, 385; V: 25 312â313; II: 271â272, 275, 277, 279â birth defects association, II: 286â298; III: 281; III: 197â205, 218, 232â236, 283, 436â444; IV: 403 285, 287â288, 290, 291, 297â298, 301, bladder cancer association, II: 225â227; 303, 305, 309, 316, 323, 328, 333, 336, III: 7, 10, 132, 347â351; IV: 342; V: 338, 342, 344, 345, 349, 350â351, 353, 328â333 354, 358, 361, 365, 369, 373, 375, 380, bone/joint cancer association, II: 204â205; 382, 388â389, 392, 437, 454, 455, 456, III: 7, 10, 303â305; IV: 289; V: 278â282 459, 467, 497, 520; IV: 249, 254â255, brain tumors association, II: 229â230; III: 258, 261, 263, 266, 269, 271, 274, 276, 8, 12, 356â362; IV: 352 278, 280, 282, 286, 289, 291, 293, 297, breast cancer association, II: 213â217; III: 302, 305â306, 309, 312, 314â316, 319, 7, 10, 324â329; IV: 318; V: 300â309 321, 323, 325â326, 328â329, 334, 336,
INDEX 821 338, 341, 344, 347, 349, 351, 354, female reproductive cancers association, II: 356â357, 361, 366, 369, 372, 375, 379, 211â213; III: 7, 10, 330â334 382â383 gastrointestinal tract cancers association, II: Environmental Protection Agency research 177â181; III: 8, 12, 268â282; IV: 256 activities, II: 32; III: 29â30 gastrointestinal ulcers association, II: evidence insufï¬cient for determining 334â335; III: 510â514 association in health outcomes, I: hepatobiliary cancer and, II: 2, 176, 13â14, 19, 247, 457, 460, 473â474, 181â187; III: 7, 10, 282â288; IV: 270; 512, 521, 571, 577â578, 605, 618, 624, V: 259â264 627, 630, 634, 657, 666, 691, 699, Hodgkinâs disease association, II: 235â236; 708, 713, 727; II: 7, 11â12, 20â21, 22, III: 6, 7, 372â376; IV: 367; V: 355â361 97, 181â187, 189, 205, 210â211, 213, immune system disorders and, II: 327â329; 217, 225, 228, 247, 282, 284, 285â286, III: 3, 488â491; IV: 480 298, 300, 308â309, 310, 311, 314, 325, immunotoxicity, I: 122â123 329, 334â335, 337; III: 7â8, 10â12, 21, infertility association, II: 280â282; III: 132, 133, 286, 292, 304, 316, 322, 327, 445â451; IV: 407 332, 334, 346, 349, 351, 355, 390, 393, International Agency for Research on 444, 449, 453, 458, 473â474, 486, 491, Cancer research activities, III: 30; IV: 503, 507, 513, 518, 522; IV: 268, 270, 17, 133, 137â139, 252 274, 275, 279, 288, 289, 302, 305, 308, laryngeal cancer and, II: 202â203; III: 311, 314, 318, 321, 323, 329, 336, 337, 292â295; IV: 279 342, 348, 374, 380, 384, 400, 403, 406, latency and cancer risk, II: 13â14, 175, 407, 410â414, 416, 418, 424, 425, 426, 260â276; III: 3, 12â14, 265, 407â431 430â432, 441â443, 448, 454â457, 475, leukemia association, II: 245â246; III: 7, 480, 495, 500, 505, 506, 510, 512, 514 10, 385â390, 391â392; IV: 380; V: evidence limited/suggestive of association 366â372 in health outcomes, I: 10â12, 19, 247, lipid abnormalities association, II: 333â335; 472, 519â521, 563, 574â576, 727; II: III: 504â508, 520â521; IV: 495 6, 8â10, 20, 22, 97, 203, 223, 244, 298, liver toxicity association, II: 332â333, 300, 314, 323; III: 7, 8â10, 20â21, 133, 334â335; III: 510â514; IV: 505 295, 299, 340, 342, 383, 393, 444, 458, low birthweight and, III: 456â458, 459; IV: 474, 482, 519; IV: 7 416 evidence of no association in health lung cancer and, III: 296â302, 421, 422, outcomes, I: 12â13, 224, 247, 447â451, 423, 424; IV: 284; V: 272â278 503, 521, 525, 576â577; II: 7, 12â13, mechanism of action, II: 36; III: 33, 38, 44, 21, 22, 97, 181, 227, 230; III: 8, 12, 21â 47â48, 49â50, 53â71 22, 133, 268, 273, 282, 359, 393â394, mechanisms of toxicity, II: 37 522; IV: 251, 256, 340, 351, 352, 385, melanoma association, III: 313â317; IV: 514 306; V: 287â295 evidence sufï¬cient of association in health metabolic and digestive disorders outcomes, I: 8â10, 246â247, 500, 548, association, II: 330â335; III: 3 556â557, 572â574, 678, 682; II: 5, 6, military research and development, I: 25â26 8, 19, 20, 21, 97, 208, 234, 236, 320; military (US) use ban, I: 32, 45; VI: III: 6, 7, 8, 20, 132â133, 311, 366, 373, 182â186 374, 390, 392, 480, 519; IV: 6 motor/coordination dysfunction and, II: exposure assessment issues, II: 4â5, 309â310; III: 469â470 99â109; III: 5â6, 135â162 multiple myeloma assocation, II: 237â244; federal government response to concerns III: 7, 8, 9, 377â383; IV: 512; V: over military use of in Vietnam, II: 361â366 27â32; III: 25â30
822 INDEX nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, II: 2, 176, research recommendations, II: 23â24; III: 187â189; III: 7, 10, 290â292; IV: 275; 23; IV: 13 V: 264â268 respiratory cancers and, II: 189â203, neural tube defects associated with 268â273; III: 7, 8, 9, 418, 420â426 herbicides, numbers, II: 297 respiratory disorders association, II: neurobehavioral disorders and, II: 305, 306, 335â337; III: 3, 483â486 314; III: 3, 467, 468, 473â476; IV: 457 skin cancers association, II: 209â211; III: 8, non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma association, II: 10, 312; IV: 305 231â234; III: 6, 7, 362â371, 428â430; soft-tissue sarcomas association, II: IV: 358; V: 343â355 205â208; III: 6, 7, 306â311; IV: 384; V: occupational exposure settings, I: 36â38; 282â287 III: 150â156 spontaneous abortions association, II: occupational exposure studies, II: 113â140, 283â284; IV: 411; V: 409â421 182â184, 186, 188â189, 190, 191â200, statistical association with diseases, II: 88, 214â216, 219â220, 222, 232â234, 90â91; III: 1â2, 6, 124, 126â127; V: 235â236, 237â243, 286â287, 306, 312; 22â23 III: 170â196, 218, 219â232, 268â271, TCDD contamination of, I: 2, 3, 27, 91â92, 274â281, 282â283, 284, 287, 290, 291, 114, 126â127; II: 2, 3, 26; III: 3, 4, 5, 293â294, 296â297, 300â301, 303, 305, 140â142 308â309, 312, 316, 317, 321, 323, testicular cancer association, II: 227â228; 324â326, 328, 332â333, 335â336, 337, III: 7, 10, 343â347; IV: 337; V: 324â328 338, 341, 344, 345, 348, 350, 353, time-related factors and cancer risk, II: 354, 357â358, 360, 363â365, 367â369, 263â264, 270, 271, 273, 274; III: 372â373, 374â375, 378â380, 381â382, 411â412, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 386â388, 391â392, 437, 450, 454, 455, 429 456, 459, 467, 483â485, 489, 491, 496, toxicity proï¬les update, II: 45â77; III: 510â512, 515â516, 520; IV: 114, 249, 43â108 251, 253, 255â257, 259, 262, 265, toxicokinetics, II: 35, 36, 38â39; III: 32â33, 268, 270â271, 273â274, 276â282, 285, 36â37, 43â44, 47, 48, 50â53 288â290, 292, 296, 300â303, 305â307, toxicology, III: 3â5, 32â110 309, 312, 315, 317â318, 321, 324â325, types of, I: 88 327â329, 331â333, 336, 338, 340â342, uterine cancer association, III: 333 346â348, 351, 353, 356, 358â361, Vietnam use by US military, I: 1, 3, 24, 27, 364â365, 368â369, 371â374, 377, 379, 74, 84â96, 98â107, 286; II: 1, 2, 26â27; 381, 383 III: 135â142; VII: 1, 220â221 Operation Ranch Hand volume use, data by Vietnam veteransâ cancer risk and latency, herbicide type, III: 136 II: 276; III: 12â13, 430â431 ovarian cancer association, III: 333 Vietnam veteransâ disease increased risk, II: perinatal death association, II: 285â286; III: 14, 22â23, 88, 91, 298, 300â301, 321, 451â454, 455, 456; IV: 413; V: 421â422 323; III: 12â13, 14â15, 22â23, 124, porphyria cutanea tarda association, II: 127â128, 329, 334, 343, 430â431, 444, 321â323; III: 7, 8, 481â482; IV: 468 462, 475â476, 491, 503, 507â508, 525; preterm birth and, III: 456â458, 459 IV: 2, 9, 12, 20, 103, 105â106, 124 prostate cancer association, II: 2, 176, 217â Vietnam veteransâ exposure concerns, II: 223, 273â275; III: 7, 8, 9, 335â343, 26â32 426â428; IV, 10; V: 316â324 Vietnam veteransâ exposure studies, II: 149â renal cancer association, II: 224â225; III: 7, 161, 185, 187, 189, 190, 201â202, 204, 10, 352â356; IV: 348 205, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 216â217, reproductive toxicity, I: 124; II: 278â301; 218, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, III: 434â435 229, 230, 231, 234, 235, 236, 244, 245, 246, 278, 280, 283, 285, 286, 288â296,
INDEX 823 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, HI. See Humoral immunity 318â320, 321â323, 324â326, 327â329, High-density lipoprotein (HDLP) receptors, II: 330â337; III: 206â217, 236â245, 333, 334; III: 501, 503, 520â521 272â273, 275, 277â278, 279, 281, Highway workers, I: 326 282â283, 287â288, 290, 291, 294â295, Historic exposure reconstruction, I: 17â18, 298, 301, 303, 305, 309â310, 312, 316, 19â20, 254, 255â256, 725â726, 728; 317, 323, 326, 328, 333, 336, 338, III: 143; IV: 126â127 339, 340, 342, 343â344, 345â346, 349, HIV-I. See AIDS/HIV 351, 353, 355, 358â359, 361, 363, 365, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, II: 108; IV: 228 370â371, 372, 373, 376, 380, 382, 385, Hodgkinâs disease (HD), VII: 457â465 386, 389, 392, 435, 436, 437â438, 445, agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 328, 446, 450, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459, 467, 329, 331, 335â336, 341, 550â553; II: 468, 469, 470, 473, 475, 479, 480, 481, 138 482, 485â486, 489, 491, 495, 497, 498, biologic plausibility, I: 557; III: 377; IV: 500, 502, 505â506, 512â513, 516â518, 367; V: 361; VI: 319; VII: 465 521; IV: 249â250, 255â256, 259, 262, chemical industry workers and, I: 549â550 264, 266â267, 269â270, 272, 275â276, epidemiologic studies, II: 138, 235â236; 278â281, 283â284, 287, 289â292, 294, III: 372â376; IV: 199, 211, 212; V: 296, 298â299, 301, 303â311, 313â314, 357â360; VI: 313â319; VII: 458â465 316â320, 322â327, 329â332, 334â336, epidemiology, I: 526, 527â528; II: 231; III: 338â340, 342â343, 345, 347â348, 350, 371â372 352â353, 355â359, 362â364, 366â367, herbicide association in, I: 8, 9â10, 556â 370â371, 373â374, 376â378, 380â381, 557, 574; II: 5, 6, 20, 138, 235â236, 383, 387â388; VI: 182â191 247; III: 6, 7, 20, 24, 372â376; IV: 17; See also Aerial spraying; Agent Orange; V: 14, 355â361 Agricultural herbicides; Chemicals and herbicide environmental exposure studies, chemical industry; Defoliants; Desiccant I: 384; II: 236; III: 373, 375; IV: 366; herbicides; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic V: 358â359; VI: 13, 16, 318; VII: 148, acid (2,4-D); Domestic herbicide 461â462, 464 use; Environmental herbicide herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: exposure; Ground/perimeter spraying; 235â236; III: 372â373, 374â375; IV: Occupational herbicide exposure; 365; V: 357â358; VI: 318; VII: 458 Phenoxy herbicides; Professional histopathology, I: 526â527 herbicide/pesticide applicators; Selective incidence, data by race/gender, for selected herbicides; 2,3,7,8âTetrachlorodibenzo- age groups, III: 372; IV: 365; V: 355; p-dioxin (TCCD); 2,4,5- VI: 313 Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) research recommendations, I: 19, 727 HERBS tapes, I: 20, 97â98, 602, 725; II: scientiï¬c literature update, II: 235â236; III: 108â109; IV: 123, 125; VI: 190 372â373; IV: 365; V: 356 contents, I: 96â97, 273 Vietnam veterans and, I: 258, 526, deï¬ciencies, I: 97, 104â105 554â556; II: 231, 236; III: 372, 373, exposure assessment use, I: 273â279, 287, 376; IV: 366; V: 359â360, 361; VI: 291; III: 146, 148 318; VII: 462â465 source of, I: 62, 85, 96 Vietnam veteransâ compensation, II: 24, 30, Hercules Inc., I: 35 31 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin Vietnam veteransâ risk, VI: 319 (HxCDD), II: 64, 65, 67 See also Malignant lymphomas 2,2â,4,4,â5,5ââHexachlorobiphenyl (HxCB), II: Hoffman-Taff, I: 40 64, 65 Honolulu Heart Program, 461 Hexachlorophene, I: 40; II: 128; III: 218, 219, Hormonal effects 234; IV: 133â135, 138, 148; V: 104 Biologic plausibility, VI: 394
824 INDEX Hormonal system I estrogen-mediated responses, I: 145, 154 TCDD carcinogenesis and, I: 116, 145 IARC. See International Agency for Research TCDD in, I: 156â159; IV: 71 on Cancer TCDD-induced wasting syndrome and, I: ICD. See International Classiï¬cation of 165 Diseases Hormones. See Follicle-stimulating hormone Iceland, III: 228, 319, 338, 339, 344, 353; IV: (FSH); Luteinizing hormone (LH); 142, 312, 333, 338; VII: 163 Testosterone Association of Vegetable Farmers, III: 228 Hourglass spray system, I: 25 Cancer Registry, III: 228, 338 House Committee on Veterans Affairs, II: 27; Committee on Toxic Substances, III: 228 III: 25 Farmersâ Association of Iceland, III: 228 HR. See Halsted Reitan neuropsychologic test Horticultural College, III: 228 battery Horticulturistâs Association, III: 228 H.R. 1565, II: 28 Market Gardeners Association Pension HSP90. See Heat shock protein Fund, III: 228 Human health studies, VI: 25â28, 47â51, National Registry, III: 228 93â94; VII: 38â41 Register of Deaths, III: 228 Human immunodeï¬ciency virus (HIV-I). See I Corps, I: 52, 96, 98, 394, 493â494, 542, 543, AIDS/HIV 546; II: 201; III: 139, 140, 241 Human milk. See Breast milk mortality study, I: 233; IV: 121 Humoral immunity (HI) II Corps, I: 542 TCDD and, II: 69â70 III Corps, I: 59, 104, 276, 281â282, 542, 543; HxCB. See 2,2â,4,4,â5,5â-Hexachlorobiphenyl II: 228; III: 148, 344; IV: 125â126 (HxCB) IV Corps, I: 81, 98, 542 HxCDD. See 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachloro-dibenzo- IL. See Interleukin-1; Interleukin-4 p-dioxin ILO. See International Labor Organization Hydatidiform mole, I: 30, 600â601 Immortalization process, VII: 104 See also Reproductive disorders Immune system disorders, VII: 617â620 Hydrocephalus, I: 609, 611 2,4-D toxicity, I: 181; II: 41; III: 46, 524; See also Reproductive disorders IV: 197; V: 37 Hydrocortisone (HC), II: 73 biologic plausibility, VI: 447â448; VII: Hypercholesterolemia, I: 690 619â620 See also Lipid and lipoprotein disorders cell-mediated immunity, II: 69â70 Hyperlipidemia, I: 152â153, 688, 692 cellular immunity, I: 147 See also Lipid and lipoprotein disorders endocrine system and, I: 150â151 Hypertension, I: 705, 706, 707, 708; IV: 135; epidemiologic studies, II: 327â329; III: VI: 7, 469; VII: 145, 671â673 488â491; IV: 79, 195; V: 484â485; VI: See also Circulatory disorders 443â448; VII: 619 Hyperthyroidism epidemiology, II: 326â327; III: 487 TCDD-induced, I: 168 herbicide toxicity, I: 122â123; II: 7, 11, 21, See also Metabolic and digestive disorders; 327â329; III: 3, 488â491; V: 483â485; Thyroid homeostasis VI: 445â446; VII: 53â54, 59, 144, 619 Hypoglycemia humoral immunity, I: 147â148; II: 69â70 TCDD-induced, I: 166â168 immune modulation in, I: 692â696, See also Metabolic and digestive disorders 698â699; VI: 7, 39 Hypospadias, I: 609, 611 macrophage function, I: 148 See also Reproductive disorders picloram toxicity, I: 192; II: 41; IV: 5 research methodology, I: 692 scientiï¬c literature update, II: 328â329; III: 489â491; V: 484; VI: 445â446
INDEX 825 suppression in, I: 693; II: 326, 329 Inï¬uenza, I: 713 TCDD toxicity, I: 119â122, 146â151, 338; See also Respiratory disorders II: 3, 40â41, 68â71, 328â329; III: 85â Insecticides, I: 87â88, 91 92, 488, 489, 490, 491; IV: 26, 31â32, Insomnia. See Sleep disorders 77â81; V: 61, 74â75, 484, 517â518; VI: Institute of Medicine (IOM), I: 2, 20, 57, 62â64, 73â76; VII: 98â100 742, 743â744; II: 1, 2, 17, 24, 25, 27; III: Vietnam veteransâ risk, VI: 448 1, 2, 5â6, 17, 23, 24, 25, 125, 150; IV: 1, See also Allergies; Autoimmune disease; 15, 126; V: 1, 12â13; VI: 2, 492; VII: 17 Autoimmunity; Systemic autoimmune Interactions, VI: 23, 58â59 disease; Systemic lupus erythematosus; Interagency Working Group on the Long-Term Viral infection Health Effects of Phenoxyherbicides Immunoglobulin antibodies, I: 693, 696, 697 and Contaminants, I: 46 2,4-D and, IV: 31 Interleukin-1, I: 148; II: 59 Incineration Interleukin-4, II: 70â71 of Agent Orange, I: 93â94; IV: 116 Internal Revenue Service (IRS), II: 152, 153 of municipal waste, V: 6 Social Security database, II: 151; III: 238; Incoordination. See Motor/coordination IV: 151; VI: 136 dysfunction International Agency for Research on Cancer Indiana, III: 47 (IARC), I: 8, 12â13, 246, 264â265, 270, Industrial accidents, I: 316â317; III: 224, 313â314, 478, 479, 499, 565, 573, 577, 232â233 731; II: 101, 107, 131â135, 178â179, BASF, I: 312â313, 444, 530, 550, 558; III: 196, 206, 212, 215, 220, 226, 232, 269; 153, 221; IV: 188â189 III: 20, 151, 175â177, 218, 222â223, Nitro, West Virginia, I: 38â39, 305â307, 268, 269, 284, 290, 293, 296, 303, 306, 597, 607, 686, 700; III: 152â153, 220; 307, 308, 310, 311, 314, 319, 325, 326, IV: 136 331, 337, 344, 348, 353, 357, 364, 378, Industrial exposure, VI: 177â181; VII: 232â236 379, 386, 422â423, 424, 425, 429, 484, Industrie Chimiche Meda Societa Anonima, 511, 516; IV: 17; V: 14, 108â109, 136â I: 43 140, 219â221; VI: 13, 120, 123â124; Infant death, VII: 529â531. VII: 155â156, 224â225, 724â727 Infertility, I: 631â634; II: 7, 11; V: 405â409; herbicide exposure assessment in VII: 518â525 occupational studies, III: 151â152, biologic plausibility, II: 282; III: 451; V: 154; IV: 111, 137â139, 189â194, 252, 409; VI: 372; VII: 523â524 257, 259â260, 262â263, 265, 271, 276, epidemiologic studies, II: 280; III: 445â449, 280, 290, 293, 296â297, 300, 306, 312, 450; V: 409; VI: 365â372; VII: 522â523 318â319, 324â325, 333, 338, 341, 343, epidemiology, II: 279; III: 444â445 348â349, 353, 359â360, 368, 374â375, herbicide association in, II: 278, 280â282; 381; VI: 171â172; VII: 654 III: 445â451; IV: 405â409; V: 405â409; Vietnam military use of herbicides, VI: 366â371; VII: 106â107, 147 response, III: 30 herbicidal environmental exposure studies, International Classiï¬cation of Diseases (ICD), VII: 520, 523 II: 325; III: 265; IV: 248, 249; V: 242, herbicidal occupational exposure studies, 531â533; VI: 26, 201, 463, 571â574 VII: 519â520, 522 ICD-9 cancer codes, SEER program new studies summary, II: 280â281; III: site groupings for, III: 537â539; IV: 446â449, 450 524â526; VI: 572â574; VII: 264â267, scientiï¬c literature update, V: 406â408; VI: 707â716 366â371 International Labor Organization (ILO), Vietnam veterans and, III: 445, 446, 450; V: II: 324 408; VI: 371â372; VII: 521, 523 See also Perinatal death, Reproductive disorders
826 INDEX International Register of Workers Exposed Piedmont area, III: 224, 232; VI: 125, 128; to Phenoxy Herbicides and Their VII: 161â162 Contaminants, I: 313â314; II: 131â135, See also Lombardy, Italy; Mantua, Italy; 220, 232, 235, 238, 245; III: 175â177, Milan, Italy; Palermo, Italy; Parma, 218, 222â223; VII: 655â656 Italy; Seveso, Italy International Society of Exposure Analysis, IUGR. See Intrauterine growth retardation II: 25 Intracellular communication TCDD and, II: 3, 67â68 J Intrahepatic bile duct cancers, VI: 222 Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), I: 625, Japan, II: 237; IV: 414; V: 6, 436; VI: 47, 91, 626; III: 455, 457; IV: 413â414; V: 422 134, 203 See also Reproductive disorders Jerusalem, Israel, V: 508â509 Involuntary movements. See Motor/ Job exposure matrix, I: 256 coordination dysfunction Johnston Island, I: 93 IOM. See Institute of Medicine Joint cancer. See Bone/joint cancer Iowa, I: 11, 37, 60, 318â319, 332, 333, Judgment, role of, VI: 31; VII: 45 334â335, 374, 400, 447, 495, 534, 550, 560, 567, 603, 660, 677; II: 8, 138â139, 219, 239, 248, 292; III: 224, 229, 234, K 243, 335; IV: 140, 142, 143, 144, 149, Kansas, I: 9, 37, 335â336, 487, 490, 550; II: 158, 210, 258, 261, 266, 290, 300, 334, 231; III: 363; IV: 215, 260, 297, 361, 344, 349, 354, 361, 369, 375, 382; V: 6, 369, 446 117; VI: 124â126, 133, 175, 384; VII: Kaposiâs sarcoma, I: 338, 487, 695; IV: 144, 162, 184 214 Iowa Health Registry, II: 138â139 See also Soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) See also Agricultural Health Study (AHS) Khe Sanh-Thonh Son Lam area, I: 96; III: 140; Ireland, Republic of, II: 136, 230, 233, 242, IV: 121 246; III: 224â225, 363; IV: 198 Kidney cancer, VII: 414â421 Agricultural Institute, II: 136 biologic plausibility, III: 356; IV: 348; V: Central Statistics Ofï¬ce of Ireland, II: 136 338; VI: 293; VII: 420 IRS. See Internal Revenue Service children and, I: 628; IV: 417, 420, 428 Irvine, California, III: 533 epidemiologic studies, I: 515; II: 224â225; Ischemic heart disease, VI: 7 III: 352â355; IV: 346â348; V: 335â338; Israel. See Jerusalem, Israel VI: 292â296; VII: 415â420 Italy, I: 320â321, 338â341, 384, 486â487, 492, epidemiology, I: 513, 514; II: 223; III: 523, 537, 552, 553, 561, 566, 632; II: 351â352; IV: 345â346 183, 229; III: 9, 224, 230, 232, 234, herbicide association in, I: 13, 521, 577; II: 235, 271, 284â285, 294, 297, 299, 337, 7, 11, 20, 139â140, 224â225, 249â250; 358, 364, 373, 379â380, 387, 388, 516; III: 7, 10, 352â356; IV: 342, 346â348, IV: 133, 140, 144, 147â148, 149, 208, 385; V: 333â338 212, 214, 230, 278, 282, 315, 325, 336, herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 341, 347, 351, 354, 357, 360, 368, 372, 353, 354; IV: 347; V: 336, 337; VII: 375, 379, 381, 425, 430, 445, 464, 472, 417â418, 420 501, 507; V: 5, 117; VI: 124â125, 181, herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 246, 476â477 353, 354; IV: 346; V: 334, 335, 337; Forli Province, III: 230 VII: 415â420 National Statistics Institute, II: 141 histopathology, I: 513 Novara Province, III: 225; IV: 197; VI: 124; incidence, data by race/gender, for selected VII: 162 age groups, III: 352; IV: 334, 345â346; VI: 292
INDEX 827 risk factors, I: 514; IV: 342, 345; V: 338 aging effects control, II: 261â262; III: 409 scientiï¬c literature update, II: 224â225; III: arsenic and, II: 268; III: 420 353, 355; IV: 346â347; V: 334, 337; VI: asbestos and, II: 268; III: 420 293 data limitations, III: 413, 414, 415, 416 Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 522; II: 223, 224, data requirements, II: 264, 265, 266; III: 225; III: 353, 355; IV: 348; V: 338; VI: 412, 414, 415, 416; IV: 283 296 epidemiological studies, analysis of, II: Vietnam veterans and, VII: 418â420 261â266; III: 408â412 See also Genitourinary cancers; Wilmâs epidemiological studies, new, III: 419; IV: tumor 148, 254, 256, 269, 293, 329, 473, 483, Kidneys 484, 506 2,4-D toxicity in, I: 125, 179â180; II: 42; gamma rays and, II: 268; III: 418 IV: 28, 37, 42, 43, 66, 68, 73, 76; V: 518 literature review results, II: 266â267; III: arsenic toxicity in, IV: 39 416â418, 420â424, 426â427, 429; IV: cacolydic acid toxity in, II: 42; IV: 387 257, 260, 263, 265, 271, 280, 297, 333, Korean War, II: 150; III: 237; IV: 150; VI: 135 343, 353, 368, 375 See also South Koreans measurement errors, II: 263â264; III: 411â412 mortality and incidence studies for L examining, II: 263; III: 410â411, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 429 Laos, I: 106 nickel and, II: 269; III: 420 Large-cell lymphoma, V: 430 non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma, III: 428â430 Laryngeal cancer, I: 461, 470â471; II: 202â203; potential problems with, II: 264, 265, 266; IV: 277â280; V: 268â272; VI: 230â234; III: 413, 414, 415, 416 VII: 325â330 prostate cancer, II: 273â275; III: 426â428 biologic plausibility, III: 295; IV: 279; V: radon daughters and, II: 268; III: 418 271â272; VI: 234; VII: 330 random misclassiï¬cation and, II: 263â264; epidemiologic studies, III: 293â295; IV: III: 411â412 277â278, 280â281; V: 270â271; VI: relative risks, II: 264, 265, 266, 271, 275, 232â233; VII: 326â329 351; III: 412, 413, 414, 415, 418, 420, epidemiology, III: 292; IV: 277 422, 426â427, 428, 430â431 herbicide environmental exposure studies, respiratory cancer, II: 268â273; III: 418, V: 270; VI: 233; VII: 328â329 420â426; IV: 284, 285; VI: 2 herbicide exposure and, III: 293â295; IV: 9, smoking and, II: 268; III: 418; IV: 250, 273 277â278; V: 268â272 time-related factors, II: 262, 263â264; III: herbicide occupational exposure studies, 411â412, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, III: 293â294; IV: 277â278; V: 270; VI: 429; IV: 464, 465 231â233; VII: 326â328 Vietnam veterans, relevancy for, II: 276, incidence, data by race/gender, for selected 351; III: 12â13, 430â431; IV: 466 age groups, III: 292; IV: 277; VI: 231 See also Cancer larynx, IV: 6, 8, 9 Lawn care, I: 119, 177â178; IV: 274 scientiï¬c literature update, III: 293â294, LDL. See Low-density lipoprotein receptors 295; IV: 277â278; V: 269; VI: 231â234 Leather tanners, I: 486, 514 TCDD association with, V: 5 Legal issues Vietnam veterans studies, III: 294â295; IV: Agent Orange manufacturersâ liability, I: 278; V: 269; VI: 233â234; VII: 328â329 34â35 See also Respiratory cancers federal government liability, I: 34 Latency effects in cancer studies, I: 231â232, South Korean Vietnam veterans, I: 62 434, 435, 436â438, 494, 495, 727; II: 2, Times Beach, Missouri, I: 41; IV: 133 13â14, 175; III: 3, 12â14, 266, 407â408
828 INDEX Legislation children and, I: 628; IV: 18, 417â424 epidemiologic studies on Agent Orange, II: chronic lymphocytic leukemia, III: 28; III: 26 384â385; IV: 208, 211, 377, 417, 422; federal, I: 45â60; III: 26â27 V: 7, 366â367, 372â376; VI: 15â16, health care associated with Agent Orange, 334â337; VII: 486â490, 713 II: 28 chronic myeloid leukemia, III: 384, 385; IV: Public Law 91-441, I: 47, 62 377â378, 417; V: 367 Public Law 96-151, I: 50, 52, 57; II: 28; III: epidemiologic studies, I: 564â572; II: 26, 240 136, 245â247; III: 385â390, 391â392; Public Law 97-72, I: 50; II: 28; III: 26 IV: 149, 198; IV: 379â380, 381â383, Public Law 98-181, I: 51 418â422, 427â429; V: 369â372; VI: Public Law 98-542, I: 50â51; II: 28â29; III: 325â337; VII: 476â485 26â27 epidemiology, I: 564; II: 245; III: 383â385; Public Law 99-272, I: 50; II: 28; III: 26 IV: 377â378 Public Law 100-687, I: 51 herbicide association in, I: 13, 571, Public Law 101-239, I: 51 577â578; II: 7, 11, 20, 245â247, Public Law 102-4, I: 2, 7, 20, 21, 51, 572, 249â250; III: 7, 10, 385â390, 391â392; 721, 728â730; II: 1, 5, 17, 19, 29, 97, IV: 379â380, 385, 418â422; V: 366â372 247; III: 1, 6, 14, 17, 20, 124, 132, 390, herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 397, 462, 475, 519, 525; IV: 1, 2, 6, 15, 388â389, 392; IV: 379, 419â420; V: 103, 132, 388; VI: 1, 7, 11, 20, 341 368, 370â371; VI: 332; VII: 481â482, Public Law 102-585, II: 28; III: 26 485 Public Law 103-452, II: 28; III: 26 herbicide occupational exposure and, III: Public Law 104-110, III: 26 386â388, 391â392; IV: 379, 418â419; Public Law 104-204, III: 24, 26 V: 368, 369â370; VI: 331â332; VII: Public Law 104-262, III: 26 144, 476â485 Public Law 105-114, III: 25 incidence, data by type/race/gender, for Public Law 107-103, VI: 1 selected age groups, III: 384; IV: Veteransâ Education and Beneï¬ts Expansion 377â378; V: 367; VI: 326 Act of 2001, VI: 1 production workers and, I: 564â566; III: Veteransâ Health Programs Extension and 386â387; IV: 379 Improvement Act of 1979, III: 240 pulp/paper workers and, I: 568; IV: 379 Vietnam veteransâ compensation, I: 47, risk factors, I: 564; V: 372 50â51, 55â56; II: 28â29; III: 26â27 scientiï¬c literature update, II: 245â246; III: Leiomyosarcomas, I: 475 386â389; IV: 379â380, 418â422; V: See also Soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) 368, 371; VI: 331â333, 335 Lethality. See Deaths Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 13, 568â570, 571, Leukemia, VII: 474â494, 713 577; III: 385, 386, 388â389, 390; IV: acute lymphocytic leukemia, III: 383, 384; 379 IV: 377; V: 366 TCDD biologic plausibility in, I: 571; III: acute myelogenous leukemia, IV: 417â429, 390; IV: 380â381, 426 432; V: 16, 366; VII: 490â494 Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 564, 570, acute myeloid leukemia, III: 383â384; IV: 571â572; II: 245, 246; IV: 381, 426; V: 9, 377; V: 366 372; VI: 333, 337 agricultural workers and, I: 13, 332â333, Vietnam veteransâ studies, III: 385, 386, 334â335, 566â568; II: 136; III: 389, 392; IV: 373, 380, 420â422; V: 387â388; IV: 140, 143â144, 216 371; VI: 332â333; VII: 482â484 biologic plausibility I: 571; III: 390; IV: Lewy bodies, V: 464; VI: 410 380â381; V: 372, 376; VI: 333, 337; Leydig cells, II: 71, 279; III: 445; IV: 405; V: VII: 485â486 405 categories of herbicide association in, V: 7 LH. See Luteinizing hormone
INDEX 829 Li-Fraumeni syndrome, V: 283; VI: 246 risk factors, I: 453 Lindane, I: 91 Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 454â455; IV: 269 Lip cancer, VII: 277â279 TCDD in, I: 116, 138â139, 142, 143; IV: Lipid and lipoprotein disorders, I: 688â690, 267, 386â387, 515 692; IV: 492â497; VII: 622, 632â639 Vietnam veterans and, I: 391, 393, 455, biologic plausibility, III: 507; IV: 495; V: 457; IV: 269 498; VI: 459â463; VII: 637â638 See also Hepatobiliary cancers epidemiologic studies, I: 45; II: 333, Liver disorders, VII: 639â644 334; III: 504â506, 520â521; IV: 479, 2,4-D in, I: 179; III: 524; IV: 505 493â494, 496â497; V: 494, 498; VI: 2,4,5-T in, II: 42; III: 524; IV: 500, 505 457â463; VII: 637 arsenic and, IV: 39â41 epidemiology, II: 333; III: 503â504; IV: biologic plausibility, III: 513â514, 524; IV: 492â493 505; V: 502 herbicide environmental exposure and, III: enzyme activity, I: 155â156, 685â687, 520; IV: 493â494; V: 496; VI: 458; VII: 691â692 635 epidemiologic studies, I: 45; II: 332â333; herbicide exposure association with, II: 7, III: 510â513; IV: 500â504; V: 502; VI: 21, 333â334; III: 504â508, 520â521; 463â466; VII: 642â643 IV: 493â494 epidemiology, II: 331â332; III: 509â510; herbicide occupational exposure and, III: IV: 498â500 520; IV: 493â494; V: 495â496; VI: herbicide environmental exposure and, VII: 458â459; VII: 634â635 141 scientiï¬c literature update, II: 334; III: herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 504â506, 520, 521; IV: 493â494; V: 510â512; IV: 500â501 494; VI: 458â459 herbicides in, I: 125; II: 332â333; III: TCDD in, I: 152â153, 259â260; II: 333, 510â514; IV: 135, 139, 141, 500â505 334; III: 505, 506, 507; IV: 471, 474, picloram chronic toxicity, I: 191â192; II: 493â495; V: 498 42; III: 524 Vietnam veterans and, II: 333; III: 505â506, scientiï¬c literature update, II: 332â333; III: 521; IV: 494; V: 496â498; VI: 463; VII: 510â513; IV: 500â504; V: 500â501; VI: 635â637 465â466 See also Hypercholesterolemia; Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 367; IV: 501â502 Hyperlipidemia; Liver disorders; TCDD in, I: 115, 124, 129â130, 151â156, Metabolic and digestive disorders 165â166; II: 42, 331â333; III: 509; IV: Liposarcoma. See Soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) 25â30, 34, 37, 41â44, 56â60, 66â73, 77, Listeria 83, 498â505; V: 499â500, 516â517 TCDD exposure and, II: 68 Vietnam veterans and, II: 332; III: 512â513; Literature, identifying, VI: 20â22; VII: 29â34 IV: 502â504; V: 501 See also Data sources; Scientiï¬c literature See also Hepatomegaly; Lipid and update; speciï¬c topics lipoprotein disorders; Metabolic and Liver cancer digestive disorders background, IV: 267 Lombardy, Italy, II: 147, 299; IV: 329 biologic plausibility, IV: 270 Low birthweight, VII: 531â535 children and, I: 628 biologic plausibility, III: 458; IV: 416â417; epidemiologic studies, I: 453â455; IV: V: 425; VI: 382â383; VII: 534 268â270 deï¬nition, I: 625; IV: 413â414; V: 422 herbicide association in, I: 13, 457, 577; IV: epidemiologic studies, III: 456â457, 459; 143, 157, 385 IV: 414â416; V: 425; VI: 379â383; VII: incidence, VI: 222 532â534 picloram in, I: 190 epidemiology, I: 625â626; III: 454, 455, research recommendations, I: 19, 727 456; IV: 413â414
830 INDEX herbicide association in, I: 14, 627â628; latency and, III: 421, 422, 423, 424 II: 7, 11, 20; III: 456â458, 459; IV: occupational exposure studies, III: 296â297, 413â417; V: 422â425 300â301, 421, 423; IV: 142, 144, 282; herbicide environmental exposure and, III: V: 274â275; VI: 235â239; VII: 147, 459; IV: 414â416; V: 423; VI: 381â382; 331â339 VII: 533â534 paper/pulp mill workers and, I: 364, 468 herbicide occupational exposure and, III: production workers and, I: 461â466; III: 459; IV: 414â416; V: 423; VI: 380â381; 421, 423; IV: 282 VII: 532â533 Ranch Hands, IV: 9, 283 risk factors, I: 625â626; IV: 412; V: 425 scientiï¬c literature update, III: 296â298; IV: scientiï¬c literature update, III: 457, 459; IV: 282â284; V: 273, 277; VI: 235â240 414â416; V: 423â424; VI: 380â382 Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 469; III: 296, Vietnam veterans exposure studies, III: 457, 297â298, 299, 422; IV: 278, 282â283 459; IV: 417; V: 423â424, 425; VI: 382, TCDD and, V: 277 383; VII: 534 TCDD association with, V: 5 See also Preterm delivery (PTD); Vietnam veterans and, I: 469â470, 472; III: Reproductive disorders 298, 301, 424; IV: 283, 284; V: 278; VI: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, I: 240â241; VII: 336â340 154â155; II: 333, 334; III: 503; IV: 489, See also Respiratory cancers 492 Luteinizing hormone (LH), II: 182, 279, 280, Ludwigshafen, Germany, III: 153, 154, 269, 281; III: 41, 72â73, 444â445; IV: 34, 297, 484, 511 399, 405; V: 405 Lumber industry Lymphocytic leukemia. See Leukemia lumberjacks pesticide exposure, V: 5 Lymphopoietic cancers, V: 5 sawmill workers herbicide exposure, III: 10, 156, 227â228, 338, 439â440, 447â448, 449, 452, 453, 457; IV: 114, 142, 290, M 296, 306, 307, 312, 333, 338, 343, 368, 404, 408, 418, 419, 422, 427; V: 225; Maine, I: 60, 400, 603; II: 292; III: 243; IV: VI: 177; VII: 231â232 158; VII: 184 See also Forests Malathion, I: 87, 88, 91 Lung cancer, VII: 330â341 Male reproductive function. See Infertility 2,4-D in, I: 177 Malignant lymphomas agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 466; 2,4-D exposure and, I: 119, 177â178 IV: 142 epidemiology, II: 231; IV: 137, 140, 143 biologic plausibility, III: 302; IV: 284; V: See also Hodgkinâs disease (HD); Multiple 278; VI: 241; VII: 340â341 myeloma (MM); Non-Hodgkinâs cacodylic acid and, I: 187; IV: 24; V: 21 lymphoma (NHL) environmental exposure studies, III: 297â Malignant neoplasms of heart. See Soft-tissue 298, 301; IV: 282â283; V: 275â276; VI: sarcoma (STS) 240; VII: 335â336, 339 Mammary gland effects, VI: 81; VII: 109â110 epidemiological studies, II: 139; III: See also Breast cancer 296â298, 300â301; IV: 157, 210, 278, Mangrove forests, I: 31, 62, 90, 104 282â284, 285â287, 473; V: 274â277; See also Forests VI: 234â241; VII: 331â340 Manitoba, Canada, II: 135â136, 232, 242, 246; epidemiology, III: 295â296; IV: 281 IV: 198 herbicide association in, I: 472; II: 6; III: Mantua, Italy, V: 229, 283 296â302; IV: 282â284; V: 21 March of Dimes, II: 286; III: 435; IV: 400; V: herbicide/pesticide applicators and, I: 326, 393; VI: 355 466â468; II: 139; IV: 142 Marine Corps. See US Marine Corps incidence, data by gender/race, for selected Maryland. See Baltimore, Maryland; Fort age groups, III: 296; IV: 281; VI: 235 Detrick, Maryland
INDEX 831 Massachusetts, I: 60, 400â401, 405â406, 445, Meta-analysis, I: 243, 244; VI: 25 470, 496, 602â603, 613, 620, 621, 622; Meta risk ratio (MRR), IV: 253, 265, 267n II: 202, 291; III: 243, 244, 303, 310, Metabolic and digestive disorders, VII: 315, 339, 346, 349, 353; IV: 158, 291, 639â644 298, 299, 308, 334, 339, 345, 350, 363; biological plausibility, II: 335; III: 513â514; VII: 184, 652 IV: 505; V: 502; VII: 643 Cancer Registry, III: 244 epidemiological studies, II: 330â331, Mast cells, I: 693 332â335; III: 510â513; IV: 500â504; V: Maternal toxicity, VI: 396 502; VI: 463â466; VII: 642â643 no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), epidemiology, III: 508; IV: 498â500 V: 35 herbicides association in, II: 7, 11, 21, MC-1 spray system, I: 25 330â331, 332â335; III: 3, 510â514; IV: MCMI. See Millon Clinical Multiaxial 500â505; VII: 642 Inventory herbicides occupational exposure and, III: MCPA. See 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic 510â512; IV: 500â501; V: 500â501; acid; 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic VII: 642 acid scientiï¬c literature update, III: 510â513; IV: MCPP. See 2-[4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy]- 500â504; V: 500â501 propanoic acid Vietnam veterans and, III: 510, 512â513; Mechanistic studies, VII: 43â44, 54â55 IV: 502â504; V: 502; VII: 643 Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval See also Diabetes mellitus; System, I: 735 Hyperthyroidism; Hypoglycemia; Mekong Delta, II: 104 Lipid and lipoprotein disorders; Ulcers, Melanomas gastrointestinal biologic plausibility, III: 317; IV: 305; V: Metabolic syndrome, VII: 700 295; VI: 260; VII: 363 Metabolism epidemiologic studies, III: 313â317; IV: energy of, VI: 40 299â302, 306â308; V: 288â294; VI: and half-life studies, VI: 51â54 251â261 Methodological bias herbicide association with, III: 313â317; IV: biological stored samples, analysis, I: 302â308; V: 287â295 20â21, 729â730 herbicide environmental exposure and, III: cancer studies, I: 436 316; IV: 302, 303; V: 291â292; VI: 256; controlling for, I: 33, 226â227, 234â235, VII: 358, 362 242â246; IV: 105, 108â109 herbicide occupational exposure and, III: healthy worker effect, I: 230 316, 317; IV: 302; V: 288, 289, 290, herbicide exposure assessment, I: 17, 291, 292; VI: 254â256; VII: 356â362 257â259, 286â287, 291, 724 incidence of, III: 313, 315; IV: 299â300; latency studies, II: 263â264; III: 408â412 VI: 252 proportionate mortality studies, I: 233 morbidity studies, VI: 257â258 recall bias, I: 256, 601 mortality studies, III: 314â315, 316; IV: reproductive outcome studies, I: 591â592, 306â307; V: 291â292; VI: 255â256 601 scientiï¬c literature update, III: 314â315; IV: self-reports, I: 270â271; II: 109, 150 302â304; V: 290, 292; VI: 254â259 Methodology Vietnam veterans studies, III: 316, 317; IV: Agent Orange Study, I: 58â59, 63â64; II: 2 303â306; V: 288, 289, 292, 293â294; Agent Orange Working Group, I: 19, 728 VI: 256â259, 261; VII: 359â363 Alsea, Oregon, investigation, I: 372â373, See also Basal/squamous cell skin cancer; 598 Skin cancer American Legion Agent Orange study, I: Melatonin, TCDD-induced wasting syndrome 602 and, I: 165 assessment of strength of evidence, I: 238â241; II: 88â97; III: 124â133
832 INDEX BASF study, I: 312â313 herbicide exposure reconstruction model biologic plausibility, II: 88, 92; III: 124, 128 evaluation, I: 18, 289â290, 726; II: 25 burden of proof approach, I: 226â227, 245 herbicide occupational exposure assessment, cancer expected incidence, I: 439â440 I: 262â264, 269â270; III: 150â156 cancer studies, I: 435â440, 442â443, 445; immune system research, I: 692 II: 175, 176; III: 265â266 indirect adjustment, I: 229 case-control studies, I: 234â235, 256â257, information management, I: 735â738 326â341; II: 94â95; III: 130; VI: 9 judgment in, I: 245â246; II: 96; III: case reports, I: 235â236 131â132 Centers for Disease Control Birth Defects latency and cancer studies, II: 261â266, Study, I: 611â612 351; III: 407â416 Centers for Disease Control epidemiologic meta-analysis, I: 225, 237â238, 242â243 studies, I: 19, 387â393, 498, 728 neurological assessment, I: 14, 641â642, circulatory disease studies, I: 699â700, 649 705â706, 707; II: 335; IV: 11, 463, 502, neuropsychiatric studies, I: 657 506 new evidence integration, II: 96; III: 132 cohort studies, I: 229â232, 254â256, NIOSH studies, I: 303â305; II: 350â351, 318â323; IV: 8â13, 28, 43, 46, 111, 356, 357; IV: 111, 136 114, 123â161 passim, 182â247 passim, Nitro, West Virginia, industrial accident 251â253, 256â388 passim, 402, 409, studies, I: 305â307 418â422, 425â431, 473â474, 478â479, NRC Commission on Life Sciences, I: 63 483, 486â492, 500â509 odds ratio determination, I: 234, 239; II: 90; conï¬dence intervals, I: 244; IV: 19, 43, 251, III: 126â127; IV: 105 278, 342, 385, 419, 445, 472, 483, 515 Ofï¬ce of Technology Assessment, I: 19, consistency in, VI: 26 728 controlled observational studies, I: 228 paper/pulp mill worker studies, I: 341, 364 Department of Veterans Affairs studies, I: publication bias, II: 95â96; III: 131; IV: 393â399, 494â495; IV: 1, 15, 133, 151, 108; V: 27â28 157â158, 255, 284, 399, 421 Ranch Hand study, I: 230â231, 385â386, disease latency effects, I: 231â232, 434, 498, 757â762 436â438, 494, 495, 727; II: 351â357 random misclassiï¬cation and latency, II: dose-response relationship, I: 239â230, 252; 263â264; III: 411â412 II: 89; IV: 40 relative risk assessment, I: 229, 239, 258; Dow studies, I: 307â312 II: 90, 351, 356; III: 126, 127; IV: 105 epidemiologic studies evaluation, I: reproductive outcome studies, I: 591â592 300â301; II: 93â94; III: 129â130; IV: respiratory disease studies, I: 708â709, 103â109, 132â161, 182â247 712â713; II: 324 evidence categories, I: 227â237; III: 132; risk assessment, I: 225â226; II: 89; III: IV: 103â109 passim 127â128 experimental studies evaluation, II: 92â93 sample size and disease frequency, I: 231, health outcome categories for herbicide 242â243, 440, 499 association, I: 5â8, 223â225, 246â247; Selected Cancers Study, I: 234â235, 498 II: 97; III: 132; IV: 6â12 self-reports, I: 270â271; II: 109; IV: 9, 113, herbicide environmental exposure 122, 125â126, 135, 141, 154â157, 159, assessment, I: 262â263, 269â270; III: 255, 262, 287, 297, 299, 304, 308, 310, 156â157 313, 320, 324, 325, 326, 335, 336â337, herbicide exposure, statistical association 339, 364, 380, 383, 402, 406, 418â419, with diseases, II: 88, 90â91; III: 1â2, 6, 421â425, 484, 487, 492, 503â504, 126â127; IV: 103; V: 22â23 507â509 herbicide exposure assessment strategies, I: soft-tissue sarcoma studies, I: 482â490, 251â259, 270â287; III: 144â145 497â500
INDEX 833 standardized mortality ratio, I: 229â230 Vietnam herbicide applications, I: 1, 3, 24, statistical signiï¬cance/power, I: 226â227, 27, 74, 84â96, 98â107, 286; II: 26â27; 243; V: 23 III: 135â142; V: 229â232; VI: 182â186; TCDD biomarkers, I: 259â262 VII: 237â240 Times Beach studies, I: 368â370 Vietnam herbicides aerial spraying, I: 27, toxicologic studies evaluation, III: 128â129 85â91; II: 26; III: 135, 137, 138; VI: type I error, I: 243 185 type II error, I: 243 Vietnam herbicides ground spraying, I: Vietnam veterans disease risk estimation 94â96; II: 26; III: 138â140; VI: 185 and latency, II: 349â357 Vietnam herbicides use early objections, I: Vietnam veterans serum TCDD mean 29, 31â32; II: 26â27 maximum estimation, II: 349â350 Vietnam troop movements, I: 52â53, 96, See also Data sources; Research needs; 273â279, 287 Risk assessment methodology Vietnam US involvement, I: 75â76, 84 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), See also Operation Ranch Hand I: 700; V: 104 Military personnel. See Demographic data, 6-Methyl-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran, I: 153 Vietnam veterans; Foreign veterans; Michigan, I: 374, 375, 383; II: 113, 153, 161, Operation Ranch Hand; US Air Force; 202, 308; III: 159, 160, 218, 221, 234, US Army; US Army Chemical Corps 235, 243, 270, 357â358, 363, 373, 387, (ACC); US Coast Guard; US Marine 388, 484, 511, 516; IV: 133, 136, 149, Corps; US Navy; US Special Forces; 158, 231, 266, 335, 350, 355, 363, 368, Vietnam veterans; Women veterans 370, 381, 383, 414; V: 117; VI: 133; Military records, I: 742â743 VII: 184 herbicide exposure assessment use, I: Department of Management and Budgetâs 271â280, 287â288; II: 101; III: 138, Vietnam-era Bonus List, II: 153, 161, 140; IV: 125 202, 208, 221, 225, 230, 234, 236, 246; herbicide spray missions records, I: 27, 62, III: 308, 336, 353, 489 84â85, 104â106 Department of Public Health, II: 161 HERBS tapes, I: 62, 96â98; III: 146, 148; See also Detroit, Michigan; Midland, IV: 123â125 Michigan; Tecumseh, Michigan research recommendations, I: 17, 724â725 Microarray analysis, VII: 71â80 Vietnam casualties, I: 82â83 Midland, Michigan, III: 152, 221, 234; IV: 149; Vietnam herbicide ground spraying, I: 94, V: 117 95; IV: 110â111, 113â114 Midwest Research Institute, I: 29â30 Vietnam service identiï¬cation in, II: 24â25, Milan, Italy, II: 243; III: 232; IV: 144 175 Military health care Vietnam veterans in, I: 75â80, 106; II: Agent Orange legislation, II: 28; III: 26, 27 150â153 Department of Veterans Affairs activities, II: Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI), 29; III: 27 V: 449; VI: 137, 406 Military occupation specialty code (MOS), II: Milk. See Breast milk 153; III: 242 Minnesota, I: 37, 326, 332, 333, 468; II: 47, Military operations 137â138, 178, 199, 325; III: 226â227, Agent Orange surplus disposal, I: 93â94 229, 440â441; IV: 144, 210, 286, 306, herbicide early research, I: 25â26; II: 344, 349, 354, 362, 369, 375, 382; VI: 27â32; III: 25â30 126, 128; VII: 163 herbicide (strategic) use ban, I: 32, 45 Department of Agriculture, II: 137; III: 226, herbicide use precautions, I: 95 440; IV: 149 South Vietnam tactical zones, I: 98 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, I: Vietnam distribution of personnel, I: 81, 82 641; VI: 137, 407
834 INDEX Miscarriages. See Spontaneous abortion melanoma, III: 314â315, 316; V: 291â292 Missouri, I: 621, 626, 664â665, 681; II: 280; methodology, I: 229â233, 435 III: 500; IV: 133, 135, 148, 227, 272, National Institute for Occupational Safety 404, 484, 487, 493 and Health (NIOSH) conducted by, IV: See also Times Beach, Missouri; Verona, 105, 136, 251 Missouri non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma and latency, III: Mitochondrial function, VI: 40; VII: 54â55, 57 429 Mitogenic stimulation, VII: 104â105 prostate cancer and latency, II: 273, 274, Mixed-function oxidase activity, I: 131, 155, 275, 276; III: 426, 427; V: 319â321 156 Ranch Hand baseline mortality studies, II: MM. See Multiple myeloma 151; IV: 151â153 MMA. See Pentavalent monomethylarsonic respiratory cancer mortality and latency, II: acid; Trivalent monomethylarsonous 270, 271; III: 421, 422, 423, 424 acid Seveso, Italy, children study, II: 147; IV: 148 Mobility factor analysis, VI: 183; VII: 246 Seveso, Italy, males cancer mortality and Models and modeling. See Herbicide exposure latency, II: 271, 275; III: 422, 427; IV: reconstruction model; Quantitative 148 structure-activity relationship (QSAR) standardized mortality ratio, I: 229â230 models women veterans, II: 152â153, 201 Monsanto Company, I: 34, 35, 38, 305â307, See also Child mortality studies; Deaths; 444, 674, 700; II: 114â115, 179, 182, Perinatal death 193, 204, 207, 220, 236; III: 152, MOS. See Military occupation specialty code 171â172, 220, 348; IV: 136, 185â186, Motor/coordination dysfunction, VII: 570â585 257, 260, 271, 290, 301, 333, 343; epidemiological studies, II: 309â310; III: V: 106â107, 131â132; VI: 122; VII: 469â470; IV: 445â447; VI: 410â422 153â154, 662, 721 herbicide association in, I: 661â662; II: 4, Montagnards, I: 31, 371, 599 7, 11, 21, 309â310; III: 469â470; IV: Montana, II: 268; III: 420; IV: 149, 344, 349, 443â447; V: 452â465 354, 362, 369, 375, 382 herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: Mortality. See Child mortality studies; Deaths; 658â659; IV: 445â447 Perinatal death herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: Mortality of Vietnam Veterans: The Veteran 658; IV: 445â447 Cohort Study, III: 273, 285â286 scientiï¬c literature update, II: 309â310; III: Mortality studies, II: 130; IV: 140, 141, 144, 470; IV: 445â447 146, 149, 156, 157, 159, 184â194, 252, Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 662; II: 309, 310 253 See also Ataxia; Dystonia; Neurobehavioral basal/squamous cell skin cancer, III: 319, toxicity; Neurologic disorders; 321; V: 296 Parkinsonism; Stroke cancer, I: 442â445; II: 133, 134, 136, Motor neuron disease, V: 461 137, 185; IV: 137, 140, 142, 143, 150, Motor/sensory/coordination problems, I: 14, 199â200â206 658â662 circulatory disorders, II: 335; V: 504 Movement disorders. See Motor/coordination death certiï¬cate data, I: 236â237; II: 136, dysfunction 137â138 MPTP, I: 661; IV: 445, 448 female reproductive cancers statistics, II: MRR. See Meta risk ratio 211 Multiple myeloma (MM), I: 331, 334, 335, Finland respiratory cancer mortality and 336, 341; IV: 6, 8, 10, 144, 149; VII: latency, II: 271; III: 422 465â472 Germany, in, IV: 137, 138 agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 558â latency results, II: 263; III: 410â411, 421, 561; II: 138â139, 238â239, 241â243; 422, 423 III: 379â380; IV: 140
INDEX 835 biologic plausibility, I: 563; III: 383; IV: epidemiologic studies, II: 6, 187â189; III: 374; V: 366; VI: 325; VII: 472 290â291; IV: 143, 274â276; V: 267; VI: epidemiologic studies, I: 331, 334, 335, 226â230; VII: 267â283 336, 341, 557â563; II: 138â139, epidemiology, I: 458â459; II: 187â188; III: 237â244; III: 377â383; IV: 199, 209, 288â289; IV: 273 211, 212, 215, 372â373, 374â376; V: herbicide association in, I: 13, 19, 460, 363â366; VI: 319â325; VII: 466â472 577; II: 2, 6, 11, 12, 20, 89, 187â189, epidemiology, I: 526, 528; II: 236â237; III: 249â250; III: 7, 10, 290â292; IV: 7, 11; 377; IV: 371â372 V: 264â268 herbicide association in, I: 10, 11â12, 563, herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 574, 576; II: 6, 8, 20, 89, 236â244, 247; 189; III: 290, 291; IV: 274â275; V: 266; III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 24, 377â383; IV: 18, VI: 229 143; V: 14, 361â366; VI: 15 herbicide occupational exposure and, II: herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 188â189; III: 290, 291; IV: 274; V: 266; 241, 243; III: 380, 382; IV: 372â373; V: VI: 227 364â365; VI: 324; VII: 148, 469, 471 incidence, data by race/gender, for selected herbicide occupational exposure and, II: age groups, III: 289; IV: 273; VI: 227 237â243; III: 378â380, 381â382; IV: scientiï¬c literature update, III: 290; IV: 372; V: 363â364; VI: 320; VII: 466â471 274â275; V: 265â267; VI: 227â230; histopathology, I: 527 VII: 268â275 incidence, data by race/gender, for selected TCDD association with, V: 5 age groups, III: 377; IV: 371â372; V: treatment, I: 458 361; VI: 320 Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 460; IV: 275; V: paper/pulp workers and, II: 143 268 production workers and, II: 237â238; III: Vietnam veteransâ studies, II: 189; III: 290, 378â379; IV: 373 291; IV: 275; V: 266â267; VI: 229â230; risk estimates, II: 240â241; V: 366 VII: 267â268 scientiï¬c literature update, III: 378â380; IV: Nasal olfactory mucosa, I: 130 372â373; V: 362; VI: 320â324 National Academy of Sciences (NAS), I: 2, Vietnam veteransâ compensation, II: 24, 30, 28â29, 31, 43, 47, 51, 55, 57; II: 1, 17, 31 25, 29, 30, 63; III: 1, 23, 28, 146; IV: 1, Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 563; II: 231, 244; 15; V: 1, 12; VI: 1, 1â12, 182; VII: 17 IV: 374; V: 366 National Cancer Institute (NCI), I: 9, 30, 37, Vietnam veteransâ studies, III: 380, 382; IV: 439; II: 231; III: 218, 363; VI: 120 373; V: 365; VI: 324; VII: 469â472 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), See also Malignant lymphomas III: 266; IV: 249 Myelogenous leukemia, VI: 12, 15â16 ICD-9 cancer codes, SEER program Myeloid leukemia. See Leukemia site groupings for, III: 537â539; IV: Myocardial ï¬brosis, V: 505 524â526; V: 243, 531â533; VI: 572â574 Myocardial infarction, I: 708; IV: 135, 507â510 National Death Index, II: 130, 152, 153 See also Cardiovascular system disorders; National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG), III: Circulatory disorders 492, 493 National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey III (NHANES III), III: 498 N National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), III: 499; IV: 411 NAS. See National Academy of Sciences National Institute for Occupational Safety and Nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer Health (NIOSH), I: 8, 12, 36â37, 260, biologic plausibility, III: 292; IV: 275; V: 264, 270, 285, 303â305, 443, 478, 479, 268; VI: 230; VII: 275â276 499, 564, 573, 577, 650â651, 686, 731; clinical description, I: 457â458 II: 13, 95, 101, 103, 105, 114â115,
836 INDEX 128â129, 132, 178, 196, 206, 221, 229, Neonatal death, VII: 529â531. 269, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 280, 309, See also Perinatal death 322, 350â351, 356, 357; III: 11, 12, Nerve conduction studies, V: 466; VI: 423 131, 144, 162, 170â171, 218, 219â220, Netherlands, I: 316â317, 323, 325â326, 443, 306, 310, 420, 421, 424, 425, 426, 428, 464, 468, 477, 558; II: 132â133, 179, 445, 449, 469, 481, 500, 502; IV: 10, 196, 199, 220, 226, 232, 238, 243, 111, 133â134, 136, 182â184, 251, 257, 269; III: 10, 223, 226, 230, 236, 348, 260, 263, 265, 268, 270â271, 277, 280, 441â442, 490; IV: 252â253, 256â257, 282â283, 288, 290, 292, 295, 297, 300, 259â260, 262, 265, 293, 295â296, 302, 327, 331, 333, 341, 343, 346, 349, 351, 306, 333, 340, 343, 346, 348, 351, 353, 353, 356, 358, 366, 368, 372, 375, 379; 356, 358â360, 365, 368, 372, 374â375, V: 10, 104â106, 128â131, 218â219, 379, 381, 404â405; V: 5; V: 117; VI: 410, 419, 487; VI: 53, 120â122, 167, 127, 133, 181, 239, 242, 254, 259, 293, 169â171, 282, 493; VII: 151â153, 331, 447, 468; VII: 163, 171, 656 222â224, 660â662, 718â720 Central Bureau of Statistics, II: 133 cause-of-death codes from, VII: 707â716 herbicide exposure assessment, III: 150â151 National Institute of Environmental Health National Institute of Public Health and Sciences (NIEHS), V: 526 Environmental Protection, II: 132â133 National Institutes of Health (NIH), I: 92 See also Amsterdam, Netherlands; National Library of Medicine, I: 735 Rotterdam, Netherlands National Medical Expenditures Survey Neural tube defects, II: 297; III: 437â438; IV: (NMES), III: 243; IV: 238 18, 400â405; V: 16, 399â400; VI: 15; National Occupational Mortality Surveillance VII: 541â543 System, III: 231, 470 See also Birth defects; Reproductive National Personnel Records Center, I: 17, 77, disorders; Spina biï¬da 385, 724; II: 150, 152; III: 237, 242 Neurasthenia, I: 649; IV: 440; V: 447 National Research Council, I: 20, 62â64 See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric National Survey of the Vietnam Generation, disorders IV: 411 Neurobehavioral toxicity, VII: 568â570 National Technical Information Service, III: 29 2,4-D, I: 180; II: 305; III: 473, 474 National Toxicology Program (NTP), I: biological plausibility, II: 314; III: 474â475; 139â141; IV: 284; VI: 82, 225, 481 VI: 409; VII: 569â570 National Veterans Legal Services Project, I: 60 deï¬nition, II: 304 National Vietnam Veterans Birth Defects/ epidemiological studies, II: 306, 307â308, Learning Disabilities Registry and Data 309â310, 311, 312â313, 314; III: Base, I: 741â742; II: 292â293 467â473; VI: 406â410; VII: 569 National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study, epidemiology, II: 304â305, 307; III: 466, 468 I: 79, 83, 655 evidence in epidemiological studies, II: 314; Natural killer (NK) cells, VI: 443 III: 473â474 Nature, IV: 511 herbicide association, II: 305â314; III: 3, Navy. See US Navy 467â475 NCHS. See National Center for Health herbicide environmental exposure studies, Statistics II: 306; III: 467 NCI. See National Cancer Institute herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: NDDG. See National Diabetes Data Group 306; III: 467 Nebraska, I: 9, 37, 332, 333â334, 535; II: 139, TCDD, II: 305, 307â308, 309, 310â311, 231, 233â234, 241; III: 229, 363; IV: 314; III: 469, 470â471, 474, 475; IV: 143â144, 211, 216, 360, 375, 382; VI: 25â26; V: 71â72; VII: 114â116 127â128 Vietnam veterans increased risk, II: 305, Nebraska Lymphoma Study, II: 139 306, 314; III: 475â476; VI: 410
INDEX 837 See also Ataxia; Cognitive/neuropsychiatric Neuropathies. See Peripheral nervous system disorders; Depressive disorders; Motor/ (PNS) disorders coordination dysfunction; Neurologic New Brunswick, Canada, III: 234; IV: 149 disorders; Peripheral nervous system New Hampshire, I: 341, 364; III: 232; IV: 146, (PNS) disorders; Posttraumatic stress 222 disorder (PTSD); Stroke New Jersey, I: 656, 695; II: 280; III: 243, 500; Neuroblastoma, I: 594; V: 5 IV: 158, 483, 487, 493; VII: 184 children and, I: 628; IV: 422, 425; V: Agent Orange Commission, I: 60, 280â281, 425â432 401â402, 741; II: 292 Neuroï¬bromatosis, V: 283; VI: 246 See also Newark, New Jersey Neurologic disorders, VII: 566â598 New Mexico, I: 60, 402; III: 243; IV: 159; VII: 2,4-D in, I: 179; II: 48; III: 45â46, 473, 474 184 assessment issues, I: 14, 641â642; IV: New York, II: 202; IV: 149, 159, 230, 291, 298, 440â441 355, 364, 371; V: 429; VI: 60, 364â365, biologic plausibility, III: 474â475; IV: 402â403, 444, 470, 495, 626; VII: 184, 457â459; VI: 429â430; VII: 591â592 236 childhood cancer, I: 628 See also Binghamton, New York; Camp classiï¬cation of, I: 640; II: 304â305; V: Drum, New York 447â448 New York City, V: 5 cognitive/neuropsychiatric effects, I: New Zealand, I: 329â331, 373, 486, 490, 649â658; III: 468â469; IV: 441â443; V: 535â536, 552, 560â561; II: 132, 134, 448â452 242; III: 226, 229; IV: 113, 142, 143, epidemiologic studies, I: 44â45, 643â648; 149, 206, 215, 216, 297, 361, 369, 375, II: 141, 305, 307, 309; III: 467â473; IV: 404; VI: 127, 133, 176; VII: 655 441â459; VI: 6, 404â435 See also Northland, New Zealand herbicide association in, I: 14, 657, 661, Newark, New Jersey, II: 128â129; III: 219, 220; 666; III: 467â476; IV: 441â459 IV: 134â135; V: 105 herbicide occupational exposure studies NHANES III. See National Health and and, I: 649â651, 658, 662â663; III: 467; Nutrition Evaluation Survey III VII: 147 NHIS. See National Health Interview Survey motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 14, NHL. See Non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma 658â662; III: 469â470; IV: 443â448 Nickel, respiratory cancer and latency, II: 269; neurotoxicity, VI: 37, 72â73; VII: 51â52, III: 420 58â59, 144 NIEHS. See National Institute of Environmental peripheral nervous system disorders, I: Health Sciences 662â666; III: 470â473; IV: 454â459 NIH. See National Institutes of Health Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 365â366, 523; II: NIOSH. See National Institute for Occupational 141; IV: 227 Safety and Health TCDD in, I: 160â166; II: 3, 75; III: 84â85, Nitro, West Virginia 469, 470â471, 474, 475; IV: 441â443, industrial accident, I: 38â39, 305â307, 597, 445; V: 60â61; VII: 96â98 607, 686, 700; II: 287; III: 152, 220, Vietnam veteransâ compensation, I: 55 318; IV: 136 Vietnam veteransâ offspring and, I: 609, 660 NK. See Natural killer cells Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 658, 662, 666; III: NMES. See National Medical Expenditures 475â476; IV: 459; VI: 430â431 Survey See also Chronic persistent peripheral No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), neuropathy; Cognitive/neuropsychiatric V: 35 disorders; Motor/coordination Non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma (NHL), VII: dysfunction; Neurobehavioral toxicity; 443â457 Peripheral nervous system (PNS) 2,4-D in, I: 256â257 disorders age of onset, I: 436
838 INDEX agricultural/forestry workers and, I: See also Malignant lymphomas 530â540; II: 135, 138, 139, 232â234; Nonmelanoma skin cancer. See Basal/squamous III: 364â365; IV: 140 cell skin cancer; Skin cancer biologic plausibility, III: 366; IV: 358â359; North America, II: 197; III: 510 V: 355; VI: 312; VII: 456 North Carolina, IV: 202; V: 6; VI: 125â126, cytogenetic studies, III: 365â366 175 epidemiologic studies, I: 328, 329, 330, See also Agricultural Health Study (AHS) 331, 333â334, 335â338, 383, 384, North Dakota, IV: 149, 344, 349, 354, 362, 391â393, 401, 528â540, 573â574; 369, 375, 382 II: 134â135, 138, 139, 231â234; III: Northeast Pharmaceutical and Chemical 362â371; IV: 116, 137, 199, 211, 212, Corporation, I: 40 213, 214, 215, 216, 294, 356â358, Northland, New Zealand, III: 234; IV: 149; 359â364; V: 5, 345â355; VI: 303â312; VI: 133 VII: 444â456 Norway, III: 10, 225, 442â443; IV: 197, 209, epidemiology, I: 526, 527; II: 231; III: 362; 404; VI: 125, 133; VII: 162, 171 IV: 355â356; VII: 142 Central Population Register, III: 225, 442 herbicide association in, I: 8â10, 548, 573â Medical Birth Registry, III: 225, 442 574; II: 5, 6, 20, 102, 108, 231â234, 247; Population Registry, III: 236 III: 6, 7, 20, 24, 362â371; IV: 6, 8, 17, See also Frierfjord, Norway 384, 422, 425; V: 14, 343â355; VI: 16 NTP. See National Toxicology Program herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: Null hypothesis, I: 225 540â541; II: 234; III: 365, 369; IV: 149, 357; V: 5, 347â348, 351â354, 430â431; VI: 13, 310â311; VII: 145â146, 148, O 449â451, 455â496 herbicide occupational exposure and, Occupational herbicide exposure, I: 5, 303; VI: II: 232â234; III: 363â365, 367â369; 9, 120â129, 169â177; VII: 151â168, IV: 142, 143â144, 146, 356; V: 344, 221â232, 717â752 345â347, 350â351; VI: 310; VII: 141, acute and subacute transient peripheral 144â145, 444â455 neuropathy and, II: 312; IV: 10 histopathology, I: 526 acute myelogenous leukemia, VII: 493 incidence, data by race/gender, for selected agricultural/forestry workers, II: 183â184, age groups, III: 362; IV: 355â356; V: 197â198, 232â234, 238â239, 241â243; 344; VI: 303 III: 178â195, 224â232, 284â285, 335, latency issues, III: 428â430 364â365, 379â380, 387â388; IV: 112â paper/pulp workers and, I: 540 113, 140â142; VI: 124â128, 174â175; production workers and, I: 9, 529â530, 548; VII: 159â162 II: 232; III: 363â364, 429 basal/squamous cell skin cancer and, research recommendations, I: 19, 727 III: 321, 323; IV: 309; V: 296, 297, scientiï¬c literature update, II: 232â234; 298â299; VII: 367, 370 III: 363â366; IV: 356â358; V: 344, birth defects and, II: 286â287; III: 437; IV: 350â351; VI: 310â312 404; V: 394â395; VI: 362; VII: 536â537 Selected Cancers Study and, I: 234â235 bladder cancer and, III: 348, 350; IV: Vietnam veterans and, I: 9, 401, 526, 541â 341â342; V: 329, 330; VII: 408â413 548, 549; II: 231, 234; III: 363, 365, bone/joint cancer and, III: 303, 305; IV: 370â371; IV: 156â157, 357â358, 359; 288â289; V: 280; VII: 342â345 V: 348â350, 354, 355; VII: 451â453, brain tumors and, III: 357â358, 360; IV: 456 351; V: 340â341; VI: 301; VII: 425â431 Vietnam veteransâ compensation, I: 51, breast cancer and, II: 214â216; III: 55â56; II: 24, 29, 30, 31 324â326, 328; IV: 317; V: 301, 302, 304 Vietnam veteransâ risk, VI: 312 breast cancer estimated risk, II: 218; V: 300â301
INDEX 839 cancer mortality, I: 443â444; II: 133, 134, gastrointestinal tract tumors and, II: 136, 137 178â179; III: 268â271, 274â280; IV: cancer risk factor, I: 442; II: 133â135 251â254; V: 245; VI: 219 cancers of the digestive organs, VII: 285 hepatobiliary cancer and, II: 182â184, cancers of the eye and orbit, VII: 421-422 185, 186; III: 282â283, 284, 287; IV: cervical cancer and, III: 332; VII: 385 268â269; V: 261; VII: 311â317 childhood cancer, IV: 418â419, 427; VII: Hodgkinâs disease and, II: 235â236; III: 547â548 372â373, 374â375; IV: 365â366; V: chronic lymphocytic leukemia, VII: 357â358; VI: 318; VII: 458 487â488 immune system disorders and, III: 489, 491; circulatory disorders and, III: 515â516; IV: VI: 445 506â507; V: 503; VI: 467â468; VII: infant death and, III: 456 645â666 infertility and, III: 450; IV: 406â407; VI: colon cancer and, V: 250â251; VII: 366; VII: 519â520, 522 300â302 kidney cancer, VII: 519â520, 522 colorectal cancer, VII: 299â309 laryngeal cancer and, III: 293â294; IV: diabetes mellitus and, III: 496; IV: 483â 277â278; V: 270; VI: 231â233; VII: 484; V: 487â491; VI: 450; VII: 623â625 326â328 endocrine cancers, VII: 435â436, 438 441 leukemia and, III: 386â388, 391â392; epidemiologic studies, I: 303â365; II: 3, 6â IV: 198, 379; V: 368, 369â370; VI: 7, 113â140; III: 170â196, 218, 219â232, 331â332; VII: 476â485 268â271, 274â280, 282â283, 284, 287, lip cancer, VII: 277â278 290, 291, 293â294, 296â297, 300â301, lipid abnormalities and, III: 520; IV: 303, 305, 308â309, 312, 316, 317, 321, 114â115, 117, 493; VI: 458â459; VII: 323, 324â326, 328, 332â333, 335â336, 634â635 337, 338, 341, 344, 345, 348, 350, 353, low birthweight and, III: 459; IV: 414â416; 354, 357â358, 360, 363â365, 367â369, V: 423; VI: 380â381; VII: 532â533 372â373, 374â375, 378â380, 381â382, lung cancer and, III: 296â297, 300â301, 386â388, 391â392, 437, 450, 454, 455, 421, 422, 423, 424; IV: 282; V: 274â 456, 459, 467, 483â485, 489, 491, 496, 275; VI: 235â239; VII: 147, 331â339 510â512, 515â516, 520; IV: 134â147, melanoma and, III: 316, 317; IV: 302; V: 251â254, 257â258, 259â260, 262â263, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292; VI: 254â256; 265â266, 268â269, 276, 277â278, 280, VII: 356â362 285â286, 290, 292â293, 306, 307, 312, multiple myeloma and, II: 237â243; 318â319, 324, 325, 333â334, 338, III: 378â380, 381â382; IV: 372; V: 343â344, 348â349, 353â354, 359â361, 363â364; VI: 320; VII: 466â471 368â369, 374â375, 381â382, 404, 408, nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, II: 418â419, 427, 445, 446, 473â474, 188â189; III: 290, 291; IV: 274; V: 266; 483â484, 489â490, 500â501, 506â507; VI: 227; VII: 268â274 V: 104â115; VI: 120â124, 496â539 neonatal death and, III: 455 esophageal cancer, VII: 287â290 neural tube defects numbers, II: 297 exposure assessment strategies, I: 253â256, neurobehavioral disorders association 258â259, 262â267, 269â270; II: 5, 99â studies, II: 306; III: 467 101, 107â108; III: 144â145, 150â156 non-Hodgkinâs disease and, II: 232â234; exposure indices development, II: 107â108; III: 363â365, 367â369, 429; IV: 356; V: III: 161â162 344, 345â347, 350â351; VI: 310; VII: female reproductive system cancers and, III: 444â455 332â333; IV: 321; V: 311, 312, 313 ovarian cancer and, III: 333; VII: 387 gastrointestinal/digestive disorders and, pancreatic cancer, VII: 318â323 III: 510â512; IV: 500â501; V: 245; VI: 465â466; VII: 642
840 INDEX production workers, II: 182â183, 191, Occupations. See Agricultural/forestry workers; 193â197, 206â207, 232, 237â238; Highway workers; Leather tanners; III: 170â178, 219â224, 284, 363â364, Paper/pulp industry workers; Production 378â379, 386â387, 420, 423, 426, workers; Professional herbicide/ 429; IV: 111â112, 134â140, 251â254, pesticide applicators; Railroad workers; 271, 282, 288â289, 296â297, 302, 321, Tannery workers 327â329, 336, 340â341, 346â347, 351, Odds ratio, I: 224, 234; II: 90; III: 126â127; IV: 356, 365â366, 372, 379; VI: 120â124, 105; V: 22; VI: 3, 22 169â174; VII: 151â156, 222â225 Ofï¬ce of Technology Assessment, I: 19, 50, 52, professional herbicide/pesticide applicators, 57, 728; II: 28; III: 26 II: 198â200; III: 182â185, 226â228; IV: Offspring 113â114, 142â143, 404 effects in, VII: 700â701 prostate cancer and, II: 219â220, 222; III: OGTT. See Oral glucose tolerance test 335â336, 337, 338, 341, 426, 427; IV: Ohio, I: 336, 550 327â329; V: 319â320; VI: 280; VII: See also Hancock County, Ohio 390â392, 398â399 Olshan, Andrew, III: 25 pulp/paper workers, I: 37â38, 267, 341, Ontario, Canada, II: 199; V: 5, 305, 414, 435; 364, 443, 447, 454, 468, 516, 523, 540, VII: 161 561â562, 568; II: 126â127, 184, 200, Ontario Farm Family Health Study, V: 414, 435; 243; III: 196, 232; IV: 114, 134, 252, VII: 228â229 268; VII: 163â164 Operation Ranch Hand, I: 3, 4, 15, 16â17, rectal cancer, VII: 305â306 24, 74; II: 5, 14, 18, 23, 54, 251, 293; renal cancers and, III: 353, 354; IV: III: 6, 11, 12, 22, 23, 37, 50, 135, 136, 346â347 137, 138, 139; IV: 13, 18, 117â119, research recommendations, I: 15â16, 731 150â156, 160â161; V: 10, 18; VI: 4â6, respiratory cancers and, II: 190, 191â200; 17, 51, 120, 134â138, 182, 220, 233, IV: 282 240, 258â259, 291, 301â302, 311â312, respiratory disorders and, III: 483â485; IV: 318, 324, 332, 406, 450, 455, 480; VII: 473â474; VII: 605â614 173â181, 647â649, 763-767â sawmill workers, III: 10, 156, 227â228, application techniques, I: 25, 85â86, 87â88; 338, 439â440, 447â448, 449, 452, 453, IV: 120â122 457; IV: 114 Army Chemical Corps and, IV: 123â124 skin cancer and, III: 312; IV: 300, 301; VI: birth defects in offspring of, IV: 18, 254â256 403â404, 408, 430; V: 16 soft-tissue sarcomas, II: 206â207; III: categorization based on potential exposure, 308â309; IV: 292â293; V: 284â285; VI: V: 120 246 chloracne and, IV: 8, 464â466 spontaneous abortion, VII: 527 chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, V: stillbirths and, III: 454 465â466 stomach cancer and, V: 247â248; VII: cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders, V: 291â298 449â451 testicular cancer and, III: 344, 345; IV: 336; continuation of, IV: 21, 160â161 V: 326; VII: 403â406 diabetes mellitus, V: 491â492 thyroid homeostasis and, VI: 479â480 epidemiological studies, II: 31, 32, tongue cancer, VII: 280 150â152, 154â156; III: 28â29, 237, uterine cancer and, III: 333; VII: 387 438â439, 498; IV: 9, 10, 150â156, Vietnam veteran exposure vs., I: 4, 285, 290 255, 262, 269, 272, 275â276, 278, 280, See also Herbicide exposure assessment; 283â284, 287, 291, 295, 298â299, 301, Herbicides 303â305, 308â310, 313, 327, 329, 331â 332, 334â336, 339, 342â343, 345, 347,
INDEX 841 350, 352, 355, 357, 359, 362â363, 366, PACER HO, I: 93 370, 373, 376, 380, 383, 430â431, 435, PAI-2. See Plasminogen activator inhibitor 474, 479, 480, 485â488, 494, 502â504, Palermo, Italy, V: 462 508â510; V: 118â123, 177â181; VI: Pancreatic cancer, VI: 72, 217â219; VII: 283, 135â138, 187â188 318â324 exposure assessment, V: 232â233 See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers herbicide formulations, I: 88â91; V: 230 Paper/pulp industry workers, VI: 119â120, 177; herbicide surplus disposal, I: 93â94 VII: 163â164, 231â232, 654, 740â741 herbicide volume used, data by type, III: cancers in, I: 443, 454, 468, 516, 523, 540, 136 568; II: 200; IV: 114, 134, 252, 268 neurological disorders in, IV: 442, 454â455, chemical exposures in, I: 37â38, 267; III: 459 155â156; IV: 134, 252 number of military personnel in, I: 94, 273 epidemiologic studies, I: 38, 341, 364; objectives, I: 85 II: 126â127, 184, 200, 243; III: 196, operations data, I: 86, 87, 92, 106â107 232; IV: 134, 221â223, 252, 268; V: porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), IV: 114â115, 166â167, 225; VI: 128â129 466â467; V: 480 hepatobiliary cancer, II: 184 questionnaires, self-administered, II: 109, multiple myeloma and, II: 243 151; IV: 124 Parkinsonism, I: 661; II: 140, 149, 309â310; research recommendations, V: 524 III: 469â470, 475; IV: 144, 443â445, spontaneous abortion, V: 418 448, 458; V: 6, 453â461, 524; V: start of, I: 84, 85 453â461; VI: 6; VII: 570â580 suspension of, I: 27, 31, 32, 92â93; II: 109 biologic plausibility, VI: 419â420; VII: 579 targeting procedures, I: 86 epidemiologic studies, V: 454â459; VI: TCDD half-life in, IV: 24, 28, 43; VI: 90 410â420; VII: 572â580 thyroid homeostasis and, V: 513 herbicide association in, V: 453â460, 464 See also Air Force Health Study (AFHS) scientiï¬c literature update, V: 460â461; VI: Operational Report Lessons Learned, IV: 125 411â420 Oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cancer, VII: 709. Vietnam veteransâ risk, VI: 420 See also Nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer See also Motor/coordination dysfunction Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), III: 498, Parma, Italy, IV: 445 500 See also Italy Orbital cancer. See Cancers of the eye and orbit PBPK. See Physiologically based Oregon, I: 336â337, 341; II: 149; III: 230, 232, pharmacokinetic model 234; IV: 149, 231; V: 117; VI: 129â133 PCBs. See Polychlorinated biphenyls See also Alsea, Oregon PCDDs. See Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins Outreach activities PCDFs. See Polychlorinated dibenzofurans Vietnam Veterans and, II: 31; III: 28 PCMR. See Proportionate cancer mortality ratio Ovarian cancer, I: 338â339, 506, 510â511; III: PCP. See Pentachlorophenol 333; V: 313; VI: 79â80; VII: 387â388 PCT. See Porphyria cutanea tarda herbicide association in, I: 13, 512; II: 6; III: Pennsylvania, I: 60, 403, 562; II: 244; III: 243; 333; IV: 320â323, 326, 385; VI: 224 IV: 186; VII: 184 See also Reproductive system cancers, 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin women (PnCDD), II: 64, 65 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PnCDF), II: 64, 65 P Pentachlorophenol (PCP), II: 320; III: 221, 511, 516; IV: 257, 260, 263, 265, 271, 280, P450, I: 130, 144â145, 170, 709; II: 56, 70, 72, 285, 290, 296, 338, 353, 359, 368, 381 74, 76; III: 220; IV: 27, 41â42, 47â48, Pentavalent dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), V: 39 50â52, 54â55, 58â60, 63, 65, 67â69, 72â76, 78; V: 379
842 INDEX Pentavalent monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), herbicide association with, I: 666; II: 2, 6, V: 39 10, 11, 21, 89, 310â314; III: 7, 8, 21, Pentoxyresoruï¬n-O-dealkylase (PROD) 470â473; V: 454â457, 465â469; VI: 15 TCDD and, II: 64 herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: PEPCK. See Hepatic phosphoenol pyruvate 663â665; II: 312â313 carboxy kinase herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: Peptic ulcer disease, VI: 464; VII: 640 662â663; II: 312 Perimeter spraying. See Ground/perimeter methodology, II: 311â312 spraying scientiï¬c literature update, II: 310â311; Perinatal death, VII: 529â531 III: 471, 473; IV: 454â455, 457; V: biologic plausibility, III: 453, 458; IV: 413; 466â467, 469; VI: 426â427; VII: 589 V: 422; VI: 379; VII: 530â531 Seveso, Italy, residents and, II: 312â313 deï¬nitions, I: 618â619; II: 284; III: 451; IV: Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 666; II: 311, 313; 412 IV: 457, 459; VI: 429 descriptive epidemiology, I: 619â620; II: See also Chronic persistent peripheral 284â285; III: 451 neuropathy; Neurobehavioral toxicity; epidemiological studies, I: 620â624; II: Neurologic disorders 285â286; III: 451â453, 454, 455, 456; Pesticide/herbicide applicators. See Professional V: 421â422; VI: 378â379; VII: 530 herbicide/pesticide applicators herbicide association in, I: 14, 624; II: 7, Pesticides. See Agricultural herbicides; 11, 20, 278, 285â286; III: 451â454, Desiccant herbicides; Fungicides; 455, 456; IV: 413; V: 421â422 Herbicides; Insecticides; Phenoxy herbicide environmental exposure and, III: herbicides; Selective herbicides 454, 455, 456 Pharmacokinetics herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 2,4-D, I: 175 454, 455, 456 2,4,5-T, I: 182 risk factors, I: 619â620; V: 422 cacodylic acid, I: 186â187 scientiï¬c literature update, II: 285; III: picloram, I: 190 452â453, 454, 456; V: 421â422; VI: 379 TCDD, I: 127â133, 260â261, 284; II: TCDD biologic plausibility in, I: 624; V: 53â54; III: 161; IV: 41, 42, 47 422 TCDD-induced wasting syndrome, I: Vietnam veterans and, II: 285; III: 454, 455, 162â166 456; IV: 413; V: 422; VI: 379 See also Toxicokinetics Peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorders, I: Phenoxy herbicides, I: 8, 9, 10, 11, 27; III: 150, 55, 662â666; II: 304, 312; IV: 440; VI: 151, 154, 222, 223, 422, 423, 429; V: 3, 426â427; VII: 585â591 5; VII: 31, 659 acute and subacute transient peripheral action of, I: 27; IV: 16 neuropathy, II: 2, 6, 89, 311â314; III: 7, IARC registry and, IV: 137 8, 473; IV: 10, 18, 457â459; V: 14, 16, See also Herbicides 27 Phenoxyacetic acid, V: 415 biologic plausibility, V: 470â472; VI: 428; Phenoxyenolpyruvate carboxykinase, I: 172 VII: 589 Phenoxypropionic acids, I: 327 chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, II: Philadelphia chromosome, V: 367 89, 310â311; III: 470â472; 454â456; Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) VI: 6 model, V: 32; VII: 700 diagnosing, V: 467â468 Phytar 560-G, I: 89 epidemiological studies, II: 310â311, 312â Picloram, I: 88, 90, 91; II: 4; III: 5, 19, 135, 314; III: 470â473; IV: 135, 454â455, 136, 137, 218; IV: 5, 117â119, 133; V: 457; V: 465â470; VI: 423â429 1, 3; VI: 1, 3, 11, 20â21, 118â119, 201, 276, 436; VII: 31
INDEX 843 acute toxicity, I: 191 Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), II: animal studies, I: 189â192; III: 50, 396, 460 53, 64, 68, 149, 320, 329; III: 153, 154, biologic plausibility, III: 460, 524; IV: 426 160, 223, 236; VI: 131, 167, 172 carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 190â191; II: Polymorphonuclear neutrophils, I: 148 40; III: 396; V: 40 Population characteristics. See Age and aging; chemical properties/structure, I: 111, Deaths; Demographic data, Vietnam 114â115, 189; II: 38; III: 32 veterans; Gender; Perinatal death; chronic exposure, I: 191â192 Race/ethnicity developmental/reproductive toxicity, I: Porphyria, I: 153â154 192; II: 42; III: 460; IV: 416, 426, 431, Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), VII: 602â603 434â435 biological plausibility, II: 323; III: 482; IV: domestic use, I: 189 468; V: 480; VI: 440; VII: 603 genotoxicity, I: 191 clinical features, I: 679; IV: 466â467; V: immunotoxicity, I: 122â123, 192; II: 41 479 liver toxicity, I: 125; II: 42; III: 524 epidemiologic studies, I: 680â682; II: 6, metabolism, I: 115, 116 129, 321â323; III: 481â482; IV: 194, neurologic effects, V: 40 467â468; V: 480; VI: 439â440; VII: 603 pharmacokinetics, I: 190; IV: 27â28 epidemiology, II: 321; III: 480â481; IV: 10, toxicity proï¬le update, II: 51; III: 50; IV: 466â467 22â24, 31, 33â34, 40â41; V: 40, 79; VI: herbicide association in, I: 10, 682; II: 5, 33â34, 90; VII: 61â62 6, 10, 20, 129, 321â323; III: 7, 8, 20, volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, 24, 481â482; IV: 17, 18, 135, 183, 467, data, III: 136; IV: 117 468; V: 14; VI: 13, 15 PKC. See Protein kinase C scientiï¬c literature update, II: 322â323; III: Plantation workers. See Agricultural/forestry 482; IV: 467â468; V: 480; VI: 439â440 workers Vietnam veteransâ compensation, I: 50, 55; Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-2), II: 74 II: 24, 28â29, 30, 31 Plasmodium, TCDD exposure and, II: 68 Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 682â683; II: 321, Plausibility. See Biologic plausibility 322, 323; III: 481, 482; IV: 468; V: 480; Pleurisy, I: 711, 713 VI: 439â440 See also Respiratory disorders See also Skin sensitivity PMR. See Proportionate mortality ratio Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), I: PnCDD. See 397â398, 653â656, 658; II: 304, 308; 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin IV: 440; V: 447; VI: 379â383 PnCDF. See 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-furan See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric Pneumoconiosis, I: 713 disorders See also Respiratory disorders PR. See Prevalence ratio Pneumonia, I: 710, 713 Prague, Czech Republic, III: 224; VII: 156 See also Respiratory disorders Preterm delivery (PTD), III: 454, 455, 456â458, PNS. See Peripheral nervous system disorders 459; IV: 400, 413, 416, 432; V: Pointman Project, I: 60, 280, 401â402, 656 422â425; VI: 379â383; VII: 531â535 Poland, VI: 380 See also Low birthweight Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), II: 64, 67, Prevalence ratio (PR), V: 460 68, 182, 329; III: 236, 515; IV: 138, PROD. See Pentoxyresoruï¬n-O-dealkylase 399; V: 27, 305, 478 Production workers, VII: 718â729 Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), I: bladder cancer, I: 513â517; IV: 341â342 126, 327; II: 53, 64, 133, 149, 320, 329; brain cancer, I: 523; IV: 351 III: 153, 154, 156, 160, 221, 223, 236, cancer mortality, I: 443â444; II: 133, 134, 511, 515, 516; IV: 111â112, 114; V: 270, 273, 274; III: 423, 426, 429; IV: 487, 503; VI: 131, 167, 172 251, 268
844 INDEX chemical industry production workers porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 680; II: 129 studies, I: 303â318; II: 114â118, 128â prostate cancer, I: 518; II: 273â274, 275; 135, 171â175, 182â183, 191, 193â197, III: 426, 427; IV: 327â329 206â207, 232, 237â238, 273â274, renal cancer, I: 515; IV: 346â347 275; III: 170â178, 219â224, 363â364, reproductive outcomes, I: 596â598, 607, 378â379, 386â387, 422, 423, 426, 429; 620, 621 IV: 270, 292; V: 3 respiratory cancer, I: 10, 461â466, 471; II: chloracne, I: 674â676 191, 193â197, 269, 270, 272; III: 423; circulatory disorders, I: 700â701; IV: IV: 282 506â507 respiratory disorders, I: 709â710; IV: diabetes mellitus, I: 684; IV: 483â484 273â274 epidemiologic studies, I: 36â37, 303â318; skin cancer, I: 502; IV: 300, 301 II: 113, 114â118, 128â135, 182â183, soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 8, 477â479, 499; II: 191, 193â197, 232, 237â238; III: 132, 134â135, 206â207; IV: 292â293 170â178, 219â224, 284, 363â364, testicular cancer, I: 519; IV: 336 378â379, 386â387; IV: 182â197, 300, See also Industrial accidents 312; V: 105â109, 128â142, 218â222; Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators VI: 119â124, 169â174 cancer in, I: 320â321, 323, 325â326, 443, female reproductive/breast cancer, I: 447, 466â468, 488, 491; II: 137â138, 508â510; IV: 317, 321 198â200; III: 422; IV: 321, 327â328, gastrointestinal tract cancers, I: 447; IV: 330, 336 251â254 cohort studies, IV: 202â206; V: 112â113; gastrointestinal ulcers, I: 691 VI: 125â127 German herbicide employees, exposure epidemiologic studies, I: 323â326, 447, assessment, II: 4â5, 105, 108; III: 423, 466â468; II: 120â126, 137â140; III: 429 182â185, 226â228; IV: 142â143, hepatic enzyme dysfunction, I: 686, 687 144â145; V: 224â225; VI: 119 hepatobiliary cancers, I: 453â454, 455; II: Finland respiratory cancer mortality and 182â183; III: 284; IV: 268â269 latency, II: 271; III: 422 herbicide exposure assessment, I: 264â265; herbicide exposure assessment, I: 266â267; II: 103, 105, 107â108; III: 150â154 II: 107â108; III: 155; IV: 113â114; VII: Hodgkinâs disease, I: 9; IV: 365â366 230â231 immune system disorders, I: 697â698 reproductive outcomes, I: 324â325; IV: 410 international register of workers exposed See also Herbicide application methods; to phenoxy herbicides, II: 131â135; III: Herbicides 175â177, 222â223 Prolactin, I: 165 latency and cancer, II: 269, 270, 272, Proportionate cancer mortality ratio (PCMR), 273â274, 275; III: 422, 423, 426, 429; II: 179, 183, 197â198, 203, 204â205, IV: 284, 293 207, 210, 212, 216, 219, 224, 226, 227, leukemia, I: 564â566, 570â571; III: 229, 233, 235, 246 386â387; IV: 379 Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR), I: lipid abnormalities, I: 688â689; IV: 493 232â233; II: 161, 180, 185, 208, 225, multiple myeloma, I: 557â578; II: 237â238; 230, 234, 236, 242, 246; III: 417â418, III: 378â379; IV: 372 428; IV: 253, 369 nasal/nasopharyngeal cancers, I: 458, 459; Prostate cancer, VII: 388â402, 711 IV: 274 biologic plausibility, III: 343; IV: 332; VI: neurologic/neuropsychiatric disorders, I: 282â283; VII: 401 649, 650â651, 662â663 epidemiologic studies, I: 518â519; II: 6, non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma, I: 9, 529â530, 219â223; III: 335â342; IV: 202, 327â 548; II: 134, 135, 232; III: 363â364, 329, 330â331, 333â335; V: 319â323; 429; IV: 356 VI: 275â283; VII: 398â401 occupational studies, VII: 151â156
INDEX 845 epidemiology, I: 513, 514â515; II: 217, Public concern, I: 1, 2, 23â24, 29â32, 35â36, 219; III: 334; IV: 326â327 39 herbicide association in, I: 10, 11, 519â521, federal government response to, I: 45â60; 575â576; II: 2, 6, 8â9, 20, 89, 217â223, II: 27â32; III: 25â30 247; III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 335â343; IV: 6, 8, Public Law 91-441, I: 47, 62 10, 18; V: 14, 316â324; VI: 15 Public Law 96-151, I: 50, 52, 57; II: 28; III: herbicide environmental exposure studies, 26, 240 II: 221, 222; III: 336, 338, 342; IV: Public Law 97-72, I: 50; II: 28; III: 26, 240 329; V: 320â321, 322; VI: 281; VII: Public Law 98-181, I: 51 392â393, 399 Public Law 98-542, I: 50â51; II: 28â29; III: herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 26â27 219â220, 222; III: 335â336, 337, 338, Public Law 99-272, I: 50; II: 28; III: 26 341; IV: 202, 327â329; V: 319â320; VI: Public Law 100-687, I: 51 280; VII: 390â392, 398â399 Public Law 101-239, I: 51 histopathology, I: 513 Public Law 102-4, I: 2, 7, 20, 21, 51, 572, 721, incidence, data by race, for selected age 728â730; II: 1, 5, 17, 19, 29, 97, 247; groups, III: 334; IV: 249, 326â327; V: III: 1, 6, 14, 17, 20, 124, 132, 390, 397, 317; VI: 276 462, 475, 519, 525; IV: 1, 2, 6, 15, 103, latency issues, II: 13, 14; III: 426â428 388; V: 1â3, 12â13; VI: 1, 7, 11, 20, morbidity and mortality, VI: 277â280 341 mortality and latency, II: 273, 274, 275; III: Public Law 102-585, II: 28; III: 26 426, 427; V: 319â321 Public Law 103-452, II: 28; III: 26 research recommendations, I: 19, 727; V: Public Law 104-110, III: 26 524 Public Law 104-204, III: 24, 26 risk, estimated, II: 222â223; V: 324 Public Law 104-262, III: 26 scientiï¬c literature update, III: 336â339; IV: Public Law 105-114, III: 25 74, 327â331; V: 318, 322; VI: 280â281 Public Law 107-103, VI: 1; VII: 17 Seveso, Italy, male mortality and latency, II: Public meetings, VI: 569â570; VII: 705â706 275; III: 336, 338, 427; IV: 329 Publication bias, VI: 30; VII: 44â45 TCDD association with, V: 63â64; VI: 79; Pulmonary system VII: 107 TCDD absorption, I: 129; IV: 135, 156; V: Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 11, 518, 519, 522; 71 II: 221, 223; III: 343, 431; IV: 332; V: toxicity in, VI: 70; VII: 92â93 324; VI: 283 Vietnam veterans disorders, I: 402 Vietnam veteransâ studies, III: 336, 338, See also Chronic obstructive pulmonary 339, 340, 342; IV: 329; V: 321, 322; VI: disease (COPD); Respiratory cancers; 281; VII: 393â395, 399â401 Respiratory disorders See also Genitourinary cancers Pulp. See Paper/pulp industry workers Protein kinase C (PKC), II: 4, 52, 59, 60, 61, 62; III: 65â67, 105; IV: 69â71, 72 Proteomics, VII: 81â83 Q Psychiatric disorders assessment for, I: 641 QSAR. See Quantitative structure-activity epidemiological studies, I: 649â657 relationship models herbicide association in, I: 14, 657; IV: 135, Quail Run mobile home park, I: 268, 369â370, 151 455, 665, 681, 687, 694; II: 144, 184; posttraumatic stress disorder, I: 397â398, III: 200â201, 234, 283; IV: 115, 148; V: 653â656, 658; IV: 440 116, 171â172; VII: 170, 756â757 PTD. See Preterm delivery Quantitative structure-activity relationship PTSD. See Posttraumatic stress disorder (QSAR) models, III: 106; V: 27; VI: 84 Questionnaires, II: 109, 136, 150, 292; IV: 111, 124
846 INDEX R non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma incidence, data by race, III: 362; IV: 356; V: 344; VI: RA. See Retinoic acid 303 Race/ethnicity prostate cancer incidence, data by race, III: acute lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data 334; IV: 326â327; VI: 276 by race, III: 384; IV: 378; VI: 326 renal cancers incidence, data by race, III: acute myeloid leukemia incidence, data by 352; IV: 346; VI: 292 race, III: 384; IV: 378; VI: 326 risk adjusted by, IV: 135, 150â152, 154â156 bladder cancer incidence, data by race, III: soft-tissue sarcoma incidence, data by race, 347; IV: 340; V: 328; VI: 287 III: 306; IV: 292; VI: 245 bone/joint cancer incidence, data by race, testicular cancer incidence, data by race, III: III: 302; IV: 288; VI: 242 343; IV: 335; V: 324; VI: 283 brain tumor incidence, data by race, III: Vietnam veterans, I: 81, 82, 83, 84; II: 180 356; IV: 351; V: 339; VI: 297 See also Alaskan natives; Asian Americans; breast cancer incidence, data by race, III: Demographic data, Vietnam veterans 324; IV: 314; VI: 265 Radiation exposure, I: 564, 595 cancer studies and, II: 179, 180, 181, 183, Radon daughters 214, 219, 227, 237; IV: 249â250 respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268; III: cardiovascular disorders, adjusted by, IV: 418 494, 507 Railroad workers, I: 323â324, 467, 486, chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence, 649â650, 658; IV: 206 data by race, III: 384; IV: 378; VI: 326 Ranch Hand study. See Air Force Health Study chronic myeloid leukemia incidence, data (AFHS); Operation Ranch Hand by race, III: 384; IV: 378; VI: 326 RARb. See Retinoic acid receptor b diabetes prevalence, data by race, III: 492; Ratio. See Odds ratio IV: 484â486, 492 Reagan, Ronald, III: 26 female reproductive system cancer Recommendations. See Research needs incidence and other effects, data by Rectal cancer, VI: 214â216; VII: 283, 305â308 race, III: 330; IV: 321, 414, 421, 423, See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers 429; VI: 271 Registries. See Agent Orange Registry (AOR); gastrointestinal tract cancer incidence, data Dioxin Registry; European registry; by race and cancer type, III: 267; IV: National Vietnam Veterans Birth 250; VI: 204 Defects/Learning Disabilities Registry Hodgkinâs disease incidence, data by race, and Data Base III: 372; IV: 365; V: 355; VI: 313 Regression analysis, II: 281 laryngeal cancer incidence, data by race, Relative risk, I: 224, 229, 230, 239, 258; II: 90, III: 292; IV: 273; VI: 231 178, 264, 265, 266, 271, 275, 297, 351, leukemia incidence, data by type and race, 356; III: 126â127, 412, 413, 414, 415, III: 384; IV: 378; VI: 326 418, 420, 422, 426â427, 428, 430â431; liver/intrahepatic bile duct cancer incidence, IV: 83, 105, 138, 142, 153, 254, 277, by race, III: 282; IV: 267, 502; VI: 222 278, 282, 284, 303, 310, 315, 321, 322, lung cancer incidence, data by race, III: 329, 331, 332, 366, 373, 379, 424, 447, 296; IV: 281; VI: 235 472, 500; VI: 3, 22 melanoma incidence, data by race, III: 313; Relevant literature, identifying, VI: 20â22 IV: 300; VI: 252 Renal cancer, VII: 711. motor dysfunction, adjusted by, IV: 444 See also Kidney cancer multiple myeloma incidence, data by race, Renal toxicity III: 377; IV: 372; V: 361; VI: 320 cacodylic acid and, II: 50â51 nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer incidence, data TCDD and, II: 77; III: 75â76; IV: 76â77 by race, III: 289; IV: 273; VI: 227 Reproductive disorders, VI: 6, 354â403; VII: 141, 517â565
INDEX 847 2,4-D in, I: 180â181; II: 42, 280â282; III: biologic plausibility, III: 334; IV: 323; V: 46, 460, 461â462; IV: 416 316; VI: 275; VII: 384 2,4,5-T in, I: 185; II: 42, 280â282, 287; III: epidemiologic studies, I: 508â512; II: 462; IV: 404; IV: 416 211â213; III: 330â334; IV: 321â326; V: animal studies, I: 123â124; III: 460â462; 311â316; VI: 270â275; VII: 384 IV: 426, 431â435 epidemiology, I: 505, 506â508; II: 211; III: biologic plausibility, II: 300; III: 444, 451, 329â330; IV: 320â321 453, 458, 460â462; IV: 416, 426 herbicide association in, I: 13, 14, 512, 577; cacodylic acid in, I: 189; II: 42; IV: 403, II: 6, 11, 20, 211â213, 249â250; III: 407, 411, 413, 416, 431, 435 7, 10, 330â334; IV: 7, 11, 323, 385; V: epidemiologic studies, III: 436, 437â438, 309â316 443, 445â449, 450, 451â453, 454, herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 455, 456â457, 459; IV: 135, 153, 209, 333; IV: 321â322, 325, 326â329, 334; 227, 228, 233, 431; IV: 416, 426; VI: V: 311, 312, 313, 314 354â403 herbicide occupational exposure and, III: herbicide association in, I: 13â14, 605, 332â333; IV: 321; V: 311, 312, 313; 634; II: 6, 7, 278â279, 300â301; III: VII: 384 3, 434â435, 436â444, 445â454, 455, histopathology, I: 506 456â458, 459; IV: 135 incidence and mortality statistics, II: 211; male-mediated, I: 593â595; III: 444â451; III: 329â330; IV: 321; VI: 270â271 IV: 413 scientiï¬c literature update, II: 212; III: methodological approach to study of, I: 331â332; IV: 321â324; V: 313â315; VI: 591â592 271 occupational risk factors, I: 594â595; IV: Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 512; II: 211, 213; 399â400, 402, 404, 408, 418â419; VII: III: 334; IV: 323â324; V: 316; VI: 275 147 Vietnam veteransâ studies, III: 333; IV: picloram in, I: 192; II: 42; III: 462; IV: 403, 322â323; V: 311, 312, 313, 314â315 413, 416, 431 See also Breast cancer; Cervical cancer; Ranch Hand study, I: 758â762; II: 293â295; Ovarian cancer; Uterine cancer III: 436, 438, 439, 446â447, 449, Reproductive toxicity, VI: 38â39; VII: 52â53 452â453, 457â458; IV: 233 Request for Proposals (RFP), II: 25, 26; III: 6, research recommendations, I: 727 126, 150; IV: 5, 126â127 TCDD in, I: 123â124, 156â159; II: 3, Research 41â42, 71â72, 282, 285â286; III: Department of Veterans Affairs efforts, II: 92â105, 446â449, 460â461, 462; IV: 26, 29â30; III: 27â28; IV: 151, 157â58 81â82, 416; V: 64â65, 72â73 experimental studies update, II: 43â45 Vietnam veteransâ increased disease risk, II: herbicide exposure and cancer latency, 278, 298, 300â301; III: 444, 462; IV: literature review, II: 266â275; III: 417, 426, 431; VI: 398 416â431 See also Birth defects; Cervical cancers; herbicide exposure assessment strategies, Endometrial cancer; Hypospadias; recent literature, II: 104â109; III: Infertility; Intrauterine growth 157â162; IV: 5 retardation (IUGR); Low birthweight; publication bias, II: 95â96; III: 131; IV: Neural tube defects; Ovarian cancer; 108; V: 27â28 Perinatal death; Preterm delivery (PTD); Research needs Sex ratio; Sperm parameter disorders; age and aging, V: 10 Spontaneous abortion biomarkers, I: 17, 725; II: 25 Reproductive system cancers, women, I: 13, cost of, I: 727 14, 505â512, 577; II: 6; IV: 320â326; health outcome priorities, I: 19, 726â727 V: 309â316; VI: 79â81; VII: 107â110, herbicide exposure assessment, I: 4, 15, 16â 382â388 17, 287â290, 291, 721â722, 724â728
848 INDEX herbicide occupational exposure data, I: 731 risk factors, I: 461 Hodgkinâs disease, I: 19, 727 Seveso, Italy, men lung cancer mortality, II: military records, I: 17, 724â725; II: 24â25 271; III: 422, 424; IV: 278 motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 660â661 Seveso, Italy, outcomes, I: 469; IV: 275, neurobehavioral functioning, I: 657 278, 282â283 recommendations for, I: 15â21, 721â731; smoking and, latency, II: 268; III: 418 II: 23â24; III: 23; IV: 13; VI: 10, Vietnam veteransâ compensation, I: 55; II: 491â493; VII: 699â704 24, 30, 31 research management, I: 16, 17â18, Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 460â461, 723â724, 726 469â470, 472; II: 190, 201â202, 203; risk assessment, I: 731 III: 430â431; IV: 275â276, 279, 283, serum mandated testing, I: 21, 730 284 Vietnamese population studies, I: 731; VI: See also Laryngeal cancer; Lung cancer 10, 491â493 Respiratory disorders, VII: 604â617 Respiratory cancers, VII: 710 biologic plausibility, III: 486; IV: 475; V: agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 466; II: 482; VI: 443; VII: 615 197â198 cofounding factors, V: 481 arsenic and, latency, II: 268; III: 420 epidemiologic studies, II: 324â326; III: asbestos and, latency, II: 268; III: 420 483â486; IV: 272â274; V: 6; VI: epidemiologic studies, I: 461â472; II: 440â443; VII: 605â615 189â203; IV: 274â275, 276, 277â278, epidemiology, III: 482â483; IV: 468â471 280, 285â287 herbicide association in, I: 14, 713; II: 7, epidemiology, I: 460â461; II: 189â191; IV: 11, 21, 324â336; III: 3, 483â486; IV: 273â274, 277, 281 275; V: 482; VII: 609â610, 614 Finland male herbicide/pesticide applicators herbicide occupational exposure and, mortality and latency, II: 271; III: 422 III: 483â485; IV: 273â274; VII: 147, gamma rays and, latency, II: 268; III: 418 605â614 herbicide association in, I: 10â11, 19, paper/pulp mill workers and, I: 341, 364 574â575; II: 6, 8, 20, 89; II: 189â203, production workers and, I: 709â710; IV: 247, 269â273; III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 24; IV: 6, 273â274; V: 6 8, 18, 275, 279, 284; V: 14; VI: 15 research methodology, I: 708â709, herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 712â713; II: 324 190, 193, 200â201; IV: 274â275, 278, scientiï¬c literature update, II: 325; III: 282â283 483â486; IV: 272â274; V: 482; VI: 442 herbicide occupational exposure and, II: TCDD in, I: 170, 472, 709â710, 712, 190, 191â200; IV: 274, 277, 282 713â714; III: 484; IV: 468, 471â475; V: latency issues, II: 13â14, 268â273; III: 418, 481 420â426; VI: 2 Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 713â714; III: literature review, II: 269â272; III: 420â424 485â486; IV: 275; V: 483; VI: 443; VII: nickel and, latency, II: 269; III: 420 610â615 paper/pulp workers and, I: 468â469; II: 200 See also Asthma; Bronchitis; Chronic production workers and, I: 461â466; II: obstructive pulmonary disease 191, 193â197; III: 420, 422, 423, 429; (COPD); Emphysema; Inï¬uenza; IV: 277, 282 Pleurisy; Pneumoconiosis; Pneumonia; professional herbicide/pesticide applicators, Tuberculosis II: 198â199 Retinoic acid (RA), II: 73; III: 53, 73, 98 radon daughters and, latency, II: 268; III: Retinoic acid receptor b (RARb), II: 73 418 RFP. See Request for Proposals relative mortality and latency, II: 270; III: Rhabdomyosarcoma. See Soft-tissue sarcoma 421, 422, 423, 424 (STS) risk estimates, II: 190, 192â193 Rheumatoid arthritis, VII: 147
INDEX 849 Ribonucleic acid (RNA), II: 55, 58, 59, 62, 74, peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 666; 75; III: 80, 82, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104 II: 314; IV: 459 Richterâs syndrome, VI: 334 porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 682â683; II: Risk assessment, Vietnam veterans, I: 5, 14â15, 323; IV: 468; V: 479 221, 225â226, 246, 247â248, 578; prostate cancer risk, II: 223; III: 343; IV: II: 14, 22â23, 91; III: 14â15, 22â23, 332; V: 324 127â128, 475â476, 525; IV: 388, 517; reproductive outcomes, I: 634; II: 300â301; VI: 9â10, 17; VII: 36 IV: 407, 431 amyloidosis, IV: 513; V: 507 respiratory cancer, I: 472; II: 190, 192â193; birth defects, I: 618; II: 298, 300â301; V: IV: 279, 284 405 respiratory disorders, I: 713â714; IV: 475; bone/joint cancer, I: 474â475; IV: 290; V: V: 483 282 skin cancer, I: 505; IV: 305â306, 311 breast cancer risk, II: 218; III: 329; IV: 318; soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 500; IV: 17, 296; V: V: 309 287 cancer, I: 440, 442â443, 578; II: 251, 276; spina biï¬da in offspring, II: 298, 301; IV: III: 397, 430â431 403 cancer in offspring, I: 630â631; IV: 426 spontaneous abortion, I: 605; IV: 411; V: chloracne, I: 678â679; II: 321; IV: 466; V: 417â418 479 TCDD concentrations with time after circulatory disorders, I: 708; IV: 510; V: exposure, II: 356â357 506 TCDD serum levels back-extrapolated to diabetes mellitus, I: 692; III: 503; IV: 489; measure dose, II: 357 V: 492 TCDD serum levels linear extrapolation, II: disease risk methodology, II: 349â357 356 female reproductive system cancers, I: 512; TCDD serum levels use to estimate disease III: 334; IV: 323; V: 316 risk, II: 350â357 fetal/infant death, I: 625; IV: 413 See also Relative risk gastrointestinal cancers, I: 452; IV: 356; VI: Risk assessment methodology, I: 5, 221, 246 221 EPA dioxin research, I: 59â60 genitourinary tract cancers, I: 522 predisposing factors, I: 731 hepatic enzyme disorders, I: 692; IV: 505 relative risk determination, I: 224, 229, 258; hepatobiliary cancers, I: 457; II: 187; IV: II: 351, 356; IV: 105; V: 22â23 270 standardized mortality ratio in, I: 229â230 Hodgkinâs disease, I: 557; IV: 367; V: 361 strength of association in, I: 239 immune system disorders, I: 699; III: 491; terminology, I: 224 IV: 481; V: 485 Vietnam veteransâ disease risk estimation, impossible to quantify, VI: 17 II: 349â357; IV: 17 leukemia, I: 571â572; IV: 381; V: 372 Vietnam veteransâ TCDD concentrations linear extrapolation of exposure and risk, II: with time after exposure, II: 356â357 356 Vietnam veteransâ TCDD serum levels lipid abnormalities, I: 692; III: 507â508; IV: back-extrapolated to measure dose, II: 495 357 low birthweight outcomes, I: 628; IV: 417 Vietnam veteransâ TCDD serum levels motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 662 linear extrapolation, II: 356 multiple myeloma, I: 563; IV: 374; V: 366 Vietnam veteransâ TCDD serum levels use nasal/nasopharyngeal, I: 460; IV: 275 to estimate disease risk, II: 350â357; IV: neuropsychiatric outcomes, I: 658 182 non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma, I: 549; IV: 359; RNA. See Ribonucleic acid V: 355 Ronnel®, II: 128; III: 219; IV: 134; V: 105 Rotterdam, Netherlands, III: 236; V: 512
850 INDEX Rung Sat Special Zone, I: 100, 104, 105, 106 Centers for Disease Control validation Russia, II: 319 study, I: 281â284; II: 103, 104 See also Chapaevsk, Russia; USSR concentrations of TCDD with time after exposure, II: 356â357; III: 159â161 estimated mean maximum levels, II: S 252â255 latency results, linear extrapolation from Salmonella, TCDD exposure and, II: 68 long exposure, II: 356 Samara region. See Chapaevsk, Russia measurement technique, I: 260; II: 349â350 Saskatchewan, Canada, II: 135â136, 200, 232, pharmocokinetics, I: 259â261 242, 246, 325; III: 232; V: 6, 504; VII: recommendations, I: 20â21 162 signiï¬cance of, I: 4, 19, 261, 284â285, 289, Sawmills. See Lumber industry 290, 725, 742â743; II: 4â5, 102â106, Schistosoma haematobium, III: 347; V: 328 108â109 Scientiï¬c literature update, IV: 27â32, 104â testing, mandated, I: 728, 729 105, 108, 248â388 passim, 399â435 Vietnam veterans disease risk estimation, passim; V: 4â6; VII: 61â62 use for, II: 350â357 SCL-90-R. See Symptom Checklist-90-Revised Services HERBS tapes. See HERBS tapes Scotland, V: 462 Seveso, Italy, III: 9; IV: 8â9, 147â148; VI: 7, Seasonal factors 51, 53â54, 120, 445â446; VII: 168â170, herbicide distribution and, I: 26, 87 232â233, 753â756 SEER. See Surveillance, Epidemiology, and accidental contamination in, I: 43; II: End Results program 140â141; III: 232â233; IV: 147 Selected Cancers Study birth defects, II: 287; III: 436 exposure assessment use, II: 101; III: 146, bladder cancer, I: 517; II: 226â227; III: 348, 231, 240 349; IV: 341 goals, I: 59, 387, 391; VI: 139 bone/joint cancer, III: 303; IV: 289 hepatobiliary cancers, II: 185; III: 283 brain tumors, I: 523; II: 230; III: 356, 358; Hodgkinâs disease in, I: 554â556 IV: 351â352 liver cancer in, I: 455 breast cancer, II: 216; III: 324â326, 327; methodology, I: 57, 234â235, 243, 258, IV: 315 391â393, 440, 527 cancer incidence, II: 141, 148 nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 459; II: 189 cancer mortality, I: 444; III: 422, 424 non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma in, I: 9, 541â543, child mortality study, II: 147 573; II: 231; IV: 17 childhood cancer, II: 299â300; IV: 425 soft-tissue sarcoma in, I: 493, 498 chloracne, I: 267, 676â677; IV: 464 Selective herbicides, I: 24, 88 circulatory disorders, I: 701â702; IV: See also Herbicides 507â509 Self-Report Symptom Inventory, I: 641 diabetes mellitus, III: 495; IV: 11, 484 Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs, II: 24, epidemiologic studies, I: 44â45, 63, 27â28; III: 23â24, 25 365â368; II: 113, 141â143, 148; III: Sensory dysfunction. See Neurologic disorders 130, 197â200, 232â233, 283, 285, 290, Serontonergic system, I: 166 296, 297â298, 303, 307, 309, 314, 318, Sertoli cells, V: 405 325â326, 327, 330, 331, 332, 336, 338, Serum levels, TCDD, I: 4, 19, 21, 261, 344, 348, 349, 352, 353, 356, 358, 363, 281â285, 289, 290, 725, 728, 729, 365, 372, 373, 380, 385, 386, 388â389, 742â743; II: 4â5, 104â106; III: 390, 436, 449, 495, 505; IV: 224, 225, 140â142, 146â147; IV: 37, 46, 112, 226, 227, 258â259, 261, 263â264, 266, 114, 125â126, 252, 293, 331 271â272, 276, 280, 286â287, 291, back-extrapolated serum TCDD as measure 297â298, 306â307, 313, 319, 325â326, of dose, II: 357; IV: 154 334, 338, 344, 349, 354â355, 361â362,
INDEX 851 369â370, 375â376, 382â383, 428, respiratory outcomes, I: 710; IV: 472â473, 430â431, 491; V: 115â116, 168â171; 474, 475 VI: 129â132, 177â179 response to accident, I: 43â44 exposure assessment, I: 267â268, 285, sex ratio, V: 434 598â599; II: 4â5, 103, 105â106; III: skin cancer, I: 503; II: 12, 209, 210; III: 150, 156, 158, 160â161, 162; IV: 111, 314, 318; IV: 302 114â115, 126; V: 226â227 soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 491â492; II: 206, female reproductive cancers, I: 511; II: 207, 208; III: 307, 309; IV: 293â294, 211â212, 213; III: 330, 331, 332; IV: 295 321â322 testicular cancer, II: 228; III: 344; IV: 336 gastrointestinal tract tumors, II: 177, 180; Seveso Womenâs Health Study (SWHS), VI: III: 271, 273; IV: 254 130, 178, 373; VII: 169â170 gastrointestinal ulcers, I: 691; IV: 501â502 Sex ratio, V: 432â438; VI: 389â394 hepatic enzyme disorders, I: 686â687 biologic plausibility, VI: 393â394 hepatobiliary cancers, II: 184; III: 283, 285; scientiï¬c literature update, VI: 390 IV: 269 SFR. See Standardized fertility ratio Hodgkinâs disease, II: 236; III: 372, 373 SGOT. See Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) immune modulation, I: 695; VI: 7 SGPT. See Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) infertility, III: 449 Shanghai, China, II: 188 latency and cancer risk, II: 271, 272, 273, Silvex®, I: 309, 324; II: 128; III: 219; IV: 134; 274, 275; III: 13, 408, 414, 420, 422, V: 105; VII: 31 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 430 SIR. See Standardized incidence ratio leukemia, I: 13, 569â570, 571; II: 245â246; Skaraborg, Sweden, III: 234; IV: 149 III: 385, 386, 388â389, 390; IV: 379, Skin cancer, VII: 354â371, 711 425 animal studies, I: 141, 142â143; IV: 5, 24, lipid abnormalities, I: 689; III: 505 31, 40 liver cancer, I: 454â455 biologic plausibility for TCDD, I: 503; IV: liver disorders, I: 367; IV: 501â502 305, 311; VI: 260, 264â265; VII: 363 lung cancer, I: 469; II: 271; III: 296, clinical features, I: 501, 502 297â298, 299, 422, 424; IV: 282â283 epidemiologic studies, I: 502â503; II: mortality studies, I: 652; II: 141, 271, 209â211; III: 312â313; IV: 19, 149, 272â273, 275; III: 422, 424, 426, 427 154, 232, 302â305, 306â308, 312â313; multiple myeloma, I: 562; II: 243; III: 380; V: 5; VI: 251â265; VII: 356â363 IV: 372â373 epidemiology, I: 501â502; II: 209; III: 312, nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, II: 189; III: 313; IV: 299â300 290; IV: 275 herbicide association in, I: 12, 576; II: 7, neurological disorders, II: 141 11â12, 21, 209â211, 249â250; III: 8, neuropsychiatric outcomes, I: 651â652 10, 21, 312; IV: 7, 11; V: 16â17, 21 non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma, I: 540â541; II: herbicide environmental exposure studies, 234; III: 363, 365; IV: 357 VII: 358, 362 peripheral nervous system disorders, I: herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 663â664; II: 10, 312â313 312; IV: 302; VII: 356â362 porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 680â681 morbidity studies, V: 289; VI: 254, 263â264 prostate cancer, I: 11; II: 9, 221, 248, 274, mortality studies, VI: 253, 262 275; III: 336, 338, 426, 427; IV: 329 TCDD association with, I: 141, 142â143, renal cancer, II: 225; III: 352, 353; IV: 347 502â503; II: 209â211; III: 313â316, reproductive outcomes/toxicity, I: 598â599; 317, 319, 320, 322; IV: 19; V: 5 II: 72; III: 436, 449; IV: 400, 430â431; Vietnam veterans and, II: 209; III: 312; IV: VI: 6 303â304, 305, 309â311; VI: 256â259, respiratory cancer, II: 200â201, 269, 272; 261, 265; VII: 359â363 III: 422, 424; IV: 278, 279, 282â283, See also Basal/squamous cell skin cancer; 284 Melanomas
852 INDEX Skin sensitivity production workers and, I: 8, 477â479, 499; 2,4-D and, I: 181 II: 132, 134â135, 206â207; IV: 136, picloram and, I: 192 292â293 Ranch hands, IV: 8 research recommendations, I: 19, 727 TCDD and, I: 172â174 risk factors, I: 10, 477; V: 287 See also Chloracne; Porphyria cutanea tarda scientiï¬c literature update, II: 206â208; III: (PCT) 308â310; V: 283, 292â295 Sleep disorders, I: 650; IV: 442; V: 449 Vietnam veterans and, I: 395â396, 401, 475, SMRs. See Standardized mortality ratios 492â498, 500; II: 205, 208; III: 309â310; Social Security Administration, II: 130, 152, IV: 157, 294â295; V: 286â287; VI: 25; 153 VII: 351â353 Society for Epidemiologic Research, II: 25 Vietnam veterans compensation, I: 51, 55, Soft-tissue sarcoma (STS), I: 311, 314; VII: 56; II: 24, 29, 30, 31 346â354, 711 See also Kaposiâs sarcoma; age of onset, I: 436 Leiomyosarcomas agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 322, Somatostatin, I: 168, 169 326â328, 329â330, 335â336, 337, South America, III: 510 339â340; IV: 140, 149 South Dakota, IV: 149, 344, 349, 354, 362, biologic plausibility of TCDD in, I: 500; 369, 375, 382 III: 311; IV: 296; V: 287; VI: 251; VII: South Koreans, I: 61â62; II: 108â109; III: 240; 353â354 IV: 156; VI: 1, 6â7, 134, 141â142, case-control studies, I: 481â491; IV: 439â440; VII: 164, 186, 243â244, 654 143â144 Southeast Asia (SEA), II: 181, 188, 294, 295; CDC Selected Cancers Study and, IV: 157 III: 29, 237, 239, 241, 243, 282, 289, children and, I: 628 318, 321, 452; IV: 267; VII: 180 clinical features, I: 475, 476 Soviet Union. See Russia; USSR cohort studies, I: 231, 243; V: 5 Spain, IV: 144â145, 207, 401 epidemiologic studies, I: 231, 476, Special Forces. See US Special Forces 477â500; II: 132, 134â135, 205â208; Sperm parameter disorders III: 306â310, 311; IV: 149, 187, 216, altered sperm parameters, I: 631, 632, 292â295, 296â299; V: 5; VI: 245â251; 633â634; II: 7, 11, 20; III: 444â451; IV: VII: 347â353 200, 405â406, 433 epidemiology, I: 475; II: 205; III: 304, 306; See also Reproductive disorders IV: 116, 136â137, 140, 143â144, 149, Spina biï¬da, I: 609, 611, 612; II: 6, 295â296; 157; V: 282â287 VI: 15 herbicide association in, I: 8, 9â10, 500, Vietnam veterans offspring, II: 9â10, 296, 572â573; II: 5, 6, 20, 205â208, 247; III: 298, 309; III: 7, 8, 9â10, 21, 24â25, 6, 7, 20, 24, 306â310, 311; IV: 6, 8, 17; 437â438; IV: 7, 10, 18, 404â405 V: 14 See also Birth defects; Neural tube defects herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: Spontaneous abortion, I: 592; VII: 525â529 375, 383, 384; II: 207â208; III: 309; IV: agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 293â294; V: 285â286; VI: 13, 246â250; 336â337; IV: 197, 410â411 VII: 350â351, 353 Alsea, Oregon, case, I: 42â43, 372â373, herbicide occupational exposure studies, III: 598 308â309; IV: 292â293; V: 284â285; VI: biologic plausibility, V: 420; VI: 378; VII: 246; VII: 347â353 526 IARC registry and, IV: 137, 293 deï¬nition, I: 595â596; II: 282; IV: 409; V: incidence, data by race/gender, for selected 409 age groups, III: 306; IV: 292; VI: 245 epidemiologic data, quality of, I: 603â605 Midland, Michigan cohort, IV: 136 epidemiologic studies, II: 283; IV: 410â411; pesticide applicators and, I: 491 V: 420; VI: 372â378; VII: 526â529
INDEX 853 epidemiology, II: 282â283 Statistics Sweden, IV: 145 farm families, V: 5 Umea Department of Oncology, II: 138; III: herbicide association in, I: 14, 605; II: 7, 228 20, 278, 283â284; V: 409â421, 411â412 University Hospital, Linkoping, II: 138; III: herbicide environmental exposure and, I: 228, 229 598â599; IV: 410â411; V: 414â417; University Hospital, Umea, III: 228 VII: 146, 527â528 See also Skaraborg, Sweden; Umea, herbicide occupational exposure and, I: Sweden; Uppsala, Sweden 596â598; IV: 410; V: 410, 413â414; Stellman model, VI: 493 VII: 527 Steroidogenesis maternal risk factors, I: 596 postnatal, VII: 113â114 Ranch Hand participants, II: 283â284 Stillbirth, VII: 529â531. risk factors, I: 594; IV: 409; V: 420 See also Perinatal death scientiï¬c literature update, II: 283â284; IV: Stomach cancer, I: 446, 447; II: 7, 12; III: 410â411; V: 410â417; VI: 373â377 274â275; IV: 250â254, 256, 259n, 385; TCDD and, V: 410, 413 V: 17, 247â249; VI: 205â208; VII: 283, Vietnam veteransâ increased risk, II: 283; 291â299 IV: 411; V: 417â418; VI: 378 TCDD effects in, I: 169 Vietnam veteransâ wives and, I: 405â406, See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers 601â603 Streptococcus pneumoniae, TCDD exposure Vietnamese civilians and, I: 599â601 and, II: 68 women Vietnam veteransâ increased risk, V: Stress responses, VI: 40 417â418; VII: 528â529 Stroke, VII: 673â674 See also Reproductive disorders herbicide exposure risk, I: 658, 659, 660 Sprayers. See Professional herbicide/pesticide See also Motor/coordination dysfunction; applicators Neurobehavioral toxicity Spraying. See Aerial spraying; Ground/ STS. See Soft-tissue sarcoma perimeter spraying Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care, Squamous cell skin cancer. See Basal/squamous III: 25 cell skin cancer Substance abuse, I: 655 Standardized fertility ratio (SFR), III: 448 Suicide, I: 398, 650, 655â656; IV: 440; V: 447 Standardized incidence ratio (SIR), IV: Surrogate-animal models, V: 24 252â253, 269, 289, 293â294, 328â329, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 336, 357, 365â366, 379 (SEER) program, I: 336, 439â440, 506; Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) II: 205, 213; III: 229, 266, 313; IV: 215, cancer studies, II: 134, 136, 137, 178, 182, 249; VI: 202, 256, 259, 332, 384 183, 191, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200, ICD-9 cancer codes, site groupings for, 201, 202, 204, 206, 269, 270, 271, III: 537â539; IV: 524â526; V: 243, 273, 274; III: 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 531â533; VI: 572â574; VII: 714â716 425, 426, 429; IV: 138, 142, 153; IV: Sweden, I: 8, 9, 13, 37, 322â323, 326â329, 251â253, 268, 292, 302, 327, 332, 341, 344, 350, 356, 375, 443, 444, 447, 346â347, 351â352, 365â366, 372, 379 467, 479, 480, 481, 482â486, 490, 510, role of, I: 229â230; V: 503 528â529, 530â533, 539, 548, 551â553, State governments, I: 60 561, 572â573; II: 138, 183â184, 185, Vietnam veterans epidemiologic studies by, 197, 198, 199, 209, 215, 231, 233, I: 399â405, 495â496; II: 153, 158â159, 235â236, 242â243; III: 226, 228â229, 161, 202, 292; III: 213â215, 243â244; 236, 271â272, 285, 297, 306, 308, 309, V: 126, 188â191; VI: 140â141 310, 314, 315, 317, 319, 325, 338, 340, See also speciï¬c states 349, 353, 358, 363, 372, 484, 515; IV: Statistical association, VI: 12, 22â23; VII: 201, 202, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 34â36 213, 214, 322, 328, 330, 367; V: 117,
854 INDEX 292, 298, 318, 339, 416; VI: 127, 133; animal carcinogenicity studies, I: 138â146, VII: 163, 171 439; III: 394, 396 Cancer Environment Register, III: 224; IV: brain tumors and, I: 525; IV: 352 140; VII: 161 cancer, II: 176; IV: 248â388 passim Cancer Registry, III: 224, 228, 229; IV: 142; carcinogenesis, I: 116â118, 434, 439; III: V: 362 394, 396; IV: 279, 385 Lund University Hospital, III: 229 cardiovascular toxicity, I: 171; IV: 510 National Register of Causes of Death, IV: 141 childhood cancer and, I: 630; IV: 426 Orebro Medical Center Hospital, III: 229 chloracne and, I: 172â174, 678; II: Regional Cancer Registry, II: 138; III: 228, 320â321; III: 480; IV: 8, 17â18, 135, 229 466; V: 479 See also Skaraborg, Sweden; Umea, cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders and, II: Sweden; Uppsala, Sweden 314 SWHS. See Seveso Womenâs Health Study diabetes mellitus, III: 502â503; IV: 488; V: Switzerland, II: 134 492 Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), fetal/infant death and, I: 624; IV: 413 V: 449 gastrointestinal toxicity, I: 169â170, 451; Synchotron infrared spectromicroscopy, V: 59 III: 513â514 Systemic autoimmune disease, I: 697â699 genitourinary tract cancers and, I: 521â522 See also Autoimmune disease; Immune hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 457; IV: 270 system disorders Hodgkinâs disease and, I: 557; IV: 8, 367 Systemic lupus erythematosus, I: 697 immune system disorders and, I: 122, See also Autoimmune disease; Immune 146â151, 699; III: 523â524; IV: 481; V: system disorders 484 lethality, IV: 76, 137 leukemia and, I: 571; IV: 380 T lipid abnormalities, III: 507; IV: 495 liver disease, III: 522â524; IV: 10, 505 2,4,5-T. See 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid motor/coordination dysfunction and, I: 661; T cell function, I: 147â148, 151; II: 3; IV: 62, II: 314 80 multiple myeloma and, I: 563; IV: 374 autoimmunity and, I: 697 nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, I: 460; immune modulation and, I: 694, 695 IV: 275 TCDD and, II: 68â70; IV: 61, 62, 78 neurological disorders and, I: 160â166; III: Vietnam veterans and, I: 698 474, 475; IV: 441â443, 445, 457â459 T-H Agricultural & Nutrition Company, I: 35 non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma and, I: 549; IV: Taiwan, III: 231, 470; VI: 291, 465; VII: 171 8, 116, 358 chloracne as a biomarker in, IV: 464 peripheral neuropathy and, II: 314; IV: Movement Disorders Clinic, National 457â459 Taiwan University Hospital, III: 231 porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 682; II: 323; Tannery workers, I: 486, 514 IV: 468 Tasmania, I: 418, 603; II: 293; III: 244; IV: 246 reproductive disorders and, I: 123â124, TBG. See Thyroxine-binding globulin 156â159, 605, 618, 634; II: 282; III: TCDD. See Serum levels, TCDD; 460â461, 462; IV: 323, 403, 407, 411, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 431 TCDD biologic plausibility, IV: 2, 3, 11â12, respiratory toxicity, I: 170; IV: 475 107, 110, 385â387, 432â435, 515â517; skin cancer and, I: 503; IV: 305â311 VI: 339â341 soft-tissue sarcoma and, I: 500; IV: 8, 116, Ah receptor in, I: 133â138; IV: 25â27, 296 29â30, 42, 47â58, 85â86, 458 See also Ah receptor (AhR); Biologic plausibility; 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD)
INDEX 855 TCP. See 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol Testosterone, I: 123, 157â158; II: 280, 281, TEC. See Toxic equivalent concentration 282; IV: 183, 399â400, 405, 407â408, Tecumseh, Michigan, III: 235, 388 429, 433 TEFs. See Toxic equivalency factors Tetrachlorobenzene, I: 28 TEQ factors. See Dioxin toxic equivalent 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), factors III: 5, 19; IV: 16, 132; V: 1â4, 12, 329, Teratogenicity, I: 57, 62, 606â607 516â518; VI: 1, 3â5, 11â12, 21â22, 2,4-D, I: 180â181 118â119, 165, 201, 276, 436; VII: 31 2,4,5-T, I: 185, 373â374; II: 4 acute toxicity, II: 75â76 cacodylic acid, I: 189; V: 39 adipose tissue effects, VI: 67â68; VII: 89 picloram, I: 192 Ah receptor interaction, I: 3, 114, 118, 122, TCDD, I: 28, 30, 123, 159â160, 185, 368, 123, 133â138, 150, 151, 152, 159â160, 370, 372; III: 461; IV: 29, 53 439, 452â453, 457; II: 3â4, 51â53, viral potential, I: 607 54â56, 57â62, 176; III: 33, 34, 35, 53, See also Birth defects 54, 58â61, 62â69, 129; IV: 25, 26, 30, Testicular cancer, I: 405; VII: 402â407, 711 32, 47â53, 58, 60; V: 52â54; VII: 85â86 biologic plausibility, III: 347; IV: 337; V: animal studies, I: 111â114, 138â142, 477; 327; VI: 284; VII: 406 II: 3â4, 12, 51â77; III: 4â5, 33, 34â36, epidemiologic studies, I: 519; II: 153, 37, 40â43, 54â58, 62â63, 67â69, 227â228; III: 343â346; IV: 336â337, 74â105, 128, 129, 130, 394, 396, 338â339; V: 325â327; VI: 283â286; 460â461, 474, 475, 482, 501, 522â523; VII: 405â406 IV: 26, 53â57, 59, 270, 284, 305, 311, epidemiology, I: 515; II: 223â224; III: 343; 416, 426, 432â435, 458â459, 512; VI: IV: 335 29â30 herbicide association in, I: 13, 521; II: 7, anti-estrogenicity and, I: 512; II: 62; III: 11, 20, 227â228, 249â250; III: 7, 10, 67â69 343â347; IV: 7, 11; V: 324â328 apoptosis of, II: 3, 67; VII: 104 herbicide environmental exposure and, III: autoimmunity and, I: 697â699 344, 345; IV: 336; V: 327; VII: 404, 406 bioavailability, I: 128â129 herbicide occupational exposure and, III: biological consequences of activation, II: 344, 345; IV: 336; V: 326; VII: 403â406 57; III: 61â62 histopathology, I: 513 biomarkers, I: 4, 17, 259â262, 725; II: incidence, data by race, for selected age 101â104; III: 146â147 groups, III: 343; IV: 335; V: 324; VI: birth defects and, V: 439â441 283 bladder cancer association, II: 225â227; III: scientiï¬c literature update, II: 227â228; III: 347â348; IV: 341â342 344, 346; IV: 159, 336â337; V: 325; VI: body burdens, III: 107â108; IV: 478 284 body temperature regulation and, I: 169 studies summary, III: 343â344, 345â346; bone development effects, VI: 69â70; VII: IV: 336, 338â339 89â90 TCDD association with, V: 63; VI: 78â79; bone/joint cancer association, II: 204â205; VII: 106 III: 303; IV: 289 Vietnam veteransâ risk, I: 519, 522; II: 153, brain distribution, I: 160â161 223â224, 227, 228; IV: 338; V: 328; VI: brain tumors association, II: 229, 230; III: 284 357, 358; IV: 351; VII: 114â116 Vietnam veteransâ studies, III: 343â344, breast cancer association, II: 215â217; III: 345â346; IV: 157, 159, 336â337; V: 327, 329; IV: 316â317; V: 65â66, 306; 326â327; VII: 404â406 VII: 109â10 See also Genitourinary cancers carcinogenesis promoter capability, I: 116, Testimony, I: 739â756; II: 343â348; III: 142â143, 434, 439 533â536
856 INDEX carcinogenicity, I: 28â29, 116â118, environmental exposure assessment, 138â146, 439, 451; II: 3, 39â40, 65â68, I: 262â263, 267â270; II: 140â149, 175, 176; III: 265, 394, 396, 430â431; 179â180, 184, 186, 190, 193, 200â201, IV: 60â66, 270, 279; V: 61â63, 75â76; 221, 222, 234, 236, 243; III: 156â157, VI: 76â78; VII: 101â105 232â233, 234, 235â236, 297â298, cardiovascular toxicity, I: 171; II: 76; III: 303; IV: 114â116, 147â150, 254, 269, 74â75; V: 58, 70; VII: 91, 111â113 274â275, 278, 293, 296, 336, 347, 351, cell proliferation capability of, I: 145; II: 3, 357, 379; VI: 177â182, 186â191 67; IV: 60 environmental persistence, I: 288 cellular effects of, V: 4, 56â57 enzyme induction of, II: 3, 66â67 chemical properties, I: 28, 114, 127 estrogen-mediation of carcinogenesis, I: chemical signiï¬cant interactions, II: 64â65; 144â145 III: 69â71 excretion, I: 132â133 chemical structure, I: 125â126; II: 38 exposure assessment issues, II: 4â5, chloracne and, I: 4, 10, 28, 172â173, 262; 104â106; III: 140â142, 144, 157â158, II: 3, 5, 6, 317â321; III: 479â480; IV: 159â161; IV: 122â127, 132; VI: 4â5, 135, 464; V: 56 15, 167â169, 186â191 chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy exposure sources, I: 127 association, V: 465â469 fatty acid biosynthesis and, I: 168â169 circulatory disorders and, I: 701â708; II: female reproductive system/breast cancers 336â337; III: 514, 515â516, 518; IV: and, I: 512; II: 211â213; III: 331, 332; 506â507; V: 503 IV: 315, 316, 322; V: 309 cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders and, II: free radicals, II: 59; III: 64â65 308; V: 449â452 fetotoxicity, VII: 113â114, 117 concerns about, I: 1, 2, 23â24, 28â32, gastrointestinal toxicity, I: 169â170, 35â36; II: 2, 17, 18, 19, 26â27; III: 3â5, 447â452, 690â692; II: 177â181; III: 12, 13, 14 268â272, 511; IV: 251â254, 499â501; corticosteroids and, I: 168, 171â172 VII: 95â96 craniofacial development, VII: 116 gastrointestinal ulcers and, II: 334â335; III: cytochrome P4501A2 and, I: 130, 144â145, 510; V: 501; VI: 72 170, 709; IV: 274, 386 gene modulation, VI: 61â65; VII: 69â83 dermal toxicity, II: 76; III: 73â74; V: 56â57 genotoxicity, I: 118, 143â144; II: 3; V: developmental toxicity, I: 123â124, 149, 48â51; VII: 111â113 156â157, 159â160, 185; II: 3, 41â42, growth factor and, II: 59; VII: 104 71, 72â73; III: 92â105; V: 67â69, half-life, I: 129, 260â261; II: 104â105; III: 72â73; VI: 83â87; VII: 111â117 157â158; IV: 24, 27; V: 44â47; VI: 52; diabetes mellitus and, I: 683; II: 330â331; VII: 66â68 III: 494, 495, 500â501, 502; IV: 483, hepatic enzyme disorders and, I: 155â156, 489; V: 492 685â688, 691â692 dietary signiï¬cant interactions, II: 64 hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 457; II: dioxin categorization, I: 23n, 125 181â187; III: 283â285; V: 263 disease outcomes, V: 69â76 hepatotoxicity, II: 3, 73â75; III: 76â79; V: DNA binding capability and transcription 58â60, 71; VII: 93â95 activation and, II: 56â57; III: 58â61 herbicide contaminant capacity, I: 2, 3, 27, dose-response relationships, I: 111â114, 91â92, 114, 126â127; II: 2, 3, 26; III: 1, 122, 128â129, 130, 137â138, 445, 673, 3, 5, 6, 140â142 696; II: 318 hexachlorophene manufacture and, I: 40; embryological effects, VII: 111 IV: 134â135, 138, 148 endocrine effects, III: 83â84; V: 66â67, H4IIE-luc cells and, III: 107 73â74; VI: 82â83; VII: 110 Hodgkinâs lymphoma and, II: 5, 6, 235, endometriosis and, V: 508â509 236; III: 372â373; IV: 366
INDEX 857 hypoglycemia and, I: 166â168 occupational exposure, I: 36â39, 262â267, immune modulation and, I: 694â696; II: 269â270, 303; II: 108â109, 113â140, 328â329; III: 488, 489, 490, 491; IV: 26 178â179, 190, 191â200, 219â220, 222, immunotoxicity, I: 119â122, 146â151, 338, 232â234, 237â238; III: 153, 154, 155, 477; II: 3, 40â41, 68â71; III: 85â92; IV: 219, 220, 221â222, 223, 224, 284â285, 478â480; V: 61, 74â75; VI: 73â76; VII: 293, 296â297, 303; IV: 111â114, 98â100 134â147, 187â190, 195â196, 251, 257, infertility association, II: 282 259â260, 262, 265, 268, 271, 277, 280, inï¬ammatory responses and, I: 148; VII: 101 282, 284, 289, 290, 292, 306, 312, 318, interactions, signiï¬cant, III: 69â71 341, 343, 346, 348, 353, 359, 374; V: 6; intracellular communication of, II: 3, 67â68 VI: 169â177; VII: 221â232 latency issues, II: 13â14, 269, 270, 272; III: opioid antagonist capacity, I: 164 420, 421, 423, 424, 425, 426, 429, 431 oral administration, I: 128 lethality, III: 71â73; V: 69â70; VI: 67; VII: perinatal death association, II: 285â286 88â89 peripheral neuropathy and, II: 310â311, leukemia association, II: 246; III: 386â388, 314; III: 470â471; IV: 184 390; IV: 379, 426 pharmacokinetics, I: 127â133, 160, lipid abnormalities and, I: 688â690; II: 259â261, 284 333â334; III: 505, 506, 507 porphyria cutanea tarda and, II: 5, 6, liver toxicity, I: 115â116, 124, 138â139, 321â323; III: 481â482; IV: 466â468; V: 142, 143, 151â156, 165â166; II: 42, 59 331â333; III: 509; IV: 27, 268, 269, 499 postnatal steroidogenesis, VII: 113â114 lung cancer and, III: 297â298, 299, 421, potential health risk estimating, II: 63â65; 423; IV: 282â283; V: 277 III: 105â108 mammary gland effects, VI: 81; VII: production of, I: 28, 114 109â110 prostate cancer association, II: 220â223, mechanism of action, animal studies, II: 3, 273, 274, 275; III: 336â337, 425, 426; 54â65; III: 54â58, 62â63, 67â69; IV: IV: 327â328, 329â331; V: 63â64; VI: 28â30; V: 4 79; VII: 107 mechanisms of toxicity, II: 65â77; IV: protein kinases and, II: 60â62; III: 65â67 67â76, 426; V: 47â69; VII: 101â105 protein modulation, V: 48â51; VI: 61â65 metabolism, I: 115â116, 131â133, 155; VII: pulmonary toxicity, V: 58, 71; VII: 92â93 66â68 Qsar model approach, III: 106 mitogenic stimulation, VII: 104â105 Ranch Hand study, II: 109; III: 50, multiple myeloma association, II: 237â238, 146â147; IV: 18 243, 244; III: 378â380, 383; IV: relevance to human health, VI: 93â94 372â373 renal cancer association, II: 225; III: 353; myelogenous leukemia and, VI: 15â16 IV: 346â347 nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, I: 460; renal toxicity, II: 77; III: 75â76 IV: 274â275 reproductive toxicity, I: 123â124, 156â159, neurobehavioral effects, VII: 114â116 368, 371â372, 597, 599, 605; II: 3, neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 649â650, 41â42, 71â72; III: 92â105, 446, 449; 651â652, 656, 657â658; II: 308 IV: 398â438 passim; V: 64â65, 72â73; neurotoxicity, I: 160â166, 642; II: 3, 75; III: VI: 78â81; VII: 106â110 84â85, 469, 470â471; IV: 31; V: 71â72; respiratory cancers and, II: 13â14, 189â203, VI: 72â73; VII: 96â98 269, 270, 272; IV: 282â283; VI: 12 non-Ah-mediated toxicity, I: 138 respiratory disorders and, I: 170, 472, 709â non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma and, I: 8, 9, 710, 712â714; III: 484; IV: 471â474 528â529, 574; II: 5, 6, 231â234; III: sensitivity interspecies and interindividual 364, 429; IV: 357 differences, II: 63â64; III: 108
858 INDEX skin cancer and, I: 141, 142â143, 502â503; Texas, I: 60, 403â404, 696; III: 243; VII: 184 II: 209â211; III: 313â316, 317, 319, TGF. See Transforming growth factor 320, 322; VI: 67â68; VII: 89 Thailand, I: 26, 90 soft-tissue sarcoma and, I: 477, 478, 490, Thompson Chemicals Corporation, I: 35 498â500; II: 5, 6, 205â208; III: 307, Thymus effects, VII: 116â117 308; IV: 292â293; V: 287 See also Endocrine cancers solubility, I: 114, 115â116, 127 Thyroid teratogenicity, I: 28â29, 30, 31, 123, TCDD effects, I: 168â169; IV: 135, 159â160, 185, 368, 370, 372; III: 461 386â387 testicular cancer association, II: 228; III: thyroiditis, I: 697, 698 346; IV: 336; V: 63; VI: 78â79; VII: 106 See also Endocrine cancers thymus effects, VII: 116â117 Thyroid homeostasis, V: 510â514; VI: 40; VII: tissue speciï¬city, II: 64 143, 680â685 tooth development effects, VI: 68â69; VII: biological plausibility, V: 514; VI: 481; VII: 89â90 684 toxic end points, V: 55â69 clinical features, V: 512â513 toxic equivalency factors approach, II: 63; epidemiologic studies, V: 513â514; VI: III: 106, 158, 159; V: 26 478â481 toxic equivalent concentration approach, III: herbicide association in, V: 510â514; VI: 107 479â480; VII: 141, 682â683 toxicity, factors inï¬uencing, II: 63â65; III: scientiï¬c literature review, V: 511â513; VI: 105â108; IV: 83â84 479â480; VII: 682â684 toxicity proï¬le, III: 50â108; VI: 33â34, Vietnam veterans and, V: 514; VI: 480, 481; 89â93 VII: 683â684 toxicity update summary, II: 51â53; IV: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), V: 3â5, 22, 26, 44, 62, 64, 83â86; V: 510â514; VI: 478â479; VII: 55 40â76, 79â81; VII: 62â117 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), V: 510 toxicokinetics, animal studies, II: 3, 53â54; Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), V: 511 III: 4â5, 48; IV: 41â46; V: 41â42; VII: Times Beach, Missouri, I: 40â42, 268, 368â 63â64 370, 693â694; II: 113, 144, 184; III: toxicokinetics, human studies, V: 43â44; 200â201, 234, 283; IV: 115â116, 133, VII: 64â66 148; V: 116, 171â172, 227; VI: 120, uterine effects, VI: 80â81; VII: 108â109 132, 179; VII: 170, 234â235, 756â757 Vietnam amount used, I: 27, 106; II: 26; IV: Tissue distribution, TCDD, I: 129â131, 259 122 TNF. See Tumor necrosis factor Vietnam military exposure, I: 17, 26, Tobacco exposure and use, I: 11, 223, 442, 461, 149â161; II: 21, 22, 181, 185, 187, 190, 463; II: 190â191, 197; III: 299, 377; 201â202, 204, 205, 208, 209, 211, 212, V: 328 226, 276, 308; III: 146, 147, 237, 239, perinatal mortality and, I: 619â620 240, 430â431; IV: 150â160; V: 231â232 respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268; III: Vietnam veteransâ compensation, II: 28â29; 418 III: 26â27 Tollerud, David, III: 25 Vietnamese civilians exposure, II: 108â109, Tongue cancer, VII: 279â281 148; III: 156â157; IV: 116â117, Tonsil cancer, VII: 281â283 148â149 Tooth development effects, VI: 68â69 wasting syndrome, I: 160â161, 162â166; II: Topography, I: 25 76â77; III: 80â83; IV: 25, 31, 57; V: 56; Tordon 75D®, V: 36 VI: 67; VII: 88â89 Tordon 101® See also Herbicides; Serum levels, TCDD; , IV: 117â118 TCDD biologic plausibility See also 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), (2,4-D); Picloram II: 76
INDEX 859 Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs), II: 45, 52, human health relevance, III: 35â36; IV: 43 63; III: 37, 105, 106, 108; IV: 83â84; V: literature update, II: 43â45; III: 36â43 26; VI: 168 mechanisms of toxic action, II: 36, 47â48, See also Dioxin toxic equivalent factors 50, 54â65; III: 33, 38, 44, 47â48, (TEQ) 49â50, 53â71; IV: 24 Toxic equivalent concentration (TEC), III: 105, picloram proï¬le update, II: 51; III: 50 107 studies evaluation, III: 128â129 Toxicity summary, II: 35â37; III: 3â5, 32â36; IV: 2,4-D proï¬le update, II: 46â49; III: 43â47; 24â25 IV: 33â37; V: 76â77; VI: 34â41, 88; TCDD proï¬le update, II: 51â77; III: 50â108 VII: 49â56 toxicity proï¬les update, II: 45â77; III: 2,4,5-T proï¬le update, II: 49â50; III: 47â48; 45â108; V: 76â81 IV: 37â38; V: 77â78; VI: 41, 89 TPA. See 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate cacodylic acid proï¬le update, II: 50â51; III: Trail-Making Test, II: 308 48â50; IV: 38â40; V: 78; VI: 41â43, Transforming growth factor (TGF), I: 145; II: 89â90 59, 74 cardiovascular, VI: 69â70 Tremors. See Motor/coordination dysfunction contributing factors, III: 105â108 TRH. See Thyrotropin-releasing hormone deï¬nition, II: 35 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol (TCP), I: 28; II: 319; III: health risk estimation, III: 105â108 152, 153, 219, 220, 223, 515; IV: 16, liver, VI: 70â72 134, 136, 138, 186, 251, 268, 292, 500; picloram proï¬le update, II: 51; III: 50; IV: V: 104 40â41; V: 79; VI: 43, 90 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), pulmonary, VI: 70 II: 4, 18; III: 5, 19, 218, 219, 220, 223, TCDD proï¬le update, II: 51â77; III: 224, 226, 234; IV: 2, 22, 110, 251, 268, 50â108; IV: 41â81; V: 79â81; VI: 292, 474, 478, 479; V: 1, 3, 12; VI: 1, 3, 44â87, 90â93 11, 20, 118â119, 201, 276, 436; VII: 31 Toxicokinetics, III: 32â36; VI: 34â36 acute toxicity, I: 184 2,4-D, II: 46â47; III: 32â33, 43â44; IV: 24, Agent Orange and, I: 27; II: 26 33; VII: 49â50, 58, 62â66 animal studies, I: 181â185; II: 49â50; III: 2,4,5-T, II: 49; III: 47; IV: 24, 37 47â48, 396, 462; IV: 34, 426, 434â435, cacodylic acid, II: 50; III: 32â33, 48; IV: 458, 459, 512, 517 24, 38â39; VI: 41 birth defects and, II: 287; III: 462; IV: 404, deï¬nition, II: 35 405n; V: 394 literature update, II: 36; III: 36â37 calcium homeostasis and, II: 4 picloram, IV: 24 carcinogenicity, I: 37, 118, 119, 182â184; previous reports summary, II: 38â39 II: 40; III: 396; IV: 387 TCDD, II: 53â54; III: 33, 53, 161; IV: chemical properties, I: 114, 182; II: 38; III: 23â24, 27â28, 41â46, 85â86; VI: 44â55 32 Toxicology, VI: 4â7, 24â25, 33â117; VII: 5â6, chemical structure, I: 111, 114 47â138 chloracne and, I: 36; IV: 135, 500 2,4-D proï¬le update, II: 46â49; III: 43â47 chronic exposure, I: 184 2,4,5-T proï¬le update, II: 49â50; III: 47â48 circulatory disorders and, I: 700â701 cacodylic acid proï¬le update, II: 50â51; III: development of, I: 24, 26, 35, 181; III: 135, 48â50 136, 137, 138, 140 disease outcomes, II: 37, 48â49, 50â51, developmental toxicity, I: 185; II: 42, 65â77; III: 33â35, 38â43, 44â47, 48, 49â50; VII: 57â58 50, 71â105 disease outcomes, III: 48 earlier reports summary, II: 37â42; III: 36; domestic use, I: 181 VI: 34 environmental exposure events, I: 42â43 evaluation issues, III: 108â110 genotoxicity, I: 119, 184
860 INDEX half-life of, II: 4 Ulcers, gastrointestinal, I: 690â692 industrial exposure events, V: 6 epidemiologic studies, II: 334; III: 510â513; infertility and, II: 280â282 IV: 500â504; V: 502 liver toxicity, I: 125; II: 42; III: 524 epidemiology, II: 334; III: 508â509; IV: mechanisms of action, III: 33, 38, 47â48 498â499 mechanisms of toxicity, II: 49â50; VII: 57 herbicide environmental exposure and, V: metabolism, I: 115, 116 501 military applications, I: 26, 88; II: 26 herbicide exposure association with, II: 334; myelotoxicity, IV: 5, 31 III: 510â514; IV: 505 neurobehavioral toxicity, III: 475; VII: herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 56â57 510â512; IV: 500â501; V: 500â501 pharmacokinetics, I: 182 scientiï¬c literature update, II: 334; III: porphyria cutanea tarda and, II: 322 510â513; IV: 500â504; V: 500â501; VI: reproductive toxicity, I: 185; II: 42; III: 462; 465â466 IV: 407, 413, 416, 426, 431, 434â435; Vietnam veterans and, III: 512â513; IV: VII: 57â58 502â505; V: 502 respiratory disorders and, I: 709 See also Metabolic and digestive disorders; suspension of use, I: 1, 39, 42â43, 92, Peptic ulcer disease 181â182 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, V: 290 TCDD contamination of, I: 2, 3, 27, 91, Umea, Sweden, III: 228, 229 114, 126, 182; III: 140 Uniï¬ed Parkinsonâs Disease Rating Scale teratogenicity, I: 30, 92, 373â374 (UPDRS), V: 460â461 toxicity proï¬le update summary, II: 49; IV: Uniroyal Inc., I: 35 22â24, 28â29, 31, 37â41; V: 37â38, Unit Identiï¬cation Code list, VI: 182 77â78; VI: 33â34; VII: 56â58 United Farm Worker (UFW) Study. See toxicokinetics, II: 49; III: 47; VII: 56 California United Farm Workers Study volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, United Kingdom, I: 315â316, 340, 382, 444, data, III: 136 462â463, 464, 477, 479, 537, 565, 595, See also Herbicides; 2,3,7,8-Tetrachloro- 689; II: 194, 196, 269; III: 223, 224, dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) 420; VI: 128, 133; VII: 156, 659 Triglyceride levels, I: 688â689; III: 520â521 England National Cancer Register, III: 232; Trinoxol, I: 91; III: 137; IV: 119 IV: 144; VI: 128 Trivalent monomethylarsonous acid (MMA), herbicide exposure assessment, III: 151; IV: V: 39 139 TSH. See Thyroid-stimulating hormone Parkinsonâs Disease Society Brain Bank, Tuberculosis, I: 711 IV: 445 See also Respiratory disorders See also Scotland; Yorkshire, England Tumor invasion, VII: 105 United Nations, I: 45 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), I: 148; II: 59, 60; United Paperworkers International Union, III: III: 87, 88 232 Twin studies, I: 398â399, 406, 703, 711 Update 1996. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Type 2 Diabetes. See Veterans and Agent Update 1996 Orange: Herbicides/Dioxin Exposure Update 1998. See Veterans and Agent Orange: and Type 2 Diabetes Update 1998 Update 2000. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 U Update 2002. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002 UDP glucuronyl transferase (UGT1), II: 74; Update 2004. See Veterans and Agent Orange: III: 37, 52 Update 2004 Uerdingen, Germany, III: 154; IV: 124
INDEX 861 Update 2006. See Veterans and Agent Orange: US Army Chemical Corps (ACC), I: 13, 15, Update 2006 16â17, 94â95, 272, 273, 286, 394, 470, UPDRS. See Uniï¬ed Parkinsonâs Disease 571, 703â704, 705, 711, 722â725; II: Rating Scale 5, 23, 24, 101, 103, 104, 201â202, 245; Upper Midwest Health Study, VII: 160â161, III: 6, 23, 138â139, 146â147, 241, 272, 731â736 298, 309, 314, 344, 358â359, 385, 389, Uppsala, Sweden, III: 228 485, 512, 517; IV: 120â124, 157, 287; Urinary bladder cancer, VII: 711. V: 10â11, 233â234, 525; VI: 4, 140, See also Bladder cancer and disorders 188, 492; VII: 6, 242â243, 646 Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD), II: US Coast Guard, I: 81 321; III: 480, 481 US Congress, I: 2, 31, 46â52; III: 25â28, 237, Uroporphyrins, increases in, VI: 7 240; VI: 138 US Air Force, I: 81, 113; III: 29, 138, 218, See also Congressional hearings; 237, 239, 339, 513, 517; VI: 24; VII: Legislation 173â181 US Marine Corps, I: 81, 96, 280, 545, 702, 710; Armstrong Laboratory, Population Research II: 185, 201, 226, 244; III: 140; IV: 121; Branch, III: 29 VII: 650 Baseline Morbidity Report, II: 32 non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma in, I: 542, 545, Baseline Mortality Report, 1982, II: 31 546â547 Follow-Up Examination Results, 1985, Vietnam casualties, I: 83 1987, 1992, II: 32 Vietnam veterans studies, III: 241, 242, 283, Human Resources Laboratory records, II: 294, 298, 309, 313, 315, 338, 339, 346, 150, 152; III: 237 348, 365, 373, 380, 485, 489, 512, 517; Military Personnel Center records, II: 151; IV: 287, 298, 339 III: 238; IV: 151; VI: 136 women veterans mortality studies, II: Mortality Updates, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1989, 152â153 1991, II: 32 US Military Assistance Command, III: 138; IV: Reproductive Outcomes, II: 32 119; VI: 183 Serum Dioxin Level Follow-Up US Navy, I: 81, 280â281, 286; II: 185, 228; III: Examination Results, II: 32 339, 344 TCDD half-life investigations, II: 104â105 herbicide use in, I: 95; II: 104; III: 135, Vietnam casualties, I: 83 139, 140 women veterans mortality studies, II: non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma odds ratio in, I: 152â153 542 See also Air Force Health Study (AFHS); Vietnam casualties, I: 83 Operation Ranch Hand women veterans mortality studies, II: US Army, I: 81, 280, 281, 702; II: 140, 185; IV: 152â153 121â122, 126 US Special Forces, I: 286; II: 103â104; III: 138 Army Chemical Corps Vietnam Veterans USDA. See Department of Agriculture, US Health Study proposal, II: 24 USSR, I: 317; III: 224; VII: 156 Army I Corps, IV: 157 See also Russia Environmental Support Group (ESG), II: 152 Utah, I: 560; II: 241 Vietnam casualties, I: 83 Uterine cancer, I: 506; III: 329, 333; V: 312; Vietnam veteran studies, II: 201, 226, 244; VI: 80â81; VII: 386â387 III: 240, 241, 283, 294, 298, 313, 315, herbicide association evidence, I: 13; II: 318, 338, 339, 344, 346, 348, 365, 373, 6, 211, 213; III: 333; IV: 323â324; VI: 380, 485, 512, 517; IV: 21 273; VII: 108â109 women veterans mortality studies, II: See also Reproductive system cancers, 152â153, 201 women See also US Special Forces UV. See Ultraviolet radiation
862 INDEX V childhood cancer studies summary, II: 299; IV: 418, 429; VII: 356â357 Valvular heart disease, VI: 7 chloracne studies summary, II: 318; III: VAO. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Health 479â480; IV: 465; V: 478; VII: 600 Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy Verona, Missouri, II: 128â129; III: 219, 220; studies summary, II: 310; IV: 454 IV: 135, 148; V: 105 circulatory disorders studies summary, II: Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptors, 335â336; III: 514; IV: 506; V: 503; VII: II: 333; III: 503 645 VES. See Vietnam Experience Study cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders studies Veterans. See Foreign veterans; Vietnam summary, II: 307; III: 468â469; IV: veterans; Women veterans 441â442; V: 448â449; VII: 568â569 Veterans Administration. See Department of congressional hearings on Agent Orange, II: Veterans Affairs, US (DVA) 27â28; III: 25 Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Department of Veterans Affairs Task Force, Herbicides Used in Vietnam (VAO), II: II: 4â26; III: 24â25 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 35, 45, 63, 65, 71, diabetes mellitus studies summary, II: 330; 89, 90, 91, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 104, III: 496â497; IV: 482, 487, 488, 490, 107, 112, 132, 176, 179, 180, 181, 187, 492; V: 486; VII: 623 190, 196, 207, 209, 210, 214, 218, 225, endocrine cancers, VII: 434 228, 232, 236, 237, 246, 247, 249, 250, endometriosis, VII: 676 266, 271, 278, 279, 286, 293, 296, 300, eye cancer, VII: 421 305, 312, 323, 328, 357; III: 1, 2, 3, 5, federal government response to concerns 12, 32, 43, 85, 124, 125, 126, 132, 150, over military use of herbicides in 157, 169, 220, 221, 223, 286, 303, 311, Vietnam, II: 27â32; III: 25â30 320, 359, 389, 390, 416, 434, 435, 519, female reproductive cancers studies 522; IV: 5, 156â159; V: 1â2, 12â14, summary, II: 211â212; III: 330â331, 16â18, 20â21, 104; VI: 2â3, 11, 20, 332, 333; IV: 321, 324â325; VII: 33â34, 119, 121â124, 126, 129, 133, 383â384 135; VII: 2, 48, 146â150 gastrointestinal tract tumors studies acute myelogenous leukemia, VII: 491â493 summary, II: 177â178; III: 268, background, II: 17â19; III: 17â23; IV: 15, 274â281; IV: 251, 256; V: 244â245 103â104, 110, 132, 137, 249, 268, 351 gastrointestinal ulcers studies summary, basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies II: 334; III: 510; IV: 500; V: 500; VII: summary, III: 317â318, 321, 323; 641â642 IV: 308, 312â313; V: 295â296; VII: health outcomes conclusions, II: 19â23; III: 366â369 19â20; IV: 11, 18â19, 20, 21, 384, 385, birth defects studies summary, III: 436â439; 414, 465, 467, 471, 513, 514; V: 6â9; IV: 400â401, 404, 435; V: 394; VII: VI: 13â18; VII: 19â20 535â536 hepatobiliary cancers studies summary, III: bladder cancer studies summary, II: 282â283, 287â288; IV: 268, 269; V: 225â226; III: 347â348, 350â351; IV: 259â260 340, 343â345; V: 329; VII: 408 herbicide environmental exposure studies, bone/joint cancer studies summary, II: 204; II: 142â143, 144, 145â146; III: III: 302, 305; IV: 288, 290â291; V: 279; 197â202, 203â205, 275, 277, 279, 281, VII: 392 283, 288, 291, 301, 316, 323, 328, 336, brain tumor studies summary, II: 229; III: 342, 345, 350â351, 354, 369, 382, 392, 356â357, 360, 361; IV: 351, 353â355; 437, 454, 455, 456, 459, 479, 520; IV: V: 339; VII: 425 147â149, 261, 264, 266â267, 271â272, breast cancer studies summary, III: 276, 286, 291 324â326, 328; IV: 314â315, 319â320; V: 301; VII: 372â373
INDEX 863 herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies 114, 115â116, 117â118, 119â120, 121â summary, III: 290, 291; IV: 274; V: 265, 126; III: 170â174, 176â178, 180â182, 274; VII: 267â268 183â185, 188â196, 274â275, 276â277, neuroblastoma, V: 426 278â279, 280, 282â283, 286, 291, 294, next edition of, VI: 94 300â301, 305, 310, 312, 316, 317, 321, non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma studies summary, 323, 324â326, 328, 332, 333, 335â336, II: 231â232; III: 362â363, 367â369, 345, 350, 354, 360, 367â369, 374â376, 370â371; IV: 356, 360â363; V: 344; 381â382, 391â392, 454, 455, 456, VII: 444 459, 496, 520; IV: 137, 139, 140â142, parkinsonism, VII: 571â572 144â146, 257â261, 263, 265â266, 271, perinatal death studies summary, II: 285; 276, 280, 285, 290 III: 451, 454, 455, 456; IV: 412; VII: Hodgkinâs disease studies summary, II: 235; 530 III: 372, 374â375, 376; IV: 365, 368; V: peripheral neuropathy studies summary, III: 356; VII: 458 470â471, 473; IV: 454; VII: 586â589 immune system disorders, studies summary, porphyria cutanea tarda studies summary, II: 327; III: 488â489; IV: 477; V: 484; II: 321â322; III: 481â482; IV: 467; V: VII: 618 479; VII: 603 impact of report, II: 24â26; III: 23â25 prostate cancer studies summary, III: infertility studies summary, II: 280; III: 335â336, 341, 342; IV: 327, 333â335; 445â446, 450; IV: 406, 409; VII: 518 V: 317â318; VII: 389â398 laryngeal cancer studies summary, III: 293, renal cancer studies summary, II: 224; III: 294; IV: 277, 280; V: 268â269; VII: 326 352â353, 354, 355; IV: 346, 349â350; legislation on Agent Orange, II: 28â29; III: VII: 415 26â27 research recommendations, II: 23â24; III: leukemia studies summary, II: 245; III: 23; IV: 21 385â386, 391â392; IV: 378â379, 381, respiratory disorders studies summary, II: 383; V: 368; VII: 476 324â325; III: 483; IV: 471; V: 481; VII: lipid abnormalities studies summary, II: 605 333; III: 504, 520, 521; IV: 483; VII: sex ratios of offspring, IV: 429â430; V: 433 633 skin cancer studies summary, III: 312; IV: liver toxicity studies summary, II: 332; III: 299â314; VII: 355â356, 366â369 510; IV: 500; VII: 641â642 soft-tissue sarcomas studies summary, low birthweight studies summary, III: II: 205â206; III: 306â308; IV: 292, 456â457, 459; IV: 399, 400, 412; V: 297â299; V: 283; VII: 347 423; VII: 532 spontaneous abortion studies summary, II: lung cancer studies summary, III: 296, 283; IV: 410; V: 410; VII: 525â526 300â301; IV: 281, 285â286; V: 273; summary of, II: 37â42 VII: 331 testicular cancer, VII: 402 melanoma studies summary, III: 313â314, toxicology, overview, III: 36; IV: 22, 38, 41; 316, 317; IV: 302, 306; V: 290; VII: V: 30â31; VI: 33 355â356 Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicides/Dioxin metabolic and digestive disorders, studies Exposure and Acute Myelogenous summary, II: 330, 332, 333, 334; IV: Leukemia in the Children of Vietnam 500; VII: 641â642 Veterans, V: 2, 13, 14, 16â17, 21; VI: 2, motor/coordination dysfunction studies 12, 16; VII: 19â20 summary, II: 309; III: 469â470; IV: Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicides/Dioxin 443â444 Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes, IV: multiple myeloma studies summary, III: 1, 10â11, 16, 104; V: 2, 12â13, 16, 377â378, 381â382; IV: 372, 375â376; 486â487; VI: 2, 12, 15, 135; VII: 19â20 V: 362; VII: 466
864 INDEX Veterans and Agent Orange: Length of gastrointestinal ulcers studies summary, III: Presumptive Period for Association 510; IV: 500; V: 500 Between Exposure and Respiratory health outcomes conclusions, III: 19â20; Cancer, VI: 12, 27, 135; VII: 19â20 VI: 13â18; VII: 19â20 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996, III: hepatobiliary cancers studies summary, III: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 32, 37, 43, 44, 50, 85, 282â283, 287â288; IV: 267â272; V: 106, 109, 125, 126, 132, 150, 157, 159, 259â260 169, 220, 221, 222, 223, 266, 286, 295, herbicide environmental exposure studies, 298, 303, 309, 311, 319, 320, 339, 349, III: 197, 201, 203, 275, 277, 279, 283, 359, 389, 390, 416, 417â418, 424, 426, 288, 323, 328, 336, 342, 345, 354, 369, 428, 434, 435, 444, 458, 519, 522, 533; 375, 382, 392; IV: 147, 149 IV: 1; V: 2, 12â14, 16â18; VI: 2, 11, herbicide occupational exposure studies, 33â34, 121â129, 133, 135; VII: 2 III: 170, 172, 174, 175â176, 179, 183, background, III: 17â23; IV: 15â21, 110, 186â187, 274, 276, 278, 280, 282â283, 132, 137, 247, 251 286, 291, 294, 300, 305, 316, 317, 321, basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies 324â326, 328, 332, 333, 335â336, 345, summary, III: 317â318, 321, 323; IV: 350, 354, 360, 367, 374, 381, 391, 496; 308â314; V: 295â296 IV: 135â137, 140â142, 144 birth defects studies summary, III: 436â439; Hodgkinâs disease studies summary, III: IV: 400â401, 435; V: 394 373, 374, 375, 376; IV: 364â371; V: 356 bladder cancer studies summary, III: impact of report, III: 23â25 347â348, 350; IV: 330â345; V: 329 infertility studies summary, III: 445â446; bone/joint cancer studies summary, III: 302, IV: 406â408 305; IV: 287â291; V: 279 laryngeal cancer studies summary, III: 293, brain tumor studies summary, III: 356â357, 294; IV: 277â281; V: 268â269 360, 361; IV: 350â355; V: 339 legislation on Agent Orange, III: 26â27 breast cancer studies summary, III: leukemia studies summary, III: 385â386, 324â326, 327, 328; IV: 314â320; V: 301 391, 392; IV: 377â383; V: 368 childhood cancers, IV: 418 lipid abnormalities studies summary, III: chloracne studies summary, III: 479â480; 504; IV: 493 IV: 465; V: 478 liver disorders studies summary, III: 510; circulatory disorders studies summary, III: IV: 500 514; IV: 506; V: 503 low birthweight studies summary, III: cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders studies 456â457; IV: 412; V: 423 summary, III: 468â469; IV: 441â442; V: lung cancer studies summary, III: 296, 298, 448â449 300; IV: 281â287; V: 273 congressional hearings on Agent Orange, melanoma studies summary, III: 313â314, III: 25 316, 317; IV: 302â308; V: 290 Department of Veterans Affairs Task Force, motor/coordination dysfunction studies III: 24â25 summary, III: 469â470; IV: 444 diabetes mellitus studies summary, III: 496; multiple myeloma studies summary, III: IV: 482â483, 490; V: 486 377â378, 381, 382; IV: 371â377; V: 362 federal government response to concerns nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies over military use of herbicides in summary, III: 290, 291; IV: 273â276; V: Vietnam, III: 25â30 265 female reproductive system cancers studies non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma studies summary, summary, III: 330â331, 332, 333; IV: III: 362â363, 367, 369, 370; IV: 321â326; V: 310 355â364; V: 344 gastrointestinal tract tumors studies pancreatic cancer, IV: 264â267 summary, III: 268, 274â281; IV: perinatal death studies summary, III: 451; 257â264; V: 244â245 IV: 412
INDEX 865 peripheral neuropathy studies summary, III: hepatobiliary cancers studies summary, IV: 470â471, 473; IV: 18 267â272; V: 259â260 porphyria cutanea tarda studies summary, Hodgkinâs disease studies summary, IV: III: 481â482; IV: 467; V: 479 364â371; V: 356 prostate cancer studies summary, III: infertility studies summary, IV: 406â408 335â336, 341, 342; IV: 326â335; V: laryngeal cancer studies summary, IV: 317â318 277â281; V: 268â269 renal cancers studies summary, III: leukemia studies summary, IV: 377â383; V: 352â353, 354, 355; IV: 345â350 368 research recommendations, III: 23 low birthweight studies summary, IV: 412; respiratory disorders studies summary, III: V: 423 483; IV: 471â472; V: 481 lung cancer studies summary, IV: 281â287; sex ratios of offspring, IV: 429â430; V: 433 V: 273 skin cancer, IV: 299â301 melanoma studies summary, IV: 302â308; soft-tissue sarcoma studies summary, III: V: 290 306â308; IV: 291â299; V: 283 mortality in, IV: 254 testicular cancer studies summary, III: multiple myeloma studies summary, IV: 343â344, 345; IV: 335â339; V: 325 371â377; V: 362 toxicology, overview, III: 36; IV: 22; V: nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies 30â31; VI: 33 summary, IV: 273â276; V: 265 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998, non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma studies summary, V: 2, 12â14, 16â18; VI: 2, 11, 33â34, IV: 355â364; V: 344 121â129, 133, 135; VII: 2 occupational exposure, IV: 135â137, Australian Veterans, IV: 159 139â142, 144 background of, IV: 1, 3, 8â10, 110, 132, Operation Ranch Hand, IV: 150, 152 247, 251, 399â400 pancreatic cancer, IV: 264â267 basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies prostate cancer studies summary, IV: summary, IV: 308â314; V: 295â296 326â335; V: 317â318 birth defects studies summary, IV: 400â401, quantitative structure-activity relationship 435; V: 394 (QSAR) models, V: 27 bladder cancer studies summary, IV: renal cancers studies summary, IV: 345â350 330â345; V: 329 sex ratios of offspring, IV: 429â430; V: 433 bone/joint cancer studies summary, IV: skin cancer, IV: 299â301 287â291; V: 279 soft-tissue sarcoma studies summary, IV: brain tumor studies summary, IV: 350â355; 291â299; V: 283 V: 339 spontaneous abortion, IV: 408â412; V: 410 breast cancer studies summary, IV: testicular cancer studies summary, IV: 314â320; V: 301 335â339; V: 325 childhood cancers, IV: 418, 426 toxicology overview, IV: 22; V: 30â31; VI: cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders studies 33 summary, V: 448â449 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000, V: Department of Veterans Affairs and, IV: 2, 12â18, 21, 103; VI: 2, 11, 21, 33â34, 157â158 58, 121â126, 129; VII: 2 environmental exposure, IV: 148â149 amyloidoisis, VII: 473 epidemiology, IV: 257 basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies female reproductive system cancers studies summary, IV: 308â314; V: 295â296 summary, IV: 321â326; V: 310 birth defects studies summary, V: 394 gastrointestinal tract tumors studies bladder cancer studies summary, V: 329 summary, IV: 257â264; V: 244â245 bone/joint cancer studies summary, V: 279 health outcomes conclusions; VI: 13â18; brain tumor studies summary, V: 339 VII: 19â20
866 INDEX breast cancer studies summary, IV: Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004, VII: 314â320; V: 301 2, 19â22, 580â581 carcinogenicity, V: 37 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006, VII: cell stress responses, V: 34 30-34, 40â41, 139â208 cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders studies herbicide environmental exposure studies, summary, V: 449â450 VII: 141â143, 145â146, 148 developmental toxicity, V: 35â36 herbicide occupational exposure studies, disease outcomes, V: 34â37 VII: 141, 144â145, 147 energy metabolism, V: 33â34 Veteransâ beneï¬ts. See Compensation, veterans female reproductive system cancers studies Veteransâ compensation. See Compensation, summary, V: 310 veterans gastrointestinal tract tumors studies Veteransâ Dioxin and Radiation Exposure summary, V: 244â245 Compensation Standards Act of 1984. genotoxic effects, V: 33 See Public Law 98-542 health outcomes conclusions, VI: 13â18; Veteransâ Education and Beneï¬ts Expansion VII: 19â20 Act of 2001. See Public Law 107-103 Hodgkinâs disease studies summary, V: 356 Veteransâ Health Care, Training, and Small immunotoxicity, V: 37 Business Loan Act of 1981. See Public laryngeal cancer studies summary, V: Law 97-72 268â269 Veteransâ Health Care Eligibility Reform Act of leukemia studies summary, V: 368 1996. See Public Law 104-262 lung cancer studies summary, V: 273 Veteransâ Health Programs Extension and mechanisms of toxic action, V: 33â34 Improvement Act of 1979, III: 240 melanoma studies summary, V: 290 Veteransâ service organizations, VI: 20 mitochondrial function, V: 33â34 Vibrotactile abnormalities, V: 466, 468 multiple myeloma studies summary, V: 362 Vietnam, III: 533; VI: 134, 181â182; VII: nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies 170â171, 172â186 summary, V: 265 herbicide latency issues, methodology, II: neuroblastoma, V: 426 13; III: 12â14 neurotoxicity, V: 35 herbicide targeting in, I: 99â106; IV: non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma studies summary, 116â117 V: 344 herbicide use in, concerns about, I: 29â32, parkinsonism, V: 453, 460 45; II: 1, 2, 4, 11, 17, 18, 26; III: 1, 2, 5, prostate cancer studies summary, IV: 12, 13, 17, 18, 25; V: 3, 30â31, 229â232 326â335; V: 317â318 research in, I: 30â31 reproductive toxicity, V: 35â36 troop movements in, I: 52â53, 96, 287 respiratory disorders studies summary, V: US casualties in, I: 82â83 481 US involvement, I: 75â76, 84 sex ratios of offspring, V: 433 US military herbicide use in, I: 1, 3, 24, soft-tissue sarcoma studies summary, V: 283 27, 84â85, 89â93, 94â96, 98â107, 286; testicular cancer studies summary, V: 325 II: 17, 18, 26, 27â32; III: 135â142; V: thyroid hormones, V: 34 116â117; VI: 120 toxicology overview, V: 30â31 See also Ca Mau peninsula; Con Thieu Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002, VI: province, Vietnam; Hanoi, Vietnam; Ho 2, 5â7, 11, 33â37, 43, 51, 55, 58â60, Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Khe Sanh- 66â73, 83â84, 88â92, 118, 121â126, Thonh Son Lam area; Mekong Delta; 129â130, 135; VII: 2, 580â581 Rung Sat Special Zone; Vietnamese health outcomes conclusions, VI: 11â18; Vietnam Experience Study (VES), III: 26, 240, VII: 19â20, 487, 580â581 512; VI: 139, 186; VII: 651 toxicology overviews, VI: 33, 37 birth defects in offspring, II: 288, 289, 290; III: 436, 438, 439, 445
INDEX 867 cancer mortality in, I: 444â445 autoimmune disease in, I: 698, 699 childhood cancer in, I: 629; II: 300 basal/squamous cell skin cancer in, III: 323; chloracne in, I: 677 IV: 309â310; V: 298, 300; VI: 265; VII: circulatory disorders in, I: 702 369â370 exposure assessment use, II: 101; III: 146 birth defects in children of, I: 609â615, hepatobiliary cancers, II: 185; III: 283 618; II: 288â296, 298, 300; III: 435, Hodgkinâs disease in, I: 556 436, 437â438; IV: 7, 402; V: 402â403; immune system disorders in, I: 696 VI: 365; VII: 539â541, 543 infertility in, II: 280 bladder cancer in, I: 517; II: 223â224; III: liver cancer in, I: 455 349, 351; IV: 7, 342; V: 332, 333; VI: low birthweight outcomes in, I: 626 292; VII: 411â413 lung cancer in, I: 469 bone/joint cancer in, I: 473, 474â475; II: methodology, I: 57â58, 281, 284, 389â391 204; III: 303, 305; IV: 7, 289; V: 281; multiple myeloma, II: 244 VI: 245; VII: 344â345 neonatal death in, I: 622 brain tumors in, I: 522, 523, 525; III: neurologic/neuropsychiatric outcomes in, I: 358â359, 361; IV: 7, 352; V: 342, 343; 656 VI: 302; VII: 429â432 non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma in, I: 542â543 breast cancer in, II: 213, 217, 218; III: 326, origins, I: 50 328, 329; IV: 7, 316; V: 304, 309; VI: reproductive outcomes in, I: 601, 609, 270; VII: 376â377, 379 610â611, 626, 632 cancer expected incidence, I: 439â440, respiratory cancer in, II: 201 442, 446, 452, 461, 501, 505, 513, 522, respiratory disorders in, I: 710â711 526, 564; II: 176â177; III: 266â267, spina biï¬da in offspring, II: 9; IV: 8 430â431; IV: 249â250 Vietnam herbicides used by military, II: 26â27; cancer in children of, I: 629, 630â631; II: VI: 182â186 299; IV: 7, 420â422; V: 430â431; VII: Vietnam Veteran Agent Orange Health Study, 550â552 I: 741 cancer mortality, I: 444â445 Vietnam veterans, I: 1; II: 2; V: 20â21; VI: 2, 5, cancer studies, I: 391â393, 401, 402â403, 10, 491â493; VII: 148â149, 763â777 405, 436â438; II: 176â177; III: acute and subacute transient peripheral 266â267, 430â431; VII: 149 neuropathy, II: 313; III: 473; IV: 6, 459 cancers of the digestive organs, VII: 286 acute myelogenous leukemia, VII: 493â494 cancers of the eye and orbit, VII: 422â423 advocacy groups, I: 60â61 cardiovascular ï¬ndings, VII: 148 Air Force research activities, II: 31â32; chloracne in, I: 677â679; II: 317, 318, 321; III: 28â29; IV: 13, 42â43, 150â156, III: 479â480; IV: 6, 135, 485; V: 479; 160â161 VI: 438 altered sperm parameters in, I: 632, 634; chronic lymphocytic leukemia, VII: 489 III: 445, 446, 450; IV: 7 chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy in, amyloidosis, IV: 7; V: 507; VI: 473 II: 311; IV: 7, 456 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, VI: 422 circulatory disorders in, I: 702â705; II: 336; Australian, I: 61, 91, 406, 418, 444, 470, III: 516â518; IV: 7, 508â509; VI: 471; 496â497, 546, 614â615, 633, 702, VII: 646â654, 666â669 710; II: 113, 149, 160, 202, 293; III: class action suit, I: 34â35 9, 216â217, 218, 237, 244â245, 273, cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders in, II: 285â286, 290, 294, 295, 298, 299, 303, 318; III: 469; IV: 7, 443; V: 449â451 310, 311, 314, 315, 327, 329, 339, 340, colon cancer in, V: 252; VII: 303â304 343, 346, 349, 353, 355, 359, 365, 380, colorectal cancer, VII: 309 389, 413, 424, 425, 469, 486, 489, 500, compensation for, I: 34â35, 47, 50â51, 506, 512â513, 517; IV: 9, 10, 159â160, 55â56; II: 28â29, 30â31; III: 26â27, 28 322â333, 402, 421â422; VI: 141; VII: congressional responses to concerns of, I: 775â777 46â52; II: 27â29; III: 25â28
868 INDEX deï¬ning, I: 78 255, 269, 275, 278, 283, 294â295, demographics, I: 79, 80â84 303â304, 309â310, 316, 322â323, 329, developmental toxicity, II: 72 336â337, 342, 347, 357â358, 366â367, diabetes mellitus in, I: 684, 685, 698; II: 373, 380, 402, 411, 420â422, 474, 330; III: 495, 497, 498, 500, 502; IV: 485â487, 494, 502â504, 508â509; V: 6, 485â487; V: 489â490, 491; VI: 177â193; VI: 132â133, 551â568; VII: 450â455; VII: 148â149, 626â630 240â247 disabilities discharges, I: 32 esophageal cancer, VII: 290 disease increased risk for, I: 14â15, 221, exposure assessment, I: 234â235; VI: 225â226, 247â248, 578; II: 14, 22â23, 17â18, 186â191 88, 89, 91, 218, 223, 251, 276, 298, federal government activities/research on 300â301, 314, 321, 323; III: 14â15, military use of herbicides, II: 27â32; III: 22â23, 124, 127â128, 329, 334, 343, 25â30 397, 430â431, 444, 462, 475â476, 491, female reproductive system cancers in, I: 503, 507â508, 525; IV: 12, 256, 270, 505, 511â512, 577; II: 211, 212; III: 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305â306, 311, 333; IV: 7, 322â323; V: 311, 312, 313, 318, 323â324, 332, 338, 343, 348, 353, 314â315; VI: 275 359, 367, 374, 381, 403, 407, 411â412, gastrointestinal disorders in, I: 691, 692; III: 413, 417, 426, 466, 468, 475, 489, 495, 512â513; IV: 502â504; V: 502; VI: 466 505, 510, 513; V: 246, 264, 268, 272, gastrointestinal tract cancers in, I: 446; II: 278, 282, 287, 295, 300, 309, 316, 324, 177, 180â181; IV: 7, 255; V: 245â246; 328, 333, 338, 343, 355, 361, 366, 372, VI: 220 376, 405, 409, 420â421, 422, 425, 432, genitourinary tract cancers in, I: 513, 518, 441, 472, 479, 480, 483, 485, 492, 498, 522; II: 223â224; III: 272â273, 275, 502, 506, 510, 518â519; VI: 221, 226, 277â278, 279, 281; IV: 7, 342 230, 234, 241, 245, 251, 261, 265, 270, health care of, II: 28, 29; III: 26, 27 275, 283, 284, 292, 296, 302, 312, 319, health concerns of, I: 1, 32â34, 46â47; II: 325, 333, 337, 341, 365, 372, 378, 379, 17â24, 26â27; III: 17â30 383, 398, 410, 420, 422, 429, 430â431, hepatic enzyme disorders in, I: 687 438, 440, 443, 448, 456, 463, 466, 471, hepatobiliary cancers in, I: 455, 457; II: 473, 478, 481 181, 185, 187; III: 283, 285â286, distribution by branch of service, I: 81 288; IV: 7, 269; V: 264; VI: 226; VII: endocrine cancers, VII: 437, 441â442 316â317 endometriosis in, VI: 478 herbicide exposure assessment issues, II: Environmental Protection Agency research 4â5, 14, 17â24, 26â27; III: 2, 5â6, 142, activities, II: 32; III: 29â30 143, 146â150; IV: 122â127; V: 28 epidemiologic studies, I: 50, 57â59, 62â63, herbicide exposure assessment strategies 384â418; II: 3, 6â7, 28, 113, 149â161; for, I: 270â284; II: 99â109; III: 144â145 III: 26, 206â217, 236â245, 272â273, Hodgkinâs disease in, I: 526, 554â556, 557; 275, 277â278, 279, 281, 283, 285â286, II: 235, 236; III: 372, 373, 376; IV: 6, 288, 290, 291, 294â295, 298, 301, 303, 366â367; V: 359â360, 361; VI: 319; 305, 309â310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, VII: 462â465 328, 333, 336, 338, 339, 340, 342, immune modulation in, I: 695â696, 699; 343â344, 345â346, 349, 351, 353, 355, III: 489, 491 358â359, 361, 363, 365, 370â371, 372, immune system disorders, VI: 448; VII: 619 373, 376, 380, 382, 385, 386, 389, 392, individual exposures, VI: 18 435, 436, 437â438, 445, 446, 450, 454, infertility, I: 632, 633, 634; II: 280; III: 445, 455, 456, 457, 459, 467, 468, 469, 470, 446, 450; IV: 7; VI: 372; VII: 521, 523 473, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485â486, 489, International Agency for Research on 491, 495, 497, 498, 500, 502, 505â506, Cancer research activities, III: 30 512â513, 516â518, 521; IV: 150â160, kidney cancer in, VI: 286; VII: 418â420
INDEX 869 laryngeal cancer in, III: 294â295; IV: 6, 9, outreach activities, II: 31; III: 28 (See 278; V: 272; VI: 234; VII: 328â329 also Air Force Health Study [AFHS]; latency relevance for assessing herbicides Compensation, veterans; Demographic effect on cancer risk in, II: 276; III: data, Vietnam veterans; Operation 12â13, 430â431 Ranch Hand; Risk assessment) legislation concerning herbicide exposure ovarian cancer, VII: 388 and health of, II: 28â29; III: 26â27 pancreatic cancer in, V: 258â259; VII: leukemia in, I: 13, 564, 570, 571â572; II: 321â324 245, 246; III: 385, 386, 389, 392; IV: 7, parkinsonism in, II: 309â310; VI: 420 380; V: 371; VI: 333, 337; VII: 482â484 perinatal deaths in offspring, II: 285; III: lip cancer, VII: 278 454, 455, 456; IV: 7; VI: 379 lipid abnormalities in, I: 689, 692; II: 333; peripheral nervous system disorders in, I: III: 505â506, 521; IV: 7, 494; VI: 463; 665, 666; II: 311, 313; III: 473, 475; IV: VII: 148, 635â637 6, 7, 456; VI: 429 liver toxicity in, II: 332; III: 512â513; IV: porphyria cutanea tarda in, I: 681, 682â683; 502â504; VII: 643 II: 321â322, 323; III: 481, 482; IV: 6, 8; low birthweight outcomes for, I: 626, 628; V: 480; VI: 440 III: 457, 459; IV: 7; V: 423â424, 425; prostate cancer in, I: 513, 518, 519, 522; VI: 383; VII: 534 II: 9, 217â218, 221, 223; III: 336, 338, lung cancer in, III: 298, 301; IV: 6, 283; V: 339, 340, 342; IV: 6, 8, 10, 329; V: 278; VI: 240; VII: 336â340 321, 322; VI: 281, 283; VII: 143, 148, melanoma in, III: 316, 317; IV: 303â304; V: 393â395, 399â401 288, 289, 292, 293â294; VI: 256â259; records-based exposure assessment, I: VII: 359â363 271â280; IV: 121â126 military experiences, I: 75, 82, 272, 286, records identiï¬cation, II: 24â25 399 rectal cancer in, V: 256; VII: 307â308 mortality, VII: 149 renal cancers in, III: 352, 353, 355; IV: 7, motor/coordination dysfunction in, I: 347; VI: 296 659â660, 662; II: 309, 310; III: 469, reproductive outcomes, I: 405â406, 418, 470; IV: 7, 448 601â603, 609â615, 618, 620â622, 625; multiple myeloma in, I: 526, 562, 563; II: II: 71, 278, 300â301; III: 435, 436, 244; III: 380, 382; IV: 6, 10, 373; V: 437â438, 445, 446, 450, 454, 455, 456, 365; VI: 325; VII: 469â472 457, 459; IV: 7, 402; VI: 398 nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer in, I: 459, 460; research recommendations, II: 23â25; III: II: 189; III: 290, 291; IV: 7, 275; V: 23; V: 523â525 268; VI: 229â230; VII: 272â275 respiratory cancers in, I: 469â470, 472; II: National Personnel Records Center listing, 190, 201â202, 203; IV: 6, 283 I: 17 respiratory disorders in, I: 710â712, neural tube defects in offspring, numbers, 713â714; III: 485â486; IV: 7, 474; V: II: 297; IV: 7, 18, 404â405; V: 16 483; VI: 443; VII: 610â615 neurobehavioral disorders in, II: 305, 308, risk assessment for, I: 14â15, 221, 225â226, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314; III: 467, 468; 247â248, 578; II: 14, 22â23, 89, 91, IV: 457â459; V: 472; VI: 410 251, 276, 298, 300â301, 314, 321, neuropsychiatric outcomes, I: 653â656, 323, 349â357; III: 14â15, 22â23, 124, 658; II: 308; III: 469; IV: 443; VI: 127â128, 430â431; IV: 20, 105â108; V: 430â431 7, 9â10, 23; VI: 9â10, 221 non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma in, I: 526, serum testing, I: 20â21 541â548, 549; II: 234; III: 363, 365, skin cancer in, I: 501, 505; II: 209; III: 370â371; IV: 6, 357â358; V: 348â350, 312; IV: 7, 301; VI: 256â259, 265; VII: 354, 355; VI: 312; VII: 451â453, 456 359â363 number of, I: 3, 4, 74, 75â80
870 INDEX soft-tissue sarcoma in, I: 475, 492â498, herbicide environmental exposure, II: 500; II: 205, 208; III: 309â310; IV: 6, 144â145, 148, 287â288; III: 283; VII: 294â295; V: 286â287; VI: 251; VII: 236â237, 757â758 351â353 herbicide exposure assessment, I: 269, 370â South Koreans, I: 61â62; VI: 1, 6â7, 372; II: 4â5, 108â109; III: 156â157; IV: 188â189 116â117; V: 3, 229 spina biï¬da in offspring, II: 9â10, 296, herbicide exposure indices development, II: 298, 301; III: 7, 8, 9â10, 21, 24â25, 107â108 437â438; IV: 7, 10, 18, 402 reproductive outcomes, I: 599â601, spontaneous abortions in, I: 601â603, 605; 608â609; IV: 148â149 II: 283; IV: 7, 411; V: 420â421; VI: research recommendations, I: 731; V: 11, 378; VII: 528â529 526; VI: 10, 491â493; VII: 703 state-sponsored studies of, II: 152â153, scientists in, studies of Vietnamese veterans, 158â159, 161, 202, 292; III: 213â215, III: 245; VI: 493 243â244; IV: 158â159 Vietnamese Veterans, IV: 160; VII: 186 stomach cancer in, V: 249; VII: 295â298 Viral infection suicide incidence, I: 655â656 immune system response, I: 692â693 testicular cancer in, II: 153; III: 343â344, TCDD-enhanced susceptibility, I: 149 345â346; IV: 7, 336â337; V: 326â327; teratogenic potential, I: 607 VI: 284; VII: 404â406 See also Immune system disorders thyroid homeostasis, VI: 481; VII: 683â684 Vitamin A, I: 174 tongue cancer, VII: 280 VLDL. See Very low density lipoprotein twin studies, I: 398â399, 406, 703, 711 receptors uterine cancer, VII: 386â387 Vietnamese veterans, Vietnamese studies of, III: 245 W women, I: 50, 83â84; II: 152â153, 180, 181, 190, 201, 204, 205, 209, 211, 212, WAIS. See Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales 213, 216â217, 218, 223, 226, 228, 229, Wales. See United Kingdom 231, 245, 278, 280; III: 326â329, 333, Walking abnormalities. See Motor/coordination 434â435; IV: 316 dysfunction Vietnam veteransâ exposure studies, II: 154, War Research Service, I: 25 156â157, 158â159; III: 206â209, 210â Washington, D.C., II: 343; III: 533; V: 5, 400 217, 275, 278, 279, 281, 283, 288, 291, Washington state, I: 336â338, 341, 487â488, 305, 310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, 328, 535; II: 149, 241; III: 229, 230, 232, 336, 342, 345â346, 351, 355, 370â371, 234; IV: 149, 215; V: 117; VI: 129, 133 376, 382, 437â438, 450, 454, 455, 456, Waste incineration workers, V: 6; VII: 226â227 459, 497, 521; IV: 150, 156â158, 262, Wasting syndrome, TCDD-induced, I: 162â166; 264, 272â273, 276â277; V: 118â127, II: 76â77; III: 80â83; IV: 25, 31, 57, 76; 232â235; VI: 134â142, 181â187 V: 56; VI: 67â68; VII: 88â89 Vietnam veteransâ increased disease risk, II: Weakness. See Motor/coordination dysfunction 22â23; III: 22â23 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS), I: Vietnam Veterans of America, I: 60 641; V: 450â451 Vietnamese Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), V: 450â451 birth defects and herbicide exposure, II: West Germany, II: 328â329; III: 223, 337, 379, 287â288; V: 394, 400 387, 483, 506, 511, 515 cancer in, II: 148; III: 283 West Virginia, I: 60, 404, 470, 496, 546, 621, epidemiologic studies, I: 599â601; II: 113, 662â663, 686, 689, 700; II: 202; III: 144â145, 148, 184, 287â288; III: 202, 243; IV: 364, 371; VII: 184 234, 283; V: 172â173 See also Nitro, West Virginia Western Europe, II: 268; III: 510
INDEX 871 WHO. See World Health Organization mortality studies, I: 394â395, 470, 545; II: Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT), V: 152â153, 180, 201 450â452 reproductive outcomes, III: 434â435; IV: Wilmâs tumor, I: 594; V: 334; VI: 292 399â400; V: 5 See also Children, cancer in; Kidney cancer reproductive system cancers in, II: 211, Wisconsin, I: 37, 60, 336, 404â405, 445, 455, 212; III: 333; IV: 320â326; V: 314â316 470, 496, 517, 523, 534, 546, 556, 560, research recommendations, I: 728 702, 710; II: 185, 202, 226, 229, 239, spontaneous abortions, VII: 528â529 241; III: 229, 243, 283, 313, 348; IV: statistics, I: 83â84 259, 262, 264, 267, 272, 291, 299, 301, See also Reproductive system cancers, 335, 339, 345, 350, 355, 361, 363â364, women 371, 375; VII: 184, 652 Women Veterans Health Programs Act of 1992. WMS. See Wechsler Memory Scale See Public Law 102-585 Women. See Breast cancer; Cervical cancers; World Health Organization (WHO), II: 282; III: Demographic data, Vietnam veterans; 30, 454, 492; IV: 413, 415; V: 372, 422; Gender; Ovarian cancer; Reproductive VI: 37, 334, 379 disorders; Reproductive system cancers, TEF factors, V: 26â27 women; Uterine cancer World War II, I: 25, 32, 82; II: 150, 268; III: Women veterans, I: 79; II: 30 237, 420; VI: 135 breast cancer estimated risk, II: 218; III: WRAT. See Wide Range Achievement Test 329; IV: 318; V: 301 breast cancer expected incidence, I: 440, 461, 501, 505, 513, 522, 526, 564; II: X 213; IV: 314; V: 301 Xenobiotic responsive elements (XREs), II: 56, breast cancer in, II: 213, 216â217; III: 322, 57, 58, 71; III: 66, 67, 104 324â328, 329; IV: 314â320; V: 300â301 circulatory disease in, I: 702 epidemiologic studies, I: 50, 81; II: 28, 152â153, 180, 181, 190, 201, 204, 205, Y 209, 211, 212, 213â217, 218, 219â223, Yorkshire, England, III: 234; IV: 149; V: 117 226, 228, 229, 231, 245, 278, 280; III: 324â328, 333; IV: 314â320