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Appendix C
Glossary
Special Terms
Albedo-Reflectivity of clouds, land, ocean, ice, or snow surfaces to
incident solar radiation.
Antarctic ozone hole A substantial reduction below the naturally
occurring concentration of ozone over Antarctica.
Catalytic cycle Refers, in these proceedings, to a cycle of chemical
reactions, involving several chemical compounds, that results in
the destruction of ozone molecules by ionized chlorine atoms.
Climate mode!-A numerical simulation of the climate system. CTi-
mate models are of two basic types: (1) static, in which atmo-
spheric motions are neglected or are represented with a simple
parameterization scheme such as diffusion, and (2) dynamic, in
which atmospheric motions are explicitly represented with equa-
tions. The latter category includes general circulation models
(GCMs).
Dobson unit A measure of total column atmospheric ozone. If
brought to 1 atmosphere (1013.2 mb) of atmospheric pressure,
100 DU of pure ozone would measure 1 mm thick. Normal total
column atmospheric ozone averages about 300 DU.
113
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114
APPENDIX
End ejects In the analysis of a time-series of observations, refers to
the increased uncertainty in estimating trends near the beginning
and end of a series record.
Feedback-In climate studies, the amplification (positive feedback)
or dampening (negative feedback) of climate change by climatic
processes that are a consequence of the change.
Greenhouse gases Trace gases in the atmosphere that are strongly
absorbent in parts of the infrared wavelength spectrum. These
include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and some of the
chIorofluorocarbons.
Heterogeneous chemistry-A category of chemical reactions that in-
volve both gaseous and liquid ingredients.
Ice core data Paleoclimatic temperature data deduced from chem-
ical composition, and its variations with time, of ice samples
obtained by vertical drilling in glaciers.
Lidar-Light detection and ranging system. An instrument that uses
infrared or visible light in the form of a laser beam to measure
wind speed and direction from the movement of wind-borne
aerosols.
Mean life Time required for concentrations to diminish to 1/e of
the original value.
Microwave sounder unit A satellite-based remote sensor capable of
measuring temperature in the lower stratosphere under certain
conditions.
Mode} physics In climate models, the representation of physical
processes, especially atmospheric radiative balance and heat ex-
change processes between, for example, atmosphere and ocean
and atmosphere and ice.
Montreal Protocol-An international agreement to limit and eventu-
ally reduce the amount of chIorofluorocarbons injected into the
atmosphere. Terms of the agreement reached in Montreal on
September 16, 1987, are summarized in Chapter 3.
Ozone self-healing-Refers to the hypothesis that a reduction of
ozone in the higher stratosphere would allow more ultraviolet
radiation to penetrate to the lower stratosphere and create more
ozone there, thus limiting total column ozone depletion.
Ozonesondes ---(a) Instruments that measure the vertical profile of
ozone concentration in the atmosphere; (b) vertical profiles of
atmospheric ozone concentration.
Pa~ameterization In numerical models of the climate system, the
representation of a physical process by statistical or empirical
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APPENDIX a
115
relationships rather than by equations that explicitly describe
the physical process.
Polar vortex In the stratosphere, a strong belt of winds that encir-
cles the South Pole at mean latitudes of approximately 60°S to
70°S. A weaker and considerably more variable belt of strato-
spheric winds also encircles the North Pole at high latitudes
during the colder months of the year.
Radiosondc- Instrument system carried aloft into the atmosphere
by balloon; it measures atmospheric pressure, temperature, and
humidity, and relays this information to a receiver at the launch
site.
Solar maximum The time of maximum sunspot activity during the
solar cycle of approximately 11 years. The last solar maximum
occurred in 197~1980.
Solar minimum The time of minimum sunspot activity during the
solar cycle. The last solar minimum occurred in 198~1986.
Stratosphere Portion of the atmosphere between the tropopause
(at 8- to lam elevation, depending on latitude and season) and
the stratopause (approximately 50 km).
Umkehr network-A network of ground-based Dobson instruments
that measure ozone concentrations in atmospheric layers.
Abbreviation
AER
CFC
Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc.
ChIorofluorocarbon. The primary CFCs affecting ozone
concentrations are CFC-ll (trichIorofluoromethane) and
CFC-12 (dichiorodifluoromethane).
CFM ChIorofluoromethane-type compound. See CFC.
CGC Committee on Global Change.
DU Dobson unit (see special terms).
ECMWF European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
EOS Earth observing system.
GAGE Global Atmospheric Gas Experiment.
GCM General circulation mode! (see climate model).
GFDL Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA.
IGBP International Geosphere-Biosphere Program.
IGY International Geophysical Year.
JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
mb Millibar (of atmospheric pressure). One mb equals 1,000
dyne/cm2 or 100 Pa.
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l
116
NASA
NCAR
NMC
NOAA
NSF
PSCs
QBO
SBUV
TOMS
TOYS
UV
WMO
APPENDIX C
National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
National Center for Atmospheric Research.
National Meteorological Center, NOAA.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
National Science Foundation.
Polar stratospheric clouds. These ic~crystalline clouds
have been observed in polar regions in winter and spring.
Quasi-biennial oscillation. An approximately Month
periodic reversal of equatorial stratospheric winds between
easterly and westerly direction.
SAGE Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE T and
Il). Refers to experimental remote-sensing instruments
aboard satellite platforms.
Solar back~catter ultraviolet (satellite instrument).
Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer. A remote sensor
mounted on the NIMBUS-7 satellite that measures total
column ozone.
TIROS operational vertical sounder.
Ultraviolet (wavelength of electromagnetic radiation).
World Meteorological Organization.
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l
Index
A
Administrative issues, 5-6
Aerosols, 28, 32, 46, 87
Airborne Antarctic Ozone
Experiment, results, 64
Aircraft atmospheric measurements,
26-27, 83
chlorine monoxide, 58, 6~61
rocketsondes, 86
Albedo, 98, 100
Albritton, Daniel L., 10-18, 57
Altitudinal effects, 15, 16, 63, 70
Anderson, James G., 27, 30, 56-65
Angell, J. K., 89, 90
Antarctica, temperature trends,
90-96, 100
Antarctic ozone depletion, 19-32
Antarctic ozone hole, 10, 16, 72
analysis of, 19-32
causes, 25-32, 49-51, 59-64
Northern Hemisphere counterpart,
76-77
temperature changes due to, 91
Atmospheric and climatic models,
13, 16, 19
accuracy, 77
of circulation, 17, 101-102
117
ozone depletion, 41-43, 58-59,
68-70
stratospheric climate change, 66-78
em also Numerical analyses and
models; Prediction and
predictive models
Atmospheric and Environmental
Research, Inc., 68-69, 71
Atmospheric chemistry, 2
antarctic ozone hole, 25-30
chlorinated compounds and
11, 26, 27, 30, 34, 48-55
free radicals, 56-65; Cc also epecipc
free radicals
heterogeneous chemistry of ozone
depletion, 48-55
hydroxyl levels, predictive models,
83
stratosphere, homogeneous
gas-phase catalysis in, 56-59
64-65
ultraviolet radiation and ozone
creation, 39-40
Atmospheric circulation
antarctic ozone hole, 25, 28, 29, 30
gravity waves, 77, 78
models of, 17, 101-102
Northern Hemisphere, 76
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118
quasi-biennial oscillation, 4041,
46, 87
stratosphere, 12, 13, 15, 57, 70, 72,
73
troposphere, 70, 73
Atmospheric free radicals, 5~65
Atmospheric methane, 79-84
Atmospheric moisture, 54-55
heterogeneous chemistry, 48-55
ice crystals, 30, 32, 49-52, 53-55
stratospheric, 31, 4050, 67, 75, 76,
98, 101
stratospheric water vapor, 67, 73
Atmo~pAcmc Ozom 1985, 38, 67-68
Atmospheric pressure, related to
temperature, 92
Atmospheric temperature, 2, 28, 57,
63, 64~5
ice crystallization and, 31, 32
measurement issues, 86-87
methane and global warming, 81
Northern Hemisphere, 89
pressure, atmospheric, and, 92
seasonal variations, 87, 90-91, 99,
100
Southern Hemisphere, 89
stratospheric cooling, 1, 12, 15, 25,
67, 68, 6071, 76, 78, 85-96, 98,
99
tropospheric warming, 1, 13, 15,
55, 68, 72-75, 76, 89, 98, 99
volcanic eruptions and dust, effects,
32, 54-55, 87, 89, 90
Cc alto Greenhouse gas effect
B
Balloon atmospheric measurements,
58-59
osonesondes, 22-23
radiosondes, 86, 90
Board on Atmospheric Sciences and
Climate, 8
Boreal regions, methane outgassing,
83
Bromine oxides, atmospheric
concentrations, 27, 29, 30, 59,
63
INDEX
C
Carbon dioxide, 70
and chlorine compounds, 12-13, 15,
55
measurement of, 5
stratospheric, 68, 99
tropospheric, 99, 100
Carbon monoxide, 83
Catalytic cycle, 11 , 56-59, 63
CFCs, sec Chlorine compounds
Chemical Manufacturers
Association, 26
Chlorine compounds, in atmosphere,
33-38
and greenhouse gas effect, 17, 66
heterogeneous chemistry of ozone
depletion, 32, 48-55
mean life in atmosphere, 34, 36
Mordrcal Protocol, 1017, 19, 31,
36-37
Northern versus Southern
Hemisphere levels, 33-34, 36
in ozone layer, 1, 11-17, 24, 25-26,
27-30, 36-38, 48-55
in stratosphere, 36, 48-55, 56-59,
61~4, 67, 68
Chlorine monoxide, 56-58, 59, 60-65
Chlorine nitrate, 48-54, 57, 67
Clark, William C., 4-9
Climatic models, ace Atmospheric
and climatic models; Numerical
analyses and models; Prediction
and predictive models
Climatic trends, sec Greenhouse gas
effects; Paleoclimatology
Clouds
ice clouds in stratosphere, 67
stratospheric, 31, 49-50, 67, 75, 76,
98, 101
Committee on Global Change, 8, 9
Condensed-phase chemistry, ace
Heterogeneous chemistry
Convection, 101
D
Dichlorodi~uoromethane, 33-35
Dickinson, Robert E., 98-102
Dobson spectrometry and
spectrophotometry, 14, 38, 41,
43, 46
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INDE}f
E
Barth System Scicnec, A Flour View, 7
El Chichon, 89, 90
El Nina, 90
Environmental Protection Agency,
17
Equatorial zone, 90
tropopause, 73
winds, quasi-biennial oscillation,
40-41,46, 87
F
Free radicals, 56-65
8CC ~80 epecipc Cc radices
G
Gas-phase catalysis, in stratosphere,
56-59,64-65
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
Laboratory, 70,76
Glacial processes, 80, 81
Global atmospheric change, 4-9
Global Atmospheric Gas Experiment
(GAGE), 33,35
Global Ozone Research and
Monitoring Project, 16
Global trends
atmospheric, 4-9
ozone depletion, 10-17,33-46,
66-78
temperature, 85-96
Gravity waves, 77, 78
Greenhouse gas effect, 1-2
chlorofluorocarbons, role in, 17,66
methane and, 81-82
numerical models, predictive,
98-102
stratospheric change projections
due to, 66-78
Greenland, 79
Ground-based atmospheric
measurements, 14,26,64
Global Atmospheric Gas
Experiment, 33,35
of ozone levels, 38-41
of temperature, 89
Umkehr network, 14,46,67
119
H
Halocarbons, 1, 28-29,33-46
Halocarbons and ozone depletion,
33-47
Hansen, J., 89, Too
Harriss, Robert C., 79-84
Heterogeneous chemical processes,
48-55
Heterogeneous chemistry, and ozone
depletion, 32,48-55,56, 76
History, of atmospheric research
efforts, 4-7
Hydrogen chloride, 48-54
Hydroxyl, 57-59,81,83
Hypochlorous acid, 53
I
Ice
albedo and, 100
land and sea, and greenhouse
effect, 99, 100, 101
Ice core data
Antarctica, 79
Greenland, 79
methane sampling, 79, 80,83
Ice crystals, atmospheric, 30,32,
49-52,53-55,61
International agreements and
programs, 4-5,6
Monarch Protocol, 1 0- 17,1 g ,31,
36-37
temperature and pressure
measurement calibration, 86
International Council of Scientific
Unions, 6
International Geophysical Year, 4-5,
14
International Geosphere-Biosphere
Program, 6-7
K
Karoly, D. J., 89
L
Labitzke, K., 89, 90
Land ice, 99
Latitudinal effects, 13-14, 15, 16, 63,
70,71
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120
Lebedeff, S., 89
Lidar, 27
Lower atmosphere, 8CC Troposphere
M
Mahlman, Jerry, D., 66-78
Manabe, S., 99, 100
Mathematical models, Cc Numerical
analyses and models
Measurements and measuring
devices
antarctic ozone hole processes,
26-30
balloon atmospheric measurements.
58-59, 86, 90
calibration problems and
measurement error, 14, 41, 43,
45, 86-87
carbon dioxide, 5
chlorine compounds, 33-38, 58
free radicals, 56-65
methane, 83
ozone, 11-12,13,14-16, 2~25,
- 38-46
ozonesondes, 22-23
remote sensing, 26, 79
satellites, 14, 22, 25, 43, 46, 67, 83,
86, 88
temperature instruments and data.
86-96
Cc also Aircraft atmospheric
measurements; Ground-based
atmospheric measurements
Meehl, G. A., 100
Methane, 29, 30, 73
chlorine compounds and, 12-13, 15,
55, 56-57
dichlorodilluoromethane and
trichlorolluoromethane levels,
33-35
as greenhouse gas, 66
outgassing, historical trends and
temperature sensitivity, 79-83
Microwave sounding, 90
Models, sec Atmospheric and
climatic models; Numerical
analyses and models; Prediction
and predictive models
Molina, Mario J., 48-55, 56
INDEX
Montreal Protocol on Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1~17
antarctic ozone hole, 1Q
effectiveness, 31, 36-37
scheduling of enforcement and
review, 15-16
N
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, 7, 25-26, 38,
67-68
National Center for Atmospheric
Research, 76
National Climate Program Office, 8
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 25-26
National Research Council, 8
National Science Foundation, 26
Nitrogen compounds, 26, 27-28
in polar vortex, 29, 30
stratospheric, 48-49, 52-54, 57, 59,
64-65, 67
tropospheric, 66-67
Northern Hemisphere
chlorine compound levels in
atmosphere, 33-34, 36, 63,
dynamics of atmosphere, 75-76
nitrogen system stability, 65
ozone levels, 25, 38-39, 43
polar ozone hole, 7~77
temperature trends, 90, 96, 101
Numerical analyses and models, 34,
41-45, 70
general circulation models, 101-102
of greenhouse gas effect, 98-102
Numerical models, 98-102
o
Ocean currents, El Nina, 90
Oceans, ecc Sea ice
Organizational issues, 7-8
Ozone depletion, 1-2, 67, 68-69
chlorine compounds and, 56, 62-63,
66
halocarbons and, 33-46
heterogeneous chemical processes,
32, 48-5S, 56, 76
measurement of, 38-46, 58-59, 64
and Montreal Protocol, 1~17, 19, 31,
36-37
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INDEX
Southern Hemisphere levels, 20-21,
22-25, 43, 74-75
temperature changes and, 85, 91,
96
Cc also Antarctic ozone hole
Ozone self-healing, 39-40, 68
Ozone Trends Panel, findings, 41,
46, 90
Ozonesondes, 22-23
p
Paleoclimatology, sec Ice core data
Permafrost, 81, 99, 101
Pickering, S., 49
Planetary waves, 76
Plankton, 31
Polar regions, 64, 89-90
Greenhouse gas effect, numerical
models, 98-102
methane in polar ice cores, 79-81
Northern Hemisphere ozone hole,
76-77
stratospheric clouds, 31, 4050,
75-76
ace also Antarctica; Antarctic ozone
hole
Polar vortex, 29, 30
definition, 25, 31-32
stratospheric clouds, 75
trace gases, 29, 30, 60~2, 63-65
Policy development, 6, 8
ace also International agreements
and programs
Prediction and predictive models
of chlorine compounds in
atmosphere, 34, 3038, 58
Greenhouse gas effects and ozone
changes in stratosphere, 66-78,
Greenhouse gas ejects, numerical,
98-102
of hydroxyl levels in troposphere,
83
of ozone depletion, 13-15, 17, 58,
68-70
Q
Quasi-biennial oscillation, 40-41, 46,
87, 89
121
R
Radiosondes, 86, 90
Remote sensing, 26, 79
Research
history of, 4-7
methane, requirements, 82-83
requirements, 8-g
arc also Atmospheric and climatic
models; Measurements and
measuring devices; Numerical
analyses and models; Prediction
and predictive models
Rocketsondes, 86
Rowland, F. Sherwood, 33-47, 56
S
Salinger, M. J., 89
Satellite measurements, 14, 22, 25,
43, 46, 67, 83, 86, 88
Sea ice, 99, 100, 101
Seasonal variations, 33, 38-39, 41-43
Northern Hemisphere, 63-64, 75
temperature and, 87, 9~91, 99,
100
Cc also Antarctic ozone hole
Solar back~catter ultraviolet satellite
instrument, 14
Solar-terre~trial interactions, 14, 25,
38-40, 41, 46, 67, 87, 96, 100
Cc also Ultraviolet radiation
Solomon, Susan, 26, 27
Southern Hemisphere
chlorine compound levels in
atmosphere, 33-34
dynamics of atmosphere, 75-76
nitrogen system stability, 65
ozone levels, 20-21, 22-25, 43,
74-75
temperature trends, 89, 90, 96
ace also Antarctica; Antarctic ozone
hole
Spectrometry, 14, 22, 25, 38, 41, 83
Statistical analyses, 41-45
least squares regression and linear
trends, 87-88
Stouffer, R. J., 99, 100
Stoppani, Antonio, 4
Stratosphere
chlorine compound levels, 36,
37-38, 48-51, 66-58, 59, 61-64
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122
chlorine nitrate stability, 48-49
circulation within, 12, 13
clouds in, 31,49-50,67,75, 76,98,
101
cooling of, 1, 12, 15, 25, 67,68,
69-71,76,78, 85-96,98,99
greenhouse gas effects and ozone
depletion, models, 66-78,
98-102
homogeneous gas-phase catalysis
in, 56-59
ice crystals and clouds, 32,43,
49-50,61
moisture in, 67, 73
nitrogen in, 48-49,52-54,57,59,
64-65,67
ozone levels, 39-41,46,67-68
ace also Antarctic ozone hole; Ozone
depletion; Ozone self-healing;
Polar vortex
Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas
Experiment, 46
Statospheric greenhouse projections,
66-78
Stratospheric ozone depletion, 10-18
Sulfur compounds, 32, 49,54-55
Sun, Cc Solar-terrestrial interactions
Surface temperature, 12,15,55,87,
88-89, 96
Greenhouse gas effect, 85, 99-100
T
Temperature, global trends, 85-96
arc also Atmospheric temperature;
Surface temperature
Time series analyses, 89, 90
Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer,
22, 25
Trace gases, 25, 29
in polar vortex, 29, 30, 6~62,
63-65
and temperature change, 85
INDEX
8CC ~80 Free radicals; and apecipc
trace gases
Trenberth, Kenvin E., 85-96
Trichlorolluoromethane, 33-35
Troposphere, 70
dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12)
and trichlorofluoromethane
(CFC-11) levels, 33-35
greenhouse gases in, 66, 98, 99
nitrogen in, 66-67
ozone levels, 46
trace gases, 29
warming, 1, 13, 15, 55, 68, 72-75,
76, 89, 98, 99
Tang, K. K., 29, 30
U
Ultraviolet radiation, 11-12, 15, 87
and antarctic ozone hole, 22, 24, 31
and heterogeneous chemistry of
atmosphere, 53
and ozone levels, 39-40, 68
solar backscatter ultraviolet
satellite instrument, 14
Umkehr network, 14, 46, 67
Upper atmosphere, arc Stratosphere
V
Vernadaky, Vladimir, 4, 5
Volcanic eruptions and dust, 32,
54-55, 87, 89, 90
W
Washington, W. M., 100
Watson, Robert T., 19-32
Wetlands, 79, 81, 83
Wind, 76
quasi-biennial oscillation, 40-41,
46, 87
World Meteorological Organization,
16
Representative terms from entire chapter:
ozone hole
