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Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006 (2007)

Chapter: APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies

« Previous: APPENDIX C Epidemiologic Tables for Chapter 4
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 778
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 779
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 780
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 781
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 782
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 783
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 784
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 785
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 786
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 787
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 788
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 789
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 790
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 791
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 792
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 793
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 794
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 795
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 796
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 797
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 798
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 799
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 800
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 801
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 802
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 803
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 804
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 805
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 806
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 807
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 808
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 809
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 810
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 811
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 812
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 813
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 814
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 815
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 816
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 817
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 818
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 819
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 820
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 821
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 822
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 823
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 824
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 825
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 826
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 827
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 828
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 829
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 830
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 831
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 832
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 833
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 834
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 835
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 836
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 837
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 838
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 839
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 840
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 841
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 842
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 843
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 844
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 845
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 846
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 847
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 848
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 849
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 850
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 851
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 852
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 853
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 854
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 855
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 856
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 857
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 858
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 859
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 860
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 861
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 862
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 863
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 864
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 865
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 866
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 867
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 868
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 869
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 870
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
Page 871
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11906.
×
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APPENDIX D Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies John J. Stegeman, Ph.D. (Chair), is a Senior Scientist, former Chair of the Biology Department at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and Director of the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, in Woods Hole, Massa- chusetts. He received his Ph.D. in biochemistry, concentrating on enzymology, from Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. His research interests center on metabolism of foreign chemicals in animals and humans, and the struc- ture, function, and regulation of the enzymes that accomplish this metabolism. Dr. Stegeman served on the committees for Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 and Update 2002, and chaired the committee for Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004. Richard A. Fenske, Ph.D., M.P.H., is a Professor and Associate Chair of En- vironmental and Occupational Health Sciences at the University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, and is the Director of the Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center at the University of Washington in Seattle. Dr. Fenske’s work has focused on the evaluation of en- vironmental health risks in special populations. Specialty areas include health risks of pesticide exposures, development of new exposure assessment methods, children’s exposure to hazardous chemicals, and investigation of the role of der- mal exposure for workers. Dr. Fenske serves on the Science Advisory Board of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and also serves as a member of EPA’s Human Studies Review Board. He had previously served on the commit- tees for Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002 and Update 2004. Jordan Firestone, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H., is Assistant Professor of Medicine, with Adjunct appointments in Neurology and Occupational and Environmental 778

APPENDIX D 779 Health Sciences. He is Director of the University of Washington Occupational and Environmental Medicine Clinic at Harborview Medical Center in Seattle. Dr. Firestone’s research involves chemical exposures and their interactions with individual genetic susceptibility in neurological disease, with a special focus on Parkinson’s disease. His clinical specialty is in occupational neurotoxicology. Dr. Firestone previously served on the committee for Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004. Peter H. Gann, M.D., Sc.D., is a Professor and Director of Pathology Research at the University of Illinois at Chicago. A physician-epidemiologist by training, his research work focuses on the causes of breast and prostate cancer, with par- ticular emphasis on the development and application of novel biological markers. His interest in biological markers actually originates with his service as a Project Director at the National Academy of Sciences in the 1980s. Prior to his current position, Dr. Gann spent 13 years in the Department of Preventive Medicine at Northwestern University Medical School. He received a B.A. degree from Swarthmore College, M.D. and M.S. (epidemiology/biostatistics) degrees from the University of Pennsylvania, and his doctorate in epidemiology from Harvard University. Dr. Gann serves on a number of national and international advisory and peer-review panels in the field of cancer prevention. Mark S. Goldberg, Ph.D., is Associate Professor in the Department of Medi- cine, McGill University, Montreal, associate member in the Joint Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Occupational Health, the Department of Oncology, and Medical Scientist, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre. Dr. Goldberg is an occupational and environmental epidemiologist and holds an Investigator Award from the Canadian Institute for Health Research. His current research interests include the investigation of occupational and envi- ronmental risk factors for breast cancer and the health effects associated with exposures to ambient air pollution. In addition to being a member of grant review panels, Dr. Goldberg is also a member of Health Canada’s Science Advisory Board. He has served on the committee for Disposition of the Air Force Health Study and the Division of Earth and Life Sciences committee for Assessing the Human Health Risks of Trichloroethylene: Key Scientific Issues. Claudia Hopenhayn, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor in the Department of Epi- demiology at the University of Kentucky, College of Public Health. Her primary research interests have focused on cancer and reproductive outcomes, within the context of environmental and occupational epidemiology and cancer control. Dr. Hopenhayn’s expertise combines toxicology, biomarkers of exposure and effect, statistics, risk factors, and assessment of intervention, within a framework of epidemiology and multidisciplinary collaborations, both in the United States

780 VETERANS AND AGENT ORANGE: UPDATE 2006 and internationally. Dr. Hopenhayn previously served on the committee for Vet- erans and Agent Orange: Update 2004. Nancy I. Kerkvliet, Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Dr. Kerkvliet’s research is focused on using animal models to understand how chemi- cals of environmental concern alter immune function. Her primary interest is focused on understanding how activation of the Ah receptor by TCDD and other ligands suppresses immune responses. She previously served on the Committee on Toxicology, the Subcommittee of Jet Propulsion Fuel 8, and the committee for Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004. Linda A. McCauley, Ph.D., FAAN, R.N., is a Nightingale Professor of Nurs- ing and Associate Dean for Nursing Research at the University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing. Dr. McCauley received her doctoral degree in environmental health/epidemiology from the University of Cincinnati. Dr. McCauley has special expertise in the design of epidemiological investigations of occupational and en- vironmental hazards and is nationally recognized for her expertise in occupational and environmental health nursing. Dr. McCauley’s research interests are in the areas of chemical exposure among working populations and young children. DeJuran Richardson, Ph.D., is a Professor and Associate Dean of the Faculty at Lake Forest College and an Adjunct Professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Dr. Richardson’s areas of expertise include biostatistics and clinical trial data management. He received his B.A., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Northwestern University. His professional activities have included appointments to the National Cancer Institute’s ECOG Data Monitoring Committee, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Initial Grant Review Committee, and the Advisory Board for the Harvard School of Public Health Initiatives for Minority Student Development Program in the Department of Biostatistics. Dr. Richardson’s research interests include the design and analysis of large multicenter clinical trials, the recruitment and retention of underrepresented minorities in clinical trials, and performing statisti- cal survival analyses in the presence of informative censoring. Dr. Richardson’s research articles have appeared in many scientific journals. He has served on the committee for Disposition of the Air Force Health Study. Hollie I. Swanson, Ph.D., is Associate Professor in the Department of Molecu- lar and Biomedical Pharmacology and with a joint position with the Toxicology Department at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine. She received her M.S. from Oregon State University, Ph.D. from Purdue University, and post- doctoral training from Michigan State University and Northwestern University. Her research focuses on the study of the aryl hydrocarbon pathway and its role

APPENDIX D 781 in altering cell fate. She currently serves as Councilor of the Drug Metabolism Specialty Section of the National Chapter of the American Society for Pharmacol- ogy and Experimental Therapeutics and is a member of the National and Ohio Valley Chapters of the Society of Toxicology. She is an editorial board member of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Dr. Swanson has published numerous articles pertaining to the molecular and cellular aspects of the Ah receptor and dioxin. Mary K. Walker, Ph.D., is a Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology at the University of New Mexico, College of Pharmacy. Her research interests focus on the mechanisms by which high affinity ligands for the AHR increase the risk of cardiovascular disease; and the structural, functional, and molecular changes in adult cardiovascular physiology in a genetic mouse model which lacks the AHR gene. Dr. Walker has also authored and coauthored several articles on these topics. Stephen D. Walter, Ph.D., is Professor of Clinical Epidemiology and Biosta- tistics in the Faculty of Health Sciences at McMaster University. Dr. Walter has published extensively on epidemiology and biostatistical methods. His research interests include disease screening and diagnosis; risk assessment; environmental health; and analysis of spatial and temporal data patterns. He is a former Editor of the American Journal of Epidemiology and is the Section Editor for Clinical Epidemiology in the Wiley Encyclopedia of Biostatistics. Dr. Walter has served previously on the IOM Committee on Medicare Coverage of Routine Thyroid Screening. Staff Biographies Mary Burr Paxton, Ph.D., is Senior Program Officer in the Institute of Medi- cine (IOM) Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice. Before joining IOM, she worked as a consultant on the regulation of toxic substances and managed the conduct and analysis of several epidemiology studies on vet- erans’ health. She received a master’s of science in biostatistics from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health and a doctorate in genetics from the George Washington University. She is a diplomate of the American Board of Toxicology. Dr. Paxton has worked on several National Academies reports, including Issues in Risk Assessment; Environmental Neurotoxicology; Gulf War and Health: Insecticides and Solvents; Gulf War and Health: Fuels, Combustion Products, and Propellants; Asbestos: Selected Cancers; and Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004. Jennifer A. Cohen is a Program Officer in the IOM Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice. She received her undergraduate degree in art history

782 VETERANS AND AGENT ORANGE: UPDATE 2006 from the University of Maryland. She is currently attending the University of Maryland where she is working towards her masters in public health. She has been involved with the IOM committees that produced Organ Procurement and Transplantation; Clearing the Air: Asthma and Indoor Air Exposures; Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicide/Dioxin Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes; Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000; Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicide/Dioxin Exposure and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia in the Children of Vietnam Veterans; and Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004. Rose Marie Martinez, Sc.D., is Director of the IOM Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Before joining IOM, she was Senior Health Researcher at Mathematica Policy Research, where she studied the effects of health-system change on the public-health infrastructure, access to care for vulnerable popula- tions, managed care, and the health care workforce. Dr. Martinez is former As- sistant Director for Health Financing and Policy with the US General Accounting Office, for which she directed evaluations and policy analysis on national and public-health issues. Dr. Martinez received her doctorate from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. Tia S. Carter is a senior program assistant on the IOM Board on Population Health and Public Health Practices. She is working on a master’s in health care administration at the University of Maryland University College. She received her undergraduate degree in community health from the University of Maryland, College Park. Before coming to IOM, she worked at the Greater Washington Urban League in the Division of Aging and Health Services as the health promo- tions coordinator, where she was responsible for health-promotion and disease- prevention education services and activities among the elderly. She has been involved with the IOM committee on Asbestos: Selected Cancers. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006 is Tia’s second report with IOM. Sonia J. Cheruvillil, M.P.H., is a senior program assistant (until June 2006) in the IOM Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. She received her masters in public health from George Washington University School of Public Health. She received her undergraduate degrees in English literature (B.A.) and microbiology (B.S.) from the University of Iowa. She has been involved with the IOM committee on the Disposition of the Air Force Health Study (AFHS) and Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002 and Update 2004. Norman Grossblatt, ELS(D), is a senior editor at the National Academies. Be- fore joining the National Research Council Division of Medical Sciences in 1963, he worked as an analyst in information storage and retrieval at Documentation Incorporated and as a technical editor at the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co., Nuclear Power Department, in Washington, DC. He received a B.A. in English

APPENDIX D 783 from Haverford College. Mr. Grossblatt is a diplomate editor in the life sciences and was the founding president of the Board of Editors in the Life Sciences. He is a fellow of the American Medical Writers Association and a recipient of its President’s Award; a member of the Council of Science Editors and since 1997 the manuscript editor of its journal, Science Editor; and a member of the Euro- pean Association of Science Editors. At the National Academies, he has edited over 300 reports.

Index Note to the reader: This index contains entries for each of the seven volumes of the Veterans and Agent Orange series released to date: Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam (I), Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996 (II), Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998 (III), Vet- erans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 (IV), Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002 (V), Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004 (VI), and Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006 (VII). Page numbers for the discussions of topics in spe- cific volumes follow the roman numerals denoted above. Thus, for example, the entry “Agent Blue, I: 27, 89–90, 93, 97, 100; III: 136, 137; IV: 118” first refers to material found on pages 27, 89–90, 93, 97, and 100 in Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam, then to material found on pages 136 and 137 of Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998 and on page 118 of Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000. 784

INDEX 785 A diabetes prevalence, data by age, III: 492 epidemiologic studies, control of aging Abortions. See Spontaneous abortion effects, II: 261–262; III: 409; IV: 3, 13, ACC. See US Army Chemical Corps 23 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. See female reproductive system cancer AIDS/HIV incidence, data by type, for selected age ACS. See American Cancer Society groups, III: 329, 330; IV: 321; V: 310 ACTH. See Adrenocorticotropic hormone gastrointestinal tract cancer incidence, data Acute lymphocytic leukemia. See Leukemia by type for selected age groups, III: Acute myelogenous leukemia. See Leukemia 267; IV: 250; V: 244 Acute myeloid leukemia. See Leukemia Hodgkin’s disease incidence, data for AD. See Alzheimer’s disease selected age groups, III: 372; IV: 365; ADA. See American Diabetes Association V: 355 Adipose tissue immune system, IV: 31, 79 TCDD distribution, I: 130, 131, 168-169, kidney cancer, V: 334 259, 269, 280; IV: 42, 43, 64, 116, 117; laryngeal cancer incidence, data for selected VI: 67–68; VII: 89 age groups, III: 292; IV: 277; V: 268 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), IV: 59 latency and, II: 261–262, 273, 275; III: 409, Aerial spraying, I: 3, 24; III: 135, 137, 139; 414–415, 425, 428, 430; IV: 254, 256, IV: 117, 120, 123, 150, 160, 303; VI: 264, 265 l75–177, 185 leukemia incidence, data by type, for military early research, I: 25–26; III: 28; selected age groups, III: 384; IV: 378; IV: 150 V: 367 records of, I: 84–85, 287 liver/intrahepatic bile duct cancers See also Herbicide application methods; incidence, data for selected age groups, Herbicides III: 282; IV: 267; V: 260 AFHS. See Air Force Health Study lung cancer incidence, data for selected age Aflatoxin, I: 453; IV: 267 groups, III: 296; IV: 281; V: 272 Africa, sub-Saharan, II: 181; III: 282; IV: 267; melanoma incidence, data for selected age VI: 221 groups, III: 313; IV: 300; V: 288 Age and aging menopause, VII: 148 acute lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data multiple myeloma incidence, data for for selected age groups, III: 384; IV: 9, selected age groups, III: 377; V: 361 378 nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer incidence, data acute myeloid leukemia incidence, data for for selected age groups, III: 289; IV: selected age groups, III: 384; IV: 378 273; V: 265 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, V: 524 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma age of onset, I: bone/joint cancer incidence, data for 436 selected age groups, III: 302; IV: 288; non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma incidence, data V: 279 for selected age groups, III: 362; IV: brain cancer incidence, data for selected age 356; V: 344 groups, III: 356; IV: 351; V: 339, 524 parkinsonism, V: 524 breast cancer incidence in US women, data prostate cancer incidence, data for selected for selected age groups, III: 324; IV: age groups, III: 334; IV: 10, 327; V: 314; V: 301 317, 524 cancer age-specific incidence, I: 436–438 renal cancers incidence, data for selected chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence, age groups, III: 352; IV: 346 data for selected age groups, III: 384; reproductive disorders, IV: 51–52, 59, 63, IV: 378 66, 71, 80, 200 chronic myeloid leukemia incidence, data for research recommendations, V: 524 selected age groups, III: 384; IV: 378 soft-tissue sarcoma age of onset, I: 436

786 INDEX soft-tissue sarcoma incidence, data for Orange II formulation, I: 90; III: 137; IV: selected age groups, III: 306; IV: 292; 119 V: 282 product liability litigation, I: 34–35 TCDD half–life, IV: 24, 28, 45 spontaneous abortion, II: 283; IV: 399–400, testicular cancer incidence, data for selected 409–412; V: 414 age groups, III: 343; IV: 335; V: 325 suspension of use, I: 92–93; II: 26 urinary bladder cancer incidence, data for TCDD as contaminant of, I: 91, 114, selected age groups, III: 347; IV: 340; 126–127; II: 102; III: 140; IV: 133–135 V: 328 Vietnam amount used, I: 1, 27, 74, 90, See also Demographic data, Vietnam 97–98, 106; II: 1, 26; III: 136; IV: 115, veterans 118–119 Agent Blue, I: 27, 89–90, 93, 97, 100; III: 136, Vietnam military application, I: 1, 3, 27, 74, 137; IV: 118; VI: 183–185 84–85, 90, 92–93, 97–107, 543–545; II: volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, 1, 26–27; III: 1, 25, 136, 137, 138, 140; data, III: 136 IV: 125–126 Agent Green, I: 27, 90, 92, 114; III: 136, 137, Vietnam surplus disposal, I: 93–94 140, 146; IV: 118; VI: 183 Vietnam veterans’ concerns, I: 32–34; II: volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, 26–27 data, III: 136; IV: 123 Vietnam veterans’ increased disease risk, Agent Orange, II: 308; III: 130, 159, 315, 344, II: 22–23; III: 22–23, 272; IV: 8–9, 12, 359, 389, 407, 444, 460, 462, 489, 491; 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305, IV: 117–118, 150, 156; V: 1, 12; VI: 311, 318, 323, 332, 338, 343, 348, 353, 1, 183 359, 367, 374, 381, 388 Air Force research activities, II: 31–32; III: volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, 28–29 data, II: 136; IV: 120, 123, 150 birth defects association, II: 298, 300; III: See also Herbicides; Incineration, of Agent 435; IV: 400 Orange breast cancer association, V: 307 Agent Orange, the Deadly Fog, I: 33 cancer latency issues, II: 260–276; III: Agent Orange Act of 1991. See Public Law 407–431; IV: 284 102-4 chemical composition, I: 27; II: 102; IV: 119 Agent Orange Briefs, I: 56; II: 31; III: 28 chloracne association, II: 317, 318; III: 479; Agent Orange Registry (AOR), I: 20, 53, 56, IV: 138, 463; V: 478 729; II: 29, 31, 153, 228; III: 28, 344 congressional hearings, II: 27–28; III: 25 See also Department of Veterans Affairs, defoliant effectiveness, I: 90 US (DVA) Department of Veterans Affairs activities, II: Agent Orange Review, I: 56; II: 31; III: 28 29–31, 153, 156–157; III: 27–28; IV: 15 Agent Orange Scientific Task Force, I: 60–61 Environmental Protection Agency research Agent Orange Study, I: 19, 57, 58–59, 63–64, activities, II: 32; III: 29–30 276–278; II: 102; III: 147, 148; IV: 124 exposure opportunity index (EOI), II: Agent Orange Task Force, II: 24–26; III: 290–291; III: 146, 147, 148; IV: 124, 24–25, 148; IV: 124 405 See also Department of Veterans Affairs, federal government action/research, I: (DVA) 45–60; II: 27–32; III: 27–32; IV: 13 Agent Orange Validation Study, III: 240; IV: health effects of, concerns, I: 2; II: 19–23, 156, 159, 160, 162, 283, 304, 327, 403; 26–27; III: 19–20, 236, 237, 240, 242, VI: 139, 190; VII: 245 243 Agent Orange Victims International, I: 34 International Agency for Research on Agent Orange Working Group, I: 19, 46, 58, Cancer research activities, III: 30 277, 743 legislation, I: 47–52; II: 28–29; III: 26–27; research methodology, I: 728 IV: 1, 15

INDEX 787 Agent Pink, I: 27, 90, 92, 114; III: 136, 137, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, I: 9, 256–257, 140, 146; IV: 118, 122–123; VI: 183 530–540; II: 138, 139, 232–234; III: volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, 364–365; IV: 359–361 data, III: 136; IV: 123 parkinsonism in, V: 6 Agent Purple, I: 27, 89, 92, 114; III: 136, 140, prostate cancer, I: 11, 518, 519, 575; II: 146; IV: 118, 122–123; VI: 183 8–9; III: 335; IV: 327–329 Operation Ranch Hand, IV: 123 reproductive outcomes, I: 510–511, 598 TCDD in, I: 126; IV: 122 respiratory cancer, I: 11, 466; II: 197–198 volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, soft-tissue sarcomas, I: 37, 326–328, data, III: 136 479–481, 486–488 Agent White, I: 27, 90, 92–93, 97, 115, 189; sperm dysfunction, I: 632 III: 136, 137; IV: 118–119; V: 36, 40; suicide, I: 650 VI: 43, 183–185 See also Forests; Professional herbicide/ volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, pesticide applicators data, III: 136 Agricultural Health Study (AHS), IV: 142; VI: Agricultural/forestry workers, VI: 119, 124– 126, 175; VII: 156–159, 229,655 128; VII: 156–162, 227–230, 729–739 See also Iowa brain tumors, I: 320, 523; II: 136 Agricultural herbicides, I: 24, 35, 39, 174–175, Canadian Farmer Cohort, II: 135–136 181; II: 137–139 cancers, I: 13, 37, 320–323, 443, 447, 454; See also Herbicides II: 133–137, 179 Agriculture. See Agricultural/forestry workers; case-control studies, I: 326–341, 486–488; Food crops; Forests II: 118–122, 138–140; III: 185–195, Ah receptor (AhR), I: 3, 123, 134; II: 3–4, 228–232; V: 113–114; VI: 127–128 51–53, 54–56, 57–62; III: 54–58, 129; cohort studies, I: 318–323; II: 118–120, IV: 25–26, 29–30, 42, 47, 50–58, 60, 135–137, 197–198; III: 178–185, 68, 69, 70–73, 76, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 224–228; IV: 197–202; V: 6, 109–113; 87, 90, 93, 94, 95, 99–100; V: 24–25, VI: 124–127 52–55; VI: 55–66; VII: 93 epidemiologic studies, I: 37, 318–323; II: animal studies and, I: 114, 123; II: 3–4, 118–120, 135–137, 232–234, 238–239, 51–53, 54–56, 57–62, 92–93; III: 33, 241–243; III: 178–195, 224–232, 284– 34, 35, 54–58, 62–63, 67–69, 129; IV: 285, 335, 364–365, 379–380, 387–388; 48–49, 61–62, 64–67, 74–75; VI: 55–57 IV: 134, 141–142, 145, 257, 260, 263, anti-estrogenicity and, II: 62; III: 67–69 265, 271, 285, 290, 296, 306, 312, 318, biological consequences of activation, II: 324, 333, 338, 349, 353, 360, 368, 374, 57; III: 62; IV: 56–60, 323 381, 401; V: 3, 143–153, 222–224; VI: blood abnormalities, I: 125 124–125 cacodylic acid acute toxicity, I: 188 female reproductive and breast cancers, I: cacodylic acid and mechanism of toxicity, 510–511; IV: 324–325 II: 50–51; IV: 24 hepatobiliary cancer, I: 454; II: 183–184; cacodylic acid carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, III: 284–285; IV: 271 187; IV: 5, 387 herbicide exposure assessment, I: 265–266; cacodylic acid chronic exposure, I: 188–189 III: 154–157; IV: 202 cacodylic acid developmental toxicity, I: 189 Hodgkin’s disease, I: 550–553; II: 135 cacodylic acid genotoxicity, I: 187–188 Irish agricultural workers study, II: 136–137 cacodylic acid mechanism of action, I: kidney cancer, I: 515 188–189 leukemia, I: 332–335, 566–568; II: 136; III: cacodylic acid pharmokinetics, I: 186–187 387–388 cacodylic acid renal toxicity, II: 50–51 malignant lymphoma in, IV: 201 cacodylic acid reproductive toxicity, I: 189 multiple myelomas, I: 11–12, 558–561; cacodylic acid toxicity summary, II: 50; III: II: 138–139, 238–239, 241–243; III: 48; IV: 38 379–380

788 INDEX cacodylic acid toxicokinetics, I: 188–189; bone/joint cancer in, III: 303; IV: 289 IV: 24, 27, 38 cancer and latency in, III: 423, 424, 425, combinatorial interactions, II: 57–58 427 DNA binding capability and transcription, chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, V: activation of, II: 56–57; III: 58–61 465–466 free radicals and, II: 60; III: 64–65 circulatory disease in, I: 703–705, 706; II: growth/differentiation signaling, III: 62–63 336; III: 514, 517; IV: 508–509 growth factor and, II: 59 cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders, V: 449 inconsistencies in, II: 57–62 data sources, I: 385–386; II: 150–151 interactions, VI: 58–59 diabetes mellitus in, I: 684; II: 330; III: 495, ligand-independent activation, II: 58 498–500, 502; IV: 485–487 multiple forms of, II: 57 epidemiological studies, II: 31, 32, 149, nervous system and, I: 161; V: 470–471 150–152, 154–156, 293–295; III: 28–29, protein and, VI: 56–58 206–207, 218, 237–240, 303, 309–310, protein kinases and, II: 60–62; III: 65–67; 313–314, 318, 321, 322, 339, 340, 385, IV: 69–71 436, 438, 439, 446–447, 449, 452–453, redox signaling, III: 64–65; IV: 67–69 457–458, 481, 486, 495, 498–500, 502, signaling interactions, II: 59–62; III: 62–69; 505, 506, 507, 510, 513, 514, 517; IV: 60–61, 64, 71–74 IV: 291, 294–295, 298, 301, 305–306, structural and functional aspects of, II: 308–311, 313, 327, 329, 331, 334–336, 54–56; III: 54–58; IV: 54–56; VI: 56–66 342, 345, 347, 350, 352, 355, 357, 362, TCDD biologic plausibility and, I: 3, 366, 370, 373, 376, 380, 383 133–138, 452–453; IV: 4, 25–26, 29, exposure assessment in, I: 279–280, 281, 42, 47–53, 322, 386 386; II: 4–5, 101, 103, 109; III: 6, TCDD carcinogenicity and, I: 118, 439 146–147, 157–158, 162; IV: 123–124 TCDD hepatotoxicity and, I: 151, 152, 457; gastrointestinal ulcers in, I: 691; III: 510, II: 3–4 513 TCDD immunotoxicity and, I: 122, 150 immune system disorders in, I: 696 TCDD interactions with, V: 24–25, 52–54, infertility in, II: 280; III: 446–447, 449 309 laryngeal cancer in, V: 272 TCDD reproductive toxicity and, I: 123 lipid abnormalities in, I: 689; II: 333; III: TCDD teratogenicity and, I: 159–160 505, 506, 507; IV: 494 transcriptional-independent responses, II: liver toxicity in, II: 332; III: 510, 513; IV: 58–59 502 See also ARNT low birthweight in, I: 626, 627; III: AHS. See Agricultural Health Study 457–458 AIDS/HIV, I: 338, 527, 541, 695; II: 326; IV: melanoma in, III: 313–314; IV: 303–304 144, 214, 356, 475, 476 methodology, I: 230–231, 385–386, 445, Air Force. See US Air Force 757–762 Air Force Health Study (AFHS), I: 62–63, 260, multiple myelomas in, I: 562; II: 244, 245; 272, 622; II: 284, 293–295, 336; III: 23, IV: 373 25, 29, 239, 438–439, 495, 505, 514; neurological disorders in, I: 659; IV: IV: 13, 232, 233, 234, 235; V: 10, 513; 441–443, 445, 454–455, 459 VI: 120, 260, 406, 492; VII: 173–181, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in, I: 541; IV: 241–242, 647–649, 763–767 362 appropriation for, I: 51 participants, I: 722–723; II: 150–152 autoimmune disease in, I: 698 perinatal death in offspring, III: 452–453 basal/squamous cell skin cancer in, III: 318, peripheral nervous system disorders in, I: 321, 322; IV: 309 665; IV: 454–455 baseline mortality studies, II: 151 porphyria cutanea tarda in, I: 681–682; II: birth defects in offspring, II: 286, 293–295; 321–322; III: 481 III: 436, 438, 439; IV: 402

INDEX 789 recommendations for, I: 16–17, 722–724; American Cancer Society (ACS), I: 334; II: II: 23, 24; IV: 13; V: 524 177, 181, 189, 191, 204, 205, 209, 211, reproductive outcomes in, I: 601, 612–613, 217, 223, 228, 231, 239, 245; III: 267, 632, 633, 727; II: 293–295; III: 436, 282, 289, 292, 295, 296, 302, 304, 312, 438, 439, 446–447, 449, 452–453, 322, 324, 329, 334, 343, 347, 351, 356, 457–458; IV: 403 362, 371, 377, 383; IV: 250, 267, 273, respiratory cancers in, I: 469; II: 201 277, 281, 287, 291, 299, 300, 314, 320, respiratory disorders in, I: 711–712; III: 486 326, 335, 339, 345, 350, 355, 364, 371, role of, I: 53 377; V: 244, 278, 282, 289, 309, 316, skin cancers in, II: 209; IV: 303 425 skin disorders in, I: 678 Cancer Prevention Study, II: 239; III: 229 soft-tissue sarcoma in, I: 492–493; III: American College of Epidemiology, II: 25 309–310; IV: 294–295 American Diabetes Association (ADA), III: spina bifida in offspring, II: 9, 295–296; III: 492, 493, 502; V: 485 7, 8, 9–10, 438 American Industrial Hygiene Association, II: 25 spontaneous abortions in, II: 283–284 American Journal of Epidemiology, II: 281 status of, I: 53; II: 31–32 American Legion, I: 60, 278–279, 399, TCDD half-life estimates, I: 260–261; II: 601–602, 626, 633; II: 113, 157; IV: 104–105; III: 37, 50, 157–158 133, 158; VI: 120; VII: 184, 651 TCDD serum levels, I: 273, 281, 285, 656; Vietnam veterans’ epidemiological studies, II: 101, 103, 105, 109, 351, 356, 357; III: 212–213, 243; V: 126; V: 126, 187; III: 146, 147 VI: 140; VII: 771–772 update of, V: 6 American Public Health Association, II: 25 See also Operation Ranch Hand; US Air American Thoracic Society Force; Vietnam veterans Epidemiology Standardization Aktiengesellschaft, Germany, IV: 137 Questionnaire, II: 136 AL-type primary amyloidosis. See Amyloidosis d-Aminolevulinic acid synthetase, I: 153–154 Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), II: 331, 332; Amitrole, I: 323 III: 45, 509, 510; IV: 37 AML. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Alaskan natives Herbicides/Dioxin Exposure and Acute Inuit, III: 50–51 Myelogenous Leukemia in the Children See also Race/ethnicity of Vietnam Veterans Alberta, Canada, II: 135–136, 232, 242, 246; Amsterdam, Netherlands, V: 5, 228–229, 511; III: 234–235, 319–320; IV: 149, 198, VII: 235 229, 312–313; V: 117 Amyloidosis, IV: 2, 7, 11, 511–513; V: Alberta Cancer Registry, III: 235 506–507; VI: 471–473; VII: 142, Alberta Health Care Insurance Plan, III: 235 472–474, 675 Alcohol consumption, I: 507 biologic plausibility, VI: 473; VII: 474 ALL. See Leukemia scientific literature update, VI: 472 Allergies, II: 327, 329; III: 487–488; IV: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), V: 6, 461– 469–470; VII: 617–618 465, 524; VI: 420–422; VII: 580–585 See also Immune system disorders biologic plausibility, VI: 420–422; VII: 584 ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis clinical features, V: 461 ALS. See Assembly of Life Sciences pesticide exposure and, V: 463–465 Alsea, Oregon, I: 42–43, 372–373, 598 pesticide occupational exposure studies, V: ALT. See Alanine aminotransferase 462; VII: 141 Alzheimer’s disease (AD), V: 6, 449, 451 scientific literature update, VI: 422 American Association for the Advancement of Vietnam veterans’ risk, VI: 422 Science, I: 29, 92 Anencephaly, IV: 404–405 Herbicide Assessment Commission, I: Angina, I: 708; IV: 135 30–31 See also Circulatory disorders

790 INDEX Angiogenesis, VII: 105 cacodylic acid acute toxicity, I: 188 Animal studies, III: 394–396, 524; IV: 254, cacodylic acid carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 256, 269, 275, 279, 290, 293–294, 296; 187; IV: 5, 387 V: 35–36; VI: 29–30, 34–41; VII: 43–44 cacodylic acid chronic exposure, I: 188–189 2,4-D carcinogenicity, I: 118–119, 176–178; cacodylic acid developmental toxicity, I: 189 II: 48; III: 47, 396; IV: 37; VI: 36–40 cacodylic acid genotoxicity, I: 187–188 2,4-D chronic exposure, I: 179–180; IV: 34 cacodylic acid mechanism of action, II: 50; 2,4-D developmental toxicity, I: 124, III: 49–50 180–181; III: 46; VI: 38–39 cacodylic acid mechanism of toxicity, II: 2,4-D disease outcomes and mechanisms of 50–51; IV: 24; VI: 41–43 toxicity, II: 48–49; III: 38–39, 44–47; cacodylic acid pharmacokinetics, I: IV: 30–32, 35 186–187 2,4-D genotoxicity, I: 178–179; IV: 28, 33; cacodylic acid renal toxicity, II: 50–51 VI: 36–40 cacodylic acid reproductive toxicity, I: 189 2,4-D immunotoxicity, I: 122–123, 181; III: cacodylic acid toxicity summary, II: 50; IV: 46, 423; IV: 36; VI: 39 38 2,4-D lethality, III: 44–45; IV: 35 cacodylic acid toxicokinetics, II: 50; III: 48; 2,4-D mechanism of action, II: 47–48; III: IV: 24, 27, 38; VI: 41 44; IV: 33; VI: 40–41 characteristics of, I: 111–114; IV: 48 2,4-D mechanism of toxicity, II: 48–49; IV: epidemiologic studies, IV: 359, 361, 369, 28, 37; VI: 36 381 2,4-D neurotoxicity, II: 48; III: 45–46, 473; evidentiary role, I: 228; IV: 85, 106, 385, IV: 30, 35; VI: 37 515–516 2,4-D pharmacokinetics, I: 175 generalizability, I: 112, 113, 114, 118, 2,4-D reproductive toxicity, I: 124, 180, 122–123, 160; IV: 26, 85, 426, 459 181; III: 46; IV: 29, 36; VI: 38–39 hepatic abnormalities, I: 124–125, 688; IV: 2,4-D toxicity profile update summary, II: 25, 57, 59–60 46; IV: 33 human health relevance of toxicology, III: 2,4-D toxicokinetics, II: 46–47; III: 43–44; 35–36; IV: 26, 48 IV: 24, 27; VI: 34–36 male-mediated disorders, I: 593–594 2,4,5-T acute toxicity, I: 184 nonhuman primates, I: 151 2,4,5-T carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, picloram in, I: 118, 119, 125, 190–192; III: 182–184; III: 396 51 2,4,5-T chronic exposure, I: 184 research recommendations, V: 526–527 2,4,5-T developmental/reproductive toxicity, squamous cell carcinomas, IV: 284 I: 124, 185; II: 49–50 TCDD acute toxicity, II: 75–76 2,4,5-T genotoxicity, I: 184 TCDD and bladder cancer in, IV: 342 2,4,5-T immunotoxicity, I: 123 TCDD and bone/joint cancer in, IV: 290 2,4,5-T mechanism of action, III: 47–48 TCDD and Hodgkin’s disease in, IV: 367 2,4,5-T mechanism of toxicity, II: 49–50; TCDD and leukemia disease in, IV: 380 IV: 37 TCDD and multiple myeloma in, IV: 374 2,4,5-T pharmacokinetics, I: 182 TCDD and nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer in, 2,4,5-T toxicity profile update summary, II: IV: 275 49; IV: 37 TCDD and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in, 2,4,5-T toxicokinetics, II: 49; III: 47; IV: 37 IV: 358 Ah receptor, I: 3, 123, 134; II: 3–4, 51–53, TCDD and prostate cancer in, IV: 332 54–56, 57–62; III: 54–58, 129; IV: 4, TCDD and soft-tissue sarcoma in, IV: 279 30, 386 TCDD carcinogenicity, I: 3, 116, 138–142; amyloidosis, IV: 512 II: 3, 65–68; IV: 26, 305, 311 blood abnormalities, I: 125; IV: 496 TCDD cardiovascular toxicity, I: 171; II: breast cancer, IV: 29, 317–318 76; III: 74–75

INDEX 791 TCDD dermal toxicity, I: 173–174; II: 76 Army Reserve Personnel Center, II: 152 TCDD developmental toxicity, I: 123–124, ARNT, II: 4, 45, 55, 56, 57, 58, 66; III: 38, 156–157, 159–160; II: 3, 71, 72–73; III: 54–58, 63; IV: 30, 47–56, 61, 67, 92–105; IV: 58 69–73, 86 TCDD disease outcomes, II: 3; III: 39–43, See also Ah receptor (AhR) 71–105; IV: 3, 23 Arsenic TCDD endocrine effects, III: 83–84 cacodylic acid component, IV: 117–118; V: TCDD gastrointestinal toxicity, I: 169–170; 4, 21; VI: 21 IV: 256 respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268; III: TCDD hepatotoxicity, I: 124–125, 151–156; 420 II: 3, 73–75; III: 76–79 Arsenic in Drinking Water, V: 21, 38; VI: 21, TCDD immunotoxicity, I: 119–122, 42 146–151; II: 3, 68–71; III: 85–92; IV: 3, Arthritis. See Rheumatoid arthritis 26 Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, I: 135, 153, TCDD-induced diabetes, IV: 488 155–156, 170 TCDD-induced wasting syndrome, I: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor. See Ah receptor 162–166; II: 76–77; III: 80–83; IV: 57, (AhR) 76 Asbestos, respiratory cancer and latency, II: TCDD lethality, III: 71–73; IV: 76 268; III: 420 TCDD mechanism of action, II: 3, 54–65; Asia, III: 471; VI: 203, 221, 226, 233 III: 51–53, 54–58, 62–63, 67–69; IV: 3, See also Southeast Asia (SEA); individual 24 countries TCDD mechanism of toxicity, II: 65–77 Asian Americans, II: 188 TCDD metabolic toxicity, I: 166–169 See also Race/ethnicity TCDD neurotoxicity, I: 160–166; II: 3, 75; Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), II: 331, 333; III: 84–85; IV: 352, 458 III: 45, 509; IV: 37 TCDD pharmacokinetics, I: 127–133 Assembly of Life Sciences (ALS), I: 62, 63 TCDD renal toxicity, II: 77; III: 75–76; IV: Association of Birth Defect Children, II: 292 348 AST. See Aspartate aminotransferase TCDD reproductive toxicity, I: 123–124, Asthma, I: 708, 711, 713; IV: 199 156–159; II: 3, 71–72; III: 92–105; IV: See also Respiratory disorders 26, 64, 323, 337, 411, 432, 434 Astrocytomas, V: 525 TCDD respiratory tract toxicity, I: 170 Ataxia, I: 658 TCDD toxicity update summary, II: 51–53 See also Motor/coordination dysfunction; TCDD toxicokinetics, II: 3, 53–54; III: 4–5, Neurobehavioral toxicity 33; IV: 3, 23, 41, 47 Atlanta, Georgia, II: 241, 296; III: 229 toxicity, potential health risks and CDC Birth Defects Study, II: 9; III: 438; contributing factors, III: 106, 107, 108; IV: 237 VI: 45–47 Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, I: 387 Anthropometry. See Body weight Atlantic Ocean, III: 108 AOR. See Agent Orange Registry Australia, I: 61, 91, 340, 406, 418, 444, 470, Aphasia, V: 447 488–489, 537, 546, 614–615, 633, 702, Apoptosis, TCDD and, II: 3, 67; VII: 104 710; II: 113, 132, 149, 160, 202, 293; Arctic region natives, III: 50–51; VI: 226 III: 216–217, 218, 237, 244–245; IV: 8, Argentina, III: 224; VI: 125; VII: 162 10, 144, 150, 159, 210, 304; VI: 128; Arkansas, I: 373–374, 663; III: 234; IV: 149, VII: 185–186, 775–777 231; V: 117; VI: 133 Air Force veterans, III: 244 Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, I: 494 Army veterans, III: 244, 245; IV: 159; VI: Army. See US Army 141 Army Chemical Corps. See US Army Chemical Australian National Service Vietnam Corps veterans, III: 273, 286

792 INDEX Bureau of Statistics Health Interview herbicide environmental exposure and, III: Survey, 1989-1990, III: 245, 485, 511, 323; IV: 229, 309; V: 297–298, 299; 517 VII: 368, 370 Department of Defense, III: 244, 245 herbicide occupational exposure and, Department of Veterans Affairs, III: 244, 245 III: 321, 323; IV: 309; V: 296, 297, Electoral Commission rolls, III: 245 298–299; VII: 367, 370 Health Insurance Medicare, III: 245 herbicides association with, III: 317–322, herbicide use by forces, III: 137–138 323; V: 295–300 lung cancer mortality in Vietnam veterans, incidence, III: 319–320 III: 424 morbidity studies, V: 297–298 National Death Index, III: 245 mortality studies, III: 319, 321; V: 296 Navy veterans, III: 244 scientific literature update, III: 319–320; IV: Victorian Cancer Registry, III: 232; IV: 144; 309; V: 296, 298–299; VI: 261 VI: 128 Vietnam veterans and, III: 323; V: 298; VI: Vietnam veterans epidemiologic studies, III: 265; VII: 369–370 9, 273, 285–286, 290, 294, 295, 298, See also Melanomas; Skin cancer 299, 303, 310, 311, 314, 315, 327, 329, BASF, I: 312–313, 444, 530, 550, 558; II: 339, 340, 343, 346, 349, 353, 355, 359, 130–131, 238, 318–319, 325, 330–331, 365, 380, 389, 469, 486, 489, 500, 506, 332–333, 334, 336; III: 153, 154, 174, 512–513, 517; IV: 244–247, 255, 259, 221–222, 269–270, 273, 297, 349, 484, 262, 264, 266, 272, 276, 280, 283, 287, 495, 506, 511; IV: 112, 188–189, 257, 295, 298–299, 305–308, 310, 313, 319, 260, 271, 285, 290, 301, 333, 343–344, 323–326, 332, 334–335, 337, 339, 345, 368, 382; V: 108, 135–136; VI: 123, 350, 355, 362–363, 371, 376, 380, 383, 425; VII: 154–155, 723–724 404–405; V: 127–128, 191–193, 324, Aktiengesellschaft, III: 221; IV: 137 420; VII: 243, 652–654 Dioxin Investigation Programme, II: 131 See also Tasmania Occupational Safety and Employee Austria, IV: 138–139, 189, 467–468, 500 Protection Department, II: 131 Autoimmune disease, I: 697–699; IV: 475–481; Basic helix-loop-helix (BHLH), II: 54, 55, 56; VII: 618 IV: 49 See also Immune system disorders; Bayer, III: 154; IV: 112 Systemic autoimmune disease; Systemic Beck’s Depression Inventory, I: 650, 651 lupus erythematosus Belgium, VI: 133, 181, 447, 476–477; VII: 235 Autoimmunity, I: 693, 697–699; II: 7, 21, 327, Benefits. See Compensation, veterans 329; III: 487–488; IV: 476–477 BHLH. See Basic helix-loop-helix See also Immune system disorders Bias Axonal nerve damage, VI: 428 in an investigation, V: 22; VI: 23 methodological. See Methodological bias publication, VI: 30–31 B Binghamton, New York, III: 234; IV: 149; V: 117 Biochemical warfare, I: 29, 45 B cell function, I: 147, 148 Biologic plausibility, II: 88, 92; III: 2, 124, 128; Baltic Sea, II: 329; III: 108, 236, 272, 285, 358, IV: 2–3, 16, 20–22, 26, 29, 106–107, 484, 515 249, 385–388; V: 4, 378–381, 516–518; Baltimore, Maryland, V: 5, 400 VI: 18, 24–25, 483–485; VII: 26, 36–37, Baltimore-Washington Infant Study, V: 400 263 Basal/squamous cell skin cancer, VII: 366–371 Ah receptor-TCDD interaction, I: 3, biologic plausibility, III: 322; IV: 311; V: 133–137, 439, 452–453; III: 129; IV: 300; VI: 264–265; VII: 371 48, 86 epidemiologic studies, III: 317–322, 323; V: altered sperm parameters, I: 634; III: 451 296, 297–298, 299; VI: 261–265; VII: 370 amyloidosis, V: 505; VI: 473; VII: 474

INDEX 793 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, VI: 420–422; Hodgkin’s disease, I: 557; III: 377; IV: 367; VII: 584 V: 361; VI: 319; VII: 465 animal studies, I: 228; II: 176; III: 460–462, hormonal effects, VI: 394–397 474–475; IV: 431–435 hyperlipidemia, I: 692 basal/squamous cell skin cancer, III: 322; V: immune system disorders, VI: 447–448; 300; VI: 264–265; VII: 371 VII: 619–620 birth defects, II: 298; III: 444; IV: 403; V: immunotoxicity, I: 122, 146–151, 181, 192, 404; VI: 365; VII: 543–544 699; III: 491 bladder cancer, III: 351; IV: 342–343; V: infant death, VII: 530–531 333; VI: 291; VII: 414 infertility, I: 634; II: 282; III: 451; VI: 372; bone/joint cancer, I: 474; III: 304; IV: 290; VII: 523–524 V: 282; VI: 245; VII: 345 kidney cancer, V: 338; VII: 420 brain tumors, I: 525; III: 362; IV: 352; V: laryngeal cancer, III: 295; IV: 279; V: 343; VI: 302; VII: 432 271–272; VI: 234; VII: 330 breast cancer, II: 217; III: 327, 329; IV: leukemia, I: 571; III: 390; IV: 380–381; V: 317–318; V: 309; VI: 269–270; VII: 372, 376; VI: 333, 337; VII: 485–486 379–380 lipid and lipoprotein disorders, VI: carcinogenicity, I: 116–118, 119, 146, 459–463; VII: 637–638 176–178, 182–184, 187, 190–191, 439, liver disorders, I: 691–692; II: 335; III: 451; II: 176; III: 394–397; IV: 385–387 513–514; IV: 270; VII: 643 childhood cancer, I: 630; II: 300; IV: 426; low birthweight outcomes, I: 628; III: 458; VI: 389; VII: 552–553 V: 425; VI: 382–383; VII: 534 chloracne, I: 678; II: 320–321; III: 480; IV: lung cancer, III: 302; IV: 284; V: 278; VII: 466; V: 479; VI: 438; VII: 601–602 340–341 chronic lymphocytic leukemia, VII: male-mediated reproductive outcomes, I: 489-490 593–595; III: 451; IV: 413, 416–417, 426 circulatory disorders, I: 708; III: 518; IV: melanoma, III: 317; IV: 305; V: 295; VI: 510; V: 505–506; VI: 471; VII: 669–670 260; VII: 363 colorectal cancer, VII: 209 motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 661; III: diabetes mellitus, I: 692; II: 335; III: 475; IV: 448 502–503; IV: 488; V: 492; VI: 456; VII: multiple myeloma, I: 12, 563; III: 383; IV: 630–631 374; V: 366; VI: 325; VII: 472 endocrine cancers, VII: 442 nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 460; III: endometrial cancer, IV: 322 292; IV: 275; V: 268; VI: 230 endometriosis, VI: 478; VII: 679 neonatal death, VII: 530–531 esophageal cancer, VII: 290 neurobehavioral disorders, II: 314; III: evidentiary role of, I: 111, 114, 223–224, 474–475; VI: 409 240–241, 434; II: 88, 92, 176; III: 23, neuropsychological disorders, I: 658; IV: 106–107; V: 23–24 457–459; VI: 429–430 female reproductive system cancers, I: 512; non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, I: 549; III: 366; III: 334; IV: 323; V: 316 IV: 358–359; V: 355; VI: 312; VII: 456 fetal/neonatal/infant death, I: 624; III: 453 pancreatic cancer, VII: 324 gastrointestinal disorders, III: 513–514; V: parkinsonism, VI: 419–420; VII: 579 502; VI: 466; VII: 643 perinatal death, III: 453, 458; IV: 413; V: gastrointestinal tract cancers, III: 281–282; 422; VI: 379 IV: 256; V: 246; VI: 221 peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 666; genitourinary tract cancers, I: 521–522 V: 470–472; VI: 428; VII: 589 genotoxicity, I: 178–179, 184, 187–188, 191 porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 679, 682; II: hepatobiliary cancer, I: 453, 457; III: 286, 323; III: 482; IV: 468; V: 480; VII: 603 288; IV: 270; V: 263–264; VI: 225–226; prostate cancer, III: 343; IV: 331–332; V: VII: 317–318 323–324; VI: 282–283; VII: 401

794 INDEX renal cancers, III: 356; IV: 348 herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: renal toxicity, I: 179–180 607–608; II: 286–287, 297; III: 437; IV: reproductive outcomes, I: 123–124, 197; V: 394–395; VI: 362; VII: 536–537 180–181, 185, 189, 192, 605, 618, 628; Ranch Hand participants’ children and, II: II: 300–301; III: 458, 460–462; IV: 411; 293–296; III: 436, 438, 439; IV: 18; V: VI: 394–397; VII: 384, 553–556 16; VI: 15 respiratory cancers, I: 472 risk factors of, I: 606–607; II: 298; III: 444; respiratory disorders, I: 713; III: 486; V: V: 405 482; VI: 443; VII: 615 scientific literature update, III: 437, sex ratio, VI: 393–394 439–443; IV: 401–402; V: 394–403, skin cancer, I: 503; IV: 305, 311; VI: 260; 433–437; VI: 362–365 VII: 363 Seveso, Italy, study, II: 287; III: 436 soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 500; III: 311; IV: summary, II: 295–296; IV: 400–401 296; V: 287; VI: 251; VII: 353–354 TCDD association with, V: 5, 434, 439–441 spontaneous abortion, V: 420; VI: 378; VII: TCDD biologic plausibility in, I: 618; II: 526 298; III: 460–461 squamous cell carcinomas, IV: 284 Vietnam veterans’ children and, I: 609–615, stillbirth, VII: 530–531 618; II: 288–296, 297, 298; III: 435, stomach cancer, VII: 298 436, 437–438; IV: 403; V: 396–398; VI: testicular cancer, III: 347; IV: 337; V: 327; 364; VII: 539–541, 543 VII: 406 See also Cleft lip/palate; Neural tube thyroid homeostasis, VI: 481; VII: 684 defects; Reproductive disorders; Spina See also TCDD biologic plausibility bifida; Teratogenicity Biological samples, I: 20–21, 729–730 Birth Defects Study, II: 9, 290–291, 296; III: Biomarkers 147, 436, 438, 439; IV: 405, 429 chloracne as, I: 4, 10, 172–173, 262, 401, See also Centers for Disease Control and 672–674; II: 318; V: 478 Prevention (CDC) exposure assessment and, I: 259–262, Births. See Birth defects; Low birthweight; 280–284; II: 101–104; III: 146–147; IV: Perinatal death; Preterm delivery (PTD) 111, 123, 448, 479 Birthweight. See Low birthweight research recommendations, I: 17, 725; II: 25 Bladder cancer and disorders, VII: 407–414 sperm parameters as, I: 631 biologic plausibility, III: 351; IV: 342–343; Bionetics Research Laboratory, I: 30 V: 333; VI: 291; VII: 414 Birth defects, VII: 535–545 epidemiologic studies, I: 515–517; II: 225– biologic plausibility, III: 444; IV: 403; V: 227; III: 347–351; IV: 19, 339–347, 404; VI: 365; VII: 543–544 385, 387; V: 5, 17, 330–332, 333; VI: definition of, I: 605–606; II: 286; III: 435; 286–292; VII: 408–413 IV: 400; V: 393–394 epidemiology, II: 223; III: 347 epidemiologic studies, II: 140, 286–296; herbicide association in, I: 12, 521, 576; II: III: 436, 437–438, 443; IV: 247, 403; V: 7, 12, 21, 225–227, 250; III: 3, 10, 21, 404; VI: 355–365; VII: 536–543 132, 347–351; IV: 19, 31, 40; V: 17, 21, epidemiology, I: 606; II: 286; III: 435–436 328–333; VI: 16–17 evaluation of epidemiologic data, I: herbicide environmental exposure and, 615–618; IV: 144–145, 403 III: 349, 350–351; IV: 341; V: 329, herbicide association first reports, I: 1 331–332; VII: 411, 413 herbicide association in, I: 13–14, 618; II: herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 7, 11, 20, 286–296; III: 436–444; IV 348, 350; IV: 340–341; V: 329, 330; 400–405; V: 393–405 VII: 408–413 herbicide environmental exposure studies, histopathology, I: 513 I: 608–609; II: 140, 287–288, 297; III: incidence, I: 513 437; V: 394, 400–402; VI: 363; VII: 536–543

INDEX 795 incidence, data by age/gender/race, for epidemiologic studies, II: 136, 229–230; selected age groups, III: 347; IV: 340; III: 356–361; IV: 198; V: 340–343; VI: V: 328; VI: 287 296–302; VII: 425–432 risk factors, I: 513–514; V: 333 epidemiology, I: 522–523; II: 228–229; III: scientific literature update, II: 226–227; III: 356 348–349; IV: 340; V: 329, 332; VI: 291 herbicide association in, I: 12, 525, 576; II: TCDD association with, IV: 19, 24; V: 5 7, 12, 21, 229–230, 250; III: 8, 12, 21, Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 513, 517, 522; II: 356–362; IV: 19; V: 17, 338–343 223, 226; III: 349, 351; V: 333; VI: 292 herbicide environmental exposure and, III: Vietnam veterans’ studies, VII: 411–413 358, 361; IV: 351; V: 341–342; VI: 301; See also Genitourinary cancers VII: 428–429, 431 Body mass index (BMI), II: 281; III: 499, 502 herbicide occupational exposure and, III: Body weight, loss of and TCDD, II: 3 357–358, 360; IV: 351; V: 340–341; VI: Boehringer-Ingelheim, I: 313; III: 153–154; IV: 301; VII: 144, 425–431 111–112; V: 220; VI: 172 incidence, data by gender/race, for selected Bone development effects, VI: 68–69; VII: age groups, III: 356; IV: 351; V: 339; 89–90 VI: 297 Bone/joint cancer, VII: 342–346, 711 research recommendations, V: 524 biologic plausibility, III: 304; V: 282; VI: scientific literature update, II: 229–230; 245; VII: 345 III: 357–359; IV: 351; V: 339, 342; VI: children and, I: 628 301–302 chondrosarcomas of the skull, III: 2, 10, TCDD association with, IV: 19; VII: 266, 304 114–116 epidemiologic studies, III: 303–305; V: Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 525; II: 228–229, 280–282; VI: 242–245; VII: 342–345 230; IV: 353; V: 343; VI: 302 epidemiology, I: 472–473; II: 204; III: 302 Vietnam veterans’ studies, III: 358–359, herbicide association in, I: 13, 473–474, 361; IV: 352; V: 342; VI: 301–302; VII: 577; II: 6, 11, 20, 204–205, 249–250; 429–432 III: 7, 10, 303–305; V: 278–282; VII: Breast cancer, VII: 371–382, 710–711 141 agricultural workers and, I: 510; IV: 140 herbicide environmental exposure and, III: biologic plausibility, II: 217; III: 327, 329; 303, 305; IV: 289; V: 280; VII: 344–345 IV: 318; V: 309; VI: 269–270; VII: herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 379–380 303, 305; IV: 288; V: 280; VII: 342–345 epidemiologic studies, II: 214–216, 217; incidence of, data by gender/race, for III: 324–328; IV: 318–320; V: 302–304, selected age groups, III: 302; IV: 288; 308; VI: 265–270; VII: 373–379 VI: 242 epidemiology, I: 505, 506–507; II: 213–214; scientific literature update, II: 204–205; III: III: 322, 324; IV: 144 303; IV: 288; V: 279, 281; VI: 242–244 herbicide association in, I: 13; II: 6, 11, Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 473, 474; II: 204; 12, 20, 89, 213–217, 249–250; III: 7, IV: 290; V: 282; VI: 245 10, 324–329; IV: 24, 29, 38, 73; V: Vietnam veterans’ studies, III: 303, 305; IV: 300–309; VII: 142–143 289; V: 281; VII: 344–345 herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: Boston Hospital for Women, II: 291–292 511, 512; III: 328; IV: 315; V: 302–303, Brain tumors, I: 339; IV: 350; VII: 304–307; VII: 375–379 423–433,711–712 herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 2,4-D exposure and, I: 119, 176–177 214–216; III: 324–326, 328; IV: 315; V: agricultural workers and, I: 320; II: 136 301, 302, 304; VII: 144, 147, 373–378 biologic plausibility, III: 362; IV: 352; V: histopathology, I: 505–506 343; VI: 302; VII: 432 incidence in US women, data by race, for clinical features, I: 522 selected age groups, III: 324; IV: 314; V: 301; VI: 265

796 INDEX risk, estimated, II: 218; V: 300–301 domestic use, I: 185–186 risk factors, I: 507; V: 309 genotoxicity, I: 119, 187–188 scientific literature update, III: 326–327; IV: kidney toxicity, I: 125; II: 42 315; V: 301, 304–307; VI: 266 mechanism of action, II: 50; III: 38, 49–50; TCDD association with, V: 5, 65–66, VI: 41–43 306–307; VI: 81; VII: 109–110 mechanisms of toxicity, II: 50–51 Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 213, 216–217, metabolism, I: 115, 116 505, 511; III: 329; IV: 318; V: 309; VI: Operation Ranch Hand, use in, IV: 117 270 pharmacokinetics, I: 186–187 Vietnam veterans’ studies, III: 326, 328; IV: renal toxicity, II: 50–51 316; V: 304; VII: 376–377, 379 reproductive toxicity, I: 124, 189; II: 42; IV: See also Reproductive system cancers, 403 women toxicity update summary, II: 50; IV: 23, 33, Breast milk, VI: 50–51, 389 38; V: 38–40, 78; VI: 33–34, 41–43, British Columbia, Canada, III: 10, 227–228, 89–90; VII: 58–61 338, 439–440, 447–448, 449, 452, 453, toxicokinetics, II: 50; III: 32–33, 48; IV: 24, 457; IV: 419; VII: 163 27–29; V: 38–39; VI: 41 Cancer Incidence File, III: 227 Vietnam formulations, I: 186 Death File, III: 227 volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, Division of Vital Statistics, III: 452, 457 data, III: 136 Health Surveillance Registry, III: 227, 439 Calcium, homeostasis of and 2,4,5-T, II: 4 British workers. See United Kingdom California, I: 341; III: 232; VI: 129 Bronchitis, I: 708, 711, 713 See also Irvine, California See also Respiratory disorders California United Farm Workers Study, VII: Bronchus cancer. See Lung cancer 159–160, 229, 731 Brown, Jesse, II: 24; III: 24, 25 Camp Drum, New York, I: 25–26, 89 Bureau of Census, III: 231 Canada, I: 11, 319–320, 323, 374–375, 443, Bureau of Labor Statistics, I: 79, 80 467–468, 537–539, 620, 650; II: 8, 132, Burkitt lymphoma, V: 430 135–136, 140, 219–220, 243, 248; III: n-Butyl esters, I: 27; IV: 117–119 226, 232, 303, 309, 335, 344, 348, 353; IV: 141, 199, 209, 257, 296, 333, 353, 360, 374, 381; V: 352; VI: 50, 125–126, C 176 Census of Agriculture, 1971, II: 135 Ca Mau peninsula, I: 100, 104 Census of Population, 1971, II: 135 Cacodylic acid, I: 88–89; II: 4; III: 5, 19, 32, Central Farm Register, 1971, II: 135 135, 136, 137, 218; IV: 22, 117–118, Central Farm Register, 1981, II: 135 133; V: 1, 3, 4; VI: 1, 3, 11, 20–21, Cross-Canada Study of Pesticides and 41–43, 118–119, 201, 276, 436 Health, VII: 167 acute toxicity, I: 188 Mortality Data Base, II: 135; III: 227 animal studies, I: 185–189; II: 50–51; III: Mortality Study of Canadian Male Farm 34, 38, 48, 49–50, 396; IV: 5; VI: 41–43 Operators, II: 135–136; III: 224; IV: carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 187; II: 40; III: 140, 198–200; VII: 161 396; V: 39 Saskatchewan Cancer Foundation, II: 139 chemical properties/structure, I: 111, 114, Saskatchewan Hospital Services Plan, II: 186; II: 38; III: 32; V: 21 139 chronic exposure, I: 188–189 Statistics Canada, III: 227 and circulatory disorders, V: 503 See also Alberta, Canada; British Columbia, developmental toxicity, I: 124, 189 Canada; Manitoba, Canada; New dimethylarsenic radical formation and, II: 4 Brunswick, Canada; Ontario, Canada; disease outcomes, III: 34, 50; IV: 25, 31 Saskatchewan, Canada

INDEX 797 Cancer herbicide occupational exposure studies, age-specific incidence, I: 436–438; IV: 250, I: 443–444; II: 133, 134; IV: 251, 268, 267, 273, 277, 281, 288, 292, 300, 314, 274, 282, 288, 292, 302, 309, 315, 321, 321, 327, 335, 346, 351, 356, 365, 372, 327, 336, 340, 346, 351, 356, 365, 372, 378 379; VII: 144, 147 agriculture workers and, I: 320–323, 443; herbicide/pesticide applicators and, I: II: 136, 137–138 320–321, 323, 325–326, 443, 447, biologic plausibility, I: 116–118, 119, 434; 466–468, 488, 491; II: 137–138; IV: 276 II: 176; III: 394–397; IV: 249, 256, 270, herbicides, categories of association in, I: 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305, 311, 318, 572 322, 323, 331, 332, 337, 342, 343, 348, mortality studies, I: 442–445; II: 133, 134, 352, 358, 359, 367, 374, 380, 381, 385; 136, 137, 263; III: 410–411, 421, 422, VI: 339–341; VII: 263 423, 424, 426, 427, 429; IV: 251–254, children and, I: 14, 594–595, 628–631; IV: 268–270, 277, 282, 288, 289, 292, 293, 345, 399, 400, 417–429; V: 425–432 294, 299, 302, 303, 305, 327, 329, 330, clinical features, I: 433–436 331, 332, 336, 341, 346, 347, 351, 352, epidemiologic studies, I: 45, 317, 320–323, 356, 357, 358, 365, 366, 367, 372, 373, 325–326, 367, 383–384, 391–393, 443– 379, 380; VII: 145 445; II: 133–138, 147–148; IV: 182, multistage model, I: 142–143, 434, 439 251–255, 268–269, 274–275, 277–278, P450 induction to, I: 144–145, 170 282–283, 288–289, 292–295, 302–304, phenoxy herbicide association in, I: 483; 309–310, 315–316, 321–323, 327–329, III: 422, 423, 429 336–337, 340–342, 346–347, 351–352, research priorities, I: 19, 727 356–358, 365–367, 372–373, 379–380; research recommendations, I: 19, 727 V: 5, 242–393; VI: 5, 201–353; VII: risk assessment, I: 442–443, 578; II: 251, 261–516 276; III: 430–431 epidemiology, I: 433, 435–438, 442, 525; site groupings for ICD-9 cancer codes, III: II: 175; III: 265–266 537–539 herbicide association, insufficient evidence TCDD animal studies, I: 138–142; II: 176; for determining, I: 13–14, 577–578; II: III: 394, 396; IV: 306, 311, 317 249–250; III: 393; IV: 268, 270, 274, TCDD genotoxicity, I: 143–144 279, 286, 302, 305, 311, 314, 318, 321, TCDD in initiation/promotion, I: 116, 323, 336, 337, 338, 340, 342, 346, 348, 142–143, 434, 439 374, 378, 380, 384; VI: 338 TCDD in P450 induction to, I: 144–145 herbicide association, limited/suggestive types classification, VII: 264–267 evidence of, I: 10–12, 574–576; II: Vietnam civilians, II: 148 247–249; III: 393; IV: 256, 278, 279, Vietnam veterans, expected incidence, 283, 331, 373, 384, 385; VI: 338 I: 439–440, 442, 452, 460–461, 473, herbicide association, no evidence of, I: 12– 475, 501, 505, 513, 522, 526, 564; II: 13, 576–577; II: 250; III: 393–394; IV: 176–177; III: 266–267 254, 256, 269, 289, 317; VI: 338–339 Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 391–393, 401, herbicide association, sufficient evidence of, 402–403, 405, 436–438, 444–445, 578; I: 8–10, 572–574; II: 175, 176, 247; III: II: 251, 276; III: 397, 430–431; IV: 256, 390, 392; IV: 295, 358, 367, 384; VI: 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305, 311, 337–338 318, 323, 332, 338, 343, 348, 353, 359, herbicide environmental exposure 367, 374, 381, 388; VI: 341 epidemiologic studies, I: 444, 469; II: See also Carcinogen(s); Latency effects in 147–148; IV: 254, 269, 274, 278, 282, cancer studies; specific cancer sites; 289, 293, 302, 309, 315, 321, 329, 336, specific cancers; specific tumors 341, 347, 351, 357, 366, 372, 379 Cancers of the digestive organs, VII: 283–325 herbicide exposure measures, II: 175, 176; See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers III: 265–266

798 INDEX Cancers of the eye and orbit, VII: 421–423 herbicide exposure assessment for, I: Carcinogen(s) 256–257, 727; IV: 9, 137, 144–146, 2,4-D as, I: 118–119, 176–178; II: 40, 48; 207–221, 336, 369, 401, 418–420, 428, III: 47, 396; IV: 5; V: 37 444–445, 447 2,4,5-T as, I: 118, 119, 182–184; II: 40; III: herbicide occupational exposure, II: 396 122–127, 138–140, 183, 184, 186, cacodylic acid as, I: 118, 119, 187; II: 40; 188, 190, 193, 200, 222, 240; III: 173, III: 396; IV: 29, 31; VII: 59–61 175, 185–196; IV: 133, 136, 187, 192, herbicides as, I: 3, 40; II: 273, 275; III: 426, 207–221, 328; VII: 164–168 428, 430; IV: 10, 17, 267, 270, 341, paper/pulp workers, II: 126–127, 200; IV: 345, 511; VI: 340 147, 221–223 mechanism of action, I: 434; V: 61–62; VI: Vietnam veterans, II: 155–157, 159–160, 36–40 187, 223; III: 208–217; IV: 124, picloram as, I: 118, 119, 190–191; II: 40; 236–245, 247, 420, 423–425, 427 III: 396 Causality TCDD as, I: 3, 116–118, 434, 439; II: 3, statistical association vs., I: 7, 227, 239, 39–40, 65–68; III: 394, 396; IV: 3, 82– 246; II: 5, 19, 97, 247; III: 6, 20, 83, 134, 256, 274–275, 279, 284, 290, 132–133, 390; IV: 6; V: 22–23; VI: 7 296, 305, 311, 318, 330, 332, 337, 342, CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and 348, 352, 358, 367, 374, 380, 385–387, Prevention 477; V: 61–63, 75–76; VI: 76–78; VII: CDDs. See Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins 50–51, 101–105 Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) See also Cancer TCDD and, II: 69–70 Cardiovascular system disorders Cell proliferation cardiomegaly, I: 703 TCDD and, II: 3, 67; IV: 23, 60, 61, 63, 79, cardiovascular disease, V: 6; VI: 69–70 82 circulatory disorders, I: 699–709; IV: 182; Cell stress responses, VI: 40; VII: 55 V: 502–506 Cellular retinoic acid binding protein, type II developmental, in infants, V: 5 (CRABP-II), II: 73 herbicide association in, V: 21 Census Bureau. See Bureau of Census lipid abnormalities in, I: 688 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention TCDD in, I: 171; II: 76; III: 74–75; IV: (CDC), I: 19, 40–41, 51; II: 9; III: 23–26, 135, 156–157; IV: 76, 135, 363, 517; IV: 115, 123, 133; VI: 48, 156–157; V: 70; VII: 91, 111–113 120, 167, 364, 425; VII: 181–182, 651, See also Circulatory disorders; Myocardial 767–768 infarction Agent Orange action/research, I: 57–62, CART. See Classification and regression tree 63–64; II: 28; III: 25; IV: 125–126 method Agent Orange Study, I: 276–278; II: 102; CAS. See Chemical Abstract Service IV: 124 Case-control studies, VII: 741–752 birth defects research, I: 387–389, 609–612; agriculture/forestry workers, I: 326–341; II: 289; IV: 124; V: 418 II: 138–140; III: 185–195, 228–232; V: epidemiological studies, II: 113, 155–156; 153–166; VI: 127–128 III: 26, 207–209, 218, 240; IV: evidentiary role of, I: 234–235, 727; II: 156–157, 208, 235, 236, 237; V: 123, 94–95, 178, 179, 180, 188; III: 130; IV: 182–183; VI: 138–139 105, 108 exposure opportunity index, I: 274–276, herbicide environmental exposure, II: 611–612; II: 290–291; III: 147–148 144–146, 148–149, 184, 186, 190, 193, neural tube defects in children, studies by, 241; III: 201–204; IV: 227–231, 322 IV: 18; V: 16; VI: 15 research methodology, I: 728

INDEX 799 TCDD half-life investigation, II: 104–105 Chemoreception validation study, I: 59, 260–261, 281–284, characteristics of, I: 133–134 285, 387, 742–743; II: 103, 104; III: dioxin-responsive enhancers in, I: 135–136 240 estrogen-mediated, I: 145 See also Birth Defects Study; Cerebrospinal TCDD dose-response linearity, I: 137–138 Malformation (CSM) Study; General TCDD hepatotoxicity and, I: 154–155 Birth Defects Study (GBDS); Selected TCDD-induced wasting syndrome and, I: Cancers Study; Vietnam Experience 164 Study (VES) See also Ah receptor (AHR) Central nervous system (CNS). See Child mortality studies, II: 147 Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders; See also Deaths; Mortality studies Motor/coordination dysfunction; Childhood cancer. See Neuroblastoma Neurobehavioral toxicity; Neurologic Children disorders spina bifida in Vietnam veterans offspring, Cerebrospinal Malformation (CSM) Study, I: II: 9–10, 296, 298, 309; III: 7, 8, 9–10, 610; II: 289–290 21, 24–25, 437–438 Cerebrovascular disease, I: 702 Children, cancer in, I: 14, 594–595, 628–631; stroke, I: 658, 659, 660 II: 7, 11, 20; IV: 399–400, 417–420, Cervical cancers, I: 13, 505, 509, 510, 512; II: 422, 425–426, 427, 428, 432; V: 6; III: 329, 330, 332; IV: 320–321, 324, 425–432; VII: 142, 144, 546–553 385; V: 5, 310, 311; VI: 272; VII: 385 biologic plausibility, VI: 389; VII: 552–553 Chance, VI: 23 epidemiologic studies, II: 299; V: 427–429, Chapaevsk, Russia, V: 5–6, 117–118, 228, 245, 432; VI: 383–389; VII: 547–552 269, 279, 292, 294, 299, 305, 314, 316, epidemiology, II: 298; IV: 422–425 322, 329, 332–333, 337, 368, 371, 402, herbicide association in, II: 299–300; V: 416–417, 436, 504–505; VI: 133, 180; 425–432; VII: 547–552 VII: 234 scientific literature update, II: 299–300; IV: Chemical Abstract Service (CAS), VI: 21 418–422; V: 429–431; VI: 384 Chemical production. See Herbicides; Industrial Seveso, Italy, study, II: 299; IV: 428 accidents; Production workers Vietnam veterans’ offspring, II: 299; IV: Chemicals and chemical industry 426, 429; V: 431; VI: 389; VII: 550–552 Agent Orange product liability litigation, I: See also Wilm’s tumor 34–35 Children’s Oncology Group, VII: 166 hexachlorophene production, I: 40; II: 128; China, I: 458; II: 188, 320; III: 159, 289; IV: IV: 134–135, 138, 148 273; VI: 203, 226 production workers exposure studies, See also Shanghai, China I: 303–318; II: 114–118, 128–135, Chloracne, I: 39; VII: 142, 600–602 171–175, 182–183, 191, 193–197, animal studies, I: 173–174; III: 480 206–207, 232, 237–238, 273–274, biological plausibility, II: 320–321; III: 480; 275; III: 170–178, 218, 219–224, 284, IV: 466; V: 479; VI: 438; VII: 601–602 363–364, 378–379, 386–387, 420, 423, chemical production workers and, I: 308, 426, 429; IV: 133–140, 194–197, 252, 310, 316; IV: 464, 466 257, 258, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 271, clinical features, I: 672–673; V: 477–478 276, 280, 285, 286, 293, 296, 297, 301, diet and, I: 174; IV: 463–464 306, 307, 318, 319, 325, 327, 333, 334, epidemiologic studies, I: 674–678; II: 338, 343, 344, 348, 349, 353, 354, 360, 318–320; III: 479–480; IV: 135–136, 368, 374, 381, 382; V: 3; VII: 728–729 138–139, 147, 152, 186, 189, 194, TCDD contamination in production, I: 91, 233; V: 478–479; VI: 7, 437–438; VII: 126 600–601 See also Herbicides; Industrial accidents epidemiology, II: 317–318; III: 478–479

800 INDEX herbicide association in, I: 10, 678; II: 5, 6, Circulatory disorders, VII: 622, 644–675 20, 318–321; III: 6, 7, 20, 24, 479–480; biologic plausibility, III: 518; IV: 510; V: IV: 185, 463–464; V: 14; VI: 13; VII: 505–506; VI: 471; VII: 669–670 600–601 definition, II: 335, 337; III: 514; IV: 505 scientific literature update, II: 318–320; III: epidemiologic studies, I: 700–707; II: 480; IV: 465; V: 478; VI: 437–438 335–337; III: 514–518; IV: 506–509; V: Seveso, Italy, accident and, I: 366–367; IV: 6; VI: 467–471; VII: 645–669 464 epidemiology, III: 514 skin cancer and, I: 502 herbicide association in, I: 14, 708; II: 7, TCDD biomarker for, I: 4, 10, 28, 172–173, 11, 21, 335–337; III: 3, 8, 514–518; VI: 262, 401, 672–674; II: 3, 318; V: 478 467–469 Vietnam veterans and, II: 317, 318, 321; III: morbidity studies, II: 336 479, 480; IV: 233, 465–466; V: 479; VI: mortality studies, II: 335 438 research methodology, I: 699–700; II: 335 Vietnam veterans compensation for, I: 50, scientific literature update, II: 336–337; III: 51, 55, 56; II: 24, 28–29, 30, 31 515–518; IV: 506–509; V: 503–504; VI: Vietnam veterans’ risk, VI: 438 467–469 See also Skin sensitivity Vietnam veterans and, II: 336; III: 514; IV: Chlordane, I: 91 510; V: 506; VI: 468–469, 471; VII: Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs), II: 666–669 63–64, 65 See also Angina; Cardiovascular system 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), disorders; Depressive disorders; II: 113, 133, 188, 193, 195–196, 207; Hypertension; Myocardial infarction III: 218, 225; IV: 133, 197, 258, 259, Cirrhosis, VI: 465 260, 262, 264, 265, 267, 276, 280, Classification and regression tree (CART) 286–287, 290, 291, 297, 299, 312, 334, method, V: 414–415 335, 338, 339, 344–345, 349, 350, 354, Cleanup efforts. See Hazardous materials 355, 401; VII: 31, 660 disposal and cleanup 2-[4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy]propanoic acid Cleft lip/palate, I: 373–374, 375, 611, 612; IV: (MCPP), II: 133, 195–196; VII: 31 402, 433 Chlorodibenzodioxins, I: 28 See also Birth defects Chlorophenols, I: 9; III: 150, 151, 154, 218, Clinton, William J., III: 24 222, 223, 422, 423, 429; IV: 16; V: 3, CLL. See Chronic lymphocytic leukemia; 104 Leukemia Chondrosarcomas of the skull. See Bone/joint CMGCs. See Congenital morphogenetic cancer conditions Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, III: 384–385; CMI. See Cell-mediated immunity IV: 208, 211, 377, 417, 422; V: 7, 366– CML. See Leukemia 367, 372–376; VI: 15–16, 334–337; VII: Coast Guard. See US Coast Guard 486–490, 713 Cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders, VII: See also Leukemia 568–570 Chronic myeloid leukemia. See Leukemia covariants in, V: 449 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease epidemiologic studies, II: 148, 307–308; (COPD), II: 129; IV: 184, 470, 472, III: 468–469; V: 449–451; VI: 406–410; 474, 475; VI: 441 VII: 569 See also Respiratory disorders herbicide association in, I: 657–658; II: Chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, V: 6, 7, 11, 20, 307–309; III: 468–469; IV: 465–469; VI: 6 441–443; V: 449–451; VI: 6 scientific literature update, V: 466–467 herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: TCDD and, V: 465–469 651–653; II: 148 herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: 649–651; V: 6

INDEX 801 scientific literature update, II: 307–308; Committee to Review the Health Effects in III: 469; IV: 441–442; V: 449–451; VI: Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to 407–409 Herbicides, II: 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 653–656; II: 308; 264–266; III: 17, 18, 19, 23, 412; IV: V: 449–451 15; V: 2–3, 12–13; VI: 2, 167, 569–570, See also Encephalopathy; Neurasthenia; 575–579; VII: 2–4, 17–19 Neurobehavioral toxicity; Neurologic epidemiologic studies of Vietnam Veterans, disorders; Posttraumatic stress disorder recommendations, II: 24–25; VII: 14–15 (PTSD) Compensation, veterans, I: 227 Cohort studies congressional legislation, I: 47, 50–51; II: agriculture/forestry workers, I: 318–323; 28–29; III: 26–27 II: 118–122, 135–138; III: 178–182, Department of Veterans Affairs, I: 55–56; 224–226; IV: 140–142, 197–206; VI: II: 24, 30–31; III: 28 124–127 product liability litigation, I: 34–35 definition, I: 229 Con Thieu province, Vietnam, I: 96; III: 139; gleaning information from, VII: 701–702 IV: 121 herbicide environmental exposure, II: Concentration difficulties, V: 447 141–147, 190, 218; III: 197–201; IV: Confidence intervals, I: 244; V: 17; VI: 23 224–237 Confounding distortion of measures of herbicide exposure assessment for, I: association, V: 22; VI: 23, 465 254–256; II: 105–107, 178, 179, 180 Congenital anomalies/malformations. See Birth herbicide occupational exposure, II: defects 107–108, 114–122, 130–133, 182–183, Congenital morphogenetic conditions 186, 190, 192, 193, 218, 222, 240; III: (CMGCs), V: 402–403 170–185, 196; IV: 134–140, 182–206, Congress. See Legislation; US Congress 222–230; VI: 169–174; VII: 147–149 Congressional hearings methodology, I: 229–232 Agent Orange and, II: 27–28; III: 25 Ranch Hand cohort, II: 109, 150–152, Connecticut, tumor registry, III: 235, 388 154–156, 201; IV: 13, 18, 150–156 COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary Vietnam veterans, II: 149–160, 187, 218; disease III: 206–217; IV: 232–247 Corticosterone, TCDD and, I: 168, 171–172 Vietnamese civilians cohort, II: 108–109 Cox Proportional Hazard, III: 499, 502 Colon cancer CRABP-II. See Cellular retinoic acid binding agricultural workers and, I: 328–329 protein, type II epidemiologic studies, III: 276–278; IV: Craniofacial development, VII: 116 250–252, 255–256, 262, 385; V: 250– Cretinism. See Thyroid homeostasis 253; VI: 210–213; VII: 283, 300–304 Crohn’s disease, VI: 444 herbicide association in, I: 12–13, 576–577; Cryptorchidism, V: 324 II: 7, 12; III: 8, 21; V: 17 CSM. See Cerebrospinal Malformation Study See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers Cyclophosphamide, V: 40 Colorado, III: 47 Cynomolgus monkeys, V: 60 Colorectal cancer, I: 446; VII: 299–310 Cytochrome P450. See P450 Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 447, 450, 451, Cytogenetics 452; IV: 256 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma studies, III: See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers 365–366 Commercial herbicide sprayers. See Cytoplasmic inclusions, V: 464 Professional herbicide/pesticide Czech Republic, I: 317, 649, 675, 688; IV: 139; applicators V: 6, 449–450; VI: 408 Committee on the Assessment of Wartime See also Prague, Czech Republic Exposure to Herbicides in Vietnam, V: 525; VI: 493

802 INDEX D research future recommendations, I: 287–289, 291, 722–725, 729–730; IV: 13 2,4-D. See 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid review of, I: 244–245 2,4-DB. See 2,4-Dichlorophenoxybutyric acid self-reports, I: 270–271 Data sources state government, I: 60 Agent Orange Registry, I: 20, 53, 56, 729; state-sponsored Vietnam veteran studies, II: 153 I: 400–405, 495–496; III: 213–215, agricultural/forestry worker studies, I: 243–244 265–266, 318–341; IV: 140–142 TCDD production workers, I: 264–265; IV: animal studies, I: 111–114, 228 134–140 biological stored samples as, I: 20–21, Toxline, IV: 252 729–730 troop location, I: 273–279, 287; IV: 121 Cancerlit, IV: 253 Vietnam casualties, I: 82–83 case reports, I: 235–236 Vietnam military herbicide use, I: 84–85 Centers for Disease Control studies, I: 387– Vietnam veteran demographics, I: 79, 80–84 391; II: 113, 155–156; III: 207–209, Vietnam veteran exposure assessment use, 218, 240; IV: 133, 156–157 I: 270–287 chemical production workers, I: 303–318; Vietnam veteran reproductive outcomes, I: IV: 134–140 601 computerized data bases, I: 735–736; II: Vietnamese civilian health outcomes, I: 24–25, 31 371–372 Department of Veterans Affairs women veterans, I: 83–84; II: 152–153 epidemiologic studies, I: 393–399; II: See also Death certificates; Epidemiologic 152, 153; III: 209–212, 218, 240–243; studies; Military records; Questionnaires IV: 151, 157–158 DBCP. See Dibromochloropropane epidemiologic controlled studies, I: DDT, I: 87, 91; IV: 141 228–237; II: 150–153 Death certificates, I: 236–237; II: 128, 136, epidemiologic studies as, I: 737–738 137–138, 151; III: 470; IV: 112 herbicide environmental exposure studies, See also Data sources I: 267–269, 372–375, 383–384; IV: Deaths 147–150 2,4-D lethality, III: 44–45; IV: 35 herbicide exposure reconstruction model, I: Australian Vietnam veterans lung cancer 725–726 deaths, III: 424 herbicide non-military exposures, I: 4–5, female reproductive system cancer deaths, 222–223, 241–242 by cancer site, III: 329 herbicide/pesticide applicators, I: 266–267, Finland male herbicide applicators 323–326; IV: 142–143 respiratory cancer mortality, II: 271 HERBS tapes, I: 20, 62, 85, 96–98, Germany herbicide/chemical production 273–279, 287, 291, 602, 725; III: 146, workers cancer mortality, III: 423, 429 148; IV: 123, 125 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma mortality, III: International Register of Workers Exposed 429; IV: 355 to Phenoxy Herbicides and Their prostate cancer mortality, III: 426, 427; IV: Contaminants, I: 313–314; IV: 137 326; V: 319–321 mandated efforts, I: 20–21 respiratory cancer mortality, III: 421, 422, Medline, IV: 252 423; IV: 273 organization of, I: 737 Seveso, Italy, male cancer mortality, II: 271, paper/pulp mill workers, I: 341, 364; IV: 275; III: 422, 427; IV: 282 114, 134 TCDD lethality, III: 71–73; V: 69–70; VI: presentations/reports to committee, I: 67 739–756; II: 343–348; III: 533–536 See also Child mortality studies; Death randomized controlled trials, I: 227–228 certificates; Mortality studies; Perinatal reproductive outcomes, I: 593–595 death

INDEX 803 Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC), II: herbicide use precautions, I: 95; IV: 121 24–25 military records, I: 78, 724–725 Defoliants See also Defense Manpower Data Center Agent Orange as, I: 90; IV: 38 (DMDC) military applications, I: 25, 26; III: 135, Department of Veterans Affairs, US (DVA), I: 137; IV: 117 2, 8, 17, 18, 20, 50–51, 284; II: 2, 5, 8, Vietnam herbicide mission maps, I: 99–100 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 26, 27, 89, 153, 176, Vietnam tactical role of, I: 85 181, 187, 218, 249, 260, 278, 305, 312; See also Herbicides III: 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 12, 17, 18, 20, 24, 25, Dekonta Company, II: 329 26, 125, 132, 266, 303, 304, 390, 407, Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), IV: 120 434, 468, 478, 519; IV: 1, 2, 6, 15, 16, Demographic data, Vietnam veterans, I: 79, 18, 123, 133, 151, 158, 284, 463; V: 80–84 2, 12–13, 20; VI: 2, 20, 120, 139–140, DEN. See Diethylnitrosamine 186; VII: 17, 182–184, 769–771 Denmark, I: 317, 443, 444, 454, 463, 477, Agent Orange controversy and, I: 33, 480, 509, 510, 537, 553, 565, 567; II: 53–54; II: 29–31; III: 28–29; V: 1 131–134, 139–140, 183, 194–195, 207, Agent Orange Coordinator, II: 31 209–210, 212, 215, 232, 238; III: 223, Death Beneficiary Identification and Record 224, 307, 313, 318, 325, 330–331; IV: Location System (BIRLS), II: 151, 152, 199–200, 209, 252, 406, 408; VI: 124, 153; III: 238, 241, 242; IV: 151, 157; 128–129, 177; VII: 162 VI: 136 Cancer Registry, III: 232; VI: 128 health care in, I: 54; II: 28; III: 27 Central Population Register, II: 133, 139, military records, I: 78–79, 724–725; II: 151, 224; III: 352 152, 153 Danish National Institute for Social mortality studies, II: 101, 152–153, Research, II: 140 156–157; III: 146; IV: 151, 157–158 National Cancer Register, II: 133, 139, 215, outreach activities, I: 56; II: 31; III: 28 224; III: 325, 352; IV: 144 Patient Treatment File (PTF), III: 242 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), II: 45, 48, 50, recommendations for, I: 724–725, 726–730; 51, 54, 55, 56, 57–58, 60, 61, 64, 74, II: 24–25; VII: 702–703 75; III: 34, 35, 39, 42, 43, 48, 49, 53, research efforts, I: 54–55; II: 29–30; III: 54, 56, 57, 58–61, 65, 67, 69, 75, 77, 27–28 83, 90, 91, 98, 99, 103, 104, 109; IV: veterans’ advocacy groups and, I: 61; VI: 20 29, 33, 40, 47, 48, 49, 53, 60, 64, 67, Vietnam veteran compensation and benefits, 68, 69, 70, 73, 75, 77, 85, 458; V: 4; VI: II: 24, 30–31; III: 28 166; VII: 5, 103–104 Vietnam veteran epidemiologic studies, I: Department of Agriculture, US (USDA), I: 50, 393–399, 445, 469–470, 493–495, 35, 39, 443; II: 178, 219, 224, 229, 543–547, 562; II: 101, 113, 156–157, 238–239, 248; III: 230, 335, 352; IV: 201–202; III: 209–212, 218, 240–243; 212, 213, 257, 259, 262, 264, 267, 301, V: 123–126, 183–187 345, 350, 355, 364, 371, 376, 383 women veterans epidemiological studies, II: Agricultural Census, IV: 149 152–153; IV: 399 extension agents, IV: 144 See also Agent Orange Registry Department of Air Force, US (AOR); Agent Orange Task Force; Vietnam herbicide use by military, response, Environmental Agents Service (EAS); II: 31–32; III: 28–29 Environmental Epidemiology Service Department of Defense, US (DoD), I: 17, 27, (EES) 29, 31, 78; II: 24; III: 138, 139, 140; IV: Depressive disorders, I: 650, 651 119, 121 See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric Environmental Services Group, III: 148 disorders; Neurobehavioral toxicity herbicide spray mission records, I: 84–85

804 INDEX Dermal toxicity Dibenzofurans, I: 126; IV: 41, 64, 138 TCDD and, II: 76; III: 73–74; IV: 76 Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), II: 279 Desiccant herbicides, I: 88–89; III: 136 4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid, V: 33 See also Herbicides 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), II: 4, Detroit, Michigan, II: 241; III: 229 18; III: 5, 19, 135, 136, 137; IV: 4–5, Developmental disorders, VI: 38–39; VII: 110–111, 122, 133; V: 1, 3, 12; VI: 1, 517–565 3, 20, 34–41, 118–119, 201, 276, 436; 2,4-D in, I: 180–181; II: 42; III: 46 VII: 31 2,4,5-T in, I: 185; II: 42, 49–50 acute toxicity, I: 179 cacodylic acid in, I: 189; II: 42 Agent Orange and, I: 27 neurological, I: 660 Agent White and, I: 90 picloram in, I: 192; II: 42 altered sperm parameters, I: 632 TCDD in, I: 123–124, 149, 156–157, animal studies, I: 174–181; II: 46–49; III: 159–160, 185; II: 3, 41–42, 71, 72–73; 34, 36–37, 38–39, 43–47, 396, 462, III: 92–105; V: 67–69, 72–73; VI: 475; VI: 34–41 83–87; VII: 111–117 carcinogenicity, I: 118–119, 176–178, 439; See also Low birthweight; Reproductive II: 40, 48; III: 47, 396; VI: 36–40 disorders cell stress responses, V: 34; VI: 40–41 Diabetes mellitus, I: 683–685, 691, 692, 698; chemical properties, I: 114, 175; II: 38; III: II: 7; IV: 481; V: 6; VII: 620–632 32 biologic plausibility, III: 502–503; IV: 488; chemical structure, I: 111, 114 V: 492; VI: 456; VII: 630–631 chronic exposure, I: 179–180 diagnostic criteria, III: 493, 494 development of, I: 24, 26, 35 epidemiologic concerns, III: 494 developmental toxicity, I: 124, 180–181; II: epidemiologic studies, II: 330–331; III: 42; III: 46; VI: 38–39 494–502; IV: 182, 232; V: 492; VI: disease outcomes, III: 34, 38–39, 44–47; V: 448–456; VII: 623–630 34–37 epidemiology, II: 330; III: 491–492, 493 domestic use, I: 174–175, 177–178 herbicide environmental exposure and, III: energy metabolism, V: 33–34; VI: 40 497; IV: 484–485; V: 489, 491; VI: 15, formulations, I: 175 450; VII: 625–626, 628 genotoxicity, I: 119, 178–179; V: 33; VI: herbicide exposure and, II: 332–333; III: 36–40 2, 11–12, 125, 494–503; IV: 152; V: half-life of, II: 4 485–492 immunotoxicity, I: 122, 181; II: 41; III: 46, herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 524; VI: 39 496; IV: 483–484; V: 487–491; VI: 450 infertility and, II: 280–282 pathogenetic diversity of, III: 494 ingestion of, I: 653 peripheral neuropathy and, relationship, III: kidney toxicity, I: 125; II: 42 471–472; V: 468–469; VI: 6 lethality, III: 44–45 prevalence, data by age/race/gender, III: 492 liver toxicity, I: 125; II: 42; III: 524 scientific literature update, II: 330–331; III: mechanism of action, II: 47–48; III: 44; V: 496, 497; IV: 483; V: 487; VI: 450–455 33–34; VI: 40–41 TCDD and, V: 490 mechanisms of toxicity, II: 48–49; VI: 36 type 2 (adult-onset), IV: 1, 8, 16–18, 21, metabolism, I: 115, 116 150–151, 182–183; V: 485 military field tests, I: 26 Vietnam veterans and, II: 330; III: 2, 11–12, mitochondrial function, V: 33–34; VI: 40 495, 497, 498, 500, 502; IV: 154–156, neurobehavioral disorders and, II: 305; III: 485–487; V: 492; VI: 450–455, 456; 475 VII: 626–630 neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 649, 650, Diamond Shamrock Corporation, I: 34, 35 653 Diazinon, I: 91 neurotoxicity, II: 48; III: 45–46; V: 471; VI: 37

INDEX 805 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, I: 256–257, Diquat, I: 91; III: 137; IV: 119 574 Disease-exposure associations, V: 28 occupational exposure, I: 36, 37, 310–311, Diseases and disorders. See Health outcomes of 321; III: 218, 224, 225, 226; IV: 117 herbicide exposure; Military health care; peripheral neuropathy and, II: 312; III: 473 Vietnam veterans; specific cancer sites; pharmacokinetics, I: 175 specific cancers; specific diseases and plasma concentrations and, V: 32 disorders porphyria cutanea tarda and, II: 322 DMA. See Cacodylic acid; Dimethylarsenic reproductive toxicity, I: 124, 180–181, radical; Dimethylarsinous acid; 597–598; II: 41, 280–282; III: 46, 460, Pentavalent dimethylarsinic acid 461–462; VI: 38–39 DMDC. See Defense Manpower Data Center role of, I: 88 DMZ. See Demilitarized zone teratogenic potential, I: 30, 92 DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid therapeutic application, I: 659 DoD. See Department of Defense, US thyroid hormones, V: 34; VI: 40 Domestic herbicide use toxicity profiles, V: 76–77; VI: 88 2,4-D, I: 174–175 toxicokinetics, II: 46–47; III: 32–33, 36–37, 2,4,5-T, I: 181–182 43–44; IV: 27–28; V: 31–32; VI: 34–36 agricultural use, I: 24, 35, 39, 174–175, 181 toxicologic properties, IV: 22–25, 27–31, pet cancers and, I: 119, 177–178 33–37; VI: 33–34 picloram, I: 189 volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, TCDD contamination in, I: 91 data, III: 136; IV: 117–119 See also Agricultural/forestry workers See also Herbicides Dopaminergic system, I: 163–164, 165 2,4-Dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB) Doppler measurement, VI: 467 differences with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Dormagen, Germany, III: 154; IV: 112 acid (2,4-D), IV: 5 Dose-response relationship Diet 2,4-D pharmacokinetics, I: 175 breast cancer and, I: 507 animal fetal mortality, I: 159 cancer risk and, I: 442 animal studies, I: 111–114, 118 chloracne and, I: 174 evidentiary role of, I: 239–230, 252; V: 18; gastrointestinal cancers and, I: 446 VI: 17 TCDD interactions, II: 64 research recommendations, I: 19, 727; VI: Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) 406 TCDD and, II: 67; IV: 71 TCDD-chloracne, I: 673; II: 318 Digestive disorders. See Gastrointestinal (GI) TCDD dermal application, I: 128–129 disorders; Metabolic and digestive TCDD-exposed workers and, I: 445 disorders TCDD-immune system processes, I: 696 Dimethylarsenic radical TCDD immunotoxicity, I: 122 bladder hyperplasia and tumors associated TCDD threshold, I: 137–138 with, IV: 31, 40 TCDD tissue distribution, I: 130 cacodylic acid and formation of, II: 4 Doubs, France, IV: 116; V: 227–228; VI: Dimethylarsinous acid (DMA), V: 39; VI: 21 179–180 See also Cacodylic acid Dow Chemical Company, I: 34, 35, 307–312, Dinoxol, I: 91; III: 137; IV: 119 461–462, 529, 558, 598, 607, 620, 674; Dioxin. See 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p- II: 115–116, 130, 178, 191, 193, 207, dioxin (TCDD) 232, 238, 286; III: 152–153, 172–174, Dioxin congeners, II: 105–107; III: 158–159 220–221, 270–271, 357–358, 387, 484, Dioxin Registry, I: 36–37 511, 516; IV: 136, 186–188; V: 5, 6, Dioxin-responsive enhancers, I: 135–136 107–108, 132–135, 221–222, 245–246, Dioxin toxic equivalent factors (TEQ factors), 298, 318, 325, 329, 334, 338, 339, II: 106, 107; III: 99, 106, 107, 108, 158, 351, 356, 419, 462; VI: 5, 122–124, 159; IV: 139; VI: 134, 250; VII: 219 171–173, 235, 310; VII: 154, 225–227, 660, 721–723

806 INDEX Drosophila melanogaster Environmental Agents Service (EAS), II: 31; genotoxicity in, V: 38 III: 28 Dutch workers. See Netherlands See also Department of Veterans Affairs, DVA. See Department of Veterans Affairs, US US (DVA) Dystonia, I: 658 Environmental Epidemiology Service (EES), See also Motor/coordination dysfunction II: 29 See also Department of Veterans Affairs, US (DVA) E Environmental herbicide exposure, VII: 752–762 EAS. See Environmental Agents Service accidental exposures, I: 364–365, 368–370; East Germany. See German Democratic II: 141–143, 144, 148; IV: 114–116 Republic acute and subacute transient peripheral EES. See Environmental Epidemiology Service neuropathy and, II: 312–313 EGF. See Epidermal growth factor agricultural areas exposure, I: 372–375 EGFR. See Epidermal growth factor receptor Alsea, Oregon, I: 39, 42–43, 372–373, 598; Electrical transformers, I: 364–365, 444, 626, II: 149 675 assessment strategies, I: 262–263, 267–270; Electrophoretic mobility shift gene (EMSA) III: 144–145, 156–157 TCDD and, II: 66 basal/squamous cell skin cancer and, III: Embryological effects, VII: 111 323; V: 297–298, 299; VII: 368, 370 Emphysema, I: 708, 713 birth defects and, I: 608–609; II: 140, See also Respiratory disorders 287–288; III: 437; V: 394, 400–402; VI: EMSA. See Electrophoretic mobility shift gene 363; VII: 536–543 Encephalopathy, I: 649 birthweight, low, and, III: 459 See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric bladder cancer and, I: 516–517; III: 349, disorders 350–351; V: 329, 331–332; VII: 411, End points, VII: 143, 146, 150–151 413 molecular and cellular, V: 26 bone/joint cancer and, III: 303, 305; V: 280; nonfunctional, V: 484 VII: 344–345 toxic, V: 55–69; VI: 36, 41–43, 55–87; VII: brain tumors and, I: 523; III: 358, 361; V: 58–61, 88–117 341–342; VI: 301; VII: 428–429, 431 Endocrine cancers, VII: 433–443 breast cancer and, III: 328; V: 302–303, Endocrine system, I: 150–151; IV: 156 304–307; VII: 375–379 TCDD toxicity, III: 83–84; IV: 77, 331; V: breast cancer estimated risk, II: 218; V: 66–67, 73–74; VI: 82–83; VII: 110 300–301 Endometrial cancer, IV: 320–324, 385 cancer risk factor, I: 442 Endometriosis, V: 508–510; VII: 142, 675–680 cancer studies, I: 442, 444, 454–455, 469; biological plausibility, V: 509–510; VI: 478; II: 147–148, 179–180, 184 VII: 679 cancers of the digestive organs, VII: 285 clinical features, V: 508 cancers of the eye and orbit, VII: 422 epidemiologic studies, V: 509; VI: 473–478; childhood cancer, VII: 547-552 VII: 676–678 cervical cancer, VII: 385 herbicide association in, V: 508–510 chloracne and, I: 676–677; VII: 600–601 scientific literature review, V: 508–509; VI: chronic lymphocytic leukemia, VII: 474–477 488–489 TCDD and, V: 508 circulatory disorders and, I: 701–702; VI: Vietnam veterans and, V: 510; VI: 478 468; VII: 664, 666 Energy metabolism, VI: 40; VII: 54–55, 57 colon cancer and, V: 251–252; VII: England. See United Kingdom 302–303

INDEX 807 colorectal cancer, VII: 309 melanoma and, III: 316; IV: 302–303; V: diabetes and, III: 497; V: 489, 491; VI: 450; 291–292; VI: 256; VII: 358, 362 VII: 625–626, 628 motor/coordination dysfunction and, I: endocrine cancers, VII: 436–436, 441 658–659 endometriosis, VII: 676–678 multiple myeloma and, I: 562; II: 243; III: epidemiologic studies, I: 3, 301, 365–384, 380, 382; V: 364–365; VI: 324; VII: 469; II: 3, 6–7, 140–149; III: 197–205, 469, 471 218, 232–236, 271–272, 275, 277, nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, II: 189; III: 279–281, 283, 285, 287–288, 290, 291, 290, 291; IV: 274–275; V: 266; VI: 229; 297–298, 301, 303, 305, 309, 316, 323, VII: 272 328, 333, 336, 338, 342, 344, 345, 349, neonatal death and, I: 621; III: 455 350–351, 353, 354, 358, 361, 365, 369, neural tube defects, II: 297; III: 437; IV: 18 373, 375, 380, 382, 388–389, 392, 437, neurobehavioral disorders association 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 497, 520; IV: studies, II: 306; III: 467 147–150, 224–231, 254; V: 226–229; neuroblastoma, V: 429–431 VI: 129–134, 177–182, 540–550; VII: neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 651–653; 168–172 II: 148 esophageal cancer, VII: 290 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, I: 540–541; evidentiary role of research on, I: 4–5, II: 234; III: 365, 369; IV: 17; V: 222–223, 241–242 347–348, 351–354; VI: 310–311; VII: female reproductive system cancers and, I: 449–451, 455–456 511; III: 333; V: 311, 312, 313, 314 ovarian cancer and, III: 333; IV: 321–322; gastrointestinal/digestive disorders and, V: VII: 388 245; VII: 642 pancreatic cancer and, V: 258; VII: 321, 323 gastrointestinal tract tumors and, II: 179– peripheral nervous system disorders and, I: 180; III: 271–272, 275, 277, 279–281; 663–665 IV: 254; V: 245; VI: 219–220 porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 680–681 hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 454–455; II: preterm birth and, III: 459 184, 185, 186; III: 283, 285, 287–288; prostate cancer and, II: 221, 222; III: 336, V: 262–263, 269; VII: 314–315, 317 338, 342; IV: 329; V: 320–321, 322; VI: Hodgkin’s disease and, II: 236; III: 373, 281; VII: 392–393, 399 375; V: 358–359, 366; VI: 318; VII: rectal cancer and, V: 255–256; VII: 461–462, 464 306–307 immune modulation and, I: 693–694 renal cancers and, III: 353, 354; IV: 347 immune system disorder and, VI: 445–446; respiratory cancers and, I: 469; II: 190, 193, VII: 619 200–201 infant death and, III: 456 respiratory disorders, VII: 609–610, 614 infertility and, VI: 366–371; VII: 520, 523 skin cancers and, VI: 256; VII: 358, 362 kidney cancer, VII: 417–418, 420 soft-tissue sarcomas and, I: 491–492; II: laryngeal cancer and, V: 270–271; VI: 233; 207–208; III: 319; IV: 116; V: 285–286; VII: 328–329 VI: 246–250; VII: 350–351, 353 leukemia and, I: 568–570; III: 388–389, spontaneous abortion and, I: 598–599; V: 392; IV: 379; V: 368, 370–371; VI: 332; 414–417; VII: 527–528 VII: 481–482, 485 stillbirth and, I: 620; III: 454 lip cancer, VII: 278 stomach cancer and, V: 248–249; VII: lipid/lipoprotein disorders and, III: 520; IV: 294–295, 298 493; VI: 458; VII: 635 testicular cancer and, III: 344, 345; V: 327; low birthweight, VI: 381–382; VII: 533–534 VII: 404, 406 lung cancer and, III: 297–298, 301; IV: thyroid homeostasis and, VI: 480 282–283; V: 275–276; VI: 240; VII: tongue cancer, VII: 280 335–336, 339 uterine cancer and, III: 333; VII: 387

808 INDEX Vietnam exposure studies, III: 156–157 bladder cancer, I: 515–517; II: 7, 225–227; Washington residents, II: 149 III: 7, 10, 347–351; IV: 340–342; See also Herbicide exposure assessment; V: 330–332, 333; VI: 286–292; VII: Herbicides; Seveso, Italy; Times Beach, 408–413 Missouri bone/joint cancer, I: 472–473; II: 6, 204– Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), I: 39, 205; III: 7, 10, 303–305; IV: 288–289; 59–60, 93; V: 27; VI: 132 V: 280–282; VI: 242–245; VII: 342–345 Alsea, Oregon, I: 42–43 brain tumors, I: 523; II: 7, 136, 229–230; directives, IV: 117 III: 8, 12, 356–361; IV: 351–352; V: Science Advisory Board (SAB), II: 32; III: 340–343; VI: 296–302; VII: 425–432 29 breast cancer, II: 6, 176, 213–217, 218; III: TCDD cancer potency estimate, I: 138 7, 10, 324–328; IV: 315–316; V: 302– Times Beach, Missouri, I: 41; III: 234; IV: 304, 308; VI: 265–270; VII: 373–379 148 cancer, I: 45, 59, 317, 320–323, 367, 383– Vietnam military use of herbicides, 384, 391–393, 401, 402–403, 435–445, response, II: 32; III: 29–30, 136 574; II: 133–138, 147–148, 175, 176; Enzyme induction III: 265–266; VI: 5, 201–353; VII: 7–8 liver, I: 155–156 cancer latency issues, II: 260–276; III: lung, I: 170 407–431 porphyria, I: 153–154 cancers of the eye and orbit, VII: 421–423 TCDD and, II: 3, 66–67 case-control studies, I: 326–341; II: 94–95, EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency 118–127, 138–140, 144–146, 148–149, Epidemiologic studies, VII: 717–777 155, 157, 159–160, 183–184, 186–187, acute and subacute transient peripheral 188, 190, 193, 200, 222–223, 240–241; neuropathy, II: 312–314 III: 173, 175, 185–195, 201–204, 208– acute myelogenous leukemia, VII: 493–494 217, 228–232; IV: 143–146, 207–220, aging effects control, II: 261–262; III: 409 227–231, 236–245, 247; VI: 127–128 agricultural/forestry workers, I: 318–323, cervical cancer, III: 332 326–341; II: 118–120, 135–137, 183, Chapevsk, Russia, VI: 180 197–198, 232–234, 238–239, 241–243; chemical industry production workers, I: III: 178–195, 224–232, 335, 364–365, 303–318; II: 114–118, 128–135, 191, 379–380, 387–388; IV: 134, 140, 193–197, 206–207, 232, 237–238; III: 144–145, 197–206; VI: 124–128 170–178, 218, 219–224, 363–364, 378– Air Force personnel involved in herbicide 379, 386–387; IV: 134–140, 182–197 spraying, II: 31–32; III: 28–29; IV: childhood cancer, I: 628–630; II: 7, 232–235 299–300; VI: 383–389 altered sperm parameters, I: 632; III: chloracne, I: 674–678; II: 5, 6, 318–320; 445–449, 450 III: 6, 7, 479–480; VI: 7, 437–438; VII: amyloidosis, IV: 512; V: 507; VII: 473–474 600–601 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, VII: 581–585 chronic lymphocytic leukemia, VII: autoimmunity, I: 697–698; II: 7; III: 486–490 488–491 chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, II: basal/squamous cell skin cancer, III: 310–311 317–322, 323; V: 296, 297–298, 299; circulatory disorders, I: 700–707; II: 7, VI: 261–265; VII: 370 335–337; III: 8, 514–518; IV: 510; V: birth defects, I: 607–618; II: 7, 140, 505; VI: 467–471; VII: 645–669 286–296; III: 436, 437–438, 443; IV: cleft lip/palate, I: 373–374, 375 400–405; V: 404; VI: 355–365; VII: cofounders, possible, V: 527 536–543 cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders, II: 7, 307–308; III: 468–469; V: 449–451; VI: 406–410; VII: 569

INDEX 809 cohort studies, I: 229–232; II: 105–109, 290, 291, 297–298, 301, 303, 305, 309, 135–138, 141–147, 154–160, 178, 179, 316, 323, 328, 333, 336, 338, 342, 344, 180, 182–183, 186, 187, 190, 192–193, 345, 349, 350–351, 353, 354, 358, 361, 204, 218, 222, 240; III: 170–185, 196, 365, 369, 373, 375, 380, 382, 388–389, 197–200, 206–208, 217; IV: 140–143, 392, 437, 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 497, 182–206, 222–230, 232–247; V: 25–26; 520; IV: 147–149, 224–231, 255, 269, VI: 124–127 274–275, 278, 282–283, 289, 293, 294, colon cancer, I: 12, 328–329, 576–577; II: 302–303, 315–316, 321–322, 329, 336, 7; III: 8, 276–278 341, 347, 351–352, 357, 366, 372–373, colorectal cancer, VII: 299–309 379; V: 2–3; VII: 232–237 congressionally mandated, I: 50; II: 5 herbicide exposure assessment for, I: controlled observational, I: 228 251–259; II: 99–109; III: 142–146; VI: cost of, I: 727 165–169 cross-sectional studies, IV: 187, 188, 196, herbicide exposure indices development, II: 197, 199, 204, 226, 228, 229, 238, 242 107–109 cytogenetic studies, III: 365–366 herbicide exposure levels, II: 175 developmental studies, IV: 196, 227, 229, herbicide exposure reconstruction model 231, 242; VI: 6, 354–403; VII: 8 and, I: 725, 726–728 diabetes mellitus, I: 684–685; II: 7, 330– herbicide occupational exposure studies, 331; III: 494–502; IV: 482, 488–492; V: II: 107–108, 112, 113–140, 188–189, 492; VI: 448–456; VII: 623–630 190, 191–199, 206–207, 214–216, 218, Doubs, France, VI: 179–180 219–220, 222, 232–234, 235–236, ecological design studies, IV: 231 237–243, 286–287, 297, 306, 312; endocrine cancers, VII: 438–442 III: 170–196, 218, 219–232, 274–280, endometriosis, VI: 473–478; VII: 676–678 282–283, 284, 287, 290, 291, 293–294, environmental exposure, VI: 129–134, 296–297, 300–301, 303, 305, 308–309, 540–550; VII: 232–237 312, 316, 317, 321, 323, 324–326, 328, esophageal cancer, VII: 232–237 332–333, 335–336, 337, 338, 341, 344, evaluation of, I: 300–301, 591–592, 737–738; 345, 348, 350, 353, 354, 360, 363–365, II: 5, 93–94; III: 129–130; VI: 2 367–369, 372–373, 374–375, 378–380, evidentiary role of, I: 224–225, 228–237, 381–382, 386–388, 391–392, 437, 450, 300, 305; II: 175, 176; III: 265, 266; IV: 454, 455, 456, 459, 467, 483–485, 489, 104–105 491, 496, 510–512, 515–516, 520; IV: female reproductive system/breast cancers, 134–143, 182–223, 251–254, 268–269, I: 508–511; II: 6, 211–213; III: 7, 10, 274, 277–278, 282, 288–289, 292–293, 330–334; V: 311–316; VI: 265–275 302, 321, 327–329, 336, 340–341, gastrointestinal tract cancers, I: 446–447; II: 346, 351, 356, 365–366, 372, 379; VII: 7, 177–181; III: 8, 12, 268–281; V: 246; 221–232 VI: 203–221 herbicide/pesticide applicators, I: 323–326; gastrointestinal ulcers, I: 691; II: 334; III: II: 31–32, 120–122, 137–138, 198–200; 510–513; IV: 505; V: 502 III: 182–185, 226–228; IV: 202–206 hepatic enzyme disorders, I: 686–688 Hodgkin’s disease, I: 9, 329, 331, 335–336, hepatobiliary cancers, I: 453–455; II: 6, 341, 384, 391, 393, 549–556, 574; II: 5, 176, 181–187; III: 7, 10, 282–288; V: 6, 138, 235–236; III: 6, 7, 372–376; V: 261–263; VI: 221–226 357–360; VI: 313–319; VII: 458–465 herbicide environmental exposures, I: immune modulation, I: 693–696 365–384; II: 140–149, 189, 190, 193, immune system disorders, II: 7, 327–329; 200–201, 207–208, 218, 221, 222, 234, III: 488–491; IV: 480–481; V: 484–485; 236, 241, 243, 287–288, 297, 306, VI: 443–448; VII: 619 312–313; III: 197–205, 218, 232–236, infant death, III: 456; VII: 530 275, 277, 279–281, 283, 285, 287–288,

810 INDEX infertility, I: 632–633; II: 7, 280–282; neurological disorders, I: 365–366, III: 445–449, 450; VI: 365–372; VII: 642–648; II: 141; VI: 6, 404–435; VII: 522–523 8–9 kidney cancer, I: 515; II: 7, 139–140, neuropsychiatric disorders, I: 649–657; II: 224–225; III: 352–355; VI: 292–296; 7, 148; III: 468–469; VII: 569 VII: 415–420 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, I: 9, 328, 329, laryngeal cancer, II: 202–203; III: 293–295; 330, 331, 333–334, 335–338, 383, 384, V: 270–271; VI: 230–234; VII: 326–329 391–393, 401, 528–548, 573–574; II: latency (cancer) issues, II: 260–276; III: 5, 6, 134–135, 136, 138, 139, 231–234; 407–431 III: 6, 7, 362–371, 428–430; IV: leukemia, I: 13, 332–333, 334–335, 564– 356–358; V: 345–355; VI: 303–312; 571, 577–578; II: 7, 136, 245–247; III: VII: 444–456 7, 10, 385–390, 391–392; IV: 379–380; NRC Commission on Life Sciences, I: 63 V: 369–372; VI: 325–337; VII: 476–485 occupational exposures, VI: 496–539 limitations, I: 4, 223; VI: 23 ovarian cancer, III: 333 lip cancer, VII: 277–278 pancreatic cancer, III: 280–281; VII: lipid abnormalities, I: 688–690; II: 7, 318–324 333–334; III: 504–506, 520–521; IV: paper/pulp workers, II: 126–127, 200, 243; 493, 495; VI: 457–463; VII: 637 III: 196, 232; IV: 134, 252; VI: 128–129 liver cancer, I: 13, 329, 391, 393 parkinsonism, VI: 410–420; VII: 572–580 liver toxicity, II: 332–333; III: 510–513; IV: perinatal death, I: 620–624; II: 7, 285–286; 499; VI: 463–466; VII: 642–643 III: 451–453, 454, 455, 456; V: low birthweight, I: 626–627; II: 7; III: 421–422; VI: 378–379 456–457, 459; V: 425; VI: 379–383; peripheral nervous system disorders, I: VII: 532–534 662–666; II: 6, 7, 310–311, 312–314; lung cancer, III: 296–298, 300–301; IV: III: 7, 8, 470–471, 473; VI: 423–429 282–283; V: 274–277; VI: 234–241; porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 680–682; II: 5, VII: 331–340 6, 129, 321–323; III: 7, 8, 481–482; V: melanoma, III: 313–317; V: 288–294; VI: 480; VI: 439–440; VII: 603 251–261 proportionate mortality studies, I: 232–233 meta-analysis, I: 225, 237–238, 242–243, prostate cancer, I: 11, 518–519, 575–576; 244 II: 6, 176, 219–223; III: 7, 8, 9, metabolic and digestive disorders, II: 7, 335–342, 426–428; IV: 327–329; V: 330–337; VI: 463–466; VII: 642–643 319–323; VI: 275–283; VII: 398–401 molecular and cellular end points, V: 26 Quail Run, Missouri, VI: 132 motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 658–661; Ranch Hand cohort, II: 31, 32, 109, 150– II: 7, 309–310; III: 469–470; VI: 152, 154–156, 201, 209, 280, 283–284, 410–422 286, 293–295, 321–322, 330, 332, 336; multiple myeloma, I: 11–12, 331, 334, 335, III: 28–29, 218, 206–207, 237–240, 336, 341, 557–563, 576; II: 6, 138–139, 309–310, 313–314, 318, 321, 322, 339, 176, 237–244; III: 7, 8, 9, 377–383; V: 340, 385, 436, 438, 439, 446–447, 449, 363–366; VI: 319–325; VII: 466–472 452–453, 457–458, 481, 486, 495, 498, nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 459; II: 6, 502; IV: 13, 232–235; VI: 5–6 176, 187–189; III: 7, 10, 290–291; V: rare diseases in, I: 231, 499 267; VI: 226–230 recommendations, I: 15–20, 721–725, 731; neonatal death, III: 455; VII: 530 II: 24–25; III: 23; V: 523–527; VI: 10 neural tube defects numbers, II: 297 rectal cancer, III: 278–279 neurobehavioral disorders, II: 305–308, renal cancer, VI: 292–296 309–311, 312–314; III: 457; VI: reproductive outcomes, I: 41–42, 311–312, 406–410; VII: 569 321, 364–365, 368, 370, 371–375, 387–388, 389–390, 591–592; II: 280–

INDEX 811 282, 283–284, 285, 286–296; III: 436, stomach cancer, III: 274–275; IV: 251–255; 437–438, 443, 445–449, 450, 451–453, VII: 291–298 454, 455, 456–457, 459; IV: 401–402, strength of evidence in assessment of, I: 406–407, 410–411; VI: 354–403; VII: 8 238–241 resolution in, I: 242–243; IV: 513 tables of, VI: 495–568 resolving power of, V: 23 TCDD biomarkers, I: 259–262; II: 101–105, respiratory cancers, I: 10–11, 364, 461–472, 318 575; II: 6, 176, 189–203; III: 7, 8, 9, testicular cancer, I: 405, 519; II: 7, 153, 418, 420–426; IV: 273, 278, 282, 284 227–228; III: 7, 10, 343–346; IV: 336; respiratory disease, I: 709–713; II: 7, V: 325–327; VI: 283–286; VII: 405–406 324–326; III: 483–486; IV: 475; VI: thyroid homeostasis, VI: 478–481 440–443; VII: 605–615 Times Beach, Missouri, I: 368–370; II: Seveso, Italy, population studies, I: 44–45, 144; III: 200–201, 218, 234, 283; IV: 365–368, 444, 454–455, 469, 491–492, 115–116, 133, 148; VI: 132, 179 503, 511, 517, 523, 540, 568–570, 571, uroporphyrins, VI: 7 598–599; II: 141–143, 148, 200–201, tongue cancer, VII: 279–281 206, 207–208, 209, 210, 211–212, 213, tonsil cancer, VII: 282 216, 221, 225, 226–227, 228, 230, 234, usefulness of, IV: 103–108 236, 243, 245, 246, 287, 299–300, 312– uterine cancer, III: 333; IV: 321–324 313; III: 197–200, 218, 232–233, 283, Vietnam environmental herbicide exposure, 285, 290, 296, 297–298, 299, 303, 307, II: 144–145; III: 201–202, 218, 234, 309, 314, 318, 324–326, 327, 330, 331, 283; VI: 132–133, 181–182 332, 336, 338, 344, 348, 349, 352, 353, Vietnam veterans in, I: 50, 57–59, 62–63, 356, 358, 363, 365, 372, 373, 380, 385, 384–418; II: 149–161, 189, 190, 201– 386, 388–389, 390, 408, 414, 420, 422, 202, 204, 205, 208, 209, 212, 213, 216, 427, 436, 449, 495, 505; IV: 114–115, 217, 218, 221, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 464, 468, 472–475, 484, 487, 491, 501, 229, 230, 231, 234, 235, 236, 244, 245, 507, 509; VI: 129–132, 177–179 246, 278, 283, 285, 286, 288–296, 299, skin cancer, I: 502–503; II: 7, 209–211; 300–301, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, III: 8, 10, 312–313; IV: 302–303; VI: 313, 314, 317, 318, 321–322, 323, 330, 251–265; VII: 356–363 332, 333, 336; III: 206–217, 236–245, soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 8, 311, 326–328, 275, 277–278, 279, 281, 283, 285–286, 329–330, 335–336, 337, 339–340, 384, 288, 290, 291, 294–295, 298, 301, 303, 391, 393, 395–396, 401, 403, 476, 305, 309–310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, 477–500, 572–573, 574; II: 5, 6, 132, 328, 333, 336, 338, 339, 340, 342, 134–135, 205–208; III: 6, 7, 306–311; 343–344, 345–346, 349, 351, 353, 355, IV: 116, 292–296; V: 284–287; VI: 358–359, 361, 363, 365, 370–371, 372, 245–251; VII: 347–353 373, 376, 380, 382, 385, 386, 389, 392, sperm abnormal parameters, II: 7; III: 435, 436, 437–438, 445, 446, 450, 454, 445–449, 450 456, 457, 459, 467, 468, 469, 470, 473, spina bifida, II: 6; III: 7, 8, 9–10, 437–438; 475, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485–486, 489, IV: 404–405 491, 495, 497, 498, 500, 502, 505–506, spontaneous abortion, I: 42, 336–337, 372– 512–513, 516–518, 523; IV: 150–160, 373, 405–406, 596–605; II: 7, 283–284; 232–247, 255, 269, 275, 278, 282–283, IV: 410–411; V: 420; VI: 372–378; VII: 289, 294–295, 303–304, 309–310, 316, 526–529 322–323, 329, 336–337, 342, 347, state-sponsored, I: 399–405, 495–496, 546; 352, 357–358, 366–367, 373, 380; VI: II: 153, 158–159, 161, 202, 292; III: 551–568 213–215, 243–244 Vietnamese in, I: 370–372, 599–601; II: stillbirth, III: 454; VII: 530 108–109, 144–145, 148, 287–288; III: 217, 245, 283; IV: 116–117, 227–228

812 INDEX Epidemiology, VI: 5–7, 118–164 prostate cancer, I: 513, 514–515; II: 217, acute lymphocytic leukemia, III: 383 219; III: 334 acute myeloid leukemia, III: 383–384 respiratory cancers, I: 460–461; II: 189–191 birth defects, I: 606; II: 286; III: 435–436 respiratory disorders, III: 482–483 bladder cancer, II: 223; III: 347 skin cancer, I: 501–502; II: 209; III: 312, bone/joint cancer, I: 472–473; II: 204; III: 313 302 soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 475; II: 205; III: 304, brain tumors, I: 522–523; II: 228–229; III: 306; IV: 116 356 spontaneous abortion, II: 282–283 breast cancer, I: 505, 506–507; II: 213–214; stillbirth/neonatal deaths/infant death, III: III: 322, 324 451 cancer, I: 433, 435–438, 442, 525; II: 175; testicular cancer, I: 515; II: 223–224; III: III: 265–266; VI: 5 343 children, cancer in, II: 298 Epidermal growth factor (EGF), I: 145, 154; II: chloracne, II: 317–318; III: 478–479 59, 73–74; III: 77, 97; IV: 51, 64, 66 chronic lymphocytic leukemia, III: 384–385 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), II: chronic myeloid leukemia, III: 385 67; III: 78, 80, 97; IV: 64, 67, 70 circulatory disorders, III: 514 Epigenetic events. See Apoptosis; Cell diabetes mellitus, II: 330; III: 491–492, 493 proliferation; Enzyme induction; female reproductive system cancers, I: 505, Intracellular communication 506–508; II: 211; III: 329–330 Epstein-Barr virus, I: 528; II: 188; V: 344, 352; gastrointestinal tract cancers, I: 445–447; II: VI: 226 177; III: 267–268 Erbon®, I: 309; II: 128; III: 219; IV: 134; V: 105 gastrointestinal ulcers, II: 334; III: 508–509 EROD. See Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase hepatobiliary cancers, I: 452–455; II: Error in design, conduct, or analysis of an 181–182; III: 282 investigation, V: 22 Hodgkin’s disease, I: 526, 527–528; II: 231; Erythrocyte sedimentation, I: 696 III: 371–372 Escherichia coli, VI: 30 immune system disorders, II: 326–327; III: Esophageal cancer, VI: 209; VII: 283, 286–291 487–488 Estrogen infertility, II: 279; III: 444–445 hepatic binding, I: 154 kidney cancer, I: 513, 514; II: 223; III: receptor mediated responses, I: 145 351–352; V: 335–338 receptor signaling, III: 65–67 laryngeal cancer, III: 292 transduction pathway, TCDD interaction, II: leukemia, I: 564; II: 245; III: 383–385 4; VI: 58 lipid abnormalities, II: 333; III: 503–504 Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), I: 153, liver disorders, II: 331–332; III: 509–510 155; II: 52, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, low birthweight, I: 625–626; III: 454, 455, 69, 74; III: 40, 42, 51, 52, 53, 68, 69, 456 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 91, 96; IV: 386 lung cancer, III: 295–296 Europe, III: 108, 308, 471 malignant lymphomas, II: 231; IV: 137 European registry, II: 197 multiple myeloma, I: 526, 528; II: 236–237; Evidence of herbicide association. See III: 377 Herbicide association, insufficient nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 458–459; II: evidence for determining; Herbicide 187–188; III: 288–289 association, limited/suggestive evidence; neurobehavioral toxicity, II: 304–305, 307; Herbicide association, III: 466 limited/suggestive negative evidence; non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, I: 526, 527; II: Herbicide association, sufficient 231; III: 362 evidence porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), II: 321; III: Executive Order 11850, II: 27; III: 25 480–481; IV: 10

INDEX 813 Experimental studies Foreign veterans, II: 113, 160, 202, 293; III: 9, evaluation of, II: 92–93 216–217, 218, 244–245, 273, 285–286, Exposure assessment. See Herbicide exposure 290, 294, 295, 298, 299, 303, 310, 311, assessment; Herbicide exposure 314, 315, 327, 329, 339, 340, 343, 346, reconstruction model 349, 353, 355, 359, 365, 380, 389, 413, Exposure reconstruction model. See Herbicide 423, 424, 469, 485, 486, 489, 500, 506, exposure reconstruction model 512–513, 517 Eye cancer. See Cancers of the eye and orbit Forest Service, US, I: 42; IV: 410 Forestry workers. See Agricultural/forestry workers F Forests 2,4,5-T spraying, I: 42–43 Farmers. See Agricultural/forestry workers defoliant early field tests in, I: 26 Fecundity Ratio (FR), IV: 406 Vietnam forests, I: 31–32, 62, 90, 104; III: Federal government in herbicide management/ 137 research, I: 45–60; II: 27–32; III: 25–30; See also Agricultural/forestry workers; IV: 13 Lumber industry; Mangrove forests Federal Register, II: 30; III: 28 Fort Detrick, Maryland, I: 25 Federation of American Scientists, I: 29 FR. See Fecundity Ratio Female reproductive system cancers, VII: France, IV: 116; V: 227–228; VI: 50, 179–180, 710–711. 310; VII: 235 See also Reproductive system cancers, Free radicals, II: 4 women TCDD and, II: 60 Fertility. See Infertility Frierfjord, Norway, III: 236; IV: 117, 149 Fetotoxicity FSH. See Follicle-stimulating hormone cacodylic acid, V: 39 Fungicides, I: 91 TCDD, VII: 113–114, 117 Fibrosarcoma. See Soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) Finland, I: 324, 364, 383–384, 443, 444, 467, G 492, 541, 561; II: 134, 137, 140, 179, 183, 188–189, 198, 207, 220, 222, 226, Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), II: 229–230, 233, 235, 243, 246, 269, 271; 331–332; III: 509, 510; IV: 499, 503; V: III: 226, 232, 234, 348, 372, 422, 472; 499–501 IV: 142, 146, 149, 344, 353, 359, 361, Gamma rays 362, 368–369, 374–375, 381, 415; V: respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268; III: 117; VI: 129, 133, 246, 250; VII: 163 418 Finnish Cancer Registry, II: 137 Gardner’s syndrome, V: 283; VI: 246 Finnish Register of Congenital Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, III: 508–514; Malformations, II: 140 IV: 498–505; V: 498–502; VI: 463–466; Social Insurance Institution, II: 137 VII: 639–641 Florida, I: 324, 467; II: 199; III: 226; IV: 142, biologic plausibility, VI: 221; VII: 643 258, 260, 263, 266, 286, 297, 327–328, cacodylic acid in, I: 188 330, 333–334, 336, 338, 344, 349, 354 science literature update, VI: 465 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), II: 279, TCDD in, I: 169–170; IV: 19, 135, 156; V: 280, 282; III: 41, 68, 72–73, 444, 445; 60; VII: 95–96 IV: 399–400, 405, 408; V: 405 Vietnam veterans’ risk, VI: 466; VII: 643 Food crops, I: 89 See also Ulcers, gastrointestinal Agent Orange in destruction of, I: 62, 90 Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers, VII: 709 as military target, I: 27, 31, 87, 97, 98–100, biologic plausibility, I: 451; III: 281–282; 106 IV: 256; V: 502; VI: 221 Ford, Gerald, II: 27; III: 25 colon cancer, epidemiologic studies, VI: 210–213

814 INDEX epidemiologic studies, III: 268–273, chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence, 274–281; IV: 251–255; V: 243–259; VI: data by gender, III: 384; VI: 326 203–221; VII: 283 chronic myeloid leukemia incidence, data epidemiology, I: 445–447; II: 177; III: by gender, III: 384; VI: 326 267–268 diabetes prevalence, data by gender, III: 492 esophageal cancer, epidemiologic studies, female reproductive system cancer VI: 209 incidence, data by type, for selected age herbicide association in, I: 12, 447–451, groups, III: 329, 330; IV: 321; V: 310; 576–577; II: 7, 12, 21, 177–180, 250; VI: 261 III: 8, 12, 21, 268–282; V: 17 gastrointestinal tract cancer incidence, herbicide environmental exposure and, II: data by type and gender, III: 267; IV: 179–180; III: 271–272, 275, 277–278, 145–146; V: 244; VI: 204 279, 280–281; IV: 254; V: 501 Hodgkin’s disease incidence, data by gender, herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 372; IV: 356; V: 355; VI: 313 II: 178–179; III: 268–271, 274–275, kidney cancer, V: 334 276–277, 278–279, 280; IV: 251; V: laryngeal cancer incidence, data by gender, 500–501 III: 292; IV: 277; V: 268; VI: 231 incidence, data by type/gender/race/selected leukemia incidence, data by type and gender, age group, III: 267; IV: 250; VII: 284 III: 384; IV: 378; V: 367; VI: 326 pancreatic cancer, epidemiologic studies, liver/intrahepatic bile duct cancers III: 280–281; IV: 250–254, 256, incidence, data by gender, III: 282; IV: 385–386; V: 257–259; VI: 72, 217–219 267; V: 260; VI: 222 rectal cancer, epidemiologic studies, III: lung cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 278–279; IV: 250–251, 255–256, 262n, 296; IV: 281; V: 272; VI: 235 264n, 385; V: 254–256; VI: 214–216 melanoma incidence, data by gender, III: scientific literature update, II: 178–180; 313; IV: 300; V: 288; VI: 252 III: 268–273; IV: 251–255; V: 245; VI: multiple myeloma incidence, data by 219–220 gender, III: 377; V: 361; VI: 320 stomach cancer, epidemiologic studies, VI: nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer incidence, data 205–208 by gender, III: 289; IV: 273; V: 265; VI: Vietnam veterans and, I: 446, 452; II: 177, 227 180, 181; III: 272–273, 275, 277–278, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma incidence, data 279, 281; IV: 255; V: 502; VI: 221 by gender, III: 362; IV: 356; V: 344; VI: See also Cancers of the digestive organs; 303 Colon cancer; Colorectal cancer renal cancers incidence, data by gender, III: GBDS. See General Birth Defects Study 352; VI: 292 Gender Seveso, Italy, in, IV: 148 acute lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data soft-tissue sarcoma incidence, data by by gender, III: 384; VI: 326 gender, III: 306; IV: 292; V: 282; VI: acute myeloid leukemia incidence, data by 245 gender, III: 384; VI: 326 See also Demographic data, Vietnam bladder cancer incidence, data by gender, veterans; Women veterans III: 347; IV: 339; V: 328; VI: 287 Gene-expression profiling, VII: 55–56, 69–83 bone/joint cancer incidence, data by gender, Gene imprinting, VII: 117 III: 302; IV: 387; V: 279; VI: 242 General Accounting Office, I: 52–53, 96; III: brain cancer incidence, data by gender, III: 139, 140; IV: 121 356; V: 339; VI: 297 General Birth Defects Study (GBDS), I: 610, cancer studies and, II: 180, 181, 183, 190, 626; II: 289, 290; III: 438, 439 191, 204–205, 234, 242, 243, 246; IV: See also Centers for Disease Control and 199, 249 Prevention (CDC) General Services Administration, I: 77

INDEX 815 Genetic alteration GIS. See Geographic information system 2,4-D in, I: 119, 178–179 Givaudan Company, I: 43 2,4,5-T in, I: 119, 184 Glioblastomas, V: 11, 525; VII: 145 cacodylic acid in, I: 119, 187–188 Glucocorticoid receptor, I: 154 cancer mechanism, I: 433–434 Golgi apparatus, VI: 428, 430 picloram in, I: 191 Grave’s disease. See Thyroid homeostasis reproductive outcomes, male-mediated, I: Great Britain. See United Kingdom 593–594 Ground/perimeter spraying, I: 20, 24, 74, 85, TCDD in, I: 118, 142, 143–144, 439; V: 90, 91, 94–96, 100, 272, 286, 287, 52–53; VII: 87–88 288–289; III: 138–140; VI: 175–177, Genetic factors 185 Ah receptor-mediated events and, I: 134; See also Herbicide application methods; VI: 60–66 Herbicides cancer risk and, I: 10; IV: 249, 273, 300, Grouping system for cancer types, VII: 364, 386; V: 264 264–267, 707–716 porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 10, 679 Growth factors Genetics. See Cytogenetics epidermal, I: 145, 154; II: 59 Geneva Protocol, I: 45; II: 27; III: 25 TCDD induction of, I: 136–137; II: 4, 59; Genitourinary cancers, II: 223–224 III: 62–63; IV: 66; VII: 104 See also Bladder cancer and disorders; transforming, I: 145; II: 59 Kidney cancer; Prostate cancer; tumor necrosis, II: 59 Testicular cancer Guillain-Barre syndrome, II: 10, 312 Genotoxicity, V: 38; VI: 36–40; VII: 50–51, 59–61, 111–113 Geographic information system (GIS), VI: H 190–191 Half-life studies, VI: 51–54 Georgia. See Atlanta, Georgia Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, I: 125, German Democratic Republic, III: 226; VI: 126 126, 151; IV: 41, 58, 68, 77 Germany, I: 312–313, 326, 443, 477, 508–509, hepatic enzyme induction and, I: 155 530, 565, 675–676; II: 105, 108, Halsted Reitan (HR) neuropsychologic test 130–131, 149, 308, 319–320, 322, 323, battery, V: 450 328, 331, 333; III: 221, 222, 223, 224, Hamburg, Germany, II: 195, 214–215, 329; III: 232, 234, 235, 240, 269, 284, 308, 326, 153, 223, 324–325, 515; IV: 191; VII: 332, 337, 357, 364, 365, 379, 386, 422, 657–659 423, 429, 470, 481, 483, 490, 506, Hamburg Boehringer Company, IV: 138 510–511, 515; IV: 137, 149, 156, 191, Hancock County, Ohio, III: 229; IV: 213 195, 208, 420; V: 117; VI: 47, 50, 124, Hanoi, Vietnam, II: 148 126, 133; VII: 163 Hawaii, I: 60, 400, 603; II: 292; III: 243; V: 6; German Cancer Research Center, III: 495, VII: 184 506 Hazardous materials disposal and cleanup herbicide exposure assessment, III: Agent Orange surplus disposal, I: 93–94 153–154, 158, 159–160; IV: 124, 257, Nitro, West Virginia, accident efforts, I: 38; 260, 263, 265, 271, 280, 285, 297, 301, IV: 136 319, 333, 349, 353, 359, 368, 374, 381 Seveso, Italy, I: 43–44, 367–368 See also Aktiengesellschaft, Germany; See also Incineration, of Agent Orange Dormagen, Germany; Hamburg, HBV. See Hepatitis B virus Germany; Ludwigshafen, Germany; HC. See Hydrocortisone Uerdingen, Germany HD. See Hodgkin’s disease GGT. See Gamma-glutamyltransferase HDLP. See High-density lipoprotein receptors GI. See Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders; Headaches, I: 650, 660; V: 447 Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers

816 INDEX Health and Human Services, US, Department 177–181, 250–251; III: 8, 12, 21–22, of, I: 57–59 133, 359, 393–394, 522; IV: 7, 11, Health care. See Military health care 384–385; V: 9, 15, 17, 378, 516; VI: 9, Health outcomes of herbicide exposure 16–17, 338–339, 483; VII: 12–13, 22, 2,4-D outcomes, II: 48–49; III: 34, 38–39, 24–25, 498, 687–688 44–47 evidence sufficient for herbicide association 2,4,5-T outcomes, II: 49; III: 48; IV: 185 in, I: 8–10, 246–247, 500, 548, cacodylic acid outcomes, II: 50–51; III: 34, 556–557, 572–574, 678, 682; II: 5, 6, 8, 50 19, 20, 21, 97, 247, 320; III: 6, 7, 8, 20, categories of evidence for assessing, I: 132–133, 311, 366, 373, 374, 390, 392, 227–237 480, 519; IV: 8, 384; V: 8, 14, 15, 377, categories of herbicide association in, I: 514–515; VI: 8, 13–15, 337–338, 482; 5–8, 221, 223–225, 246–247; II: 4–14, VII: 11, 20–22, 496–497, 686 19–22, 97; III: 6–15, 19–22, 132, 390, research priorities, I: 19, 726–727 392–394; IV: 6–12; V: 7 research update, II: 37 choice of, VI: 20 statistical association of herbicide exposure, disease outcomes of, II: 37; III: 33–35, II: 88, 90–91; III: 1–2, 6, 124, 126–127; 38–43, 44–47, 48, 50, 71–105; IV: 22, IV: 6–12; V: 22–23 27, 110 TCDD outcomes, III: 34–35, 71–105; IV: early herbicide research, I: 29–32, 35–36; 20 II: 19–23; III: 19–23 toxicity potential health risks, estimation of, early TCDD research, I: 28–29 III: 105–108; IV: 20 evaluating exposure reconstruction model Vietnam veterans’ increased risk of disease, and, I: 289–290; IV: 85 II: 14, 22–23, 88, 91, 218, 223, 251, evidence inadequate/insufficient for 276, 283, 298, 300–301, 321, 323; III: determining herbicide association in, 12–13, 14–15, 22–23, 124, 127–128, I: 13–14, 19, 247, 457, 460, 473–474, 329, 334, 343, 397, 430–431, 444, 462, 512, 521, 571, 577–578, 605, 618, 624, 475–476, 491, 503, 507–508, 525; 627, 630, 634, 657, 666, 691, 699, IV: 12, 403, 407, 411, 413, 417–418, 708, 713, 727; II: 6–7, 11–12, 20–21, 421–422, 424, 426, 431, 435, 459, 468, 22, 97, 181–187, 249–250, 282, 284, 475; VI: 17–18; VII: 13–14, 25–26 285–286, 298, 300, 325, 329, 334–335, See also Epidemiologic studies; specific 337; III: 7–8, 10–12, 21, 132, 133, 292, cancer sites; specific cancers; specific 304, 316, 322, 327, 332, 334, 346, 349, diseases and disorders 351, 355, 390, 393, 444, 449, 453, 458, Healthy worker effect, I: 230 459, 473–474, 486, 491, 503, 507, 513, Hearing loss, I: 659–660 518, 522; IV: 11; V: 8–9, 15, 16–17, Heart disease, VI: 7; VII: 673–674 377–378, 515–516; VI: 8–9, 16, 338, Heart neoplasms. See Soft-tissue sarcoma 483; VII: 11, 21–24, 497–498, 687 (STS) evidence limited/suggestive of herbicide Heat shock protein (HSP90), IV: 30 association in, I: 10–12, 19, 247, 472, Helicobacter pylori, II: 334; III: 268, 362, 509; 519–521, 563, 574–576, 727; II: 6, IV: 145; V: 344; VI: 27, 303, 464 8–10, 20, 22, 97, 247–249, 298, 300, Helicopters 323; III: 7, 8–10, 20–21, 133, 295, 299, herbicide delivery use, I: 26, 86, 87, 93, 94; 340, 342, 383, 393, 444, 458, 474, 482, III: 135, 137, 138; IV: 117 519; IV: 6, 7–11, 384; V: 8, 14, 15, 16, Hematopoietic cancers, IV: 198 377, 515; VI: 8, 15–16, 338, 482; VII: Hepatic phosphoenol pyruvate carboxy kinase 11, 21–23, 497, 686–687 (PEPCK), II: 63, 75–76, 77; III: 71, evidence of no association of herbicides in, 72, 82 I: 12–13, 224, 247, 447–451, 503, 521, Hepatitis B infection, I: 453 525, 576–577; II: 7, 12–13, 21–22, 97, Hepatitis B virus (HBV), II: 182, 183

INDEX 817 Hepatitis C infection, I: 453 basis for finding of, I: 13, 247, 577; II: 6–7, Hepatitis C virus, II: 182 11–12, 20–21, 22, 97, 249–250; III: Hepatobiliary cancers, VII: 710 7–8, 10–12, 21, 133, 393 biologic plausibility, III: 286, 288; V: birth defects and, I: 14, 605; II: 7, 20, 298, 263–264; VI: 225–226; VII: 317–318 300; III: 444, 458; IV: 7; V: 404; VI: 9, epidemiologic studies, III: 282–288; IV: 14 268–269; V: 259–264; VI: 221–226; bladder cancer and, III: 7, 10, 132, 349, VII: 283, 310–318 351, 393; IV: 7, 19; V: 333; VI: 8, 14 epidemiology, I: 452–455; II: 181–182; III: bone/joint cancer and, I: 13, 473–474, 577; 282 II: 6, 20, 205; III: 7, 10, 304, 393; IV: 7; herbicide association and, I: 13, 577; II: 2, V: 281–282; VI: 8, 14 6, 11, 12, 20, 89, 182–187, 249–250; breast cancer and, II: 217; III: 7, 10, 327, III: 7, 10, 282–288; V: 259–264 393; IV: 7; V: 308; VI: 8, 14 herbicide environmental exposure and, II: chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, II: 184; III: 283, 285, 287–288; IV: 269; V: 311, 314; IV: 7; VI: 9, 14 262–263; VII: 314–315, 317 circulatory disorders and, I: 14, 708; II: 7, herbicide occupational exposure and, II: 21, 337; III: 518, 522; IV: 7; V: 505; VI: 182–184; III: 282–283, 284, 287; IV: 9, 14 268–269; V: 261; VII: 311–317 cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders and, I: incidence, data by gender/race, for selected 14, 657–658; II: 7, 20, 308–309, 314; age groups, III: 282; IV: 267; VI: 222 III: 473–474; IV: 441; VI: 9, 14 risk estimates, II: 186–187; V: 164; VI: 226 diabetes mellitus and, I: 14, 691; II: 7, 21, scientific literature update, III: 284–286; IV: 335; III: 503, 522; V: 492; VI: 8, 14 268; V: 260–263; VI: 222 female reproductive system/breast cancers TCDD and, IV: 77; V: 264 and, I: 13, 14, 512, 577; II: 6, 20, 213; Vietnam veterans and, II: 181, 185, 187; III: III: 7, 10, 332, 334, 393; IV: 7; V: 316; 283, 285–286, 288; IV: 269; V: 264 VI: 8, 14 See also Liver cancer gastrointestinal tract ulcers and, I: 14, 691; Hepatocellular carcinoma, II: 148; IV: 149 II: 335; III: 513, 522; V: 502; VI: 9, 14 Hepatomegaly, V: 6, 517 genitourinary tract cancers and, I: 13, 521, Hepatotoxicity 577 TCDD and, II: 3, 73–75; III: 76–79; IV: 23, hepatic enzyme abnormalities and, I: 14, 71, 77; V: 58–60, 71; VI: 70–72; VII: 691 93–95 hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 13, 577; II: 6, Herbicide application methods 20, 187; III: 7, 10, 286, 393; IV: 7; V: military early research, I: 25–26 263; VI: 8, 14 Operation Ranch Hand use, I: 85–87; III: immune system disorders and, I: 14, 699; 135, 136, 137, 138, 139 II: 7, 21, 329; III: 491, 522; IV: 7; V: Vietnam use, I: 1, 3, 24, 27, 74, 85–87, 484–485; VI: 9, 14 94–96; III: 135–142; V: 229–232 infertility and, I: 14, 634; II: 7, 282, 300; See also Aerial spraying; Ground/perimeter III: 449, 458; IV: 7 spraying; Herbicides; Professional leukemia and, I: 13, 571, 577–578; II: 7, 20, herbicide/pesticide applicators 247; III: 7, 10, 390, 393; IV: 7, 198; V: Herbicide association, insufficient evidence for 372; VI: 8, 14 determining lipid abnormalities and, I: 14, 691; II: 7, 21, altered sperm parameters and, I: 14, 634; II: 335; III: 507, 522 7, 20; III: 449, 458; IV: 7; VI: 8, 14 liver cancer and, I: 13, 457, 577 amyloidosis, IV: 7; V: 507; VI: 9, 14 liver toxicity and, II: 335; III: 513, 522 basal/squamous cell skin cancer and, III: low birthweight and, I: 14, 627; II: 7, 20; 322, 393; IV: 311; V: 299–300 III: 458; IV: 7; VI: 9, 14 melanoma and, III: 316; V: 294

818 INDEX metabolic and digestive disorders and, II: multiple myeloma, I: 10, 11–12, 563, 574, 334–335; IV: 7; VI: 9, 14 576; II: 6, 20, 244; III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 383, motor/coordination dysfunction and, I: 14, 393; IV: 6, 18–19; V: 365; VI: 15 661; II: 7, 21, 310, 314; III: 474; IV: 7; neurobehavioral disorders, II: 314 VI: 9, 14 peripheral neuropathy, II: 6; VI: 15 nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, I: 13, 460, porphyria cutanea tarda, II: 6, 323; III: 7, 8, 577; II: 6, 20, 189; III: 7, 10, 292, 393; 20, 482, 519; IV: 6, 18–19; V: 480; VI: IV: 7; V: 267; VI: 8, 14 15 neonatal/infant deaths and stillbirths, IV: 7 prostate cancer, I: 11, 519–521, 575–576; neurobehavioral disorders, II: 314; III: II: 6, 20, 223; III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 340, 342, 473–474; VI: 9, 14 393; IV: 6, 10, 18–19; V: 316; VI: 15 neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 14, research recommendations, I: 19, 727 657, 666; II: 7, 20, 308–309, 314; III: respiratory cancers, I: 10–11, 472, 574, 473–474; IV: 7; VI: 8, 14 575; II: 6, 20, 203; III: 7, 8, 9, 20; IV: 6, perinatal death and, I: 14, 624; II: 7, 18–19; VI: 15 20, 285–286, 300; III: 453, 458; V: spina bifida, II: 6, 298, 300; III: 7, 8, 9–10, 421–422; VI: 9, 14 21, 444, 458; IV: 7, 18–19; VI: 8, 14 peripheral nervous system disorders and, I: Herbicide association, limited/suggestive 14, 666; II: 21; III: 474; VI: 8, 14 negative evidence renal cancer and, I: 13, 521, 577; II: 7, 20, basis for finding of, I: 12–13, 224, 247, 225; III: 7, 10, 355, 393; IV: 7; VI: 9, 14 576–577; II: 7, 12–13, 21, 97, 250; III: research recommendations, I: 19, 727 8, 12, 21–22, 133, 393–394, 522; IV: 7, respiratory disorders and, I: 14, 713; II: 7, 19–20 21, 325; III: 486, 522; IV: 7; V: 482; VI: brain tumors, I: 12, 525, 576; II: 7, 21, 230; 8, 14 III: 8, 12, 21, 359, 394; IV: 7; V: 343 skin cancers, II: 210–211; III: 8, 10, 21, gastrointestinal tract cancers, I: 12–13, 393; IV: 7, 19; VI: 8, 14 447–451, 576–577; II: 7, 21, 177–181; spontaneous abortions and, I: 14, 605; II: 7, III: 8, 12, 21, 268, 273, 282, 394; IV: 7, 20, 284, 300; IV: 7; VI: 8, 14 19 testicular cancer and, I: 13, 521, 577; II: 7, skin cancer, I: 12, 503, 576; III: 21 20, 228; III: 7, 10, 346, 393; IV: 7; V: urinary bladder cancer, I: 12, 521, 576; II: 325, 327; VI: 8, 14 7, 21, 227; III: 21; V: 333 Vietnam veterans’ children, cancer in, I: 14, Herbicide association, sufficient evidence 630; II: 7, 20, 300; IV: 7; V: 430–431 basis for finding of, I: 8–10, 246–247, 572; Herbicide association, limited/suggestive II: 5, 6, 8, 19, 20, 21, 97, 247; III: 6, 7, evidence 8, 20, 132–133, 390, 392; IV: 6, 17–18 acute and subacute transient peripheral cancer and, I: 8–10, 572–574; II: 247; III: neuropathy, II: 314; III: 7, 8, 21, 474; 390, 392; IV: 6, 17–18 IV: 6, 18–19; VI: 15 chloracne and, I: 10, 678; II: 5, 6, 20, 320; acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), IV: 7; III: 6, 7, 20, 480, 519; IV: 6, 17–18; V: V: 372 479; VI: 13 basis for finding of, I: 10–12, 247, 574–575; Hodgkin’s disease and, I: 8, 9–10, 556–557, II: 6, 8–10, 20, 22, 97, 247–249; III: 7, 573–574; II: 5, 6, 20, 236; III: 6, 7, 20, 8–10, 20–21, 133, 393 373, 374, 390; IV: 6, 17–18; V: 360; VI: birth defects, IV: 6, 18–19; V: 405 13 cancer, I: 10–12, 519–521, 574–576; II: non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, I: 8–9, 10, 247–249; III: 393 548, 573–574; II: 5, 6, 20, 234; III: 6, 7, diabetes, type 2, IV: 6; VI: 8, 14 20, 366, 390; IV: 6, 17–18; V: 354–355; laryngeal cancer, III: 295, 393; V: 268–272 VI: 13 lung cancer, III: 299, 393; V: 278 porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 10, 682; II: 5, 6, 20; III: 20; IV: 6, 17–18; V: 479; VI: 13

INDEX 819 soft-tissue sarcoma and, I: 8, 9–10, 500; II: indices development, II: 107–109; III: 5, 6, 20, 208; III: 6, 7, 20, 311, 390; IV: 161–162 6, 17–18; V: 287; VI: 13 individual differences, I: 261, 286 Herbicide exposure assessment, VI: 4–5, industrial exposure, VI: 177–181 165–200; VII: 41–43, 214–260 job exposure matrix, I: 259–262 agricultural/forestry workers studies, III: literature update, II: 104–109; III: 157–162 154–155; IV: 111–113 methodological issues, II: 4–5; III: 5–6 biomarkers for, I: 17, 259–262, 280–284; II: misclassification bias in, I: 17, 257–259, 101–104; IV: 111 724 cancer studies use, I: 436–439 non-military settings and, I: 4–5, 15, case-control studies use, I: 256–257; IV: 222–223, 241–242 124 occupational studies use, I: 262–267, Centers for Disease Control Agent Orange 269–270; II: 107–108; III: 150–156; V: Study, I: 58; II: 102; IV: 124–125 217–225; VI: 169–177 Centers for Disease Control exposure paper/pulp mill workers, I: 266–267; III: opportunity index, I: 274–276, 611–612; 155–156; IV: 114, 134 III: 147–148; IV: 124–125 process perspective, I: 252–253 Centers for Disease Control validation Ranch Hand study use, I: 386; II: 109; III: study, I: 59, 260–261, 281–284, 387; II: 145–147 103, 104; IV: 125–126 research recommendations, I: 16–18, Centers for Disease Control Vietnam 287–290, 291, 721–722, 724–725 Experience Study, II: 101; III: 240; IV: risk assessment use, I: 14–15, 247–248, 123 250, 578; III: 14–15 cohort studies use, I: 254–256; II: 107–109 sawmill workers, IV: 10, 114, 156, cumulative exposure, III: 144 227–228, 338, 439–440, 447–448, 449, current estimates, I: 284–287 452, 453, 457 data sources (existing) limitations, I: 14–15, self-reports, I: 270–271; IV: 113 290–291 serum TCDD in, I: 19, 20–21, 261, definition of, methodological issues, II: 4–5; 282–285, 289, 290, 725, 742–743; III: III: 5–6; IV: 16, 20; V: 4, 215–216 159–161; IV: 135, 400 Department of Veterans Affairs mortality Seveso, Italy, accident, I: 267–268, 285, studies, II: 101; IV: 123; IV: 151, 598–599; III: 156; IV: 400 157–158 state-sponsored studies, I: 400, 401–402, difficulties in, I: 14–15, 222, 247–248, 284, 403–404 286–287; VI: 28–29 Stellmans’ study, I: 278–279, 284 dioxin congeners, recent literature, II: strategies for, I: 253–254; III: 144–145 106–107; III: 158–159; VII: 218–219 TCDD exposure levels for epidemiological environmental studies use, I: 262–263, 267– studies, II: 105–106; III: 159–161; VII: 270; III: 156–157; IV: 111, 114–116 216 epidemiologic studies evaluation and, II: TCDD half-life investigation, II: 104–105; 99–101; III: 142–146; VI: 165–169; VII: III: 157–158; IV: 112, 115–116, 214–221 125–126 evidentiary role of, I: 4, 15, 250–253; VI: Times Beach, Missouri, case, I: 268, 4–5, 28–29, 368–369 exposure-dose relationship, I: 252–253 Vietnam military records in, I: 271–280; IV: exposure misclassification, VII: 217–218 125; VII: 220–247 ground spraying, I: 288–289; III: 138–140 Vietnam service as element of, I: 271, historic exposure reconstruction, I: 17–18, 284–287; II: 101–104; III: 146–150 19–20, 254, 255–256, 725–726, 728; Vietnam spray data, I: 273–279 III: 143 Vietnam troop movement data in, I: 95–96, 273–279, 287

820 INDEX Vietnamese population, I: 108–109, 269, cancer latency issues, II: 2, 13–14, 175, 731; III: 156–157; IV: 148–149 260–276; III: 3, 12–14, 407–431; IV: workshop on, I: 746–747 289 See also Environmental herbicide exposure; cancer risk and development, II: 13–14, Occupational herbicide exposure 175; III: 12–14, 265–266 Herbicide exposure reconstruction model carcinogenicity, I: 118–119; II: 175; III: data sources, I: 725–726 265–266; IV: 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, epidemiologic research and, I: 726–728 290, 296, 305, 311, 318, 323, 332, 337, evaluation of, I: 18, 289–290, 726; II: 25 342, 348, 352, 358, 367, 374, 380, 387 recommendations, I: 15–16, 17–20, cervical cancer association, III: 332; IV: 287–290, 291, 721–722, 725–728; II: 323 25; VII: 703 chemistry of, II: 38 Request for Proposals (RFP), II: 25–26; IV: childhood cancer association, II: 299–300; 5 IV: 424–425 Herbicide/pesticide applicators. See chloracne association, II: 318–320; III: 6, 7, Professional herbicide/pesticide 479–480; IV: 466 applicators chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy Herbicides and, II: 310–311 action of, I: 88 circulatory disorders association, II: acute and subacute transient peripheral 335–337; III: 3, 514–518; IV: 510 neuropathy and, II: 2, 312–313; III: 7, 8, cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders and, 473; IV: 441, 457 II: 307–309; III: 468–469; IV: 443; V: agricultural role of, I: 24, 35, 39, 174–175, 449–451 181 congressional hearings, II: 27–28; III: 25 Air Force research activities, II: 31–32; III: congressional legislation on, II: 28–29; III: 28–29 26–27 basal/squamous cell skin cancer association, Department of Veterans Affairs activities, II: III: 317–322, 323; IV: 311; V: 295–300 29–31; III: 27–28; IV: 151, 157–158 biologic plausibility, II: 88, 92, 176, 217, developmental toxicity, I: 124; IV: 403, 413, 282, 298, 300; III: 2, 23, 124, 128, 416, 431, 434 281–282, 286, 288, 292, 295, 302, 304, diabetes mellitus association, II: 330–331, 311, 317, 322, 327, 329, 334, 343, 347, 334–335; III: 2, 11–12, 125, 494–503 351, 356, 362, 366, 377, 383, 390, 444, disease outcomes of exposure, III: 6–15, 451, 453, 458, 460–462, 467, 480, 482, 33–35, 38–43, 44–47, 48, 50, 71–105 486, 491, 502–503, 507, 513–514, 518, early concerns about, I: 17–19, 29–32, 522–525; IV: 22, 26, 29, 48, 85, 86, 35–36; II: 26; III: 25 249, 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, environmental exposure studies, I: 140–149, 306, 311, 318, 322, 323, 331, 332, 337, 184, 186, 189, 190, 193, 200–201, 221, 342, 343, 348, 352, 358, 359, 367, 374, 222, 234, 236, 241, 243, 287–288, 306, 380–381, 385; V: 25 312–313; II: 271–272, 275, 277, 279– birth defects association, II: 286–298; III: 281; III: 197–205, 218, 232–236, 283, 436–444; IV: 403 285, 287–288, 290, 291, 297–298, 301, bladder cancer association, II: 225–227; 303, 305, 309, 316, 323, 328, 333, 336, III: 7, 10, 132, 347–351; IV: 342; V: 338, 342, 344, 345, 349, 350–351, 353, 328–333 354, 358, 361, 365, 369, 373, 375, 380, bone/joint cancer association, II: 204–205; 382, 388–389, 392, 437, 454, 455, 456, III: 7, 10, 303–305; IV: 289; V: 278–282 459, 467, 497, 520; IV: 249, 254–255, brain tumors association, II: 229–230; III: 258, 261, 263, 266, 269, 271, 274, 276, 8, 12, 356–362; IV: 352 278, 280, 282, 286, 289, 291, 293, 297, breast cancer association, II: 213–217; III: 302, 305–306, 309, 312, 314–316, 319, 7, 10, 324–329; IV: 318; V: 300–309 321, 323, 325–326, 328–329, 334, 336,

INDEX 821 338, 341, 344, 347, 349, 351, 354, female reproductive cancers association, II: 356–357, 361, 366, 369, 372, 375, 379, 211–213; III: 7, 10, 330–334 382–383 gastrointestinal tract cancers association, II: Environmental Protection Agency research 177–181; III: 8, 12, 268–282; IV: 256 activities, II: 32; III: 29–30 gastrointestinal ulcers association, II: evidence insufficient for determining 334–335; III: 510–514 association in health outcomes, I: hepatobiliary cancer and, II: 2, 176, 13–14, 19, 247, 457, 460, 473–474, 181–187; III: 7, 10, 282–288; IV: 270; 512, 521, 571, 577–578, 605, 618, 624, V: 259–264 627, 630, 634, 657, 666, 691, 699, Hodgkin’s disease association, II: 235–236; 708, 713, 727; II: 7, 11–12, 20–21, 22, III: 6, 7, 372–376; IV: 367; V: 355–361 97, 181–187, 189, 205, 210–211, 213, immune system disorders and, II: 327–329; 217, 225, 228, 247, 282, 284, 285–286, III: 3, 488–491; IV: 480 298, 300, 308–309, 310, 311, 314, 325, immunotoxicity, I: 122–123 329, 334–335, 337; III: 7–8, 10–12, 21, infertility association, II: 280–282; III: 132, 133, 286, 292, 304, 316, 322, 327, 445–451; IV: 407 332, 334, 346, 349, 351, 355, 390, 393, International Agency for Research on 444, 449, 453, 458, 473–474, 486, 491, Cancer research activities, III: 30; IV: 503, 507, 513, 518, 522; IV: 268, 270, 17, 133, 137–139, 252 274, 275, 279, 288, 289, 302, 305, 308, laryngeal cancer and, II: 202–203; III: 311, 314, 318, 321, 323, 329, 336, 337, 292–295; IV: 279 342, 348, 374, 380, 384, 400, 403, 406, latency and cancer risk, II: 13–14, 175, 407, 410–414, 416, 418, 424, 425, 426, 260–276; III: 3, 12–14, 265, 407–431 430–432, 441–443, 448, 454–457, 475, leukemia association, II: 245–246; III: 7, 480, 495, 500, 505, 506, 510, 512, 514 10, 385–390, 391–392; IV: 380; V: evidence limited/suggestive of association 366–372 in health outcomes, I: 10–12, 19, 247, lipid abnormalities association, II: 333–335; 472, 519–521, 563, 574–576, 727; II: III: 504–508, 520–521; IV: 495 6, 8–10, 20, 22, 97, 203, 223, 244, 298, liver toxicity association, II: 332–333, 300, 314, 323; III: 7, 8–10, 20–21, 133, 334–335; III: 510–514; IV: 505 295, 299, 340, 342, 383, 393, 444, 458, low birthweight and, III: 456–458, 459; IV: 474, 482, 519; IV: 7 416 evidence of no association in health lung cancer and, III: 296–302, 421, 422, outcomes, I: 12–13, 224, 247, 447–451, 423, 424; IV: 284; V: 272–278 503, 521, 525, 576–577; II: 7, 12–13, mechanism of action, II: 36; III: 33, 38, 44, 21, 22, 97, 181, 227, 230; III: 8, 12, 21– 47–48, 49–50, 53–71 22, 133, 268, 273, 282, 359, 393–394, mechanisms of toxicity, II: 37 522; IV: 251, 256, 340, 351, 352, 385, melanoma association, III: 313–317; IV: 514 306; V: 287–295 evidence sufficient of association in health metabolic and digestive disorders outcomes, I: 8–10, 246–247, 500, 548, association, II: 330–335; III: 3 556–557, 572–574, 678, 682; II: 5, 6, military research and development, I: 25–26 8, 19, 20, 21, 97, 208, 234, 236, 320; military (US) use ban, I: 32, 45; VI: III: 6, 7, 8, 20, 132–133, 311, 366, 373, 182–186 374, 390, 392, 480, 519; IV: 6 motor/coordination dysfunction and, II: exposure assessment issues, II: 4–5, 309–310; III: 469–470 99–109; III: 5–6, 135–162 multiple myeloma assocation, II: 237–244; federal government response to concerns III: 7, 8, 9, 377–383; IV: 512; V: over military use of in Vietnam, II: 361–366 27–32; III: 25–30

822 INDEX nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, II: 2, 176, research recommendations, II: 23–24; III: 187–189; III: 7, 10, 290–292; IV: 275; 23; IV: 13 V: 264–268 respiratory cancers and, II: 189–203, neural tube defects associated with 268–273; III: 7, 8, 9, 418, 420–426 herbicides, numbers, II: 297 respiratory disorders association, II: neurobehavioral disorders and, II: 305, 306, 335–337; III: 3, 483–486 314; III: 3, 467, 468, 473–476; IV: 457 skin cancers association, II: 209–211; III: 8, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma association, II: 10, 312; IV: 305 231–234; III: 6, 7, 362–371, 428–430; soft-tissue sarcomas association, II: IV: 358; V: 343–355 205–208; III: 6, 7, 306–311; IV: 384; V: occupational exposure settings, I: 36–38; 282–287 III: 150–156 spontaneous abortions association, II: occupational exposure studies, II: 113–140, 283–284; IV: 411; V: 409–421 182–184, 186, 188–189, 190, 191–200, statistical association with diseases, II: 88, 214–216, 219–220, 222, 232–234, 90–91; III: 1–2, 6, 124, 126–127; V: 235–236, 237–243, 286–287, 306, 312; 22–23 III: 170–196, 218, 219–232, 268–271, TCDD contamination of, I: 2, 3, 27, 91–92, 274–281, 282–283, 284, 287, 290, 291, 114, 126–127; II: 2, 3, 26; III: 3, 4, 5, 293–294, 296–297, 300–301, 303, 305, 140–142 308–309, 312, 316, 317, 321, 323, testicular cancer association, II: 227–228; 324–326, 328, 332–333, 335–336, 337, III: 7, 10, 343–347; IV: 337; V: 324–328 338, 341, 344, 345, 348, 350, 353, time-related factors and cancer risk, II: 354, 357–358, 360, 363–365, 367–369, 263–264, 270, 271, 273, 274; III: 372–373, 374–375, 378–380, 381–382, 411–412, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 386–388, 391–392, 437, 450, 454, 455, 429 456, 459, 467, 483–485, 489, 491, 496, toxicity profiles update, II: 45–77; III: 510–512, 515–516, 520; IV: 114, 249, 43–108 251, 253, 255–257, 259, 262, 265, toxicokinetics, II: 35, 36, 38–39; III: 32–33, 268, 270–271, 273–274, 276–282, 285, 36–37, 43–44, 47, 48, 50–53 288–290, 292, 296, 300–303, 305–307, toxicology, III: 3–5, 32–110 309, 312, 315, 317–318, 321, 324–325, types of, I: 88 327–329, 331–333, 336, 338, 340–342, uterine cancer association, III: 333 346–348, 351, 353, 356, 358–361, Vietnam use by US military, I: 1, 3, 24, 27, 364–365, 368–369, 371–374, 377, 379, 74, 84–96, 98–107, 286; II: 1, 2, 26–27; 381, 383 III: 135–142; VII: 1, 220–221 Operation Ranch Hand volume use, data by Vietnam veterans’ cancer risk and latency, herbicide type, III: 136 II: 276; III: 12–13, 430–431 ovarian cancer association, III: 333 Vietnam veterans’ disease increased risk, II: perinatal death association, II: 285–286; III: 14, 22–23, 88, 91, 298, 300–301, 321, 451–454, 455, 456; IV: 413; V: 421–422 323; III: 12–13, 14–15, 22–23, 124, porphyria cutanea tarda association, II: 127–128, 329, 334, 343, 430–431, 444, 321–323; III: 7, 8, 481–482; IV: 468 462, 475–476, 491, 503, 507–508, 525; preterm birth and, III: 456–458, 459 IV: 2, 9, 12, 20, 103, 105–106, 124 prostate cancer association, II: 2, 176, 217– Vietnam veterans’ exposure concerns, II: 223, 273–275; III: 7, 8, 9, 335–343, 26–32 426–428; IV, 10; V: 316–324 Vietnam veterans’ exposure studies, II: 149– renal cancer association, II: 224–225; III: 7, 161, 185, 187, 189, 190, 201–202, 204, 10, 352–356; IV: 348 205, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 216–217, reproductive toxicity, I: 124; II: 278–301; 218, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, III: 434–435 229, 230, 231, 234, 235, 236, 244, 245, 246, 278, 280, 283, 285, 286, 288–296,

INDEX 823 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, HI. See Humoral immunity 318–320, 321–323, 324–326, 327–329, High-density lipoprotein (HDLP) receptors, II: 330–337; III: 206–217, 236–245, 333, 334; III: 501, 503, 520–521 272–273, 275, 277–278, 279, 281, Highway workers, I: 326 282–283, 287–288, 290, 291, 294–295, Historic exposure reconstruction, I: 17–18, 298, 301, 303, 305, 309–310, 312, 316, 19–20, 254, 255–256, 725–726, 728; 317, 323, 326, 328, 333, 336, 338, III: 143; IV: 126–127 339, 340, 342, 343–344, 345–346, 349, HIV-I. See AIDS/HIV 351, 353, 355, 358–359, 361, 363, 365, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, II: 108; IV: 228 370–371, 372, 373, 376, 380, 382, 385, Hodgkin’s disease (HD), VII: 457–465 386, 389, 392, 435, 436, 437–438, 445, agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 328, 446, 450, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459, 467, 329, 331, 335–336, 341, 550–553; II: 468, 469, 470, 473, 475, 479, 480, 481, 138 482, 485–486, 489, 491, 495, 497, 498, biologic plausibility, I: 557; III: 377; IV: 500, 502, 505–506, 512–513, 516–518, 367; V: 361; VI: 319; VII: 465 521; IV: 249–250, 255–256, 259, 262, chemical industry workers and, I: 549–550 264, 266–267, 269–270, 272, 275–276, epidemiologic studies, II: 138, 235–236; 278–281, 283–284, 287, 289–292, 294, III: 372–376; IV: 199, 211, 212; V: 296, 298–299, 301, 303–311, 313–314, 357–360; VI: 313–319; VII: 458–465 316–320, 322–327, 329–332, 334–336, epidemiology, I: 526, 527–528; II: 231; III: 338–340, 342–343, 345, 347–348, 350, 371–372 352–353, 355–359, 362–364, 366–367, herbicide association in, I: 8, 9–10, 556– 370–371, 373–374, 376–378, 380–381, 557, 574; II: 5, 6, 20, 138, 235–236, 383, 387–388; VI: 182–191 247; III: 6, 7, 20, 24, 372–376; IV: 17; See also Aerial spraying; Agent Orange; V: 14, 355–361 Agricultural herbicides; Chemicals and herbicide environmental exposure studies, chemical industry; Defoliants; Desiccant I: 384; II: 236; III: 373, 375; IV: 366; herbicides; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic V: 358–359; VI: 13, 16, 318; VII: 148, acid (2,4-D); Domestic herbicide 461–462, 464 use; Environmental herbicide herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: exposure; Ground/perimeter spraying; 235–236; III: 372–373, 374–375; IV: Occupational herbicide exposure; 365; V: 357–358; VI: 318; VII: 458 Phenoxy herbicides; Professional histopathology, I: 526–527 herbicide/pesticide applicators; Selective incidence, data by race/gender, for selected herbicides; 2,3,7,8–Tetrachlorodibenzo- age groups, III: 372; IV: 365; V: 355; p-dioxin (TCCD); 2,4,5- VI: 313 Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) research recommendations, I: 19, 727 HERBS tapes, I: 20, 97–98, 602, 725; II: scientific literature update, II: 235–236; III: 108–109; IV: 123, 125; VI: 190 372–373; IV: 365; V: 356 contents, I: 96–97, 273 Vietnam veterans and, I: 258, 526, deficiencies, I: 97, 104–105 554–556; II: 231, 236; III: 372, 373, exposure assessment use, I: 273–279, 287, 376; IV: 366; V: 359–360, 361; VI: 291; III: 146, 148 318; VII: 462–465 source of, I: 62, 85, 96 Vietnam veterans’ compensation, II: 24, 30, Hercules Inc., I: 35 31 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin Vietnam veterans’ risk, VI: 319 (HxCDD), II: 64, 65, 67 See also Malignant lymphomas 2,2’,4,4,’5,5’–Hexachlorobiphenyl (HxCB), II: Hoffman-Taff, I: 40 64, 65 Honolulu Heart Program, 461 Hexachlorophene, I: 40; II: 128; III: 218, 219, Hormonal effects 234; IV: 133–135, 138, 148; V: 104 Biologic plausibility, VI: 394

824 INDEX Hormonal system I estrogen-mediated responses, I: 145, 154 TCDD carcinogenesis and, I: 116, 145 IARC. See International Agency for Research TCDD in, I: 156–159; IV: 71 on Cancer TCDD-induced wasting syndrome and, I: ICD. See International Classification of 165 Diseases Hormones. See Follicle-stimulating hormone Iceland, III: 228, 319, 338, 339, 344, 353; IV: (FSH); Luteinizing hormone (LH); 142, 312, 333, 338; VII: 163 Testosterone Association of Vegetable Farmers, III: 228 Hourglass spray system, I: 25 Cancer Registry, III: 228, 338 House Committee on Veterans Affairs, II: 27; Committee on Toxic Substances, III: 228 III: 25 Farmers’ Association of Iceland, III: 228 HR. See Halsted Reitan neuropsychologic test Horticultural College, III: 228 battery Horticulturist’s Association, III: 228 H.R. 1565, II: 28 Market Gardeners Association Pension HSP90. See Heat shock protein Fund, III: 228 Human health studies, VI: 25–28, 47–51, National Registry, III: 228 93–94; VII: 38–41 Register of Deaths, III: 228 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-I). See I Corps, I: 52, 96, 98, 394, 493–494, 542, 543, AIDS/HIV 546; II: 201; III: 139, 140, 241 Human milk. See Breast milk mortality study, I: 233; IV: 121 Humoral immunity (HI) II Corps, I: 542 TCDD and, II: 69–70 III Corps, I: 59, 104, 276, 281–282, 542, 543; HxCB. See 2,2’,4,4,’5,5’-Hexachlorobiphenyl II: 228; III: 148, 344; IV: 125–126 (HxCB) IV Corps, I: 81, 98, 542 HxCDD. See 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachloro-dibenzo- IL. See Interleukin-1; Interleukin-4 p-dioxin ILO. See International Labor Organization Hydatidiform mole, I: 30, 600–601 Immortalization process, VII: 104 See also Reproductive disorders Immune system disorders, VII: 617–620 Hydrocephalus, I: 609, 611 2,4-D toxicity, I: 181; II: 41; III: 46, 524; See also Reproductive disorders IV: 197; V: 37 Hydrocortisone (HC), II: 73 biologic plausibility, VI: 447–448; VII: Hypercholesterolemia, I: 690 619–620 See also Lipid and lipoprotein disorders cell-mediated immunity, II: 69–70 Hyperlipidemia, I: 152–153, 688, 692 cellular immunity, I: 147 See also Lipid and lipoprotein disorders endocrine system and, I: 150–151 Hypertension, I: 705, 706, 707, 708; IV: 135; epidemiologic studies, II: 327–329; III: VI: 7, 469; VII: 145, 671–673 488–491; IV: 79, 195; V: 484–485; VI: See also Circulatory disorders 443–448; VII: 619 Hyperthyroidism epidemiology, II: 326–327; III: 487 TCDD-induced, I: 168 herbicide toxicity, I: 122–123; II: 7, 11, 21, See also Metabolic and digestive disorders; 327–329; III: 3, 488–491; V: 483–485; Thyroid homeostasis VI: 445–446; VII: 53–54, 59, 144, 619 Hypoglycemia humoral immunity, I: 147–148; II: 69–70 TCDD-induced, I: 166–168 immune modulation in, I: 692–696, See also Metabolic and digestive disorders 698–699; VI: 7, 39 Hypospadias, I: 609, 611 macrophage function, I: 148 See also Reproductive disorders picloram toxicity, I: 192; II: 41; IV: 5 research methodology, I: 692 scientific literature update, II: 328–329; III: 489–491; V: 484; VI: 445–446

INDEX 825 suppression in, I: 693; II: 326, 329 Influenza, I: 713 TCDD toxicity, I: 119–122, 146–151, 338; See also Respiratory disorders II: 3, 40–41, 68–71, 328–329; III: 85– Insecticides, I: 87–88, 91 92, 488, 489, 490, 491; IV: 26, 31–32, Insomnia. See Sleep disorders 77–81; V: 61, 74–75, 484, 517–518; VI: Institute of Medicine (IOM), I: 2, 20, 57, 62–64, 73–76; VII: 98–100 742, 743–744; II: 1, 2, 17, 24, 25, 27; III: Vietnam veterans’ risk, VI: 448 1, 2, 5–6, 17, 23, 24, 25, 125, 150; IV: 1, See also Allergies; Autoimmune disease; 15, 126; V: 1, 12–13; VI: 2, 492; VII: 17 Autoimmunity; Systemic autoimmune Interactions, VI: 23, 58–59 disease; Systemic lupus erythematosus; Interagency Working Group on the Long-Term Viral infection Health Effects of Phenoxyherbicides Immunoglobulin antibodies, I: 693, 696, 697 and Contaminants, I: 46 2,4-D and, IV: 31 Interleukin-1, I: 148; II: 59 Incineration Interleukin-4, II: 70–71 of Agent Orange, I: 93–94; IV: 116 Internal Revenue Service (IRS), II: 152, 153 of municipal waste, V: 6 Social Security database, II: 151; III: 238; Incoordination. See Motor/coordination IV: 151; VI: 136 dysfunction International Agency for Research on Cancer Indiana, III: 47 (IARC), I: 8, 12–13, 246, 264–265, 270, Industrial accidents, I: 316–317; III: 224, 313–314, 478, 479, 499, 565, 573, 577, 232–233 731; II: 101, 107, 131–135, 178–179, BASF, I: 312–313, 444, 530, 550, 558; III: 196, 206, 212, 215, 220, 226, 232, 269; 153, 221; IV: 188–189 III: 20, 151, 175–177, 218, 222–223, Nitro, West Virginia, I: 38–39, 305–307, 268, 269, 284, 290, 293, 296, 303, 306, 597, 607, 686, 700; III: 152–153, 220; 307, 308, 310, 311, 314, 319, 325, 326, IV: 136 331, 337, 344, 348, 353, 357, 364, 378, Industrial exposure, VI: 177–181; VII: 232–236 379, 386, 422–423, 424, 425, 429, 484, Industrie Chimiche Meda Societa Anonima, 511, 516; IV: 17; V: 14, 108–109, 136– I: 43 140, 219–221; VI: 13, 120, 123–124; Infant death, VII: 529–531. VII: 155–156, 224–225, 724–727 Infertility, I: 631–634; II: 7, 11; V: 405–409; herbicide exposure assessment in VII: 518–525 occupational studies, III: 151–152, biologic plausibility, II: 282; III: 451; V: 154; IV: 111, 137–139, 189–194, 252, 409; VI: 372; VII: 523–524 257, 259–260, 262–263, 265, 271, 276, epidemiologic studies, II: 280; III: 445–449, 280, 290, 293, 296–297, 300, 306, 312, 450; V: 409; VI: 365–372; VII: 522–523 318–319, 324–325, 333, 338, 341, 343, epidemiology, II: 279; III: 444–445 348–349, 353, 359–360, 368, 374–375, herbicide association in, II: 278, 280–282; 381; VI: 171–172; VII: 654 III: 445–451; IV: 405–409; V: 405–409; Vietnam military use of herbicides, VI: 366–371; VII: 106–107, 147 response, III: 30 herbicidal environmental exposure studies, International Classification of Diseases (ICD), VII: 520, 523 II: 325; III: 265; IV: 248, 249; V: 242, herbicidal occupational exposure studies, 531–533; VI: 26, 201, 463, 571–574 VII: 519–520, 522 ICD-9 cancer codes, SEER program new studies summary, II: 280–281; III: site groupings for, III: 537–539; IV: 446–449, 450 524–526; VI: 572–574; VII: 264–267, scientific literature update, V: 406–408; VI: 707–716 366–371 International Labor Organization (ILO), Vietnam veterans and, III: 445, 446, 450; V: II: 324 408; VI: 371–372; VII: 521, 523 See also Perinatal death, Reproductive disorders

826 INDEX International Register of Workers Exposed Piedmont area, III: 224, 232; VI: 125, 128; to Phenoxy Herbicides and Their VII: 161–162 Contaminants, I: 313–314; II: 131–135, See also Lombardy, Italy; Mantua, Italy; 220, 232, 235, 238, 245; III: 175–177, Milan, Italy; Palermo, Italy; Parma, 218, 222–223; VII: 655–656 Italy; Seveso, Italy International Society of Exposure Analysis, IUGR. See Intrauterine growth retardation II: 25 Intracellular communication TCDD and, II: 3, 67–68 J Intrahepatic bile duct cancers, VI: 222 Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), I: 625, Japan, II: 237; IV: 414; V: 6, 436; VI: 47, 91, 626; III: 455, 457; IV: 413–414; V: 422 134, 203 See also Reproductive disorders Jerusalem, Israel, V: 508–509 Involuntary movements. See Motor/ Job exposure matrix, I: 256 coordination dysfunction Johnston Island, I: 93 IOM. See Institute of Medicine Joint cancer. See Bone/joint cancer Iowa, I: 11, 37, 60, 318–319, 332, 333, Judgment, role of, VI: 31; VII: 45 334–335, 374, 400, 447, 495, 534, 550, 560, 567, 603, 660, 677; II: 8, 138–139, 219, 239, 248, 292; III: 224, 229, 234, K 243, 335; IV: 140, 142, 143, 144, 149, Kansas, I: 9, 37, 335–336, 487, 490, 550; II: 158, 210, 258, 261, 266, 290, 300, 334, 231; III: 363; IV: 215, 260, 297, 361, 344, 349, 354, 361, 369, 375, 382; V: 6, 369, 446 117; VI: 124–126, 133, 175, 384; VII: Kaposi’s sarcoma, I: 338, 487, 695; IV: 144, 162, 184 214 Iowa Health Registry, II: 138–139 See also Soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) See also Agricultural Health Study (AHS) Khe Sanh-Thonh Son Lam area, I: 96; III: 140; Ireland, Republic of, II: 136, 230, 233, 242, IV: 121 246; III: 224–225, 363; IV: 198 Kidney cancer, VII: 414–421 Agricultural Institute, II: 136 biologic plausibility, III: 356; IV: 348; V: Central Statistics Office of Ireland, II: 136 338; VI: 293; VII: 420 IRS. See Internal Revenue Service children and, I: 628; IV: 417, 420, 428 Irvine, California, III: 533 epidemiologic studies, I: 515; II: 224–225; Ischemic heart disease, VI: 7 III: 352–355; IV: 346–348; V: 335–338; Israel. See Jerusalem, Israel VI: 292–296; VII: 415–420 Italy, I: 320–321, 338–341, 384, 486–487, 492, epidemiology, I: 513, 514; II: 223; III: 523, 537, 552, 553, 561, 566, 632; II: 351–352; IV: 345–346 183, 229; III: 9, 224, 230, 232, 234, herbicide association in, I: 13, 521, 577; II: 235, 271, 284–285, 294, 297, 299, 337, 7, 11, 20, 139–140, 224–225, 249–250; 358, 364, 373, 379–380, 387, 388, 516; III: 7, 10, 352–356; IV: 342, 346–348, IV: 133, 140, 144, 147–148, 149, 208, 385; V: 333–338 212, 214, 230, 278, 282, 315, 325, 336, herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 341, 347, 351, 354, 357, 360, 368, 372, 353, 354; IV: 347; V: 336, 337; VII: 375, 379, 381, 425, 430, 445, 464, 472, 417–418, 420 501, 507; V: 5, 117; VI: 124–125, 181, herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 246, 476–477 353, 354; IV: 346; V: 334, 335, 337; Forli Province, III: 230 VII: 415–420 National Statistics Institute, II: 141 histopathology, I: 513 Novara Province, III: 225; IV: 197; VI: 124; incidence, data by race/gender, for selected VII: 162 age groups, III: 352; IV: 334, 345–346; VI: 292

INDEX 827 risk factors, I: 514; IV: 342, 345; V: 338 aging effects control, II: 261–262; III: 409 scientific literature update, II: 224–225; III: arsenic and, II: 268; III: 420 353, 355; IV: 346–347; V: 334, 337; VI: asbestos and, II: 268; III: 420 293 data limitations, III: 413, 414, 415, 416 Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 522; II: 223, 224, data requirements, II: 264, 265, 266; III: 225; III: 353, 355; IV: 348; V: 338; VI: 412, 414, 415, 416; IV: 283 296 epidemiological studies, analysis of, II: Vietnam veterans and, VII: 418–420 261–266; III: 408–412 See also Genitourinary cancers; Wilm’s epidemiological studies, new, III: 419; IV: tumor 148, 254, 256, 269, 293, 329, 473, 483, Kidneys 484, 506 2,4-D toxicity in, I: 125, 179–180; II: 42; gamma rays and, II: 268; III: 418 IV: 28, 37, 42, 43, 66, 68, 73, 76; V: 518 literature review results, II: 266–267; III: arsenic toxicity in, IV: 39 416–418, 420–424, 426–427, 429; IV: cacolydic acid toxity in, II: 42; IV: 387 257, 260, 263, 265, 271, 280, 297, 333, Korean War, II: 150; III: 237; IV: 150; VI: 135 343, 353, 368, 375 See also South Koreans measurement errors, II: 263–264; III: 411–412 mortality and incidence studies for L examining, II: 263; III: 410–411, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 429 Laos, I: 106 nickel and, II: 269; III: 420 Large-cell lymphoma, V: 430 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, III: 428–430 Laryngeal cancer, I: 461, 470–471; II: 202–203; potential problems with, II: 264, 265, 266; IV: 277–280; V: 268–272; VI: 230–234; III: 413, 414, 415, 416 VII: 325–330 prostate cancer, II: 273–275; III: 426–428 biologic plausibility, III: 295; IV: 279; V: radon daughters and, II: 268; III: 418 271–272; VI: 234; VII: 330 random misclassification and, II: 263–264; epidemiologic studies, III: 293–295; IV: III: 411–412 277–278, 280–281; V: 270–271; VI: relative risks, II: 264, 265, 266, 271, 275, 232–233; VII: 326–329 351; III: 412, 413, 414, 415, 418, 420, epidemiology, III: 292; IV: 277 422, 426–427, 428, 430–431 herbicide environmental exposure studies, respiratory cancer, II: 268–273; III: 418, V: 270; VI: 233; VII: 328–329 420–426; IV: 284, 285; VI: 2 herbicide exposure and, III: 293–295; IV: 9, smoking and, II: 268; III: 418; IV: 250, 273 277–278; V: 268–272 time-related factors, II: 262, 263–264; III: herbicide occupational exposure studies, 411–412, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, III: 293–294; IV: 277–278; V: 270; VI: 429; IV: 464, 465 231–233; VII: 326–328 Vietnam veterans, relevancy for, II: 276, incidence, data by race/gender, for selected 351; III: 12–13, 430–431; IV: 466 age groups, III: 292; IV: 277; VI: 231 See also Cancer larynx, IV: 6, 8, 9 Lawn care, I: 119, 177–178; IV: 274 scientific literature update, III: 293–294, LDL. See Low-density lipoprotein receptors 295; IV: 277–278; V: 269; VI: 231–234 Leather tanners, I: 486, 514 TCDD association with, V: 5 Legal issues Vietnam veterans studies, III: 294–295; IV: Agent Orange manufacturers’ liability, I: 278; V: 269; VI: 233–234; VII: 328–329 34–35 See also Respiratory cancers federal government liability, I: 34 Latency effects in cancer studies, I: 231–232, South Korean Vietnam veterans, I: 62 434, 435, 436–438, 494, 495, 727; II: 2, Times Beach, Missouri, I: 41; IV: 133 13–14, 175; III: 3, 12–14, 266, 407–408

828 INDEX Legislation children and, I: 628; IV: 18, 417–424 epidemiologic studies on Agent Orange, II: chronic lymphocytic leukemia, III: 28; III: 26 384–385; IV: 208, 211, 377, 417, 422; federal, I: 45–60; III: 26–27 V: 7, 366–367, 372–376; VI: 15–16, health care associated with Agent Orange, 334–337; VII: 486–490, 713 II: 28 chronic myeloid leukemia, III: 384, 385; IV: Public Law 91-441, I: 47, 62 377–378, 417; V: 367 Public Law 96-151, I: 50, 52, 57; II: 28; III: epidemiologic studies, I: 564–572; II: 26, 240 136, 245–247; III: 385–390, 391–392; Public Law 97-72, I: 50; II: 28; III: 26 IV: 149, 198; IV: 379–380, 381–383, Public Law 98-181, I: 51 418–422, 427–429; V: 369–372; VI: Public Law 98-542, I: 50–51; II: 28–29; III: 325–337; VII: 476–485 26–27 epidemiology, I: 564; II: 245; III: 383–385; Public Law 99-272, I: 50; II: 28; III: 26 IV: 377–378 Public Law 100-687, I: 51 herbicide association in, I: 13, 571, Public Law 101-239, I: 51 577–578; II: 7, 11, 20, 245–247, Public Law 102-4, I: 2, 7, 20, 21, 51, 572, 249–250; III: 7, 10, 385–390, 391–392; 721, 728–730; II: 1, 5, 17, 19, 29, 97, IV: 379–380, 385, 418–422; V: 366–372 247; III: 1, 6, 14, 17, 20, 124, 132, 390, herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 397, 462, 475, 519, 525; IV: 1, 2, 6, 15, 388–389, 392; IV: 379, 419–420; V: 103, 132, 388; VI: 1, 7, 11, 20, 341 368, 370–371; VI: 332; VII: 481–482, Public Law 102-585, II: 28; III: 26 485 Public Law 103-452, II: 28; III: 26 herbicide occupational exposure and, III: Public Law 104-110, III: 26 386–388, 391–392; IV: 379, 418–419; Public Law 104-204, III: 24, 26 V: 368, 369–370; VI: 331–332; VII: Public Law 104-262, III: 26 144, 476–485 Public Law 105-114, III: 25 incidence, data by type/race/gender, for Public Law 107-103, VI: 1 selected age groups, III: 384; IV: Veterans’ Education and Benefits Expansion 377–378; V: 367; VI: 326 Act of 2001, VI: 1 production workers and, I: 564–566; III: Veterans’ Health Programs Extension and 386–387; IV: 379 Improvement Act of 1979, III: 240 pulp/paper workers and, I: 568; IV: 379 Vietnam veterans’ compensation, I: 47, risk factors, I: 564; V: 372 50–51, 55–56; II: 28–29; III: 26–27 scientific literature update, II: 245–246; III: Leiomyosarcomas, I: 475 386–389; IV: 379–380, 418–422; V: See also Soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) 368, 371; VI: 331–333, 335 Lethality. See Deaths Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 13, 568–570, 571, Leukemia, VII: 474–494, 713 577; III: 385, 386, 388–389, 390; IV: acute lymphocytic leukemia, III: 383, 384; 379 IV: 377; V: 366 TCDD biologic plausibility in, I: 571; III: acute myelogenous leukemia, IV: 417–429, 390; IV: 380–381, 426 432; V: 16, 366; VII: 490–494 Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 564, 570, acute myeloid leukemia, III: 383–384; IV: 571–572; II: 245, 246; IV: 381, 426; V: 9, 377; V: 366 372; VI: 333, 337 agricultural workers and, I: 13, 332–333, Vietnam veterans’ studies, III: 385, 386, 334–335, 566–568; II: 136; III: 389, 392; IV: 373, 380, 420–422; V: 387–388; IV: 140, 143–144, 216 371; VI: 332–333; VII: 482–484 biologic plausibility I: 571; III: 390; IV: Lewy bodies, V: 464; VI: 410 380–381; V: 372, 376; VI: 333, 337; Leydig cells, II: 71, 279; III: 445; IV: 405; V: VII: 485–486 405 categories of herbicide association in, V: 7 LH. See Luteinizing hormone

INDEX 829 Li-Fraumeni syndrome, V: 283; VI: 246 risk factors, I: 453 Lindane, I: 91 Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 454–455; IV: 269 Lip cancer, VII: 277–279 TCDD in, I: 116, 138–139, 142, 143; IV: Lipid and lipoprotein disorders, I: 688–690, 267, 386–387, 515 692; IV: 492–497; VII: 622, 632–639 Vietnam veterans and, I: 391, 393, 455, biologic plausibility, III: 507; IV: 495; V: 457; IV: 269 498; VI: 459–463; VII: 637–638 See also Hepatobiliary cancers epidemiologic studies, I: 45; II: 333, Liver disorders, VII: 639–644 334; III: 504–506, 520–521; IV: 479, 2,4-D in, I: 179; III: 524; IV: 505 493–494, 496–497; V: 494, 498; VI: 2,4,5-T in, II: 42; III: 524; IV: 500, 505 457–463; VII: 637 arsenic and, IV: 39–41 epidemiology, II: 333; III: 503–504; IV: biologic plausibility, III: 513–514, 524; IV: 492–493 505; V: 502 herbicide environmental exposure and, III: enzyme activity, I: 155–156, 685–687, 520; IV: 493–494; V: 496; VI: 458; VII: 691–692 635 epidemiologic studies, I: 45; II: 332–333; herbicide exposure association with, II: 7, III: 510–513; IV: 500–504; V: 502; VI: 21, 333–334; III: 504–508, 520–521; 463–466; VII: 642–643 IV: 493–494 epidemiology, II: 331–332; III: 509–510; herbicide occupational exposure and, III: IV: 498–500 520; IV: 493–494; V: 495–496; VI: herbicide environmental exposure and, VII: 458–459; VII: 634–635 141 scientific literature update, II: 334; III: herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 504–506, 520, 521; IV: 493–494; V: 510–512; IV: 500–501 494; VI: 458–459 herbicides in, I: 125; II: 332–333; III: TCDD in, I: 152–153, 259–260; II: 333, 510–514; IV: 135, 139, 141, 500–505 334; III: 505, 506, 507; IV: 471, 474, picloram chronic toxicity, I: 191–192; II: 493–495; V: 498 42; III: 524 Vietnam veterans and, II: 333; III: 505–506, scientific literature update, II: 332–333; III: 521; IV: 494; V: 496–498; VI: 463; VII: 510–513; IV: 500–504; V: 500–501; VI: 635–637 465–466 See also Hypercholesterolemia; Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 367; IV: 501–502 Hyperlipidemia; Liver disorders; TCDD in, I: 115, 124, 129–130, 151–156, Metabolic and digestive disorders 165–166; II: 42, 331–333; III: 509; IV: Liposarcoma. See Soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) 25–30, 34, 37, 41–44, 56–60, 66–73, 77, Listeria 83, 498–505; V: 499–500, 516–517 TCDD exposure and, II: 68 Vietnam veterans and, II: 332; III: 512–513; Literature, identifying, VI: 20–22; VII: 29–34 IV: 502–504; V: 501 See also Data sources; Scientific literature See also Hepatomegaly; Lipid and update; specific topics lipoprotein disorders; Metabolic and Liver cancer digestive disorders background, IV: 267 Lombardy, Italy, II: 147, 299; IV: 329 biologic plausibility, IV: 270 Low birthweight, VII: 531–535 children and, I: 628 biologic plausibility, III: 458; IV: 416–417; epidemiologic studies, I: 453–455; IV: V: 425; VI: 382–383; VII: 534 268–270 definition, I: 625; IV: 413–414; V: 422 herbicide association in, I: 13, 457, 577; IV: epidemiologic studies, III: 456–457, 459; 143, 157, 385 IV: 414–416; V: 425; VI: 379–383; VII: incidence, VI: 222 532–534 picloram in, I: 190 epidemiology, I: 625–626; III: 454, 455, research recommendations, I: 19, 727 456; IV: 413–414

830 INDEX herbicide association in, I: 14, 627–628; latency and, III: 421, 422, 423, 424 II: 7, 11, 20; III: 456–458, 459; IV: occupational exposure studies, III: 296–297, 413–417; V: 422–425 300–301, 421, 423; IV: 142, 144, 282; herbicide environmental exposure and, III: V: 274–275; VI: 235–239; VII: 147, 459; IV: 414–416; V: 423; VI: 381–382; 331–339 VII: 533–534 paper/pulp mill workers and, I: 364, 468 herbicide occupational exposure and, III: production workers and, I: 461–466; III: 459; IV: 414–416; V: 423; VI: 380–381; 421, 423; IV: 282 VII: 532–533 Ranch Hands, IV: 9, 283 risk factors, I: 625–626; IV: 412; V: 425 scientific literature update, III: 296–298; IV: scientific literature update, III: 457, 459; IV: 282–284; V: 273, 277; VI: 235–240 414–416; V: 423–424; VI: 380–382 Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 469; III: 296, Vietnam veterans exposure studies, III: 457, 297–298, 299, 422; IV: 278, 282–283 459; IV: 417; V: 423–424, 425; VI: 382, TCDD and, V: 277 383; VII: 534 TCDD association with, V: 5 See also Preterm delivery (PTD); Vietnam veterans and, I: 469–470, 472; III: Reproductive disorders 298, 301, 424; IV: 283, 284; V: 278; VI: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, I: 240–241; VII: 336–340 154–155; II: 333, 334; III: 503; IV: 489, See also Respiratory cancers 492 Luteinizing hormone (LH), II: 182, 279, 280, Ludwigshafen, Germany, III: 153, 154, 269, 281; III: 41, 72–73, 444–445; IV: 34, 297, 484, 511 399, 405; V: 405 Lumber industry Lymphocytic leukemia. See Leukemia lumberjacks pesticide exposure, V: 5 Lymphopoietic cancers, V: 5 sawmill workers herbicide exposure, III: 10, 156, 227–228, 338, 439–440, 447–448, 449, 452, 453, 457; IV: 114, 142, 290, M 296, 306, 307, 312, 333, 338, 343, 368, 404, 408, 418, 419, 422, 427; V: 225; Maine, I: 60, 400, 603; II: 292; III: 243; IV: VI: 177; VII: 231–232 158; VII: 184 See also Forests Malathion, I: 87, 88, 91 Lung cancer, VII: 330–341 Male reproductive function. See Infertility 2,4-D in, I: 177 Malignant lymphomas agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 466; 2,4-D exposure and, I: 119, 177–178 IV: 142 epidemiology, II: 231; IV: 137, 140, 143 biologic plausibility, III: 302; IV: 284; V: See also Hodgkin’s disease (HD); Multiple 278; VI: 241; VII: 340–341 myeloma (MM); Non-Hodgkin’s cacodylic acid and, I: 187; IV: 24; V: 21 lymphoma (NHL) environmental exposure studies, III: 297– Malignant neoplasms of heart. See Soft-tissue 298, 301; IV: 282–283; V: 275–276; VI: sarcoma (STS) 240; VII: 335–336, 339 Mammary gland effects, VI: 81; VII: 109–110 epidemiological studies, II: 139; III: See also Breast cancer 296–298, 300–301; IV: 157, 210, 278, Mangrove forests, I: 31, 62, 90, 104 282–284, 285–287, 473; V: 274–277; See also Forests VI: 234–241; VII: 331–340 Manitoba, Canada, II: 135–136, 232, 242, 246; epidemiology, III: 295–296; IV: 281 IV: 198 herbicide association in, I: 472; II: 6; III: Mantua, Italy, V: 229, 283 296–302; IV: 282–284; V: 21 March of Dimes, II: 286; III: 435; IV: 400; V: herbicide/pesticide applicators and, I: 326, 393; VI: 355 466–468; II: 139; IV: 142 Marine Corps. See US Marine Corps incidence, data by gender/race, for selected Maryland. See Baltimore, Maryland; Fort age groups, III: 296; IV: 281; VI: 235 Detrick, Maryland

INDEX 831 Massachusetts, I: 60, 400–401, 405–406, 445, Meta-analysis, I: 243, 244; VI: 25 470, 496, 602–603, 613, 620, 621, 622; Meta risk ratio (MRR), IV: 253, 265, 267n II: 202, 291; III: 243, 244, 303, 310, Metabolic and digestive disorders, VII: 315, 339, 346, 349, 353; IV: 158, 291, 639–644 298, 299, 308, 334, 339, 345, 350, 363; biological plausibility, II: 335; III: 513–514; VII: 184, 652 IV: 505; V: 502; VII: 643 Cancer Registry, III: 244 epidemiological studies, II: 330–331, Mast cells, I: 693 332–335; III: 510–513; IV: 500–504; V: Maternal toxicity, VI: 396 502; VI: 463–466; VII: 642–643 no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), epidemiology, III: 508; IV: 498–500 V: 35 herbicides association in, II: 7, 11, 21, MC-1 spray system, I: 25 330–331, 332–335; III: 3, 510–514; IV: MCMI. See Millon Clinical Multiaxial 500–505; VII: 642 Inventory herbicides occupational exposure and, III: MCPA. See 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic 510–512; IV: 500–501; V: 500–501; acid; 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic VII: 642 acid scientific literature update, III: 510–513; IV: MCPP. See 2-[4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy]- 500–504; V: 500–501 propanoic acid Vietnam veterans and, III: 510, 512–513; Mechanistic studies, VII: 43–44, 54–55 IV: 502–504; V: 502; VII: 643 Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval See also Diabetes mellitus; System, I: 735 Hyperthyroidism; Hypoglycemia; Mekong Delta, II: 104 Lipid and lipoprotein disorders; Ulcers, Melanomas gastrointestinal biologic plausibility, III: 317; IV: 305; V: Metabolic syndrome, VII: 700 295; VI: 260; VII: 363 Metabolism epidemiologic studies, III: 313–317; IV: energy of, VI: 40 299–302, 306–308; V: 288–294; VI: and half-life studies, VI: 51–54 251–261 Methodological bias herbicide association with, III: 313–317; IV: biological stored samples, analysis, I: 302–308; V: 287–295 20–21, 729–730 herbicide environmental exposure and, III: cancer studies, I: 436 316; IV: 302, 303; V: 291–292; VI: 256; controlling for, I: 33, 226–227, 234–235, VII: 358, 362 242–246; IV: 105, 108–109 herbicide occupational exposure and, III: healthy worker effect, I: 230 316, 317; IV: 302; V: 288, 289, 290, herbicide exposure assessment, I: 17, 291, 292; VI: 254–256; VII: 356–362 257–259, 286–287, 291, 724 incidence of, III: 313, 315; IV: 299–300; latency studies, II: 263–264; III: 408–412 VI: 252 proportionate mortality studies, I: 233 morbidity studies, VI: 257–258 recall bias, I: 256, 601 mortality studies, III: 314–315, 316; IV: reproductive outcome studies, I: 591–592, 306–307; V: 291–292; VI: 255–256 601 scientific literature update, III: 314–315; IV: self-reports, I: 270–271; II: 109, 150 302–304; V: 290, 292; VI: 254–259 Methodology Vietnam veterans studies, III: 316, 317; IV: Agent Orange Study, I: 58–59, 63–64; II: 2 303–306; V: 288, 289, 292, 293–294; Agent Orange Working Group, I: 19, 728 VI: 256–259, 261; VII: 359–363 Alsea, Oregon, investigation, I: 372–373, See also Basal/squamous cell skin cancer; 598 Skin cancer American Legion Agent Orange study, I: Melatonin, TCDD-induced wasting syndrome 602 and, I: 165 assessment of strength of evidence, I: 238–241; II: 88–97; III: 124–133

832 INDEX BASF study, I: 312–313 herbicide exposure reconstruction model biologic plausibility, II: 88, 92; III: 124, 128 evaluation, I: 18, 289–290, 726; II: 25 burden of proof approach, I: 226–227, 245 herbicide occupational exposure assessment, cancer expected incidence, I: 439–440 I: 262–264, 269–270; III: 150–156 cancer studies, I: 435–440, 442–443, 445; immune system research, I: 692 II: 175, 176; III: 265–266 indirect adjustment, I: 229 case-control studies, I: 234–235, 256–257, information management, I: 735–738 326–341; II: 94–95; III: 130; VI: 9 judgment in, I: 245–246; II: 96; III: case reports, I: 235–236 131–132 Centers for Disease Control Birth Defects latency and cancer studies, II: 261–266, Study, I: 611–612 351; III: 407–416 Centers for Disease Control epidemiologic meta-analysis, I: 225, 237–238, 242–243 studies, I: 19, 387–393, 498, 728 neurological assessment, I: 14, 641–642, circulatory disease studies, I: 699–700, 649 705–706, 707; II: 335; IV: 11, 463, 502, neuropsychiatric studies, I: 657 506 new evidence integration, II: 96; III: 132 cohort studies, I: 229–232, 254–256, NIOSH studies, I: 303–305; II: 350–351, 318–323; IV: 8–13, 28, 43, 46, 111, 356, 357; IV: 111, 136 114, 123–161 passim, 182–247 passim, Nitro, West Virginia, industrial accident 251–253, 256–388 passim, 402, 409, studies, I: 305–307 418–422, 425–431, 473–474, 478–479, NRC Commission on Life Sciences, I: 63 483, 486–492, 500–509 odds ratio determination, I: 234, 239; II: 90; confidence intervals, I: 244; IV: 19, 43, 251, III: 126–127; IV: 105 278, 342, 385, 419, 445, 472, 483, 515 Office of Technology Assessment, I: 19, consistency in, VI: 26 728 controlled observational studies, I: 228 paper/pulp mill worker studies, I: 341, 364 Department of Veterans Affairs studies, I: publication bias, II: 95–96; III: 131; IV: 393–399, 494–495; IV: 1, 15, 133, 151, 108; V: 27–28 157–158, 255, 284, 399, 421 Ranch Hand study, I: 230–231, 385–386, disease latency effects, I: 231–232, 434, 498, 757–762 436–438, 494, 495, 727; II: 351–357 random misclassification and latency, II: dose-response relationship, I: 239–230, 252; 263–264; III: 411–412 II: 89; IV: 40 relative risk assessment, I: 229, 239, 258; Dow studies, I: 307–312 II: 90, 351, 356; III: 126, 127; IV: 105 epidemiologic studies evaluation, I: reproductive outcome studies, I: 591–592 300–301; II: 93–94; III: 129–130; IV: respiratory disease studies, I: 708–709, 103–109, 132–161, 182–247 712–713; II: 324 evidence categories, I: 227–237; III: 132; risk assessment, I: 225–226; II: 89; III: IV: 103–109 passim 127–128 experimental studies evaluation, II: 92–93 sample size and disease frequency, I: 231, health outcome categories for herbicide 242–243, 440, 499 association, I: 5–8, 223–225, 246–247; Selected Cancers Study, I: 234–235, 498 II: 97; III: 132; IV: 6–12 self-reports, I: 270–271; II: 109; IV: 9, 113, herbicide environmental exposure 122, 125–126, 135, 141, 154–157, 159, assessment, I: 262–263, 269–270; III: 255, 262, 287, 297, 299, 304, 308, 310, 156–157 313, 320, 324, 325, 326, 335, 336–337, herbicide exposure, statistical association 339, 364, 380, 383, 402, 406, 418–419, with diseases, II: 88, 90–91; III: 1–2, 6, 421–425, 484, 487, 492, 503–504, 126–127; IV: 103; V: 22–23 507–509 herbicide exposure assessment strategies, I: soft-tissue sarcoma studies, I: 482–490, 251–259, 270–287; III: 144–145 497–500

INDEX 833 standardized mortality ratio, I: 229–230 Vietnam herbicide applications, I: 1, 3, 24, statistical significance/power, I: 226–227, 27, 74, 84–96, 98–107, 286; II: 26–27; 243; V: 23 III: 135–142; V: 229–232; VI: 182–186; TCDD biomarkers, I: 259–262 VII: 237–240 Times Beach studies, I: 368–370 Vietnam herbicides aerial spraying, I: 27, toxicologic studies evaluation, III: 128–129 85–91; II: 26; III: 135, 137, 138; VI: type I error, I: 243 185 type II error, I: 243 Vietnam herbicides ground spraying, I: Vietnam veterans disease risk estimation 94–96; II: 26; III: 138–140; VI: 185 and latency, II: 349–357 Vietnam herbicides use early objections, I: Vietnam veterans serum TCDD mean 29, 31–32; II: 26–27 maximum estimation, II: 349–350 Vietnam troop movements, I: 52–53, 96, See also Data sources; Research needs; 273–279, 287 Risk assessment methodology Vietnam US involvement, I: 75–76, 84 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), See also Operation Ranch Hand I: 700; V: 104 Military personnel. See Demographic data, 6-Methyl-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran, I: 153 Vietnam veterans; Foreign veterans; Michigan, I: 374, 375, 383; II: 113, 153, 161, Operation Ranch Hand; US Air Force; 202, 308; III: 159, 160, 218, 221, 234, US Army; US Army Chemical Corps 235, 243, 270, 357–358, 363, 373, 387, (ACC); US Coast Guard; US Marine 388, 484, 511, 516; IV: 133, 136, 149, Corps; US Navy; US Special Forces; 158, 231, 266, 335, 350, 355, 363, 368, Vietnam veterans; Women veterans 370, 381, 383, 414; V: 117; VI: 133; Military records, I: 742–743 VII: 184 herbicide exposure assessment use, I: Department of Management and Budget’s 271–280, 287–288; II: 101; III: 138, Vietnam-era Bonus List, II: 153, 161, 140; IV: 125 202, 208, 221, 225, 230, 234, 236, 246; herbicide spray missions records, I: 27, 62, III: 308, 336, 353, 489 84–85, 104–106 Department of Public Health, II: 161 HERBS tapes, I: 62, 96–98; III: 146, 148; See also Detroit, Michigan; Midland, IV: 123–125 Michigan; Tecumseh, Michigan research recommendations, I: 17, 724–725 Microarray analysis, VII: 71–80 Vietnam casualties, I: 82–83 Midland, Michigan, III: 152, 221, 234; IV: 149; Vietnam herbicide ground spraying, I: 94, V: 117 95; IV: 110–111, 113–114 Midwest Research Institute, I: 29–30 Vietnam service identification in, II: 24–25, Milan, Italy, II: 243; III: 232; IV: 144 175 Military health care Vietnam veterans in, I: 75–80, 106; II: Agent Orange legislation, II: 28; III: 26, 27 150–153 Department of Veterans Affairs activities, II: Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI), 29; III: 27 V: 449; VI: 137, 406 Military occupation specialty code (MOS), II: Milk. See Breast milk 153; III: 242 Minnesota, I: 37, 326, 332, 333, 468; II: 47, Military operations 137–138, 178, 199, 325; III: 226–227, Agent Orange surplus disposal, I: 93–94 229, 440–441; IV: 144, 210, 286, 306, herbicide early research, I: 25–26; II: 344, 349, 354, 362, 369, 375, 382; VI: 27–32; III: 25–30 126, 128; VII: 163 herbicide (strategic) use ban, I: 32, 45 Department of Agriculture, II: 137; III: 226, herbicide use precautions, I: 95 440; IV: 149 South Vietnam tactical zones, I: 98 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, I: Vietnam distribution of personnel, I: 81, 82 641; VI: 137, 407

834 INDEX Miscarriages. See Spontaneous abortion melanoma, III: 314–315, 316; V: 291–292 Missouri, I: 621, 626, 664–665, 681; II: 280; methodology, I: 229–233, 435 III: 500; IV: 133, 135, 148, 227, 272, National Institute for Occupational Safety 404, 484, 487, 493 and Health (NIOSH) conducted by, IV: See also Times Beach, Missouri; Verona, 105, 136, 251 Missouri non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and latency, III: Mitochondrial function, VI: 40; VII: 54–55, 57 429 Mitogenic stimulation, VII: 104–105 prostate cancer and latency, II: 273, 274, Mixed-function oxidase activity, I: 131, 155, 275, 276; III: 426, 427; V: 319–321 156 Ranch Hand baseline mortality studies, II: MM. See Multiple myeloma 151; IV: 151–153 MMA. See Pentavalent monomethylarsonic respiratory cancer mortality and latency, II: acid; Trivalent monomethylarsonous 270, 271; III: 421, 422, 423, 424 acid Seveso, Italy, children study, II: 147; IV: 148 Mobility factor analysis, VI: 183; VII: 246 Seveso, Italy, males cancer mortality and Models and modeling. See Herbicide exposure latency, II: 271, 275; III: 422, 427; IV: reconstruction model; Quantitative 148 structure-activity relationship (QSAR) standardized mortality ratio, I: 229–230 models women veterans, II: 152–153, 201 Monsanto Company, I: 34, 35, 38, 305–307, See also Child mortality studies; Deaths; 444, 674, 700; II: 114–115, 179, 182, Perinatal death 193, 204, 207, 220, 236; III: 152, MOS. See Military occupation specialty code 171–172, 220, 348; IV: 136, 185–186, Motor/coordination dysfunction, VII: 570–585 257, 260, 271, 290, 301, 333, 343; epidemiological studies, II: 309–310; III: V: 106–107, 131–132; VI: 122; VII: 469–470; IV: 445–447; VI: 410–422 153–154, 662, 721 herbicide association in, I: 661–662; II: 4, Montagnards, I: 31, 371, 599 7, 11, 21, 309–310; III: 469–470; IV: Montana, II: 268; III: 420; IV: 149, 344, 349, 443–447; V: 452–465 354, 362, 369, 375, 382 herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: Mortality. See Child mortality studies; Deaths; 658–659; IV: 445–447 Perinatal death herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: Mortality of Vietnam Veterans: The Veteran 658; IV: 445–447 Cohort Study, III: 273, 285–286 scientific literature update, II: 309–310; III: Mortality studies, II: 130; IV: 140, 141, 144, 470; IV: 445–447 146, 149, 156, 157, 159, 184–194, 252, Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 662; II: 309, 310 253 See also Ataxia; Dystonia; Neurobehavioral basal/squamous cell skin cancer, III: 319, toxicity; Neurologic disorders; 321; V: 296 Parkinsonism; Stroke cancer, I: 442–445; II: 133, 134, 136, Motor neuron disease, V: 461 137, 185; IV: 137, 140, 142, 143, 150, Motor/sensory/coordination problems, I: 14, 199–200–206 658–662 circulatory disorders, II: 335; V: 504 Movement disorders. See Motor/coordination death certificate data, I: 236–237; II: 136, dysfunction 137–138 MPTP, I: 661; IV: 445, 448 female reproductive cancers statistics, II: MRR. See Meta risk ratio 211 Multiple myeloma (MM), I: 331, 334, 335, Finland respiratory cancer mortality and 336, 341; IV: 6, 8, 10, 144, 149; VII: latency, II: 271; III: 422 465–472 Germany, in, IV: 137, 138 agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 558– latency results, II: 263; III: 410–411, 421, 561; II: 138–139, 238–239, 241–243; 422, 423 III: 379–380; IV: 140

INDEX 835 biologic plausibility, I: 563; III: 383; IV: epidemiologic studies, II: 6, 187–189; III: 374; V: 366; VI: 325; VII: 472 290–291; IV: 143, 274–276; V: 267; VI: epidemiologic studies, I: 331, 334, 335, 226–230; VII: 267–283 336, 341, 557–563; II: 138–139, epidemiology, I: 458–459; II: 187–188; III: 237–244; III: 377–383; IV: 199, 209, 288–289; IV: 273 211, 212, 215, 372–373, 374–376; V: herbicide association in, I: 13, 19, 460, 363–366; VI: 319–325; VII: 466–472 577; II: 2, 6, 11, 12, 20, 89, 187–189, epidemiology, I: 526, 528; II: 236–237; III: 249–250; III: 7, 10, 290–292; IV: 7, 11; 377; IV: 371–372 V: 264–268 herbicide association in, I: 10, 11–12, 563, herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 574, 576; II: 6, 8, 20, 89, 236–244, 247; 189; III: 290, 291; IV: 274–275; V: 266; III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 24, 377–383; IV: 18, VI: 229 143; V: 14, 361–366; VI: 15 herbicide occupational exposure and, II: herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 188–189; III: 290, 291; IV: 274; V: 266; 241, 243; III: 380, 382; IV: 372–373; V: VI: 227 364–365; VI: 324; VII: 148, 469, 471 incidence, data by race/gender, for selected herbicide occupational exposure and, II: age groups, III: 289; IV: 273; VI: 227 237–243; III: 378–380, 381–382; IV: scientific literature update, III: 290; IV: 372; V: 363–364; VI: 320; VII: 466–471 274–275; V: 265–267; VI: 227–230; histopathology, I: 527 VII: 268–275 incidence, data by race/gender, for selected TCDD association with, V: 5 age groups, III: 377; IV: 371–372; V: treatment, I: 458 361; VI: 320 Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 460; IV: 275; V: paper/pulp workers and, II: 143 268 production workers and, II: 237–238; III: Vietnam veterans’ studies, II: 189; III: 290, 378–379; IV: 373 291; IV: 275; V: 266–267; VI: 229–230; risk estimates, II: 240–241; V: 366 VII: 267–268 scientific literature update, III: 378–380; IV: Nasal olfactory mucosa, I: 130 372–373; V: 362; VI: 320–324 National Academy of Sciences (NAS), I: 2, Vietnam veterans’ compensation, II: 24, 30, 28–29, 31, 43, 47, 51, 55, 57; II: 1, 17, 31 25, 29, 30, 63; III: 1, 23, 28, 146; IV: 1, Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 563; II: 231, 244; 15; V: 1, 12; VI: 1, 1–12, 182; VII: 17 IV: 374; V: 366 National Cancer Institute (NCI), I: 9, 30, 37, Vietnam veterans’ studies, III: 380, 382; IV: 439; II: 231; III: 218, 363; VI: 120 373; V: 365; VI: 324; VII: 469–472 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), See also Malignant lymphomas III: 266; IV: 249 Myelogenous leukemia, VI: 12, 15–16 ICD-9 cancer codes, SEER program Myeloid leukemia. See Leukemia site groupings for, III: 537–539; IV: Myocardial fibrosis, V: 505 524–526; V: 243, 531–533; VI: 572–574 Myocardial infarction, I: 708; IV: 135, 507–510 National Death Index, II: 130, 152, 153 See also Cardiovascular system disorders; National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG), III: Circulatory disorders 492, 493 National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey III (NHANES III), III: 498 N National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), III: 499; IV: 411 NAS. See National Academy of Sciences National Institute for Occupational Safety and Nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer Health (NIOSH), I: 8, 12, 36–37, 260, biologic plausibility, III: 292; IV: 275; V: 264, 270, 285, 303–305, 443, 478, 479, 268; VI: 230; VII: 275–276 499, 564, 573, 577, 650–651, 686, 731; clinical description, I: 457–458 II: 13, 95, 101, 103, 105, 114–115,

836 INDEX 128–129, 132, 178, 196, 206, 221, 229, Neonatal death, VII: 529–531. 269, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 280, 309, See also Perinatal death 322, 350–351, 356, 357; III: 11, 12, Nerve conduction studies, V: 466; VI: 423 131, 144, 162, 170–171, 218, 219–220, Netherlands, I: 316–317, 323, 325–326, 443, 306, 310, 420, 421, 424, 425, 426, 428, 464, 468, 477, 558; II: 132–133, 179, 445, 449, 469, 481, 500, 502; IV: 10, 196, 199, 220, 226, 232, 238, 243, 111, 133–134, 136, 182–184, 251, 257, 269; III: 10, 223, 226, 230, 236, 348, 260, 263, 265, 268, 270–271, 277, 280, 441–442, 490; IV: 252–253, 256–257, 282–283, 288, 290, 292, 295, 297, 300, 259–260, 262, 265, 293, 295–296, 302, 327, 331, 333, 341, 343, 346, 349, 351, 306, 333, 340, 343, 346, 348, 351, 353, 353, 356, 358, 366, 368, 372, 375, 379; 356, 358–360, 365, 368, 372, 374–375, V: 10, 104–106, 128–131, 218–219, 379, 381, 404–405; V: 5; V: 117; VI: 410, 419, 487; VI: 53, 120–122, 167, 127, 133, 181, 239, 242, 254, 259, 293, 169–171, 282, 493; VII: 151–153, 331, 447, 468; VII: 163, 171, 656 222–224, 660–662, 718–720 Central Bureau of Statistics, II: 133 cause-of-death codes from, VII: 707–716 herbicide exposure assessment, III: 150–151 National Institute of Environmental Health National Institute of Public Health and Sciences (NIEHS), V: 526 Environmental Protection, II: 132–133 National Institutes of Health (NIH), I: 92 See also Amsterdam, Netherlands; National Library of Medicine, I: 735 Rotterdam, Netherlands National Medical Expenditures Survey Neural tube defects, II: 297; III: 437–438; IV: (NMES), III: 243; IV: 238 18, 400–405; V: 16, 399–400; VI: 15; National Occupational Mortality Surveillance VII: 541–543 System, III: 231, 470 See also Birth defects; Reproductive National Personnel Records Center, I: 17, 77, disorders; Spina bifida 385, 724; II: 150, 152; III: 237, 242 Neurasthenia, I: 649; IV: 440; V: 447 National Research Council, I: 20, 62–64 See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric National Survey of the Vietnam Generation, disorders IV: 411 Neurobehavioral toxicity, VII: 568–570 National Technical Information Service, III: 29 2,4-D, I: 180; II: 305; III: 473, 474 National Toxicology Program (NTP), I: biological plausibility, II: 314; III: 474–475; 139–141; IV: 284; VI: 82, 225, 481 VI: 409; VII: 569–570 National Veterans Legal Services Project, I: 60 definition, II: 304 National Vietnam Veterans Birth Defects/ epidemiological studies, II: 306, 307–308, Learning Disabilities Registry and Data 309–310, 311, 312–313, 314; III: Base, I: 741–742; II: 292–293 467–473; VI: 406–410; VII: 569 National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study, epidemiology, II: 304–305, 307; III: 466, 468 I: 79, 83, 655 evidence in epidemiological studies, II: 314; Natural killer (NK) cells, VI: 443 III: 473–474 Nature, IV: 511 herbicide association, II: 305–314; III: 3, Navy. See US Navy 467–475 NCHS. See National Center for Health herbicide environmental exposure studies, Statistics II: 306; III: 467 NCI. See National Cancer Institute herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: NDDG. See National Diabetes Data Group 306; III: 467 Nebraska, I: 9, 37, 332, 333–334, 535; II: 139, TCDD, II: 305, 307–308, 309, 310–311, 231, 233–234, 241; III: 229, 363; IV: 314; III: 469, 470–471, 474, 475; IV: 143–144, 211, 216, 360, 375, 382; VI: 25–26; V: 71–72; VII: 114–116 127–128 Vietnam veterans increased risk, II: 305, Nebraska Lymphoma Study, II: 139 306, 314; III: 475–476; VI: 410

INDEX 837 See also Ataxia; Cognitive/neuropsychiatric Neuropathies. See Peripheral nervous system disorders; Depressive disorders; Motor/ (PNS) disorders coordination dysfunction; Neurologic New Brunswick, Canada, III: 234; IV: 149 disorders; Peripheral nervous system New Hampshire, I: 341, 364; III: 232; IV: 146, (PNS) disorders; Posttraumatic stress 222 disorder (PTSD); Stroke New Jersey, I: 656, 695; II: 280; III: 243, 500; Neuroblastoma, I: 594; V: 5 IV: 158, 483, 487, 493; VII: 184 children and, I: 628; IV: 422, 425; V: Agent Orange Commission, I: 60, 280–281, 425–432 401–402, 741; II: 292 Neurofibromatosis, V: 283; VI: 246 See also Newark, New Jersey Neurologic disorders, VII: 566–598 New Mexico, I: 60, 402; III: 243; IV: 159; VII: 2,4-D in, I: 179; II: 48; III: 45–46, 473, 474 184 assessment issues, I: 14, 641–642; IV: New York, II: 202; IV: 149, 159, 230, 291, 298, 440–441 355, 364, 371; V: 429; VI: 60, 364–365, biologic plausibility, III: 474–475; IV: 402–403, 444, 470, 495, 626; VII: 184, 457–459; VI: 429–430; VII: 591–592 236 childhood cancer, I: 628 See also Binghamton, New York; Camp classification of, I: 640; II: 304–305; V: Drum, New York 447–448 New York City, V: 5 cognitive/neuropsychiatric effects, I: New Zealand, I: 329–331, 373, 486, 490, 649–658; III: 468–469; IV: 441–443; V: 535–536, 552, 560–561; II: 132, 134, 448–452 242; III: 226, 229; IV: 113, 142, 143, epidemiologic studies, I: 44–45, 643–648; 149, 206, 215, 216, 297, 361, 369, 375, II: 141, 305, 307, 309; III: 467–473; IV: 404; VI: 127, 133, 176; VII: 655 441–459; VI: 6, 404–435 See also Northland, New Zealand herbicide association in, I: 14, 657, 661, Newark, New Jersey, II: 128–129; III: 219, 220; 666; III: 467–476; IV: 441–459 IV: 134–135; V: 105 herbicide occupational exposure studies NHANES III. See National Health and and, I: 649–651, 658, 662–663; III: 467; Nutrition Evaluation Survey III VII: 147 NHIS. See National Health Interview Survey motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 14, NHL. See Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 658–662; III: 469–470; IV: 443–448 Nickel, respiratory cancer and latency, II: 269; neurotoxicity, VI: 37, 72–73; VII: 51–52, III: 420 58–59, 144 NIEHS. See National Institute of Environmental peripheral nervous system disorders, I: Health Sciences 662–666; III: 470–473; IV: 454–459 NIH. See National Institutes of Health Seveso, Italy, studies, I: 365–366, 523; II: NIOSH. See National Institute for Occupational 141; IV: 227 Safety and Health TCDD in, I: 160–166; II: 3, 75; III: 84–85, Nitro, West Virginia 469, 470–471, 474, 475; IV: 441–443, industrial accident, I: 38–39, 305–307, 597, 445; V: 60–61; VII: 96–98 607, 686, 700; II: 287; III: 152, 220, Vietnam veterans’ compensation, I: 55 318; IV: 136 Vietnam veterans’ offspring and, I: 609, 660 NK. See Natural killer cells Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 658, 662, 666; III: NMES. See National Medical Expenditures 475–476; IV: 459; VI: 430–431 Survey See also Chronic persistent peripheral No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), neuropathy; Cognitive/neuropsychiatric V: 35 disorders; Motor/coordination Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), VII: dysfunction; Neurobehavioral toxicity; 443–457 Peripheral nervous system (PNS) 2,4-D in, I: 256–257 disorders age of onset, I: 436

838 INDEX agricultural/forestry workers and, I: See also Malignant lymphomas 530–540; II: 135, 138, 139, 232–234; Nonmelanoma skin cancer. See Basal/squamous III: 364–365; IV: 140 cell skin cancer; Skin cancer biologic plausibility, III: 366; IV: 358–359; North America, II: 197; III: 510 V: 355; VI: 312; VII: 456 North Carolina, IV: 202; V: 6; VI: 125–126, cytogenetic studies, III: 365–366 175 epidemiologic studies, I: 328, 329, 330, See also Agricultural Health Study (AHS) 331, 333–334, 335–338, 383, 384, North Dakota, IV: 149, 344, 349, 354, 362, 391–393, 401, 528–540, 573–574; 369, 375, 382 II: 134–135, 138, 139, 231–234; III: Northeast Pharmaceutical and Chemical 362–371; IV: 116, 137, 199, 211, 212, Corporation, I: 40 213, 214, 215, 216, 294, 356–358, Northland, New Zealand, III: 234; IV: 149; 359–364; V: 5, 345–355; VI: 303–312; VI: 133 VII: 444–456 Norway, III: 10, 225, 442–443; IV: 197, 209, epidemiology, I: 526, 527; II: 231; III: 362; 404; VI: 125, 133; VII: 162, 171 IV: 355–356; VII: 142 Central Population Register, III: 225, 442 herbicide association in, I: 8–10, 548, 573– Medical Birth Registry, III: 225, 442 574; II: 5, 6, 20, 102, 108, 231–234, 247; Population Registry, III: 236 III: 6, 7, 20, 24, 362–371; IV: 6, 8, 17, See also Frierfjord, Norway 384, 422, 425; V: 14, 343–355; VI: 16 NTP. See National Toxicology Program herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: Null hypothesis, I: 225 540–541; II: 234; III: 365, 369; IV: 149, 357; V: 5, 347–348, 351–354, 430–431; VI: 13, 310–311; VII: 145–146, 148, O 449–451, 455–496 herbicide occupational exposure and, Occupational herbicide exposure, I: 5, 303; VI: II: 232–234; III: 363–365, 367–369; 9, 120–129, 169–177; VII: 151–168, IV: 142, 143–144, 146, 356; V: 344, 221–232, 717–752 345–347, 350–351; VI: 310; VII: 141, acute and subacute transient peripheral 144–145, 444–455 neuropathy and, II: 312; IV: 10 histopathology, I: 526 acute myelogenous leukemia, VII: 493 incidence, data by race/gender, for selected agricultural/forestry workers, II: 183–184, age groups, III: 362; IV: 355–356; V: 197–198, 232–234, 238–239, 241–243; 344; VI: 303 III: 178–195, 224–232, 284–285, 335, latency issues, III: 428–430 364–365, 379–380, 387–388; IV: 112– paper/pulp workers and, I: 540 113, 140–142; VI: 124–128, 174–175; production workers and, I: 9, 529–530, 548; VII: 159–162 II: 232; III: 363–364, 429 basal/squamous cell skin cancer and, research recommendations, I: 19, 727 III: 321, 323; IV: 309; V: 296, 297, scientific literature update, II: 232–234; 298–299; VII: 367, 370 III: 363–366; IV: 356–358; V: 344, birth defects and, II: 286–287; III: 437; IV: 350–351; VI: 310–312 404; V: 394–395; VI: 362; VII: 536–537 Selected Cancers Study and, I: 234–235 bladder cancer and, III: 348, 350; IV: Vietnam veterans and, I: 9, 401, 526, 541– 341–342; V: 329, 330; VII: 408–413 548, 549; II: 231, 234; III: 363, 365, bone/joint cancer and, III: 303, 305; IV: 370–371; IV: 156–157, 357–358, 359; 288–289; V: 280; VII: 342–345 V: 348–350, 354, 355; VII: 451–453, brain tumors and, III: 357–358, 360; IV: 456 351; V: 340–341; VI: 301; VII: 425–431 Vietnam veterans’ compensation, I: 51, breast cancer and, II: 214–216; III: 55–56; II: 24, 29, 30, 31 324–326, 328; IV: 317; V: 301, 302, 304 Vietnam veterans’ risk, VI: 312 breast cancer estimated risk, II: 218; V: 300–301

INDEX 839 cancer mortality, I: 443–444; II: 133, 134, gastrointestinal tract tumors and, II: 136, 137 178–179; III: 268–271, 274–280; IV: cancer risk factor, I: 442; II: 133–135 251–254; V: 245; VI: 219 cancers of the digestive organs, VII: 285 hepatobiliary cancer and, II: 182–184, cancers of the eye and orbit, VII: 421-422 185, 186; III: 282–283, 284, 287; IV: cervical cancer and, III: 332; VII: 385 268–269; V: 261; VII: 311–317 childhood cancer, IV: 418–419, 427; VII: Hodgkin’s disease and, II: 235–236; III: 547–548 372–373, 374–375; IV: 365–366; V: chronic lymphocytic leukemia, VII: 357–358; VI: 318; VII: 458 487–488 immune system disorders and, III: 489, 491; circulatory disorders and, III: 515–516; IV: VI: 445 506–507; V: 503; VI: 467–468; VII: infant death and, III: 456 645–666 infertility and, III: 450; IV: 406–407; VI: colon cancer and, V: 250–251; VII: 366; VII: 519–520, 522 300–302 kidney cancer, VII: 519–520, 522 colorectal cancer, VII: 299–309 laryngeal cancer and, III: 293–294; IV: diabetes mellitus and, III: 496; IV: 483– 277–278; V: 270; VI: 231–233; VII: 484; V: 487–491; VI: 450; VII: 623–625 326–328 endocrine cancers, VII: 435–436, 438 441 leukemia and, III: 386–388, 391–392; epidemiologic studies, I: 303–365; II: 3, 6– IV: 198, 379; V: 368, 369–370; VI: 7, 113–140; III: 170–196, 218, 219–232, 331–332; VII: 476–485 268–271, 274–280, 282–283, 284, 287, lip cancer, VII: 277–278 290, 291, 293–294, 296–297, 300–301, lipid abnormalities and, III: 520; IV: 303, 305, 308–309, 312, 316, 317, 321, 114–115, 117, 493; VI: 458–459; VII: 323, 324–326, 328, 332–333, 335–336, 634–635 337, 338, 341, 344, 345, 348, 350, 353, low birthweight and, III: 459; IV: 414–416; 354, 357–358, 360, 363–365, 367–369, V: 423; VI: 380–381; VII: 532–533 372–373, 374–375, 378–380, 381–382, lung cancer and, III: 296–297, 300–301, 386–388, 391–392, 437, 450, 454, 455, 421, 422, 423, 424; IV: 282; V: 274– 456, 459, 467, 483–485, 489, 491, 496, 275; VI: 235–239; VII: 147, 331–339 510–512, 515–516, 520; IV: 134–147, melanoma and, III: 316, 317; IV: 302; V: 251–254, 257–258, 259–260, 262–263, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292; VI: 254–256; 265–266, 268–269, 276, 277–278, 280, VII: 356–362 285–286, 290, 292–293, 306, 307, 312, multiple myeloma and, II: 237–243; 318–319, 324, 325, 333–334, 338, III: 378–380, 381–382; IV: 372; V: 343–344, 348–349, 353–354, 359–361, 363–364; VI: 320; VII: 466–471 368–369, 374–375, 381–382, 404, 408, nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, II: 418–419, 427, 445, 446, 473–474, 188–189; III: 290, 291; IV: 274; V: 266; 483–484, 489–490, 500–501, 506–507; VI: 227; VII: 268–274 V: 104–115; VI: 120–124, 496–539 neonatal death and, III: 455 esophageal cancer, VII: 287–290 neural tube defects numbers, II: 297 exposure assessment strategies, I: 253–256, neurobehavioral disorders association 258–259, 262–267, 269–270; II: 5, 99– studies, II: 306; III: 467 101, 107–108; III: 144–145, 150–156 non-Hodgkin’s disease and, II: 232–234; exposure indices development, II: 107–108; III: 363–365, 367–369, 429; IV: 356; V: III: 161–162 344, 345–347, 350–351; VI: 310; VII: female reproductive system cancers and, III: 444–455 332–333; IV: 321; V: 311, 312, 313 ovarian cancer and, III: 333; VII: 387 gastrointestinal/digestive disorders and, pancreatic cancer, VII: 318–323 III: 510–512; IV: 500–501; V: 245; VI: 465–466; VII: 642

840 INDEX production workers, II: 182–183, 191, Occupations. See Agricultural/forestry workers; 193–197, 206–207, 232, 237–238; Highway workers; Leather tanners; III: 170–178, 219–224, 284, 363–364, Paper/pulp industry workers; Production 378–379, 386–387, 420, 423, 426, workers; Professional herbicide/ 429; IV: 111–112, 134–140, 251–254, pesticide applicators; Railroad workers; 271, 282, 288–289, 296–297, 302, 321, Tannery workers 327–329, 336, 340–341, 346–347, 351, Odds ratio, I: 224, 234; II: 90; III: 126–127; IV: 356, 365–366, 372, 379; VI: 120–124, 105; V: 22; VI: 3, 22 169–174; VII: 151–156, 222–225 Office of Technology Assessment, I: 19, 50, 52, professional herbicide/pesticide applicators, 57, 728; II: 28; III: 26 II: 198–200; III: 182–185, 226–228; IV: Offspring 113–114, 142–143, 404 effects in, VII: 700–701 prostate cancer and, II: 219–220, 222; III: OGTT. See Oral glucose tolerance test 335–336, 337, 338, 341, 426, 427; IV: Ohio, I: 336, 550 327–329; V: 319–320; VI: 280; VII: See also Hancock County, Ohio 390–392, 398–399 Olshan, Andrew, III: 25 pulp/paper workers, I: 37–38, 267, 341, Ontario, Canada, II: 199; V: 5, 305, 414, 435; 364, 443, 447, 454, 468, 516, 523, 540, VII: 161 561–562, 568; II: 126–127, 184, 200, Ontario Farm Family Health Study, V: 414, 435; 243; III: 196, 232; IV: 114, 134, 252, VII: 228–229 268; VII: 163–164 Operation Ranch Hand, I: 3, 4, 15, 16–17, rectal cancer, VII: 305–306 24, 74; II: 5, 14, 18, 23, 54, 251, 293; renal cancers and, III: 353, 354; IV: III: 6, 11, 12, 22, 23, 37, 50, 135, 136, 346–347 137, 138, 139; IV: 13, 18, 117–119, research recommendations, I: 15–16, 731 150–156, 160–161; V: 10, 18; VI: 4–6, respiratory cancers and, II: 190, 191–200; 17, 51, 120, 134–138, 182, 220, 233, IV: 282 240, 258–259, 291, 301–302, 311–312, respiratory disorders and, III: 483–485; IV: 318, 324, 332, 406, 450, 455, 480; VII: 473–474; VII: 605–614 173–181, 647–649, 763-767– sawmill workers, III: 10, 156, 227–228, application techniques, I: 25, 85–86, 87–88; 338, 439–440, 447–448, 449, 452, 453, IV: 120–122 457; IV: 114 Army Chemical Corps and, IV: 123–124 skin cancer and, III: 312; IV: 300, 301; VI: birth defects in offspring of, IV: 18, 254–256 403–404, 408, 430; V: 16 soft-tissue sarcomas, II: 206–207; III: categorization based on potential exposure, 308–309; IV: 292–293; V: 284–285; VI: V: 120 246 chloracne and, IV: 8, 464–466 spontaneous abortion, VII: 527 chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, V: stillbirths and, III: 454 465–466 stomach cancer and, V: 247–248; VII: cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders, V: 291–298 449–451 testicular cancer and, III: 344, 345; IV: 336; continuation of, IV: 21, 160–161 V: 326; VII: 403–406 diabetes mellitus, V: 491–492 thyroid homeostasis and, VI: 479–480 epidemiological studies, II: 31, 32, tongue cancer, VII: 280 150–152, 154–156; III: 28–29, 237, uterine cancer and, III: 333; VII: 387 438–439, 498; IV: 9, 10, 150–156, Vietnam veteran exposure vs., I: 4, 285, 290 255, 262, 269, 272, 275–276, 278, 280, See also Herbicide exposure assessment; 283–284, 287, 291, 295, 298–299, 301, Herbicides 303–305, 308–310, 313, 327, 329, 331– 332, 334–336, 339, 342–343, 345, 347,

INDEX 841 350, 352, 355, 357, 359, 362–363, 366, PACER HO, I: 93 370, 373, 376, 380, 383, 430–431, 435, PAI-2. See Plasminogen activator inhibitor 474, 479, 480, 485–488, 494, 502–504, Palermo, Italy, V: 462 508–510; V: 118–123, 177–181; VI: Pancreatic cancer, VI: 72, 217–219; VII: 283, 135–138, 187–188 318–324 exposure assessment, V: 232–233 See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers herbicide formulations, I: 88–91; V: 230 Paper/pulp industry workers, VI: 119–120, 177; herbicide surplus disposal, I: 93–94 VII: 163–164, 231–232, 654, 740–741 herbicide volume used, data by type, III: cancers in, I: 443, 454, 468, 516, 523, 540, 136 568; II: 200; IV: 114, 134, 252, 268 neurological disorders in, IV: 442, 454–455, chemical exposures in, I: 37–38, 267; III: 459 155–156; IV: 134, 252 number of military personnel in, I: 94, 273 epidemiologic studies, I: 38, 341, 364; objectives, I: 85 II: 126–127, 184, 200, 243; III: 196, operations data, I: 86, 87, 92, 106–107 232; IV: 134, 221–223, 252, 268; V: porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), IV: 114–115, 166–167, 225; VI: 128–129 466–467; V: 480 hepatobiliary cancer, II: 184 questionnaires, self-administered, II: 109, multiple myeloma and, II: 243 151; IV: 124 Parkinsonism, I: 661; II: 140, 149, 309–310; research recommendations, V: 524 III: 469–470, 475; IV: 144, 443–445, spontaneous abortion, V: 418 448, 458; V: 6, 453–461, 524; V: start of, I: 84, 85 453–461; VI: 6; VII: 570–580 suspension of, I: 27, 31, 32, 92–93; II: 109 biologic plausibility, VI: 419–420; VII: 579 targeting procedures, I: 86 epidemiologic studies, V: 454–459; VI: TCDD half-life in, IV: 24, 28, 43; VI: 90 410–420; VII: 572–580 thyroid homeostasis and, V: 513 herbicide association in, V: 453–460, 464 See also Air Force Health Study (AFHS) scientific literature update, V: 460–461; VI: Operational Report Lessons Learned, IV: 125 411–420 Oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cancer, VII: 709. Vietnam veterans’ risk, VI: 420 See also Nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer See also Motor/coordination dysfunction Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), III: 498, Parma, Italy, IV: 445 500 See also Italy Orbital cancer. See Cancers of the eye and orbit PBPK. See Physiologically based Oregon, I: 336–337, 341; II: 149; III: 230, 232, pharmacokinetic model 234; IV: 149, 231; V: 117; VI: 129–133 PCBs. See Polychlorinated biphenyls See also Alsea, Oregon PCDDs. See Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins Outreach activities PCDFs. See Polychlorinated dibenzofurans Vietnam Veterans and, II: 31; III: 28 PCMR. See Proportionate cancer mortality ratio Ovarian cancer, I: 338–339, 506, 510–511; III: PCP. See Pentachlorophenol 333; V: 313; VI: 79–80; VII: 387–388 PCT. See Porphyria cutanea tarda herbicide association in, I: 13, 512; II: 6; III: Pennsylvania, I: 60, 403, 562; II: 244; III: 243; 333; IV: 320–323, 326, 385; VI: 224 IV: 186; VII: 184 See also Reproductive system cancers, 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin women (PnCDD), II: 64, 65 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PnCDF), II: 64, 65 P Pentachlorophenol (PCP), II: 320; III: 221, 511, 516; IV: 257, 260, 263, 265, 271, 280, P450, I: 130, 144–145, 170, 709; II: 56, 70, 72, 285, 290, 296, 338, 353, 359, 368, 381 74, 76; III: 220; IV: 27, 41–42, 47–48, Pentavalent dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), V: 39 50–52, 54–55, 58–60, 63, 65, 67–69, 72–76, 78; V: 379

842 INDEX Pentavalent monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), herbicide association with, I: 666; II: 2, 6, V: 39 10, 11, 21, 89, 310–314; III: 7, 8, 21, Pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (PROD) 470–473; V: 454–457, 465–469; VI: 15 TCDD and, II: 64 herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: PEPCK. See Hepatic phosphoenol pyruvate 663–665; II: 312–313 carboxy kinase herbicide occupational exposure studies, I: Peptic ulcer disease, VI: 464; VII: 640 662–663; II: 312 Perimeter spraying. See Ground/perimeter methodology, II: 311–312 spraying scientific literature update, II: 310–311; Perinatal death, VII: 529–531 III: 471, 473; IV: 454–455, 457; V: biologic plausibility, III: 453, 458; IV: 413; 466–467, 469; VI: 426–427; VII: 589 V: 422; VI: 379; VII: 530–531 Seveso, Italy, residents and, II: 312–313 definitions, I: 618–619; II: 284; III: 451; IV: Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 666; II: 311, 313; 412 IV: 457, 459; VI: 429 descriptive epidemiology, I: 619–620; II: See also Chronic persistent peripheral 284–285; III: 451 neuropathy; Neurobehavioral toxicity; epidemiological studies, I: 620–624; II: Neurologic disorders 285–286; III: 451–453, 454, 455, 456; Pesticide/herbicide applicators. See Professional V: 421–422; VI: 378–379; VII: 530 herbicide/pesticide applicators herbicide association in, I: 14, 624; II: 7, Pesticides. See Agricultural herbicides; 11, 20, 278, 285–286; III: 451–454, Desiccant herbicides; Fungicides; 455, 456; IV: 413; V: 421–422 Herbicides; Insecticides; Phenoxy herbicide environmental exposure and, III: herbicides; Selective herbicides 454, 455, 456 Pharmacokinetics herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 2,4-D, I: 175 454, 455, 456 2,4,5-T, I: 182 risk factors, I: 619–620; V: 422 cacodylic acid, I: 186–187 scientific literature update, II: 285; III: picloram, I: 190 452–453, 454, 456; V: 421–422; VI: 379 TCDD, I: 127–133, 260–261, 284; II: TCDD biologic plausibility in, I: 624; V: 53–54; III: 161; IV: 41, 42, 47 422 TCDD-induced wasting syndrome, I: Vietnam veterans and, II: 285; III: 454, 455, 162–166 456; IV: 413; V: 422; VI: 379 See also Toxicokinetics Peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorders, I: Phenoxy herbicides, I: 8, 9, 10, 11, 27; III: 150, 55, 662–666; II: 304, 312; IV: 440; VI: 151, 154, 222, 223, 422, 423, 429; V: 3, 426–427; VII: 585–591 5; VII: 31, 659 acute and subacute transient peripheral action of, I: 27; IV: 16 neuropathy, II: 2, 6, 89, 311–314; III: 7, IARC registry and, IV: 137 8, 473; IV: 10, 18, 457–459; V: 14, 16, See also Herbicides 27 Phenoxyacetic acid, V: 415 biologic plausibility, V: 470–472; VI: 428; Phenoxyenolpyruvate carboxykinase, I: 172 VII: 589 Phenoxypropionic acids, I: 327 chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy, II: Philadelphia chromosome, V: 367 89, 310–311; III: 470–472; 454–456; Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) VI: 6 model, V: 32; VII: 700 diagnosing, V: 467–468 Phytar 560-G, I: 89 epidemiological studies, II: 310–311, 312– Picloram, I: 88, 90, 91; II: 4; III: 5, 19, 135, 314; III: 470–473; IV: 135, 454–455, 136, 137, 218; IV: 5, 117–119, 133; V: 457; V: 465–470; VI: 423–429 1, 3; VI: 1, 3, 11, 20–21, 118–119, 201, 276, 436; VII: 31

INDEX 843 acute toxicity, I: 191 Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), II: animal studies, I: 189–192; III: 50, 396, 460 53, 64, 68, 149, 320, 329; III: 153, 154, biologic plausibility, III: 460, 524; IV: 426 160, 223, 236; VI: 131, 167, 172 carcinogenicity, I: 118, 119, 190–191; II: Polymorphonuclear neutrophils, I: 148 40; III: 396; V: 40 Population characteristics. See Age and aging; chemical properties/structure, I: 111, Deaths; Demographic data, Vietnam 114–115, 189; II: 38; III: 32 veterans; Gender; Perinatal death; chronic exposure, I: 191–192 Race/ethnicity developmental/reproductive toxicity, I: Porphyria, I: 153–154 192; II: 42; III: 460; IV: 416, 426, 431, Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), VII: 602–603 434–435 biological plausibility, II: 323; III: 482; IV: domestic use, I: 189 468; V: 480; VI: 440; VII: 603 genotoxicity, I: 191 clinical features, I: 679; IV: 466–467; V: immunotoxicity, I: 122–123, 192; II: 41 479 liver toxicity, I: 125; II: 42; III: 524 epidemiologic studies, I: 680–682; II: 6, metabolism, I: 115, 116 129, 321–323; III: 481–482; IV: 194, neurologic effects, V: 40 467–468; V: 480; VI: 439–440; VII: 603 pharmacokinetics, I: 190; IV: 27–28 epidemiology, II: 321; III: 480–481; IV: 10, toxicity profile update, II: 51; III: 50; IV: 466–467 22–24, 31, 33–34, 40–41; V: 40, 79; VI: herbicide association in, I: 10, 682; II: 5, 33–34, 90; VII: 61–62 6, 10, 20, 129, 321–323; III: 7, 8, 20, volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, 24, 481–482; IV: 17, 18, 135, 183, 467, data, III: 136; IV: 117 468; V: 14; VI: 13, 15 PKC. See Protein kinase C scientific literature update, II: 322–323; III: Plantation workers. See Agricultural/forestry 482; IV: 467–468; V: 480; VI: 439–440 workers Vietnam veterans’ compensation, I: 50, 55; Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-2), II: 74 II: 24, 28–29, 30, 31 Plasmodium, TCDD exposure and, II: 68 Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 682–683; II: 321, Plausibility. See Biologic plausibility 322, 323; III: 481, 482; IV: 468; V: 480; Pleurisy, I: 711, 713 VI: 439–440 See also Respiratory disorders See also Skin sensitivity PMR. See Proportionate mortality ratio Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), I: PnCDD. See 397–398, 653–656, 658; II: 304, 308; 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin IV: 440; V: 447; VI: 379–383 PnCDF. See 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-furan See also Cognitive/neuropsychiatric Pneumoconiosis, I: 713 disorders See also Respiratory disorders PR. See Prevalence ratio Pneumonia, I: 710, 713 Prague, Czech Republic, III: 224; VII: 156 See also Respiratory disorders Preterm delivery (PTD), III: 454, 455, 456–458, PNS. See Peripheral nervous system disorders 459; IV: 400, 413, 416, 432; V: Pointman Project, I: 60, 280, 401–402, 656 422–425; VI: 379–383; VII: 531–535 Poland, VI: 380 See also Low birthweight Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), II: 64, 67, Prevalence ratio (PR), V: 460 68, 182, 329; III: 236, 515; IV: 138, PROD. See Pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase 399; V: 27, 305, 478 Production workers, VII: 718–729 Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), I: bladder cancer, I: 513–517; IV: 341–342 126, 327; II: 53, 64, 133, 149, 320, 329; brain cancer, I: 523; IV: 351 III: 153, 154, 156, 160, 221, 223, 236, cancer mortality, I: 443–444; II: 133, 134, 511, 515, 516; IV: 111–112, 114; V: 270, 273, 274; III: 423, 426, 429; IV: 487, 503; VI: 131, 167, 172 251, 268

844 INDEX chemical industry production workers porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 680; II: 129 studies, I: 303–318; II: 114–118, 128– prostate cancer, I: 518; II: 273–274, 275; 135, 171–175, 182–183, 191, 193–197, III: 426, 427; IV: 327–329 206–207, 232, 237–238, 273–274, renal cancer, I: 515; IV: 346–347 275; III: 170–178, 219–224, 363–364, reproductive outcomes, I: 596–598, 607, 378–379, 386–387, 422, 423, 426, 429; 620, 621 IV: 270, 292; V: 3 respiratory cancer, I: 10, 461–466, 471; II: chloracne, I: 674–676 191, 193–197, 269, 270, 272; III: 423; circulatory disorders, I: 700–701; IV: IV: 282 506–507 respiratory disorders, I: 709–710; IV: diabetes mellitus, I: 684; IV: 483–484 273–274 epidemiologic studies, I: 36–37, 303–318; skin cancer, I: 502; IV: 300, 301 II: 113, 114–118, 128–135, 182–183, soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 8, 477–479, 499; II: 191, 193–197, 232, 237–238; III: 132, 134–135, 206–207; IV: 292–293 170–178, 219–224, 284, 363–364, testicular cancer, I: 519; IV: 336 378–379, 386–387; IV: 182–197, 300, See also Industrial accidents 312; V: 105–109, 128–142, 218–222; Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators VI: 119–124, 169–174 cancer in, I: 320–321, 323, 325–326, 443, female reproductive/breast cancer, I: 447, 466–468, 488, 491; II: 137–138, 508–510; IV: 317, 321 198–200; III: 422; IV: 321, 327–328, gastrointestinal tract cancers, I: 447; IV: 330, 336 251–254 cohort studies, IV: 202–206; V: 112–113; gastrointestinal ulcers, I: 691 VI: 125–127 German herbicide employees, exposure epidemiologic studies, I: 323–326, 447, assessment, II: 4–5, 105, 108; III: 423, 466–468; II: 120–126, 137–140; III: 429 182–185, 226–228; IV: 142–143, hepatic enzyme dysfunction, I: 686, 687 144–145; V: 224–225; VI: 119 hepatobiliary cancers, I: 453–454, 455; II: Finland respiratory cancer mortality and 182–183; III: 284; IV: 268–269 latency, II: 271; III: 422 herbicide exposure assessment, I: 264–265; herbicide exposure assessment, I: 266–267; II: 103, 105, 107–108; III: 150–154 II: 107–108; III: 155; IV: 113–114; VII: Hodgkin’s disease, I: 9; IV: 365–366 230–231 immune system disorders, I: 697–698 reproductive outcomes, I: 324–325; IV: 410 international register of workers exposed See also Herbicide application methods; to phenoxy herbicides, II: 131–135; III: Herbicides 175–177, 222–223 Prolactin, I: 165 latency and cancer, II: 269, 270, 272, Proportionate cancer mortality ratio (PCMR), 273–274, 275; III: 422, 423, 426, 429; II: 179, 183, 197–198, 203, 204–205, IV: 284, 293 207, 210, 212, 216, 219, 224, 226, 227, leukemia, I: 564–566, 570–571; III: 229, 233, 235, 246 386–387; IV: 379 Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR), I: lipid abnormalities, I: 688–689; IV: 493 232–233; II: 161, 180, 185, 208, 225, multiple myeloma, I: 557–578; II: 237–238; 230, 234, 236, 242, 246; III: 417–418, III: 378–379; IV: 372 428; IV: 253, 369 nasal/nasopharyngeal cancers, I: 458, 459; Prostate cancer, VII: 388–402, 711 IV: 274 biologic plausibility, III: 343; IV: 332; VI: neurologic/neuropsychiatric disorders, I: 282–283; VII: 401 649, 650–651, 662–663 epidemiologic studies, I: 518–519; II: 6, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, I: 9, 529–530, 219–223; III: 335–342; IV: 202, 327– 548; II: 134, 135, 232; III: 363–364, 329, 330–331, 333–335; V: 319–323; 429; IV: 356 VI: 275–283; VII: 398–401 occupational studies, VII: 151–156

INDEX 845 epidemiology, I: 513, 514–515; II: 217, Public concern, I: 1, 2, 23–24, 29–32, 35–36, 219; III: 334; IV: 326–327 39 herbicide association in, I: 10, 11, 519–521, federal government response to, I: 45–60; 575–576; II: 2, 6, 8–9, 20, 89, 217–223, II: 27–32; III: 25–30 247; III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 335–343; IV: 6, 8, Public Law 91-441, I: 47, 62 10, 18; V: 14, 316–324; VI: 15 Public Law 96-151, I: 50, 52, 57; II: 28; III: herbicide environmental exposure studies, 26, 240 II: 221, 222; III: 336, 338, 342; IV: Public Law 97-72, I: 50; II: 28; III: 26, 240 329; V: 320–321, 322; VI: 281; VII: Public Law 98-181, I: 51 392–393, 399 Public Law 98-542, I: 50–51; II: 28–29; III: herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: 26–27 219–220, 222; III: 335–336, 337, 338, Public Law 99-272, I: 50; II: 28; III: 26 341; IV: 202, 327–329; V: 319–320; VI: Public Law 100-687, I: 51 280; VII: 390–392, 398–399 Public Law 101-239, I: 51 histopathology, I: 513 Public Law 102-4, I: 2, 7, 20, 21, 51, 572, 721, incidence, data by race, for selected age 728–730; II: 1, 5, 17, 19, 29, 97, 247; groups, III: 334; IV: 249, 326–327; V: III: 1, 6, 14, 17, 20, 124, 132, 390, 397, 317; VI: 276 462, 475, 519, 525; IV: 1, 2, 6, 15, 103, latency issues, II: 13, 14; III: 426–428 388; V: 1–3, 12–13; VI: 1, 7, 11, 20, morbidity and mortality, VI: 277–280 341 mortality and latency, II: 273, 274, 275; III: Public Law 102-585, II: 28; III: 26 426, 427; V: 319–321 Public Law 103-452, II: 28; III: 26 research recommendations, I: 19, 727; V: Public Law 104-110, III: 26 524 Public Law 104-204, III: 24, 26 risk, estimated, II: 222–223; V: 324 Public Law 104-262, III: 26 scientific literature update, III: 336–339; IV: Public Law 105-114, III: 25 74, 327–331; V: 318, 322; VI: 280–281 Public Law 107-103, VI: 1; VII: 17 Seveso, Italy, male mortality and latency, II: Public meetings, VI: 569–570; VII: 705–706 275; III: 336, 338, 427; IV: 329 Publication bias, VI: 30; VII: 44–45 TCDD association with, V: 63–64; VI: 79; Pulmonary system VII: 107 TCDD absorption, I: 129; IV: 135, 156; V: Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 11, 518, 519, 522; 71 II: 221, 223; III: 343, 431; IV: 332; V: toxicity in, VI: 70; VII: 92–93 324; VI: 283 Vietnam veterans disorders, I: 402 Vietnam veterans’ studies, III: 336, 338, See also Chronic obstructive pulmonary 339, 340, 342; IV: 329; V: 321, 322; VI: disease (COPD); Respiratory cancers; 281; VII: 393–395, 399–401 Respiratory disorders See also Genitourinary cancers Pulp. See Paper/pulp industry workers Protein kinase C (PKC), II: 4, 52, 59, 60, 61, 62; III: 65–67, 105; IV: 69–71, 72 Proteomics, VII: 81–83 Q Psychiatric disorders assessment for, I: 641 QSAR. See Quantitative structure-activity epidemiological studies, I: 649–657 relationship models herbicide association in, I: 14, 657; IV: 135, Quail Run mobile home park, I: 268, 369–370, 151 455, 665, 681, 687, 694; II: 144, 184; posttraumatic stress disorder, I: 397–398, III: 200–201, 234, 283; IV: 115, 148; V: 653–656, 658; IV: 440 116, 171–172; VII: 170, 756–757 PTD. See Preterm delivery Quantitative structure-activity relationship PTSD. See Posttraumatic stress disorder (QSAR) models, III: 106; V: 27; VI: 84 Questionnaires, II: 109, 136, 150, 292; IV: 111, 124

846 INDEX R non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma incidence, data by race, III: 362; IV: 356; V: 344; VI: RA. See Retinoic acid 303 Race/ethnicity prostate cancer incidence, data by race, III: acute lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data 334; IV: 326–327; VI: 276 by race, III: 384; IV: 378; VI: 326 renal cancers incidence, data by race, III: acute myeloid leukemia incidence, data by 352; IV: 346; VI: 292 race, III: 384; IV: 378; VI: 326 risk adjusted by, IV: 135, 150–152, 154–156 bladder cancer incidence, data by race, III: soft-tissue sarcoma incidence, data by race, 347; IV: 340; V: 328; VI: 287 III: 306; IV: 292; VI: 245 bone/joint cancer incidence, data by race, testicular cancer incidence, data by race, III: III: 302; IV: 288; VI: 242 343; IV: 335; V: 324; VI: 283 brain tumor incidence, data by race, III: Vietnam veterans, I: 81, 82, 83, 84; II: 180 356; IV: 351; V: 339; VI: 297 See also Alaskan natives; Asian Americans; breast cancer incidence, data by race, III: Demographic data, Vietnam veterans 324; IV: 314; VI: 265 Radiation exposure, I: 564, 595 cancer studies and, II: 179, 180, 181, 183, Radon daughters 214, 219, 227, 237; IV: 249–250 respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268; III: cardiovascular disorders, adjusted by, IV: 418 494, 507 Railroad workers, I: 323–324, 467, 486, chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence, 649–650, 658; IV: 206 data by race, III: 384; IV: 378; VI: 326 Ranch Hand study. See Air Force Health Study chronic myeloid leukemia incidence, data (AFHS); Operation Ranch Hand by race, III: 384; IV: 378; VI: 326 RARb. See Retinoic acid receptor b diabetes prevalence, data by race, III: 492; Ratio. See Odds ratio IV: 484–486, 492 Reagan, Ronald, III: 26 female reproductive system cancer Recommendations. See Research needs incidence and other effects, data by Rectal cancer, VI: 214–216; VII: 283, 305–308 race, III: 330; IV: 321, 414, 421, 423, See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers 429; VI: 271 Registries. See Agent Orange Registry (AOR); gastrointestinal tract cancer incidence, data Dioxin Registry; European registry; by race and cancer type, III: 267; IV: National Vietnam Veterans Birth 250; VI: 204 Defects/Learning Disabilities Registry Hodgkin’s disease incidence, data by race, and Data Base III: 372; IV: 365; V: 355; VI: 313 Regression analysis, II: 281 laryngeal cancer incidence, data by race, Relative risk, I: 224, 229, 230, 239, 258; II: 90, III: 292; IV: 273; VI: 231 178, 264, 265, 266, 271, 275, 297, 351, leukemia incidence, data by type and race, 356; III: 126–127, 412, 413, 414, 415, III: 384; IV: 378; VI: 326 418, 420, 422, 426–427, 428, 430–431; liver/intrahepatic bile duct cancer incidence, IV: 83, 105, 138, 142, 153, 254, 277, by race, III: 282; IV: 267, 502; VI: 222 278, 282, 284, 303, 310, 315, 321, 322, lung cancer incidence, data by race, III: 329, 331, 332, 366, 373, 379, 424, 447, 296; IV: 281; VI: 235 472, 500; VI: 3, 22 melanoma incidence, data by race, III: 313; Relevant literature, identifying, VI: 20–22 IV: 300; VI: 252 Renal cancer, VII: 711. motor dysfunction, adjusted by, IV: 444 See also Kidney cancer multiple myeloma incidence, data by race, Renal toxicity III: 377; IV: 372; V: 361; VI: 320 cacodylic acid and, II: 50–51 nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer incidence, data TCDD and, II: 77; III: 75–76; IV: 76–77 by race, III: 289; IV: 273; VI: 227 Reproductive disorders, VI: 6, 354–403; VII: 141, 517–565

INDEX 847 2,4-D in, I: 180–181; II: 42, 280–282; III: biologic plausibility, III: 334; IV: 323; V: 46, 460, 461–462; IV: 416 316; VI: 275; VII: 384 2,4,5-T in, I: 185; II: 42, 280–282, 287; III: epidemiologic studies, I: 508–512; II: 462; IV: 404; IV: 416 211–213; III: 330–334; IV: 321–326; V: animal studies, I: 123–124; III: 460–462; 311–316; VI: 270–275; VII: 384 IV: 426, 431–435 epidemiology, I: 505, 506–508; II: 211; III: biologic plausibility, II: 300; III: 444, 451, 329–330; IV: 320–321 453, 458, 460–462; IV: 416, 426 herbicide association in, I: 13, 14, 512, 577; cacodylic acid in, I: 189; II: 42; IV: 403, II: 6, 11, 20, 211–213, 249–250; III: 407, 411, 413, 416, 431, 435 7, 10, 330–334; IV: 7, 11, 323, 385; V: epidemiologic studies, III: 436, 437–438, 309–316 443, 445–449, 450, 451–453, 454, herbicide environmental exposure and, III: 455, 456–457, 459; IV: 135, 153, 209, 333; IV: 321–322, 325, 326–329, 334; 227, 228, 233, 431; IV: 416, 426; VI: V: 311, 312, 313, 314 354–403 herbicide occupational exposure and, III: herbicide association in, I: 13–14, 605, 332–333; IV: 321; V: 311, 312, 313; 634; II: 6, 7, 278–279, 300–301; III: VII: 384 3, 434–435, 436–444, 445–454, 455, histopathology, I: 506 456–458, 459; IV: 135 incidence and mortality statistics, II: 211; male-mediated, I: 593–595; III: 444–451; III: 329–330; IV: 321; VI: 270–271 IV: 413 scientific literature update, II: 212; III: methodological approach to study of, I: 331–332; IV: 321–324; V: 313–315; VI: 591–592 271 occupational risk factors, I: 594–595; IV: Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 512; II: 211, 213; 399–400, 402, 404, 408, 418–419; VII: III: 334; IV: 323–324; V: 316; VI: 275 147 Vietnam veterans’ studies, III: 333; IV: picloram in, I: 192; II: 42; III: 462; IV: 403, 322–323; V: 311, 312, 313, 314–315 413, 416, 431 See also Breast cancer; Cervical cancer; Ranch Hand study, I: 758–762; II: 293–295; Ovarian cancer; Uterine cancer III: 436, 438, 439, 446–447, 449, Reproductive toxicity, VI: 38–39; VII: 52–53 452–453, 457–458; IV: 233 Request for Proposals (RFP), II: 25, 26; III: 6, research recommendations, I: 727 126, 150; IV: 5, 126–127 TCDD in, I: 123–124, 156–159; II: 3, Research 41–42, 71–72, 282, 285–286; III: Department of Veterans Affairs efforts, II: 92–105, 446–449, 460–461, 462; IV: 26, 29–30; III: 27–28; IV: 151, 157–58 81–82, 416; V: 64–65, 72–73 experimental studies update, II: 43–45 Vietnam veterans’ increased disease risk, II: herbicide exposure and cancer latency, 278, 298, 300–301; III: 444, 462; IV: literature review, II: 266–275; III: 417, 426, 431; VI: 398 416–431 See also Birth defects; Cervical cancers; herbicide exposure assessment strategies, Endometrial cancer; Hypospadias; recent literature, II: 104–109; III: Infertility; Intrauterine growth 157–162; IV: 5 retardation (IUGR); Low birthweight; publication bias, II: 95–96; III: 131; IV: Neural tube defects; Ovarian cancer; 108; V: 27–28 Perinatal death; Preterm delivery (PTD); Research needs Sex ratio; Sperm parameter disorders; age and aging, V: 10 Spontaneous abortion biomarkers, I: 17, 725; II: 25 Reproductive system cancers, women, I: 13, cost of, I: 727 14, 505–512, 577; II: 6; IV: 320–326; health outcome priorities, I: 19, 726–727 V: 309–316; VI: 79–81; VII: 107–110, herbicide exposure assessment, I: 4, 15, 16– 382–388 17, 287–290, 291, 721–722, 724–728

848 INDEX herbicide occupational exposure data, I: 731 risk factors, I: 461 Hodgkin’s disease, I: 19, 727 Seveso, Italy, men lung cancer mortality, II: military records, I: 17, 724–725; II: 24–25 271; III: 422, 424; IV: 278 motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 660–661 Seveso, Italy, outcomes, I: 469; IV: 275, neurobehavioral functioning, I: 657 278, 282–283 recommendations for, I: 15–21, 721–731; smoking and, latency, II: 268; III: 418 II: 23–24; III: 23; IV: 13; VI: 10, Vietnam veterans’ compensation, I: 55; II: 491–493; VII: 699–704 24, 30, 31 research management, I: 16, 17–18, Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 460–461, 723–724, 726 469–470, 472; II: 190, 201–202, 203; risk assessment, I: 731 III: 430–431; IV: 275–276, 279, 283, serum mandated testing, I: 21, 730 284 Vietnamese population studies, I: 731; VI: See also Laryngeal cancer; Lung cancer 10, 491–493 Respiratory disorders, VII: 604–617 Respiratory cancers, VII: 710 biologic plausibility, III: 486; IV: 475; V: agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 466; II: 482; VI: 443; VII: 615 197–198 cofounding factors, V: 481 arsenic and, latency, II: 268; III: 420 epidemiologic studies, II: 324–326; III: asbestos and, latency, II: 268; III: 420 483–486; IV: 272–274; V: 6; VI: epidemiologic studies, I: 461–472; II: 440–443; VII: 605–615 189–203; IV: 274–275, 276, 277–278, epidemiology, III: 482–483; IV: 468–471 280, 285–287 herbicide association in, I: 14, 713; II: 7, epidemiology, I: 460–461; II: 189–191; IV: 11, 21, 324–336; III: 3, 483–486; IV: 273–274, 277, 281 275; V: 482; VII: 609–610, 614 Finland male herbicide/pesticide applicators herbicide occupational exposure and, mortality and latency, II: 271; III: 422 III: 483–485; IV: 273–274; VII: 147, gamma rays and, latency, II: 268; III: 418 605–614 herbicide association in, I: 10–11, 19, paper/pulp mill workers and, I: 341, 364 574–575; II: 6, 8, 20, 89; II: 189–203, production workers and, I: 709–710; IV: 247, 269–273; III: 7, 8, 9, 20, 24; IV: 6, 273–274; V: 6 8, 18, 275, 279, 284; V: 14; VI: 15 research methodology, I: 708–709, herbicide environmental exposure and, II: 712–713; II: 324 190, 193, 200–201; IV: 274–275, 278, scientific literature update, II: 325; III: 282–283 483–486; IV: 272–274; V: 482; VI: 442 herbicide occupational exposure and, II: TCDD in, I: 170, 472, 709–710, 712, 190, 191–200; IV: 274, 277, 282 713–714; III: 484; IV: 468, 471–475; V: latency issues, II: 13–14, 268–273; III: 418, 481 420–426; VI: 2 Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 713–714; III: literature review, II: 269–272; III: 420–424 485–486; IV: 275; V: 483; VI: 443; VII: nickel and, latency, II: 269; III: 420 610–615 paper/pulp workers and, I: 468–469; II: 200 See also Asthma; Bronchitis; Chronic production workers and, I: 461–466; II: obstructive pulmonary disease 191, 193–197; III: 420, 422, 423, 429; (COPD); Emphysema; Influenza; IV: 277, 282 Pleurisy; Pneumoconiosis; Pneumonia; professional herbicide/pesticide applicators, Tuberculosis II: 198–199 Retinoic acid (RA), II: 73; III: 53, 73, 98 radon daughters and, latency, II: 268; III: Retinoic acid receptor b (RARb), II: 73 418 RFP. See Request for Proposals relative mortality and latency, II: 270; III: Rhabdomyosarcoma. See Soft-tissue sarcoma 421, 422, 423, 424 (STS) risk estimates, II: 190, 192–193 Rheumatoid arthritis, VII: 147

INDEX 849 Ribonucleic acid (RNA), II: 55, 58, 59, 62, 74, peripheral nervous system disorders, I: 666; 75; III: 80, 82, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104 II: 314; IV: 459 Richter’s syndrome, VI: 334 porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 682–683; II: Risk assessment, Vietnam veterans, I: 5, 14–15, 323; IV: 468; V: 479 221, 225–226, 246, 247–248, 578; prostate cancer risk, II: 223; III: 343; IV: II: 14, 22–23, 91; III: 14–15, 22–23, 332; V: 324 127–128, 475–476, 525; IV: 388, 517; reproductive outcomes, I: 634; II: 300–301; VI: 9–10, 17; VII: 36 IV: 407, 431 amyloidosis, IV: 513; V: 507 respiratory cancer, I: 472; II: 190, 192–193; birth defects, I: 618; II: 298, 300–301; V: IV: 279, 284 405 respiratory disorders, I: 713–714; IV: 475; bone/joint cancer, I: 474–475; IV: 290; V: V: 483 282 skin cancer, I: 505; IV: 305–306, 311 breast cancer risk, II: 218; III: 329; IV: 318; soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 500; IV: 17, 296; V: V: 309 287 cancer, I: 440, 442–443, 578; II: 251, 276; spina bifida in offspring, II: 298, 301; IV: III: 397, 430–431 403 cancer in offspring, I: 630–631; IV: 426 spontaneous abortion, I: 605; IV: 411; V: chloracne, I: 678–679; II: 321; IV: 466; V: 417–418 479 TCDD concentrations with time after circulatory disorders, I: 708; IV: 510; V: exposure, II: 356–357 506 TCDD serum levels back-extrapolated to diabetes mellitus, I: 692; III: 503; IV: 489; measure dose, II: 357 V: 492 TCDD serum levels linear extrapolation, II: disease risk methodology, II: 349–357 356 female reproductive system cancers, I: 512; TCDD serum levels use to estimate disease III: 334; IV: 323; V: 316 risk, II: 350–357 fetal/infant death, I: 625; IV: 413 See also Relative risk gastrointestinal cancers, I: 452; IV: 356; VI: Risk assessment methodology, I: 5, 221, 246 221 EPA dioxin research, I: 59–60 genitourinary tract cancers, I: 522 predisposing factors, I: 731 hepatic enzyme disorders, I: 692; IV: 505 relative risk determination, I: 224, 229, 258; hepatobiliary cancers, I: 457; II: 187; IV: II: 351, 356; IV: 105; V: 22–23 270 standardized mortality ratio in, I: 229–230 Hodgkin’s disease, I: 557; IV: 367; V: 361 strength of association in, I: 239 immune system disorders, I: 699; III: 491; terminology, I: 224 IV: 481; V: 485 Vietnam veterans’ disease risk estimation, impossible to quantify, VI: 17 II: 349–357; IV: 17 leukemia, I: 571–572; IV: 381; V: 372 Vietnam veterans’ TCDD concentrations linear extrapolation of exposure and risk, II: with time after exposure, II: 356–357 356 Vietnam veterans’ TCDD serum levels lipid abnormalities, I: 692; III: 507–508; IV: back-extrapolated to measure dose, II: 495 357 low birthweight outcomes, I: 628; IV: 417 Vietnam veterans’ TCDD serum levels motor/coordination dysfunction, I: 662 linear extrapolation, II: 356 multiple myeloma, I: 563; IV: 374; V: 366 Vietnam veterans’ TCDD serum levels use nasal/nasopharyngeal, I: 460; IV: 275 to estimate disease risk, II: 350–357; IV: neuropsychiatric outcomes, I: 658 182 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, I: 549; IV: 359; RNA. See Ribonucleic acid V: 355 Ronnel®, II: 128; III: 219; IV: 134; V: 105 Rotterdam, Netherlands, III: 236; V: 512

850 INDEX Rung Sat Special Zone, I: 100, 104, 105, 106 Centers for Disease Control validation Russia, II: 319 study, I: 281–284; II: 103, 104 See also Chapaevsk, Russia; USSR concentrations of TCDD with time after exposure, II: 356–357; III: 159–161 estimated mean maximum levels, II: S 252–255 latency results, linear extrapolation from Salmonella, TCDD exposure and, II: 68 long exposure, II: 356 Samara region. See Chapaevsk, Russia measurement technique, I: 260; II: 349–350 Saskatchewan, Canada, II: 135–136, 200, 232, pharmocokinetics, I: 259–261 242, 246, 325; III: 232; V: 6, 504; VII: recommendations, I: 20–21 162 significance of, I: 4, 19, 261, 284–285, 289, Sawmills. See Lumber industry 290, 725, 742–743; II: 4–5, 102–106, Schistosoma haematobium, III: 347; V: 328 108–109 Scientific literature update, IV: 27–32, 104– testing, mandated, I: 728, 729 105, 108, 248–388 passim, 399–435 Vietnam veterans disease risk estimation, passim; V: 4–6; VII: 61–62 use for, II: 350–357 SCL-90-R. See Symptom Checklist-90-Revised Services HERBS tapes. See HERBS tapes Scotland, V: 462 Seveso, Italy, III: 9; IV: 8–9, 147–148; VI: 7, Seasonal factors 51, 53–54, 120, 445–446; VII: 168–170, herbicide distribution and, I: 26, 87 232–233, 753–756 SEER. See Surveillance, Epidemiology, and accidental contamination in, I: 43; II: End Results program 140–141; III: 232–233; IV: 147 Selected Cancers Study birth defects, II: 287; III: 436 exposure assessment use, II: 101; III: 146, bladder cancer, I: 517; II: 226–227; III: 348, 231, 240 349; IV: 341 goals, I: 59, 387, 391; VI: 139 bone/joint cancer, III: 303; IV: 289 hepatobiliary cancers, II: 185; III: 283 brain tumors, I: 523; II: 230; III: 356, 358; Hodgkin’s disease in, I: 554–556 IV: 351–352 liver cancer in, I: 455 breast cancer, II: 216; III: 324–326, 327; methodology, I: 57, 234–235, 243, 258, IV: 315 391–393, 440, 527 cancer incidence, II: 141, 148 nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, I: 459; II: 189 cancer mortality, I: 444; III: 422, 424 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in, I: 9, 541–543, child mortality study, II: 147 573; II: 231; IV: 17 childhood cancer, II: 299–300; IV: 425 soft-tissue sarcoma in, I: 493, 498 chloracne, I: 267, 676–677; IV: 464 Selective herbicides, I: 24, 88 circulatory disorders, I: 701–702; IV: See also Herbicides 507–509 Self-Report Symptom Inventory, I: 641 diabetes mellitus, III: 495; IV: 11, 484 Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs, II: 24, epidemiologic studies, I: 44–45, 63, 27–28; III: 23–24, 25 365–368; II: 113, 141–143, 148; III: Sensory dysfunction. See Neurologic disorders 130, 197–200, 232–233, 283, 285, 290, Serontonergic system, I: 166 296, 297–298, 303, 307, 309, 314, 318, Sertoli cells, V: 405 325–326, 327, 330, 331, 332, 336, 338, Serum levels, TCDD, I: 4, 19, 21, 261, 344, 348, 349, 352, 353, 356, 358, 363, 281–285, 289, 290, 725, 728, 729, 365, 372, 373, 380, 385, 386, 388–389, 742–743; II: 4–5, 104–106; III: 390, 436, 449, 495, 505; IV: 224, 225, 140–142, 146–147; IV: 37, 46, 112, 226, 227, 258–259, 261, 263–264, 266, 114, 125–126, 252, 293, 331 271–272, 276, 280, 286–287, 291, back-extrapolated serum TCDD as measure 297–298, 306–307, 313, 319, 325–326, of dose, II: 357; IV: 154 334, 338, 344, 349, 354–355, 361–362,

INDEX 851 369–370, 375–376, 382–383, 428, respiratory outcomes, I: 710; IV: 472–473, 430–431, 491; V: 115–116, 168–171; 474, 475 VI: 129–132, 177–179 response to accident, I: 43–44 exposure assessment, I: 267–268, 285, sex ratio, V: 434 598–599; II: 4–5, 103, 105–106; III: skin cancer, I: 503; II: 12, 209, 210; III: 150, 156, 158, 160–161, 162; IV: 111, 314, 318; IV: 302 114–115, 126; V: 226–227 soft-tissue sarcoma, I: 491–492; II: 206, female reproductive cancers, I: 511; II: 207, 208; III: 307, 309; IV: 293–294, 211–212, 213; III: 330, 331, 332; IV: 295 321–322 testicular cancer, II: 228; III: 344; IV: 336 gastrointestinal tract tumors, II: 177, 180; Seveso Women’s Health Study (SWHS), VI: III: 271, 273; IV: 254 130, 178, 373; VII: 169–170 gastrointestinal ulcers, I: 691; IV: 501–502 Sex ratio, V: 432–438; VI: 389–394 hepatic enzyme disorders, I: 686–687 biologic plausibility, VI: 393–394 hepatobiliary cancers, II: 184; III: 283, 285; scientific literature update, VI: 390 IV: 269 SFR. See Standardized fertility ratio Hodgkin’s disease, II: 236; III: 372, 373 SGOT. See Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) immune modulation, I: 695; VI: 7 SGPT. See Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) infertility, III: 449 Shanghai, China, II: 188 latency and cancer risk, II: 271, 272, 273, Silvex®, I: 309, 324; II: 128; III: 219; IV: 134; 274, 275; III: 13, 408, 414, 420, 422, V: 105; VII: 31 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 430 SIR. See Standardized incidence ratio leukemia, I: 13, 569–570, 571; II: 245–246; Skaraborg, Sweden, III: 234; IV: 149 III: 385, 386, 388–389, 390; IV: 379, Skin cancer, VII: 354–371, 711 425 animal studies, I: 141, 142–143; IV: 5, 24, lipid abnormalities, I: 689; III: 505 31, 40 liver cancer, I: 454–455 biologic plausibility for TCDD, I: 503; IV: liver disorders, I: 367; IV: 501–502 305, 311; VI: 260, 264–265; VII: 363 lung cancer, I: 469; II: 271; III: 296, clinical features, I: 501, 502 297–298, 299, 422, 424; IV: 282–283 epidemiologic studies, I: 502–503; II: mortality studies, I: 652; II: 141, 271, 209–211; III: 312–313; IV: 19, 149, 272–273, 275; III: 422, 424, 426, 427 154, 232, 302–305, 306–308, 312–313; multiple myeloma, I: 562; II: 243; III: 380; V: 5; VI: 251–265; VII: 356–363 IV: 372–373 epidemiology, I: 501–502; II: 209; III: 312, nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer, II: 189; III: 313; IV: 299–300 290; IV: 275 herbicide association in, I: 12, 576; II: 7, neurological disorders, II: 141 11–12, 21, 209–211, 249–250; III: 8, neuropsychiatric outcomes, I: 651–652 10, 21, 312; IV: 7, 11; V: 16–17, 21 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, I: 540–541; II: herbicide environmental exposure studies, 234; III: 363, 365; IV: 357 VII: 358, 362 peripheral nervous system disorders, I: herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 663–664; II: 10, 312–313 312; IV: 302; VII: 356–362 porphyria cutanea tarda, I: 680–681 morbidity studies, V: 289; VI: 254, 263–264 prostate cancer, I: 11; II: 9, 221, 248, 274, mortality studies, VI: 253, 262 275; III: 336, 338, 426, 427; IV: 329 TCDD association with, I: 141, 142–143, renal cancer, II: 225; III: 352, 353; IV: 347 502–503; II: 209–211; III: 313–316, reproductive outcomes/toxicity, I: 598–599; 317, 319, 320, 322; IV: 19; V: 5 II: 72; III: 436, 449; IV: 400, 430–431; Vietnam veterans and, II: 209; III: 312; IV: VI: 6 303–304, 305, 309–311; VI: 256–259, respiratory cancer, II: 200–201, 269, 272; 261, 265; VII: 359–363 III: 422, 424; IV: 278, 279, 282–283, See also Basal/squamous cell skin cancer; 284 Melanomas

852 INDEX Skin sensitivity production workers and, I: 8, 477–479, 499; 2,4-D and, I: 181 II: 132, 134–135, 206–207; IV: 136, picloram and, I: 192 292–293 Ranch hands, IV: 8 research recommendations, I: 19, 727 TCDD and, I: 172–174 risk factors, I: 10, 477; V: 287 See also Chloracne; Porphyria cutanea tarda scientific literature update, II: 206–208; III: (PCT) 308–310; V: 283, 292–295 Sleep disorders, I: 650; IV: 442; V: 449 Vietnam veterans and, I: 395–396, 401, 475, SMRs. See Standardized mortality ratios 492–498, 500; II: 205, 208; III: 309–310; Social Security Administration, II: 130, 152, IV: 157, 294–295; V: 286–287; VI: 25; 153 VII: 351–353 Society for Epidemiologic Research, II: 25 Vietnam veterans compensation, I: 51, 55, Soft-tissue sarcoma (STS), I: 311, 314; VII: 56; II: 24, 29, 30, 31 346–354, 711 See also Kaposi’s sarcoma; age of onset, I: 436 Leiomyosarcomas agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 322, Somatostatin, I: 168, 169 326–328, 329–330, 335–336, 337, South America, III: 510 339–340; IV: 140, 149 South Dakota, IV: 149, 344, 349, 354, 362, biologic plausibility of TCDD in, I: 500; 369, 375, 382 III: 311; IV: 296; V: 287; VI: 251; VII: South Koreans, I: 61–62; II: 108–109; III: 240; 353–354 IV: 156; VI: 1, 6–7, 134, 141–142, case-control studies, I: 481–491; IV: 439–440; VII: 164, 186, 243–244, 654 143–144 Southeast Asia (SEA), II: 181, 188, 294, 295; CDC Selected Cancers Study and, IV: 157 III: 29, 237, 239, 241, 243, 282, 289, children and, I: 628 318, 321, 452; IV: 267; VII: 180 clinical features, I: 475, 476 Soviet Union. See Russia; USSR cohort studies, I: 231, 243; V: 5 Spain, IV: 144–145, 207, 401 epidemiologic studies, I: 231, 476, Special Forces. See US Special Forces 477–500; II: 132, 134–135, 205–208; Sperm parameter disorders III: 306–310, 311; IV: 149, 187, 216, altered sperm parameters, I: 631, 632, 292–295, 296–299; V: 5; VI: 245–251; 633–634; II: 7, 11, 20; III: 444–451; IV: VII: 347–353 200, 405–406, 433 epidemiology, I: 475; II: 205; III: 304, 306; See also Reproductive disorders IV: 116, 136–137, 140, 143–144, 149, Spina bifida, I: 609, 611, 612; II: 6, 295–296; 157; V: 282–287 VI: 15 herbicide association in, I: 8, 9–10, 500, Vietnam veterans offspring, II: 9–10, 296, 572–573; II: 5, 6, 20, 205–208, 247; III: 298, 309; III: 7, 8, 9–10, 21, 24–25, 6, 7, 20, 24, 306–310, 311; IV: 6, 8, 17; 437–438; IV: 7, 10, 18, 404–405 V: 14 See also Birth defects; Neural tube defects herbicide environmental exposure studies, I: Spontaneous abortion, I: 592; VII: 525–529 375, 383, 384; II: 207–208; III: 309; IV: agricultural/forestry workers and, I: 293–294; V: 285–286; VI: 13, 246–250; 336–337; IV: 197, 410–411 VII: 350–351, 353 Alsea, Oregon, case, I: 42–43, 372–373, herbicide occupational exposure studies, III: 598 308–309; IV: 292–293; V: 284–285; VI: biologic plausibility, V: 420; VI: 378; VII: 246; VII: 347–353 526 IARC registry and, IV: 137, 293 definition, I: 595–596; II: 282; IV: 409; V: incidence, data by race/gender, for selected 409 age groups, III: 306; IV: 292; VI: 245 epidemiologic data, quality of, I: 603–605 Midland, Michigan cohort, IV: 136 epidemiologic studies, II: 283; IV: 410–411; pesticide applicators and, I: 491 V: 420; VI: 372–378; VII: 526–529

INDEX 853 epidemiology, II: 282–283 Statistics Sweden, IV: 145 farm families, V: 5 Umea Department of Oncology, II: 138; III: herbicide association in, I: 14, 605; II: 7, 228 20, 278, 283–284; V: 409–421, 411–412 University Hospital, Linkoping, II: 138; III: herbicide environmental exposure and, I: 228, 229 598–599; IV: 410–411; V: 414–417; University Hospital, Umea, III: 228 VII: 146, 527–528 See also Skaraborg, Sweden; Umea, herbicide occupational exposure and, I: Sweden; Uppsala, Sweden 596–598; IV: 410; V: 410, 413–414; Stellman model, VI: 493 VII: 527 Steroidogenesis maternal risk factors, I: 596 postnatal, VII: 113–114 Ranch Hand participants, II: 283–284 Stillbirth, VII: 529–531. risk factors, I: 594; IV: 409; V: 420 See also Perinatal death scientific literature update, II: 283–284; IV: Stomach cancer, I: 446, 447; II: 7, 12; III: 410–411; V: 410–417; VI: 373–377 274–275; IV: 250–254, 256, 259n, 385; TCDD and, V: 410, 413 V: 17, 247–249; VI: 205–208; VII: 283, Vietnam veterans’ increased risk, II: 283; 291–299 IV: 411; V: 417–418; VI: 378 TCDD effects in, I: 169 Vietnam veterans’ wives and, I: 405–406, See also Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers 601–603 Streptococcus pneumoniae, TCDD exposure Vietnamese civilians and, I: 599–601 and, II: 68 women Vietnam veterans’ increased risk, V: Stress responses, VI: 40 417–418; VII: 528–529 Stroke, VII: 673–674 See also Reproductive disorders herbicide exposure risk, I: 658, 659, 660 Sprayers. See Professional herbicide/pesticide See also Motor/coordination dysfunction; applicators Neurobehavioral toxicity Spraying. See Aerial spraying; Ground/ STS. See Soft-tissue sarcoma perimeter spraying Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care, Squamous cell skin cancer. See Basal/squamous III: 25 cell skin cancer Substance abuse, I: 655 Standardized fertility ratio (SFR), III: 448 Suicide, I: 398, 650, 655–656; IV: 440; V: 447 Standardized incidence ratio (SIR), IV: Surrogate-animal models, V: 24 252–253, 269, 289, 293–294, 328–329, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 336, 357, 365–366, 379 (SEER) program, I: 336, 439–440, 506; Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) II: 205, 213; III: 229, 266, 313; IV: 215, cancer studies, II: 134, 136, 137, 178, 182, 249; VI: 202, 256, 259, 332, 384 183, 191, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200, ICD-9 cancer codes, site groupings for, 201, 202, 204, 206, 269, 270, 271, III: 537–539; IV: 524–526; V: 243, 273, 274; III: 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 531–533; VI: 572–574; VII: 714–716 425, 426, 429; IV: 138, 142, 153; IV: Sweden, I: 8, 9, 13, 37, 322–323, 326–329, 251–253, 268, 292, 302, 327, 332, 341, 344, 350, 356, 375, 443, 444, 447, 346–347, 351–352, 365–366, 372, 379 467, 479, 480, 481, 482–486, 490, 510, role of, I: 229–230; V: 503 528–529, 530–533, 539, 548, 551–553, State governments, I: 60 561, 572–573; II: 138, 183–184, 185, Vietnam veterans epidemiologic studies by, 197, 198, 199, 209, 215, 231, 233, I: 399–405, 495–496; II: 153, 158–159, 235–236, 242–243; III: 226, 228–229, 161, 202, 292; III: 213–215, 243–244; 236, 271–272, 285, 297, 306, 308, 309, V: 126, 188–191; VI: 140–141 310, 314, 315, 317, 319, 325, 338, 340, See also specific states 349, 353, 358, 363, 372, 484, 515; IV: Statistical association, VI: 12, 22–23; VII: 201, 202, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 34–36 213, 214, 322, 328, 330, 367; V: 117,

854 INDEX 292, 298, 318, 339, 416; VI: 127, 133; animal carcinogenicity studies, I: 138–146, VII: 163, 171 439; III: 394, 396 Cancer Environment Register, III: 224; IV: brain tumors and, I: 525; IV: 352 140; VII: 161 cancer, II: 176; IV: 248–388 passim Cancer Registry, III: 224, 228, 229; IV: 142; carcinogenesis, I: 116–118, 434, 439; III: V: 362 394, 396; IV: 279, 385 Lund University Hospital, III: 229 cardiovascular toxicity, I: 171; IV: 510 National Register of Causes of Death, IV: 141 childhood cancer and, I: 630; IV: 426 Orebro Medical Center Hospital, III: 229 chloracne and, I: 172–174, 678; II: Regional Cancer Registry, II: 138; III: 228, 320–321; III: 480; IV: 8, 17–18, 135, 229 466; V: 479 See also Skaraborg, Sweden; Umea, cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders and, II: Sweden; Uppsala, Sweden 314 SWHS. See Seveso Women’s Health Study diabetes mellitus, III: 502–503; IV: 488; V: Switzerland, II: 134 492 Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), fetal/infant death and, I: 624; IV: 413 V: 449 gastrointestinal toxicity, I: 169–170, 451; Synchotron infrared spectromicroscopy, V: 59 III: 513–514 Systemic autoimmune disease, I: 697–699 genitourinary tract cancers and, I: 521–522 See also Autoimmune disease; Immune hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 457; IV: 270 system disorders Hodgkin’s disease and, I: 557; IV: 8, 367 Systemic lupus erythematosus, I: 697 immune system disorders and, I: 122, See also Autoimmune disease; Immune 146–151, 699; III: 523–524; IV: 481; V: system disorders 484 lethality, IV: 76, 137 leukemia and, I: 571; IV: 380 T lipid abnormalities, III: 507; IV: 495 liver disease, III: 522–524; IV: 10, 505 2,4,5-T. See 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid motor/coordination dysfunction and, I: 661; T cell function, I: 147–148, 151; II: 3; IV: 62, II: 314 80 multiple myeloma and, I: 563; IV: 374 autoimmunity and, I: 697 nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, I: 460; immune modulation and, I: 694, 695 IV: 275 TCDD and, II: 68–70; IV: 61, 62, 78 neurological disorders and, I: 160–166; III: Vietnam veterans and, I: 698 474, 475; IV: 441–443, 445, 457–459 T-H Agricultural & Nutrition Company, I: 35 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, I: 549; IV: Taiwan, III: 231, 470; VI: 291, 465; VII: 171 8, 116, 358 chloracne as a biomarker in, IV: 464 peripheral neuropathy and, II: 314; IV: Movement Disorders Clinic, National 457–459 Taiwan University Hospital, III: 231 porphyria cutanea tarda and, I: 682; II: 323; Tannery workers, I: 486, 514 IV: 468 Tasmania, I: 418, 603; II: 293; III: 244; IV: 246 reproductive disorders and, I: 123–124, TBG. See Thyroxine-binding globulin 156–159, 605, 618, 634; II: 282; III: TCDD. See Serum levels, TCDD; 460–461, 462; IV: 323, 403, 407, 411, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 431 TCDD biologic plausibility, IV: 2, 3, 11–12, respiratory toxicity, I: 170; IV: 475 107, 110, 385–387, 432–435, 515–517; skin cancer and, I: 503; IV: 305–311 VI: 339–341 soft-tissue sarcoma and, I: 500; IV: 8, 116, Ah receptor in, I: 133–138; IV: 25–27, 296 29–30, 42, 47–58, 85–86, 458 See also Ah receptor (AhR); Biologic plausibility; 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD)

INDEX 855 TCP. See 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol Testosterone, I: 123, 157–158; II: 280, 281, TEC. See Toxic equivalent concentration 282; IV: 183, 399–400, 405, 407–408, Tecumseh, Michigan, III: 235, 388 429, 433 TEFs. See Toxic equivalency factors Tetrachlorobenzene, I: 28 TEQ factors. See Dioxin toxic equivalent 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), factors III: 5, 19; IV: 16, 132; V: 1–4, 12, 329, Teratogenicity, I: 57, 62, 606–607 516–518; VI: 1, 3–5, 11–12, 21–22, 2,4-D, I: 180–181 118–119, 165, 201, 276, 436; VII: 31 2,4,5-T, I: 185, 373–374; II: 4 acute toxicity, II: 75–76 cacodylic acid, I: 189; V: 39 adipose tissue effects, VI: 67–68; VII: 89 picloram, I: 192 Ah receptor interaction, I: 3, 114, 118, 122, TCDD, I: 28, 30, 123, 159–160, 185, 368, 123, 133–138, 150, 151, 152, 159–160, 370, 372; III: 461; IV: 29, 53 439, 452–453, 457; II: 3–4, 51–53, viral potential, I: 607 54–56, 57–62, 176; III: 33, 34, 35, 53, See also Birth defects 54, 58–61, 62–69, 129; IV: 25, 26, 30, Testicular cancer, I: 405; VII: 402–407, 711 32, 47–53, 58, 60; V: 52–54; VII: 85–86 biologic plausibility, III: 347; IV: 337; V: animal studies, I: 111–114, 138–142, 477; 327; VI: 284; VII: 406 II: 3–4, 12, 51–77; III: 4–5, 33, 34–36, epidemiologic studies, I: 519; II: 153, 37, 40–43, 54–58, 62–63, 67–69, 227–228; III: 343–346; IV: 336–337, 74–105, 128, 129, 130, 394, 396, 338–339; V: 325–327; VI: 283–286; 460–461, 474, 475, 482, 501, 522–523; VII: 405–406 IV: 26, 53–57, 59, 270, 284, 305, 311, epidemiology, I: 515; II: 223–224; III: 343; 416, 426, 432–435, 458–459, 512; VI: IV: 335 29–30 herbicide association in, I: 13, 521; II: 7, anti-estrogenicity and, I: 512; II: 62; III: 11, 20, 227–228, 249–250; III: 7, 10, 67–69 343–347; IV: 7, 11; V: 324–328 apoptosis of, II: 3, 67; VII: 104 herbicide environmental exposure and, III: autoimmunity and, I: 697–699 344, 345; IV: 336; V: 327; VII: 404, 406 bioavailability, I: 128–129 herbicide occupational exposure and, III: biological consequences of activation, II: 344, 345; IV: 336; V: 326; VII: 403–406 57; III: 61–62 histopathology, I: 513 biomarkers, I: 4, 17, 259–262, 725; II: incidence, data by race, for selected age 101–104; III: 146–147 groups, III: 343; IV: 335; V: 324; VI: birth defects and, V: 439–441 283 bladder cancer association, II: 225–227; III: scientific literature update, II: 227–228; III: 347–348; IV: 341–342 344, 346; IV: 159, 336–337; V: 325; VI: body burdens, III: 107–108; IV: 478 284 body temperature regulation and, I: 169 studies summary, III: 343–344, 345–346; bone development effects, VI: 69–70; VII: IV: 336, 338–339 89–90 TCDD association with, V: 63; VI: 78–79; bone/joint cancer association, II: 204–205; VII: 106 III: 303; IV: 289 Vietnam veterans’ risk, I: 519, 522; II: 153, brain distribution, I: 160–161 223–224, 227, 228; IV: 338; V: 328; VI: brain tumors association, II: 229, 230; III: 284 357, 358; IV: 351; VII: 114–116 Vietnam veterans’ studies, III: 343–344, breast cancer association, II: 215–217; III: 345–346; IV: 157, 159, 336–337; V: 327, 329; IV: 316–317; V: 65–66, 306; 326–327; VII: 404–406 VII: 109–10 See also Genitourinary cancers carcinogenesis promoter capability, I: 116, Testimony, I: 739–756; II: 343–348; III: 142–143, 434, 439 533–536

856 INDEX carcinogenicity, I: 28–29, 116–118, environmental exposure assessment, 138–146, 439, 451; II: 3, 39–40, 65–68, I: 262–263, 267–270; II: 140–149, 175, 176; III: 265, 394, 396, 430–431; 179–180, 184, 186, 190, 193, 200–201, IV: 60–66, 270, 279; V: 61–63, 75–76; 221, 222, 234, 236, 243; III: 156–157, VI: 76–78; VII: 101–105 232–233, 234, 235–236, 297–298, cardiovascular toxicity, I: 171; II: 76; III: 303; IV: 114–116, 147–150, 254, 269, 74–75; V: 58, 70; VII: 91, 111–113 274–275, 278, 293, 296, 336, 347, 351, cell proliferation capability of, I: 145; II: 3, 357, 379; VI: 177–182, 186–191 67; IV: 60 environmental persistence, I: 288 cellular effects of, V: 4, 56–57 enzyme induction of, II: 3, 66–67 chemical properties, I: 28, 114, 127 estrogen-mediation of carcinogenesis, I: chemical significant interactions, II: 64–65; 144–145 III: 69–71 excretion, I: 132–133 chemical structure, I: 125–126; II: 38 exposure assessment issues, II: 4–5, chloracne and, I: 4, 10, 28, 172–173, 262; 104–106; III: 140–142, 144, 157–158, II: 3, 5, 6, 317–321; III: 479–480; IV: 159–161; IV: 122–127, 132; VI: 4–5, 135, 464; V: 56 15, 167–169, 186–191 chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy exposure sources, I: 127 association, V: 465–469 fatty acid biosynthesis and, I: 168–169 circulatory disorders and, I: 701–708; II: female reproductive system/breast cancers 336–337; III: 514, 515–516, 518; IV: and, I: 512; II: 211–213; III: 331, 332; 506–507; V: 503 IV: 315, 316, 322; V: 309 cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders and, II: free radicals, II: 59; III: 64–65 308; V: 449–452 fetotoxicity, VII: 113–114, 117 concerns about, I: 1, 2, 23–24, 28–32, gastrointestinal toxicity, I: 169–170, 35–36; II: 2, 17, 18, 19, 26–27; III: 3–5, 447–452, 690–692; II: 177–181; III: 12, 13, 14 268–272, 511; IV: 251–254, 499–501; corticosteroids and, I: 168, 171–172 VII: 95–96 craniofacial development, VII: 116 gastrointestinal ulcers and, II: 334–335; III: cytochrome P4501A2 and, I: 130, 144–145, 510; V: 501; VI: 72 170, 709; IV: 274, 386 gene modulation, VI: 61–65; VII: 69–83 dermal toxicity, II: 76; III: 73–74; V: 56–57 genotoxicity, I: 118, 143–144; II: 3; V: developmental toxicity, I: 123–124, 149, 48–51; VII: 111–113 156–157, 159–160, 185; II: 3, 41–42, growth factor and, II: 59; VII: 104 71, 72–73; III: 92–105; V: 67–69, half-life, I: 129, 260–261; II: 104–105; III: 72–73; VI: 83–87; VII: 111–117 157–158; IV: 24, 27; V: 44–47; VI: 52; diabetes mellitus and, I: 683; II: 330–331; VII: 66–68 III: 494, 495, 500–501, 502; IV: 483, hepatic enzyme disorders and, I: 155–156, 489; V: 492 685–688, 691–692 dietary significant interactions, II: 64 hepatobiliary cancers and, I: 457; II: dioxin categorization, I: 23n, 125 181–187; III: 283–285; V: 263 disease outcomes, V: 69–76 hepatotoxicity, II: 3, 73–75; III: 76–79; V: DNA binding capability and transcription 58–60, 71; VII: 93–95 activation and, II: 56–57; III: 58–61 herbicide contaminant capacity, I: 2, 3, 27, dose-response relationships, I: 111–114, 91–92, 114, 126–127; II: 2, 3, 26; III: 1, 122, 128–129, 130, 137–138, 445, 673, 3, 5, 6, 140–142 696; II: 318 hexachlorophene manufacture and, I: 40; embryological effects, VII: 111 IV: 134–135, 138, 148 endocrine effects, III: 83–84; V: 66–67, H4IIE-luc cells and, III: 107 73–74; VI: 82–83; VII: 110 Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, II: 5, 6, 235, endometriosis and, V: 508–509 236; III: 372–373; IV: 366

INDEX 857 hypoglycemia and, I: 166–168 occupational exposure, I: 36–39, 262–267, immune modulation and, I: 694–696; II: 269–270, 303; II: 108–109, 113–140, 328–329; III: 488, 489, 490, 491; IV: 26 178–179, 190, 191–200, 219–220, 222, immunotoxicity, I: 119–122, 146–151, 338, 232–234, 237–238; III: 153, 154, 155, 477; II: 3, 40–41, 68–71; III: 85–92; IV: 219, 220, 221–222, 223, 224, 284–285, 478–480; V: 61, 74–75; VI: 73–76; VII: 293, 296–297, 303; IV: 111–114, 98–100 134–147, 187–190, 195–196, 251, 257, infertility association, II: 282 259–260, 262, 265, 268, 271, 277, 280, inflammatory responses and, I: 148; VII: 101 282, 284, 289, 290, 292, 306, 312, 318, interactions, significant, III: 69–71 341, 343, 346, 348, 353, 359, 374; V: 6; intracellular communication of, II: 3, 67–68 VI: 169–177; VII: 221–232 latency issues, II: 13–14, 269, 270, 272; III: opioid antagonist capacity, I: 164 420, 421, 423, 424, 425, 426, 429, 431 oral administration, I: 128 lethality, III: 71–73; V: 69–70; VI: 67; VII: perinatal death association, II: 285–286 88–89 peripheral neuropathy and, II: 310–311, leukemia association, II: 246; III: 386–388, 314; III: 470–471; IV: 184 390; IV: 379, 426 pharmacokinetics, I: 127–133, 160, lipid abnormalities and, I: 688–690; II: 259–261, 284 333–334; III: 505, 506, 507 porphyria cutanea tarda and, II: 5, 6, liver toxicity, I: 115–116, 124, 138–139, 321–323; III: 481–482; IV: 466–468; V: 142, 143, 151–156, 165–166; II: 42, 59 331–333; III: 509; IV: 27, 268, 269, 499 postnatal steroidogenesis, VII: 113–114 lung cancer and, III: 297–298, 299, 421, potential health risk estimating, II: 63–65; 423; IV: 282–283; V: 277 III: 105–108 mammary gland effects, VI: 81; VII: production of, I: 28, 114 109–110 prostate cancer association, II: 220–223, mechanism of action, animal studies, II: 3, 273, 274, 275; III: 336–337, 425, 426; 54–65; III: 54–58, 62–63, 67–69; IV: IV: 327–328, 329–331; V: 63–64; VI: 28–30; V: 4 79; VII: 107 mechanisms of toxicity, II: 65–77; IV: protein kinases and, II: 60–62; III: 65–67 67–76, 426; V: 47–69; VII: 101–105 protein modulation, V: 48–51; VI: 61–65 metabolism, I: 115–116, 131–133, 155; VII: pulmonary toxicity, V: 58, 71; VII: 92–93 66–68 Qsar model approach, III: 106 mitogenic stimulation, VII: 104–105 Ranch Hand study, II: 109; III: 50, multiple myeloma association, II: 237–238, 146–147; IV: 18 243, 244; III: 378–380, 383; IV: relevance to human health, VI: 93–94 372–373 renal cancer association, II: 225; III: 353; myelogenous leukemia and, VI: 15–16 IV: 346–347 nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer and, I: 460; renal toxicity, II: 77; III: 75–76 IV: 274–275 reproductive toxicity, I: 123–124, 156–159, neurobehavioral effects, VII: 114–116 368, 371–372, 597, 599, 605; II: 3, neuropsychiatric outcomes and, I: 649–650, 41–42, 71–72; III: 92–105, 446, 449; 651–652, 656, 657–658; II: 308 IV: 398–438 passim; V: 64–65, 72–73; neurotoxicity, I: 160–166, 642; II: 3, 75; III: VI: 78–81; VII: 106–110 84–85, 469, 470–471; IV: 31; V: 71–72; respiratory cancers and, II: 13–14, 189–203, VI: 72–73; VII: 96–98 269, 270, 272; IV: 282–283; VI: 12 non-Ah-mediated toxicity, I: 138 respiratory disorders and, I: 170, 472, 709– non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, I: 8, 9, 710, 712–714; III: 484; IV: 471–474 528–529, 574; II: 5, 6, 231–234; III: sensitivity interspecies and interindividual 364, 429; IV: 357 differences, II: 63–64; III: 108

858 INDEX skin cancer and, I: 141, 142–143, 502–503; Texas, I: 60, 403–404, 696; III: 243; VII: 184 II: 209–211; III: 313–316, 317, 319, TGF. See Transforming growth factor 320, 322; VI: 67–68; VII: 89 Thailand, I: 26, 90 soft-tissue sarcoma and, I: 477, 478, 490, Thompson Chemicals Corporation, I: 35 498–500; II: 5, 6, 205–208; III: 307, Thymus effects, VII: 116–117 308; IV: 292–293; V: 287 See also Endocrine cancers solubility, I: 114, 115–116, 127 Thyroid teratogenicity, I: 28–29, 30, 31, 123, TCDD effects, I: 168–169; IV: 135, 159–160, 185, 368, 370, 372; III: 461 386–387 testicular cancer association, II: 228; III: thyroiditis, I: 697, 698 346; IV: 336; V: 63; VI: 78–79; VII: 106 See also Endocrine cancers thymus effects, VII: 116–117 Thyroid homeostasis, V: 510–514; VI: 40; VII: tissue specificity, II: 64 143, 680–685 tooth development effects, VI: 68–69; VII: biological plausibility, V: 514; VI: 481; VII: 89–90 684 toxic end points, V: 55–69 clinical features, V: 512–513 toxic equivalency factors approach, II: 63; epidemiologic studies, V: 513–514; VI: III: 106, 158, 159; V: 26 478–481 toxic equivalent concentration approach, III: herbicide association in, V: 510–514; VI: 107 479–480; VII: 141, 682–683 toxicity, factors influencing, II: 63–65; III: scientific literature review, V: 511–513; VI: 105–108; IV: 83–84 479–480; VII: 682–684 toxicity profile, III: 50–108; VI: 33–34, Vietnam veterans and, V: 514; VI: 480, 481; 89–93 VII: 683–684 toxicity update summary, II: 51–53; IV: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), V: 3–5, 22, 26, 44, 62, 64, 83–86; V: 510–514; VI: 478–479; VII: 55 40–76, 79–81; VII: 62–117 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), V: 510 toxicokinetics, animal studies, II: 3, 53–54; Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), V: 511 III: 4–5, 48; IV: 41–46; V: 41–42; VII: Times Beach, Missouri, I: 40–42, 268, 368– 63–64 370, 693–694; II: 113, 144, 184; III: toxicokinetics, human studies, V: 43–44; 200–201, 234, 283; IV: 115–116, 133, VII: 64–66 148; V: 116, 171–172, 227; VI: 120, uterine effects, VI: 80–81; VII: 108–109 132, 179; VII: 170, 234–235, 756–757 Vietnam amount used, I: 27, 106; II: 26; IV: Tissue distribution, TCDD, I: 129–131, 259 122 TNF. See Tumor necrosis factor Vietnam military exposure, I: 17, 26, Tobacco exposure and use, I: 11, 223, 442, 461, 149–161; II: 21, 22, 181, 185, 187, 190, 463; II: 190–191, 197; III: 299, 377; 201–202, 204, 205, 208, 209, 211, 212, V: 328 226, 276, 308; III: 146, 147, 237, 239, perinatal mortality and, I: 619–620 240, 430–431; IV: 150–160; V: 231–232 respiratory cancer and latency, II: 268; III: Vietnam veterans’ compensation, II: 28–29; 418 III: 26–27 Tollerud, David, III: 25 Vietnamese civilians exposure, II: 108–109, Tongue cancer, VII: 279–281 148; III: 156–157; IV: 116–117, Tonsil cancer, VII: 281–283 148–149 Tooth development effects, VI: 68–69 wasting syndrome, I: 160–161, 162–166; II: Topography, I: 25 76–77; III: 80–83; IV: 25, 31, 57; V: 56; Tordon 75D®, V: 36 VI: 67; VII: 88–89 Tordon 101® See also Herbicides; Serum levels, TCDD; , IV: 117–118 TCDD biologic plausibility See also 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), (2,4-D); Picloram II: 76

INDEX 859 Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs), II: 45, 52, human health relevance, III: 35–36; IV: 43 63; III: 37, 105, 106, 108; IV: 83–84; V: literature update, II: 43–45; III: 36–43 26; VI: 168 mechanisms of toxic action, II: 36, 47–48, See also Dioxin toxic equivalent factors 50, 54–65; III: 33, 38, 44, 47–48, (TEQ) 49–50, 53–71; IV: 24 Toxic equivalent concentration (TEC), III: 105, picloram profile update, II: 51; III: 50 107 studies evaluation, III: 128–129 Toxicity summary, II: 35–37; III: 3–5, 32–36; IV: 2,4-D profile update, II: 46–49; III: 43–47; 24–25 IV: 33–37; V: 76–77; VI: 34–41, 88; TCDD profile update, II: 51–77; III: 50–108 VII: 49–56 toxicity profiles update, II: 45–77; III: 2,4,5-T profile update, II: 49–50; III: 47–48; 45–108; V: 76–81 IV: 37–38; V: 77–78; VI: 41, 89 TPA. See 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate cacodylic acid profile update, II: 50–51; III: Trail-Making Test, II: 308 48–50; IV: 38–40; V: 78; VI: 41–43, Transforming growth factor (TGF), I: 145; II: 89–90 59, 74 cardiovascular, VI: 69–70 Tremors. See Motor/coordination dysfunction contributing factors, III: 105–108 TRH. See Thyrotropin-releasing hormone definition, II: 35 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol (TCP), I: 28; II: 319; III: health risk estimation, III: 105–108 152, 153, 219, 220, 223, 515; IV: 16, liver, VI: 70–72 134, 136, 138, 186, 251, 268, 292, 500; picloram profile update, II: 51; III: 50; IV: V: 104 40–41; V: 79; VI: 43, 90 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), pulmonary, VI: 70 II: 4, 18; III: 5, 19, 218, 219, 220, 223, TCDD profile update, II: 51–77; III: 224, 226, 234; IV: 2, 22, 110, 251, 268, 50–108; IV: 41–81; V: 79–81; VI: 292, 474, 478, 479; V: 1, 3, 12; VI: 1, 3, 44–87, 90–93 11, 20, 118–119, 201, 276, 436; VII: 31 Toxicokinetics, III: 32–36; VI: 34–36 acute toxicity, I: 184 2,4-D, II: 46–47; III: 32–33, 43–44; IV: 24, Agent Orange and, I: 27; II: 26 33; VII: 49–50, 58, 62–66 animal studies, I: 181–185; II: 49–50; III: 2,4,5-T, II: 49; III: 47; IV: 24, 37 47–48, 396, 462; IV: 34, 426, 434–435, cacodylic acid, II: 50; III: 32–33, 48; IV: 458, 459, 512, 517 24, 38–39; VI: 41 birth defects and, II: 287; III: 462; IV: 404, definition, II: 35 405n; V: 394 literature update, II: 36; III: 36–37 calcium homeostasis and, II: 4 picloram, IV: 24 carcinogenicity, I: 37, 118, 119, 182–184; previous reports summary, II: 38–39 II: 40; III: 396; IV: 387 TCDD, II: 53–54; III: 33, 53, 161; IV: chemical properties, I: 114, 182; II: 38; III: 23–24, 27–28, 41–46, 85–86; VI: 44–55 32 Toxicology, VI: 4–7, 24–25, 33–117; VII: 5–6, chemical structure, I: 111, 114 47–138 chloracne and, I: 36; IV: 135, 500 2,4-D profile update, II: 46–49; III: 43–47 chronic exposure, I: 184 2,4,5-T profile update, II: 49–50; III: 47–48 circulatory disorders and, I: 700–701 cacodylic acid profile update, II: 50–51; III: development of, I: 24, 26, 35, 181; III: 135, 48–50 136, 137, 138, 140 disease outcomes, II: 37, 48–49, 50–51, developmental toxicity, I: 185; II: 42, 65–77; III: 33–35, 38–43, 44–47, 48, 49–50; VII: 57–58 50, 71–105 disease outcomes, III: 48 earlier reports summary, II: 37–42; III: 36; domestic use, I: 181 VI: 34 environmental exposure events, I: 42–43 evaluation issues, III: 108–110 genotoxicity, I: 119, 184

860 INDEX half-life of, II: 4 Ulcers, gastrointestinal, I: 690–692 industrial exposure events, V: 6 epidemiologic studies, II: 334; III: 510–513; infertility and, II: 280–282 IV: 500–504; V: 502 liver toxicity, I: 125; II: 42; III: 524 epidemiology, II: 334; III: 508–509; IV: mechanisms of action, III: 33, 38, 47–48 498–499 mechanisms of toxicity, II: 49–50; VII: 57 herbicide environmental exposure and, V: metabolism, I: 115, 116 501 military applications, I: 26, 88; II: 26 herbicide exposure association with, II: 334; myelotoxicity, IV: 5, 31 III: 510–514; IV: 505 neurobehavioral toxicity, III: 475; VII: herbicide occupational exposure and, III: 56–57 510–512; IV: 500–501; V: 500–501 pharmacokinetics, I: 182 scientific literature update, II: 334; III: porphyria cutanea tarda and, II: 322 510–513; IV: 500–504; V: 500–501; VI: reproductive toxicity, I: 185; II: 42; III: 462; 465–466 IV: 407, 413, 416, 426, 431, 434–435; Vietnam veterans and, III: 512–513; IV: VII: 57–58 502–505; V: 502 respiratory disorders and, I: 709 See also Metabolic and digestive disorders; suspension of use, I: 1, 39, 42–43, 92, Peptic ulcer disease 181–182 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, V: 290 TCDD contamination of, I: 2, 3, 27, 91, Umea, Sweden, III: 228, 229 114, 126, 182; III: 140 Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale teratogenicity, I: 30, 92, 373–374 (UPDRS), V: 460–461 toxicity profile update summary, II: 49; IV: Uniroyal Inc., I: 35 22–24, 28–29, 31, 37–41; V: 37–38, Unit Identification Code list, VI: 182 77–78; VI: 33–34; VII: 56–58 United Farm Worker (UFW) Study. See toxicokinetics, II: 49; III: 47; VII: 56 California United Farm Workers Study volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, United Kingdom, I: 315–316, 340, 382, 444, data, III: 136 462–463, 464, 477, 479, 537, 565, 595, See also Herbicides; 2,3,7,8-Tetrachloro- 689; II: 194, 196, 269; III: 223, 224, dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) 420; VI: 128, 133; VII: 156, 659 Triglyceride levels, I: 688–689; III: 520–521 England National Cancer Register, III: 232; Trinoxol, I: 91; III: 137; IV: 119 IV: 144; VI: 128 Trivalent monomethylarsonous acid (MMA), herbicide exposure assessment, III: 151; IV: V: 39 139 TSH. See Thyroid-stimulating hormone Parkinson’s Disease Society Brain Bank, Tuberculosis, I: 711 IV: 445 See also Respiratory disorders See also Scotland; Yorkshire, England Tumor invasion, VII: 105 United Nations, I: 45 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), I: 148; II: 59, 60; United Paperworkers International Union, III: III: 87, 88 232 Twin studies, I: 398–399, 406, 703, 711 Update 1996. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Type 2 Diabetes. See Veterans and Agent Update 1996 Orange: Herbicides/Dioxin Exposure Update 1998. See Veterans and Agent Orange: and Type 2 Diabetes Update 1998 Update 2000. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 U Update 2002. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002 UDP glucuronyl transferase (UGT1), II: 74; Update 2004. See Veterans and Agent Orange: III: 37, 52 Update 2004 Uerdingen, Germany, III: 154; IV: 124

INDEX 861 Update 2006. See Veterans and Agent Orange: US Army Chemical Corps (ACC), I: 13, 15, Update 2006 16–17, 94–95, 272, 273, 286, 394, 470, UPDRS. See Unified Parkinson’s Disease 571, 703–704, 705, 711, 722–725; II: Rating Scale 5, 23, 24, 101, 103, 104, 201–202, 245; Upper Midwest Health Study, VII: 160–161, III: 6, 23, 138–139, 146–147, 241, 272, 731–736 298, 309, 314, 344, 358–359, 385, 389, Uppsala, Sweden, III: 228 485, 512, 517; IV: 120–124, 157, 287; Urinary bladder cancer, VII: 711. V: 10–11, 233–234, 525; VI: 4, 140, See also Bladder cancer and disorders 188, 492; VII: 6, 242–243, 646 Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD), II: US Coast Guard, I: 81 321; III: 480, 481 US Congress, I: 2, 31, 46–52; III: 25–28, 237, Uroporphyrins, increases in, VI: 7 240; VI: 138 US Air Force, I: 81, 113; III: 29, 138, 218, See also Congressional hearings; 237, 239, 339, 513, 517; VI: 24; VII: Legislation 173–181 US Marine Corps, I: 81, 96, 280, 545, 702, 710; Armstrong Laboratory, Population Research II: 185, 201, 226, 244; III: 140; IV: 121; Branch, III: 29 VII: 650 Baseline Morbidity Report, II: 32 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in, I: 542, 545, Baseline Mortality Report, 1982, II: 31 546–547 Follow-Up Examination Results, 1985, Vietnam casualties, I: 83 1987, 1992, II: 32 Vietnam veterans studies, III: 241, 242, 283, Human Resources Laboratory records, II: 294, 298, 309, 313, 315, 338, 339, 346, 150, 152; III: 237 348, 365, 373, 380, 485, 489, 512, 517; Military Personnel Center records, II: 151; IV: 287, 298, 339 III: 238; IV: 151; VI: 136 women veterans mortality studies, II: Mortality Updates, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1989, 152–153 1991, II: 32 US Military Assistance Command, III: 138; IV: Reproductive Outcomes, II: 32 119; VI: 183 Serum Dioxin Level Follow-Up US Navy, I: 81, 280–281, 286; II: 185, 228; III: Examination Results, II: 32 339, 344 TCDD half-life investigations, II: 104–105 herbicide use in, I: 95; II: 104; III: 135, Vietnam casualties, I: 83 139, 140 women veterans mortality studies, II: non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma odds ratio in, I: 152–153 542 See also Air Force Health Study (AFHS); Vietnam casualties, I: 83 Operation Ranch Hand women veterans mortality studies, II: US Army, I: 81, 280, 281, 702; II: 140, 185; IV: 152–153 121–122, 126 US Special Forces, I: 286; II: 103–104; III: 138 Army Chemical Corps Vietnam Veterans USDA. See Department of Agriculture, US Health Study proposal, II: 24 USSR, I: 317; III: 224; VII: 156 Army I Corps, IV: 157 See also Russia Environmental Support Group (ESG), II: 152 Utah, I: 560; II: 241 Vietnam casualties, I: 83 Uterine cancer, I: 506; III: 329, 333; V: 312; Vietnam veteran studies, II: 201, 226, 244; VI: 80–81; VII: 386–387 III: 240, 241, 283, 294, 298, 313, 315, herbicide association evidence, I: 13; II: 318, 338, 339, 344, 346, 348, 365, 373, 6, 211, 213; III: 333; IV: 323–324; VI: 380, 485, 512, 517; IV: 21 273; VII: 108–109 women veterans mortality studies, II: See also Reproductive system cancers, 152–153, 201 women See also US Special Forces UV. See Ultraviolet radiation

862 INDEX V childhood cancer studies summary, II: 299; IV: 418, 429; VII: 356–357 Valvular heart disease, VI: 7 chloracne studies summary, II: 318; III: VAO. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Health 479–480; IV: 465; V: 478; VII: 600 Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy Verona, Missouri, II: 128–129; III: 219, 220; studies summary, II: 310; IV: 454 IV: 135, 148; V: 105 circulatory disorders studies summary, II: Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptors, 335–336; III: 514; IV: 506; V: 503; VII: II: 333; III: 503 645 VES. See Vietnam Experience Study cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders studies Veterans. See Foreign veterans; Vietnam summary, II: 307; III: 468–469; IV: veterans; Women veterans 441–442; V: 448–449; VII: 568–569 Veterans Administration. See Department of congressional hearings on Agent Orange, II: Veterans Affairs, US (DVA) 27–28; III: 25 Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Department of Veterans Affairs Task Force, Herbicides Used in Vietnam (VAO), II: II: 4–26; III: 24–25 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 35, 45, 63, 65, 71, diabetes mellitus studies summary, II: 330; 89, 90, 91, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 104, III: 496–497; IV: 482, 487, 488, 490, 107, 112, 132, 176, 179, 180, 181, 187, 492; V: 486; VII: 623 190, 196, 207, 209, 210, 214, 218, 225, endocrine cancers, VII: 434 228, 232, 236, 237, 246, 247, 249, 250, endometriosis, VII: 676 266, 271, 278, 279, 286, 293, 296, 300, eye cancer, VII: 421 305, 312, 323, 328, 357; III: 1, 2, 3, 5, federal government response to concerns 12, 32, 43, 85, 124, 125, 126, 132, 150, over military use of herbicides in 157, 169, 220, 221, 223, 286, 303, 311, Vietnam, II: 27–32; III: 25–30 320, 359, 389, 390, 416, 434, 435, 519, female reproductive cancers studies 522; IV: 5, 156–159; V: 1–2, 12–14, summary, II: 211–212; III: 330–331, 16–18, 20–21, 104; VI: 2–3, 11, 20, 332, 333; IV: 321, 324–325; VII: 33–34, 119, 121–124, 126, 129, 133, 383–384 135; VII: 2, 48, 146–150 gastrointestinal tract tumors studies acute myelogenous leukemia, VII: 491–493 summary, II: 177–178; III: 268, background, II: 17–19; III: 17–23; IV: 15, 274–281; IV: 251, 256; V: 244–245 103–104, 110, 132, 137, 249, 268, 351 gastrointestinal ulcers studies summary, basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies II: 334; III: 510; IV: 500; V: 500; VII: summary, III: 317–318, 321, 323; 641–642 IV: 308, 312–313; V: 295–296; VII: health outcomes conclusions, II: 19–23; III: 366–369 19–20; IV: 11, 18–19, 20, 21, 384, 385, birth defects studies summary, III: 436–439; 414, 465, 467, 471, 513, 514; V: 6–9; IV: 400–401, 404, 435; V: 394; VII: VI: 13–18; VII: 19–20 535–536 hepatobiliary cancers studies summary, III: bladder cancer studies summary, II: 282–283, 287–288; IV: 268, 269; V: 225–226; III: 347–348, 350–351; IV: 259–260 340, 343–345; V: 329; VII: 408 herbicide environmental exposure studies, bone/joint cancer studies summary, II: 204; II: 142–143, 144, 145–146; III: III: 302, 305; IV: 288, 290–291; V: 279; 197–202, 203–205, 275, 277, 279, 281, VII: 392 283, 288, 291, 301, 316, 323, 328, 336, brain tumor studies summary, II: 229; III: 342, 345, 350–351, 354, 369, 382, 392, 356–357, 360, 361; IV: 351, 353–355; 437, 454, 455, 456, 459, 479, 520; IV: V: 339; VII: 425 147–149, 261, 264, 266–267, 271–272, breast cancer studies summary, III: 276, 286, 291 324–326, 328; IV: 314–315, 319–320; V: 301; VII: 372–373

INDEX 863 herbicide occupational exposure studies, II: nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies 114, 115–116, 117–118, 119–120, 121– summary, III: 290, 291; IV: 274; V: 265, 126; III: 170–174, 176–178, 180–182, 274; VII: 267–268 183–185, 188–196, 274–275, 276–277, neuroblastoma, V: 426 278–279, 280, 282–283, 286, 291, 294, next edition of, VI: 94 300–301, 305, 310, 312, 316, 317, 321, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma studies summary, 323, 324–326, 328, 332, 333, 335–336, II: 231–232; III: 362–363, 367–369, 345, 350, 354, 360, 367–369, 374–376, 370–371; IV: 356, 360–363; V: 344; 381–382, 391–392, 454, 455, 456, VII: 444 459, 496, 520; IV: 137, 139, 140–142, parkinsonism, VII: 571–572 144–146, 257–261, 263, 265–266, 271, perinatal death studies summary, II: 285; 276, 280, 285, 290 III: 451, 454, 455, 456; IV: 412; VII: Hodgkin’s disease studies summary, II: 235; 530 III: 372, 374–375, 376; IV: 365, 368; V: peripheral neuropathy studies summary, III: 356; VII: 458 470–471, 473; IV: 454; VII: 586–589 immune system disorders, studies summary, porphyria cutanea tarda studies summary, II: 327; III: 488–489; IV: 477; V: 484; II: 321–322; III: 481–482; IV: 467; V: VII: 618 479; VII: 603 impact of report, II: 24–26; III: 23–25 prostate cancer studies summary, III: infertility studies summary, II: 280; III: 335–336, 341, 342; IV: 327, 333–335; 445–446, 450; IV: 406, 409; VII: 518 V: 317–318; VII: 389–398 laryngeal cancer studies summary, III: 293, renal cancer studies summary, II: 224; III: 294; IV: 277, 280; V: 268–269; VII: 326 352–353, 354, 355; IV: 346, 349–350; legislation on Agent Orange, II: 28–29; III: VII: 415 26–27 research recommendations, II: 23–24; III: leukemia studies summary, II: 245; III: 23; IV: 21 385–386, 391–392; IV: 378–379, 381, respiratory disorders studies summary, II: 383; V: 368; VII: 476 324–325; III: 483; IV: 471; V: 481; VII: lipid abnormalities studies summary, II: 605 333; III: 504, 520, 521; IV: 483; VII: sex ratios of offspring, IV: 429–430; V: 433 633 skin cancer studies summary, III: 312; IV: liver toxicity studies summary, II: 332; III: 299–314; VII: 355–356, 366–369 510; IV: 500; VII: 641–642 soft-tissue sarcomas studies summary, low birthweight studies summary, III: II: 205–206; III: 306–308; IV: 292, 456–457, 459; IV: 399, 400, 412; V: 297–299; V: 283; VII: 347 423; VII: 532 spontaneous abortion studies summary, II: lung cancer studies summary, III: 296, 283; IV: 410; V: 410; VII: 525–526 300–301; IV: 281, 285–286; V: 273; summary of, II: 37–42 VII: 331 testicular cancer, VII: 402 melanoma studies summary, III: 313–314, toxicology, overview, III: 36; IV: 22, 38, 41; 316, 317; IV: 302, 306; V: 290; VII: V: 30–31; VI: 33 355–356 Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicides/Dioxin metabolic and digestive disorders, studies Exposure and Acute Myelogenous summary, II: 330, 332, 333, 334; IV: Leukemia in the Children of Vietnam 500; VII: 641–642 Veterans, V: 2, 13, 14, 16–17, 21; VI: 2, motor/coordination dysfunction studies 12, 16; VII: 19–20 summary, II: 309; III: 469–470; IV: Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicides/Dioxin 443–444 Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes, IV: multiple myeloma studies summary, III: 1, 10–11, 16, 104; V: 2, 12–13, 16, 377–378, 381–382; IV: 372, 375–376; 486–487; VI: 2, 12, 15, 135; VII: 19–20 V: 362; VII: 466

864 INDEX Veterans and Agent Orange: Length of gastrointestinal ulcers studies summary, III: Presumptive Period for Association 510; IV: 500; V: 500 Between Exposure and Respiratory health outcomes conclusions, III: 19–20; Cancer, VI: 12, 27, 135; VII: 19–20 VI: 13–18; VII: 19–20 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996, III: hepatobiliary cancers studies summary, III: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 32, 37, 43, 44, 50, 85, 282–283, 287–288; IV: 267–272; V: 106, 109, 125, 126, 132, 150, 157, 159, 259–260 169, 220, 221, 222, 223, 266, 286, 295, herbicide environmental exposure studies, 298, 303, 309, 311, 319, 320, 339, 349, III: 197, 201, 203, 275, 277, 279, 283, 359, 389, 390, 416, 417–418, 424, 426, 288, 323, 328, 336, 342, 345, 354, 369, 428, 434, 435, 444, 458, 519, 522, 533; 375, 382, 392; IV: 147, 149 IV: 1; V: 2, 12–14, 16–18; VI: 2, 11, herbicide occupational exposure studies, 33–34, 121–129, 133, 135; VII: 2 III: 170, 172, 174, 175–176, 179, 183, background, III: 17–23; IV: 15–21, 110, 186–187, 274, 276, 278, 280, 282–283, 132, 137, 247, 251 286, 291, 294, 300, 305, 316, 317, 321, basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies 324–326, 328, 332, 333, 335–336, 345, summary, III: 317–318, 321, 323; IV: 350, 354, 360, 367, 374, 381, 391, 496; 308–314; V: 295–296 IV: 135–137, 140–142, 144 birth defects studies summary, III: 436–439; Hodgkin’s disease studies summary, III: IV: 400–401, 435; V: 394 373, 374, 375, 376; IV: 364–371; V: 356 bladder cancer studies summary, III: impact of report, III: 23–25 347–348, 350; IV: 330–345; V: 329 infertility studies summary, III: 445–446; bone/joint cancer studies summary, III: 302, IV: 406–408 305; IV: 287–291; V: 279 laryngeal cancer studies summary, III: 293, brain tumor studies summary, III: 356–357, 294; IV: 277–281; V: 268–269 360, 361; IV: 350–355; V: 339 legislation on Agent Orange, III: 26–27 breast cancer studies summary, III: leukemia studies summary, III: 385–386, 324–326, 327, 328; IV: 314–320; V: 301 391, 392; IV: 377–383; V: 368 childhood cancers, IV: 418 lipid abnormalities studies summary, III: chloracne studies summary, III: 479–480; 504; IV: 493 IV: 465; V: 478 liver disorders studies summary, III: 510; circulatory disorders studies summary, III: IV: 500 514; IV: 506; V: 503 low birthweight studies summary, III: cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders studies 456–457; IV: 412; V: 423 summary, III: 468–469; IV: 441–442; V: lung cancer studies summary, III: 296, 298, 448–449 300; IV: 281–287; V: 273 congressional hearings on Agent Orange, melanoma studies summary, III: 313–314, III: 25 316, 317; IV: 302–308; V: 290 Department of Veterans Affairs Task Force, motor/coordination dysfunction studies III: 24–25 summary, III: 469–470; IV: 444 diabetes mellitus studies summary, III: 496; multiple myeloma studies summary, III: IV: 482–483, 490; V: 486 377–378, 381, 382; IV: 371–377; V: 362 federal government response to concerns nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies over military use of herbicides in summary, III: 290, 291; IV: 273–276; V: Vietnam, III: 25–30 265 female reproductive system cancers studies non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma studies summary, summary, III: 330–331, 332, 333; IV: III: 362–363, 367, 369, 370; IV: 321–326; V: 310 355–364; V: 344 gastrointestinal tract tumors studies pancreatic cancer, IV: 264–267 summary, III: 268, 274–281; IV: perinatal death studies summary, III: 451; 257–264; V: 244–245 IV: 412

INDEX 865 peripheral neuropathy studies summary, III: hepatobiliary cancers studies summary, IV: 470–471, 473; IV: 18 267–272; V: 259–260 porphyria cutanea tarda studies summary, Hodgkin’s disease studies summary, IV: III: 481–482; IV: 467; V: 479 364–371; V: 356 prostate cancer studies summary, III: infertility studies summary, IV: 406–408 335–336, 341, 342; IV: 326–335; V: laryngeal cancer studies summary, IV: 317–318 277–281; V: 268–269 renal cancers studies summary, III: leukemia studies summary, IV: 377–383; V: 352–353, 354, 355; IV: 345–350 368 research recommendations, III: 23 low birthweight studies summary, IV: 412; respiratory disorders studies summary, III: V: 423 483; IV: 471–472; V: 481 lung cancer studies summary, IV: 281–287; sex ratios of offspring, IV: 429–430; V: 433 V: 273 skin cancer, IV: 299–301 melanoma studies summary, IV: 302–308; soft-tissue sarcoma studies summary, III: V: 290 306–308; IV: 291–299; V: 283 mortality in, IV: 254 testicular cancer studies summary, III: multiple myeloma studies summary, IV: 343–344, 345; IV: 335–339; V: 325 371–377; V: 362 toxicology, overview, III: 36; IV: 22; V: nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies 30–31; VI: 33 summary, IV: 273–276; V: 265 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma studies summary, V: 2, 12–14, 16–18; VI: 2, 11, 33–34, IV: 355–364; V: 344 121–129, 133, 135; VII: 2 occupational exposure, IV: 135–137, Australian Veterans, IV: 159 139–142, 144 background of, IV: 1, 3, 8–10, 110, 132, Operation Ranch Hand, IV: 150, 152 247, 251, 399–400 pancreatic cancer, IV: 264–267 basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies prostate cancer studies summary, IV: summary, IV: 308–314; V: 295–296 326–335; V: 317–318 birth defects studies summary, IV: 400–401, quantitative structure-activity relationship 435; V: 394 (QSAR) models, V: 27 bladder cancer studies summary, IV: renal cancers studies summary, IV: 345–350 330–345; V: 329 sex ratios of offspring, IV: 429–430; V: 433 bone/joint cancer studies summary, IV: skin cancer, IV: 299–301 287–291; V: 279 soft-tissue sarcoma studies summary, IV: brain tumor studies summary, IV: 350–355; 291–299; V: 283 V: 339 spontaneous abortion, IV: 408–412; V: 410 breast cancer studies summary, IV: testicular cancer studies summary, IV: 314–320; V: 301 335–339; V: 325 childhood cancers, IV: 418, 426 toxicology overview, IV: 22; V: 30–31; VI: cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders studies 33 summary, V: 448–449 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000, V: Department of Veterans Affairs and, IV: 2, 12–18, 21, 103; VI: 2, 11, 21, 33–34, 157–158 58, 121–126, 129; VII: 2 environmental exposure, IV: 148–149 amyloidoisis, VII: 473 epidemiology, IV: 257 basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies female reproductive system cancers studies summary, IV: 308–314; V: 295–296 summary, IV: 321–326; V: 310 birth defects studies summary, V: 394 gastrointestinal tract tumors studies bladder cancer studies summary, V: 329 summary, IV: 257–264; V: 244–245 bone/joint cancer studies summary, V: 279 health outcomes conclusions; VI: 13–18; brain tumor studies summary, V: 339 VII: 19–20

866 INDEX breast cancer studies summary, IV: Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004, VII: 314–320; V: 301 2, 19–22, 580–581 carcinogenicity, V: 37 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006, VII: cell stress responses, V: 34 30-34, 40–41, 139–208 cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders studies herbicide environmental exposure studies, summary, V: 449–450 VII: 141–143, 145–146, 148 developmental toxicity, V: 35–36 herbicide occupational exposure studies, disease outcomes, V: 34–37 VII: 141, 144–145, 147 energy metabolism, V: 33–34 Veterans’ benefits. See Compensation, veterans female reproductive system cancers studies Veterans’ compensation. See Compensation, summary, V: 310 veterans gastrointestinal tract tumors studies Veterans’ Dioxin and Radiation Exposure summary, V: 244–245 Compensation Standards Act of 1984. genotoxic effects, V: 33 See Public Law 98-542 health outcomes conclusions, VI: 13–18; Veterans’ Education and Benefits Expansion VII: 19–20 Act of 2001. See Public Law 107-103 Hodgkin’s disease studies summary, V: 356 Veterans’ Health Care, Training, and Small immunotoxicity, V: 37 Business Loan Act of 1981. See Public laryngeal cancer studies summary, V: Law 97-72 268–269 Veterans’ Health Care Eligibility Reform Act of leukemia studies summary, V: 368 1996. See Public Law 104-262 lung cancer studies summary, V: 273 Veterans’ Health Programs Extension and mechanisms of toxic action, V: 33–34 Improvement Act of 1979, III: 240 melanoma studies summary, V: 290 Veterans’ service organizations, VI: 20 mitochondrial function, V: 33–34 Vibrotactile abnormalities, V: 466, 468 multiple myeloma studies summary, V: 362 Vietnam, III: 533; VI: 134, 181–182; VII: nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies 170–171, 172–186 summary, V: 265 herbicide latency issues, methodology, II: neuroblastoma, V: 426 13; III: 12–14 neurotoxicity, V: 35 herbicide targeting in, I: 99–106; IV: non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma studies summary, 116–117 V: 344 herbicide use in, concerns about, I: 29–32, parkinsonism, V: 453, 460 45; II: 1, 2, 4, 11, 17, 18, 26; III: 1, 2, 5, prostate cancer studies summary, IV: 12, 13, 17, 18, 25; V: 3, 30–31, 229–232 326–335; V: 317–318 research in, I: 30–31 reproductive toxicity, V: 35–36 troop movements in, I: 52–53, 96, 287 respiratory disorders studies summary, V: US casualties in, I: 82–83 481 US involvement, I: 75–76, 84 sex ratios of offspring, V: 433 US military herbicide use in, I: 1, 3, 24, soft-tissue sarcoma studies summary, V: 283 27, 84–85, 89–93, 94–96, 98–107, 286; testicular cancer studies summary, V: 325 II: 17, 18, 26, 27–32; III: 135–142; V: thyroid hormones, V: 34 116–117; VI: 120 toxicology overview, V: 30–31 See also Ca Mau peninsula; Con Thieu Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002, VI: province, Vietnam; Hanoi, Vietnam; Ho 2, 5–7, 11, 33–37, 43, 51, 55, 58–60, Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Khe Sanh- 66–73, 83–84, 88–92, 118, 121–126, Thonh Son Lam area; Mekong Delta; 129–130, 135; VII: 2, 580–581 Rung Sat Special Zone; Vietnamese health outcomes conclusions, VI: 11–18; Vietnam Experience Study (VES), III: 26, 240, VII: 19–20, 487, 580–581 512; VI: 139, 186; VII: 651 toxicology overviews, VI: 33, 37 birth defects in offspring, II: 288, 289, 290; III: 436, 438, 439, 445

INDEX 867 cancer mortality in, I: 444–445 autoimmune disease in, I: 698, 699 childhood cancer in, I: 629; II: 300 basal/squamous cell skin cancer in, III: 323; chloracne in, I: 677 IV: 309–310; V: 298, 300; VI: 265; VII: circulatory disorders in, I: 702 369–370 exposure assessment use, II: 101; III: 146 birth defects in children of, I: 609–615, hepatobiliary cancers, II: 185; III: 283 618; II: 288–296, 298, 300; III: 435, Hodgkin’s disease in, I: 556 436, 437–438; IV: 7, 402; V: 402–403; immune system disorders in, I: 696 VI: 365; VII: 539–541, 543 infertility in, II: 280 bladder cancer in, I: 517; II: 223–224; III: liver cancer in, I: 455 349, 351; IV: 7, 342; V: 332, 333; VI: low birthweight outcomes in, I: 626 292; VII: 411–413 lung cancer in, I: 469 bone/joint cancer in, I: 473, 474–475; II: methodology, I: 57–58, 281, 284, 389–391 204; III: 303, 305; IV: 7, 289; V: 281; multiple myeloma, II: 244 VI: 245; VII: 344–345 neonatal death in, I: 622 brain tumors in, I: 522, 523, 525; III: neurologic/neuropsychiatric outcomes in, I: 358–359, 361; IV: 7, 352; V: 342, 343; 656 VI: 302; VII: 429–432 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in, I: 542–543 breast cancer in, II: 213, 217, 218; III: 326, origins, I: 50 328, 329; IV: 7, 316; V: 304, 309; VI: reproductive outcomes in, I: 601, 609, 270; VII: 376–377, 379 610–611, 626, 632 cancer expected incidence, I: 439–440, respiratory cancer in, II: 201 442, 446, 452, 461, 501, 505, 513, 522, respiratory disorders in, I: 710–711 526, 564; II: 176–177; III: 266–267, spina bifida in offspring, II: 9; IV: 8 430–431; IV: 249–250 Vietnam herbicides used by military, II: 26–27; cancer in children of, I: 629, 630–631; II: VI: 182–186 299; IV: 7, 420–422; V: 430–431; VII: Vietnam Veteran Agent Orange Health Study, 550–552 I: 741 cancer mortality, I: 444–445 Vietnam veterans, I: 1; II: 2; V: 20–21; VI: 2, 5, cancer studies, I: 391–393, 401, 402–403, 10, 491–493; VII: 148–149, 763–777 405, 436–438; II: 176–177; III: acute and subacute transient peripheral 266–267, 430–431; VII: 149 neuropathy, II: 313; III: 473; IV: 6, 459 cancers of the digestive organs, VII: 286 acute myelogenous leukemia, VII: 493–494 cancers of the eye and orbit, VII: 422–423 advocacy groups, I: 60–61 cardiovascular findings, VII: 148 Air Force research activities, II: 31–32; chloracne in, I: 677–679; II: 317, 318, 321; III: 28–29; IV: 13, 42–43, 150–156, III: 479–480; IV: 6, 135, 485; V: 479; 160–161 VI: 438 altered sperm parameters in, I: 632, 634; chronic lymphocytic leukemia, VII: 489 III: 445, 446, 450; IV: 7 chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy in, amyloidosis, IV: 7; V: 507; VI: 473 II: 311; IV: 7, 456 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, VI: 422 circulatory disorders in, I: 702–705; II: 336; Australian, I: 61, 91, 406, 418, 444, 470, III: 516–518; IV: 7, 508–509; VI: 471; 496–497, 546, 614–615, 633, 702, VII: 646–654, 666–669 710; II: 113, 149, 160, 202, 293; III: class action suit, I: 34–35 9, 216–217, 218, 237, 244–245, 273, cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders in, II: 285–286, 290, 294, 295, 298, 299, 303, 318; III: 469; IV: 7, 443; V: 449–451 310, 311, 314, 315, 327, 329, 339, 340, colon cancer in, V: 252; VII: 303–304 343, 346, 349, 353, 355, 359, 365, 380, colorectal cancer, VII: 309 389, 413, 424, 425, 469, 486, 489, 500, compensation for, I: 34–35, 47, 50–51, 506, 512–513, 517; IV: 9, 10, 159–160, 55–56; II: 28–29, 30–31; III: 26–27, 28 322–333, 402, 421–422; VI: 141; VII: congressional responses to concerns of, I: 775–777 46–52; II: 27–29; III: 25–28

868 INDEX defining, I: 78 255, 269, 275, 278, 283, 294–295, demographics, I: 79, 80–84 303–304, 309–310, 316, 322–323, 329, developmental toxicity, II: 72 336–337, 342, 347, 357–358, 366–367, diabetes mellitus in, I: 684, 685, 698; II: 373, 380, 402, 411, 420–422, 474, 330; III: 495, 497, 498, 500, 502; IV: 485–487, 494, 502–504, 508–509; V: 6, 485–487; V: 489–490, 491; VI: 177–193; VI: 132–133, 551–568; VII: 450–455; VII: 148–149, 626–630 240–247 disabilities discharges, I: 32 esophageal cancer, VII: 290 disease increased risk for, I: 14–15, 221, exposure assessment, I: 234–235; VI: 225–226, 247–248, 578; II: 14, 22–23, 17–18, 186–191 88, 89, 91, 218, 223, 251, 276, 298, federal government activities/research on 300–301, 314, 321, 323; III: 14–15, military use of herbicides, II: 27–32; III: 22–23, 124, 127–128, 329, 334, 343, 25–30 397, 430–431, 444, 462, 475–476, 491, female reproductive system cancers in, I: 503, 507–508, 525; IV: 12, 256, 270, 505, 511–512, 577; II: 211, 212; III: 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305–306, 311, 333; IV: 7, 322–323; V: 311, 312, 313, 318, 323–324, 332, 338, 343, 348, 353, 314–315; VI: 275 359, 367, 374, 381, 403, 407, 411–412, gastrointestinal disorders in, I: 691, 692; III: 413, 417, 426, 466, 468, 475, 489, 495, 512–513; IV: 502–504; V: 502; VI: 466 505, 510, 513; V: 246, 264, 268, 272, gastrointestinal tract cancers in, I: 446; II: 278, 282, 287, 295, 300, 309, 316, 324, 177, 180–181; IV: 7, 255; V: 245–246; 328, 333, 338, 343, 355, 361, 366, 372, VI: 220 376, 405, 409, 420–421, 422, 425, 432, genitourinary tract cancers in, I: 513, 518, 441, 472, 479, 480, 483, 485, 492, 498, 522; II: 223–224; III: 272–273, 275, 502, 506, 510, 518–519; VI: 221, 226, 277–278, 279, 281; IV: 7, 342 230, 234, 241, 245, 251, 261, 265, 270, health care of, II: 28, 29; III: 26, 27 275, 283, 284, 292, 296, 302, 312, 319, health concerns of, I: 1, 32–34, 46–47; II: 325, 333, 337, 341, 365, 372, 378, 379, 17–24, 26–27; III: 17–30 383, 398, 410, 420, 422, 429, 430–431, hepatic enzyme disorders in, I: 687 438, 440, 443, 448, 456, 463, 466, 471, hepatobiliary cancers in, I: 455, 457; II: 473, 478, 481 181, 185, 187; III: 283, 285–286, distribution by branch of service, I: 81 288; IV: 7, 269; V: 264; VI: 226; VII: endocrine cancers, VII: 437, 441–442 316–317 endometriosis in, VI: 478 herbicide exposure assessment issues, II: Environmental Protection Agency research 4–5, 14, 17–24, 26–27; III: 2, 5–6, 142, activities, II: 32; III: 29–30 143, 146–150; IV: 122–127; V: 28 epidemiologic studies, I: 50, 57–59, 62–63, herbicide exposure assessment strategies 384–418; II: 3, 6–7, 28, 113, 149–161; for, I: 270–284; II: 99–109; III: 144–145 III: 26, 206–217, 236–245, 272–273, Hodgkin’s disease in, I: 526, 554–556, 557; 275, 277–278, 279, 281, 283, 285–286, II: 235, 236; III: 372, 373, 376; IV: 6, 288, 290, 291, 294–295, 298, 301, 303, 366–367; V: 359–360, 361; VI: 319; 305, 309–310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, VII: 462–465 328, 333, 336, 338, 339, 340, 342, immune modulation in, I: 695–696, 699; 343–344, 345–346, 349, 351, 353, 355, III: 489, 491 358–359, 361, 363, 365, 370–371, 372, immune system disorders, VI: 448; VII: 619 373, 376, 380, 382, 385, 386, 389, 392, individual exposures, VI: 18 435, 436, 437–438, 445, 446, 450, 454, infertility, I: 632, 633, 634; II: 280; III: 445, 455, 456, 457, 459, 467, 468, 469, 470, 446, 450; IV: 7; VI: 372; VII: 521, 523 473, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485–486, 489, International Agency for Research on 491, 495, 497, 498, 500, 502, 505–506, Cancer research activities, III: 30 512–513, 516–518, 521; IV: 150–160, kidney cancer in, VI: 286; VII: 418–420

INDEX 869 laryngeal cancer in, III: 294–295; IV: 6, 9, outreach activities, II: 31; III: 28 (See 278; V: 272; VI: 234; VII: 328–329 also Air Force Health Study [AFHS]; latency relevance for assessing herbicides Compensation, veterans; Demographic effect on cancer risk in, II: 276; III: data, Vietnam veterans; Operation 12–13, 430–431 Ranch Hand; Risk assessment) legislation concerning herbicide exposure ovarian cancer, VII: 388 and health of, II: 28–29; III: 26–27 pancreatic cancer in, V: 258–259; VII: leukemia in, I: 13, 564, 570, 571–572; II: 321–324 245, 246; III: 385, 386, 389, 392; IV: 7, parkinsonism in, II: 309–310; VI: 420 380; V: 371; VI: 333, 337; VII: 482–484 perinatal deaths in offspring, II: 285; III: lip cancer, VII: 278 454, 455, 456; IV: 7; VI: 379 lipid abnormalities in, I: 689, 692; II: 333; peripheral nervous system disorders in, I: III: 505–506, 521; IV: 7, 494; VI: 463; 665, 666; II: 311, 313; III: 473, 475; IV: VII: 148, 635–637 6, 7, 456; VI: 429 liver toxicity in, II: 332; III: 512–513; IV: porphyria cutanea tarda in, I: 681, 682–683; 502–504; VII: 643 II: 321–322, 323; III: 481, 482; IV: 6, 8; low birthweight outcomes for, I: 626, 628; V: 480; VI: 440 III: 457, 459; IV: 7; V: 423–424, 425; prostate cancer in, I: 513, 518, 519, 522; VI: 383; VII: 534 II: 9, 217–218, 221, 223; III: 336, 338, lung cancer in, III: 298, 301; IV: 6, 283; V: 339, 340, 342; IV: 6, 8, 10, 329; V: 278; VI: 240; VII: 336–340 321, 322; VI: 281, 283; VII: 143, 148, melanoma in, III: 316, 317; IV: 303–304; V: 393–395, 399–401 288, 289, 292, 293–294; VI: 256–259; records-based exposure assessment, I: VII: 359–363 271–280; IV: 121–126 military experiences, I: 75, 82, 272, 286, records identification, II: 24–25 399 rectal cancer in, V: 256; VII: 307–308 mortality, VII: 149 renal cancers in, III: 352, 353, 355; IV: 7, motor/coordination dysfunction in, I: 347; VI: 296 659–660, 662; II: 309, 310; III: 469, reproductive outcomes, I: 405–406, 418, 470; IV: 7, 448 601–603, 609–615, 618, 620–622, 625; multiple myeloma in, I: 526, 562, 563; II: II: 71, 278, 300–301; III: 435, 436, 244; III: 380, 382; IV: 6, 10, 373; V: 437–438, 445, 446, 450, 454, 455, 456, 365; VI: 325; VII: 469–472 457, 459; IV: 7, 402; VI: 398 nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer in, I: 459, 460; research recommendations, II: 23–25; III: II: 189; III: 290, 291; IV: 7, 275; V: 23; V: 523–525 268; VI: 229–230; VII: 272–275 respiratory cancers in, I: 469–470, 472; II: National Personnel Records Center listing, 190, 201–202, 203; IV: 6, 283 I: 17 respiratory disorders in, I: 710–712, neural tube defects in offspring, numbers, 713–714; III: 485–486; IV: 7, 474; V: II: 297; IV: 7, 18, 404–405; V: 16 483; VI: 443; VII: 610–615 neurobehavioral disorders in, II: 305, 308, risk assessment for, I: 14–15, 221, 225–226, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314; III: 467, 468; 247–248, 578; II: 14, 22–23, 89, 91, IV: 457–459; V: 472; VI: 410 251, 276, 298, 300–301, 314, 321, neuropsychiatric outcomes, I: 653–656, 323, 349–357; III: 14–15, 22–23, 124, 658; II: 308; III: 469; IV: 443; VI: 127–128, 430–431; IV: 20, 105–108; V: 430–431 7, 9–10, 23; VI: 9–10, 221 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in, I: 526, serum testing, I: 20–21 541–548, 549; II: 234; III: 363, 365, skin cancer in, I: 501, 505; II: 209; III: 370–371; IV: 6, 357–358; V: 348–350, 312; IV: 7, 301; VI: 256–259, 265; VII: 354, 355; VI: 312; VII: 451–453, 456 359–363 number of, I: 3, 4, 74, 75–80

870 INDEX soft-tissue sarcoma in, I: 475, 492–498, herbicide environmental exposure, II: 500; II: 205, 208; III: 309–310; IV: 6, 144–145, 148, 287–288; III: 283; VII: 294–295; V: 286–287; VI: 251; VII: 236–237, 757–758 351–353 herbicide exposure assessment, I: 269, 370– South Koreans, I: 61–62; VI: 1, 6–7, 372; II: 4–5, 108–109; III: 156–157; IV: 188–189 116–117; V: 3, 229 spina bifida in offspring, II: 9–10, 296, herbicide exposure indices development, II: 298, 301; III: 7, 8, 9–10, 21, 24–25, 107–108 437–438; IV: 7, 10, 18, 402 reproductive outcomes, I: 599–601, spontaneous abortions in, I: 601–603, 605; 608–609; IV: 148–149 II: 283; IV: 7, 411; V: 420–421; VI: research recommendations, I: 731; V: 11, 378; VII: 528–529 526; VI: 10, 491–493; VII: 703 state-sponsored studies of, II: 152–153, scientists in, studies of Vietnamese veterans, 158–159, 161, 202, 292; III: 213–215, III: 245; VI: 493 243–244; IV: 158–159 Vietnamese Veterans, IV: 160; VII: 186 stomach cancer in, V: 249; VII: 295–298 Viral infection suicide incidence, I: 655–656 immune system response, I: 692–693 testicular cancer in, II: 153; III: 343–344, TCDD-enhanced susceptibility, I: 149 345–346; IV: 7, 336–337; V: 326–327; teratogenic potential, I: 607 VI: 284; VII: 404–406 See also Immune system disorders thyroid homeostasis, VI: 481; VII: 683–684 Vitamin A, I: 174 tongue cancer, VII: 280 VLDL. See Very low density lipoprotein twin studies, I: 398–399, 406, 703, 711 receptors uterine cancer, VII: 386–387 Vietnamese veterans, Vietnamese studies of, III: 245 W women, I: 50, 83–84; II: 152–153, 180, 181, 190, 201, 204, 205, 209, 211, 212, WAIS. See Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales 213, 216–217, 218, 223, 226, 228, 229, Wales. See United Kingdom 231, 245, 278, 280; III: 326–329, 333, Walking abnormalities. See Motor/coordination 434–435; IV: 316 dysfunction Vietnam veterans’ exposure studies, II: 154, War Research Service, I: 25 156–157, 158–159; III: 206–209, 210– Washington, D.C., II: 343; III: 533; V: 5, 400 217, 275, 278, 279, 281, 283, 288, 291, Washington state, I: 336–338, 341, 487–488, 305, 310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, 328, 535; II: 149, 241; III: 229, 230, 232, 336, 342, 345–346, 351, 355, 370–371, 234; IV: 149, 215; V: 117; VI: 129, 133 376, 382, 437–438, 450, 454, 455, 456, Waste incineration workers, V: 6; VII: 226–227 459, 497, 521; IV: 150, 156–158, 262, Wasting syndrome, TCDD-induced, I: 162–166; 264, 272–273, 276–277; V: 118–127, II: 76–77; III: 80–83; IV: 25, 31, 57, 76; 232–235; VI: 134–142, 181–187 V: 56; VI: 67–68; VII: 88–89 Vietnam veterans’ increased disease risk, II: Weakness. See Motor/coordination dysfunction 22–23; III: 22–23 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS), I: Vietnam Veterans of America, I: 60 641; V: 450–451 Vietnamese Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), V: 450–451 birth defects and herbicide exposure, II: West Germany, II: 328–329; III: 223, 337, 379, 287–288; V: 394, 400 387, 483, 506, 511, 515 cancer in, II: 148; III: 283 West Virginia, I: 60, 404, 470, 496, 546, 621, epidemiologic studies, I: 599–601; II: 113, 662–663, 686, 689, 700; II: 202; III: 144–145, 148, 184, 287–288; III: 202, 243; IV: 364, 371; VII: 184 234, 283; V: 172–173 See also Nitro, West Virginia Western Europe, II: 268; III: 510

INDEX 871 WHO. See World Health Organization mortality studies, I: 394–395, 470, 545; II: Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT), V: 152–153, 180, 201 450–452 reproductive outcomes, III: 434–435; IV: Wilm’s tumor, I: 594; V: 334; VI: 292 399–400; V: 5 See also Children, cancer in; Kidney cancer reproductive system cancers in, II: 211, Wisconsin, I: 37, 60, 336, 404–405, 445, 455, 212; III: 333; IV: 320–326; V: 314–316 470, 496, 517, 523, 534, 546, 556, 560, research recommendations, I: 728 702, 710; II: 185, 202, 226, 229, 239, spontaneous abortions, VII: 528–529 241; III: 229, 243, 283, 313, 348; IV: statistics, I: 83–84 259, 262, 264, 267, 272, 291, 299, 301, See also Reproductive system cancers, 335, 339, 345, 350, 355, 361, 363–364, women 371, 375; VII: 184, 652 Women Veterans Health Programs Act of 1992. WMS. See Wechsler Memory Scale See Public Law 102-585 Women. See Breast cancer; Cervical cancers; World Health Organization (WHO), II: 282; III: Demographic data, Vietnam veterans; 30, 454, 492; IV: 413, 415; V: 372, 422; Gender; Ovarian cancer; Reproductive VI: 37, 334, 379 disorders; Reproductive system cancers, TEF factors, V: 26–27 women; Uterine cancer World War II, I: 25, 32, 82; II: 150, 268; III: Women veterans, I: 79; II: 30 237, 420; VI: 135 breast cancer estimated risk, II: 218; III: WRAT. See Wide Range Achievement Test 329; IV: 318; V: 301 breast cancer expected incidence, I: 440, 461, 501, 505, 513, 522, 526, 564; II: X 213; IV: 314; V: 301 Xenobiotic responsive elements (XREs), II: 56, breast cancer in, II: 213, 216–217; III: 322, 57, 58, 71; III: 66, 67, 104 324–328, 329; IV: 314–320; V: 300–301 circulatory disease in, I: 702 epidemiologic studies, I: 50, 81; II: 28, 152–153, 180, 181, 190, 201, 204, 205, Y 209, 211, 212, 213–217, 218, 219–223, Yorkshire, England, III: 234; IV: 149; V: 117 226, 228, 229, 231, 245, 278, 280; III: 324–328, 333; IV: 314–320

Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006 Get This Book
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From 1962 to 1971, the U.S. military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of U.S. base camps and outlying fire-support bases.

In response to concerns and continuing uncertainty about the long-term health effects of the sprayed herbicides on Vietnam veterans, Veterans and Agent Orange provides a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange and other herbicides used in Vietnam. The 2006 report is the seventh volume in this series of biennial updates. It will be of interest to policy makers and physicians in the federal government, veterans and their families, veterans' organizations, researchers, and health professionals.

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