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PAPERBACK price:$37.95 add to cart Rights & Permissions Free PDF Access Sign in to download PDF book and chapters Free Resources PDF SUMMARY PDF Report Brief PODCAST: Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals [9] mB Display this book on your site! Related Titles Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals Definition of Pain and Distress and Reporting Requirements for Laboratory Animals: Proceedings of the Workshop Held June 22, 2000 Other Related Titles Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals (2008) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) Citation Manager Export the bibliographic data for this book in your chosen format Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Citation Manager . "Index." Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2008. Please select a format: Page 117   E-mail Share on facebook Facebook Share on delicious Delicious Share on stumbleupon Stumble Share on twitter Twitter More Sharing ServicesMore The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Index A Abnormal behavior. See also specific behaviors arousal reduction hypothesis, 35 clinical signs of distress, 34-35, 103 examples, 32-33 habit hypothesis, 35 observation strategies, 33, 89-90 recognizing, 4, 11, 19, 33-36 research on, 4, 6, 36, 88 as signs of distress, 3, 4, 16, 19, 35, 103 as signs of stress, 2, 3-4, 14, 16, 36 species-specific, 103 stimulation hypothesis, 35 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 29n.1, 36-37 Age, and distress response, 3, 4, 6, 25, 27, 33, 34, 35, 41, 43, 88, 95-96, 105 Aggression, 3, 4, 16, 26, 28, 30, 68-69, 96, 97, 99, 103, 104, 107, 108, 110, 112 Alleviating distress. See also Euthanasia decision and response algorithm, 43, 75, 76 experimental design and, 70-71 recommendations, 6 removal of animal from study, 5, 19, 43, 75 team approach, 75-78 treatment modalities, 66, 75-77 American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 8, 92 American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, 8, 92 Analgesics, 70, 75 Animal training, 6, 75, 76, 90 Animal welfare defining, 17-21 descriptors, 18-19 distress and, 17-21, 33, 88 historical and cultural context, 1, 17-19 institutional support, 7, 91 Animal Welfare Act, 1, 10, 13 Animal Welfare Institute, 7, 8, 91, 92 Anthropocentrism, 90 Anthropomorphism, 20, 90 Anxiety-related behavior, 21, 28, 30, 66-67, 79 Anxiolytics, 66, 75, 77 Arousal reduction hypothesis, 35 Assessment of stress and distress behavioral, 19, 26, 95-100 considerations in, 4, 18 defining distress and, 3, 18, 88 experimental design and, 4, 43 information resources, 100-101 physiological measures, 19-20 process, 43-44, 106-108 sampling procedures, 36, 37-38, 39, 60 team approach, 4, 42, 43, 44 tools for, 88, 95-112 Page 117 Front Matter (R1-R14) Summary (1-8) 1 Introduction (9-12) 2 Stress and Distress: Definitions (13-24) 3 Recognition and Assessment of Stress and Distress (25-62) 4 Avoiding, Minimizing, and Alleviating Distress (63-86) 5 Topics for Further Investigation and Recommendations (87-94) Appendix: Tools to Monitor and Assess Health Status and Well-Being in Stress and Distress (95-112) About the Authors (113-116) Index (117-122)

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Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals Index A Abnormal behavior. See also specific behaviors arousal reduction hypothesis, 35 clinical signs of distress, 34-35, 103 examples, 32-33 habit hypothesis, 35 observation strategies, 33, 89-90 recognizing, 4, 11, 19, 33-36 research on, 4, 6, 36, 88 as signs of distress, 3, 4, 16, 19, 35, 103 as signs of stress, 2, 3-4, 14, 16, 36 species-specific, 103 stimulation hypothesis, 35 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 29n.1, 36-37 Age, and distress response, 3, 4, 6, 25, 27, 33, 34, 35, 41, 43, 88, 95-96, 105 Aggression, 3, 4, 16, 26, 28, 30, 68-69, 96, 97, 99, 103, 104, 107, 108, 110, 112 Alleviating distress. See also Euthanasia decision and response algorithm, 43, 75, 76 experimental design and, 70-71 recommendations, 6 removal of animal from study, 5, 19, 43, 75 team approach, 75-78 treatment modalities, 66, 75-77 American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 8, 92 American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, 8, 92 Analgesics, 70, 75 Animal training, 6, 75, 76, 90 Animal welfare defining, 17-21 descriptors, 18-19 distress and, 17-21, 33, 88 historical and cultural context, 1, 17-19 institutional support, 7, 91 Animal Welfare Act, 1, 10, 13 Animal Welfare Institute, 7, 8, 91, 92 Anthropocentrism, 90 Anthropomorphism, 20, 90 Anxiety-related behavior, 21, 28, 30, 66-67, 79 Anxiolytics, 66, 75, 77 Arousal reduction hypothesis, 35 Assessment of stress and distress behavioral, 19, 26, 95-100 considerations in, 4, 18 defining distress and, 3, 18, 88 experimental design and, 4, 43 information resources, 100-101 physiological measures, 19-20 process, 43-44, 106-108 sampling procedures, 36, 37-38, 39, 60 team approach, 4, 42, 43, 44 tools for, 88, 95-112

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Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International, 1, 10 Autism, 35 Autonomic nervous system, 4, 28, 39, 40, 41 Avoidance/escape behavior, 20, 36, 96, 99, 105, 107 Avoiding/minimizing distress in animal care, 5, 64-70 in animal use, 5, 70-75 in clinical sampling procedures, 36, 37-38, 39, 43, 70-71 enrichment, 5, 6, 7, 11, 19, 31, 32-33, 35, 63, 64, 66-67, 69, 75, 77, 90, 91, 96 in experimental design, 5, 6, 11-12, 22, 63, 70-74, 90 housing, 11, 18, 19, 43, 63, 65-66, 90 humane endpoints, 5, 11-12, 34, 63, 71, 88, 111 husbandry, 5, 6, 18, 19, 63, 64, 68, 69-70, 75, 90 interference with research aims, 63, 64, 67 minimally or noninvasive technologies, 5, 39, 74-75 pilot studies, 5, 67, 72 regulatory requirements, 1, 2, 5, 9-11, 12, 75, 77 research, 64 sample size determination, 63, 72-74 socialization, 5, 11, 19, 63, 68-69, 90 statistical analyses and, 5, 7, 12, 63, 72-74, 91 team approach, 5, 63 Three Rs, 5, 6, 63, 64, 89, 90 B Bar chewing, 31, 32 Bar circling, 31 Barbering, excessive, 32 Behavior. See Abnormal behavior; Normal behavior; specific behaviors assessment, 20 phenotyping, 104-105 Brain function, 19 n.4, 21, 29, 31-32, 41 physiological response to stress, 39-40, 41, 87 size and structure, 28, 52 Brambell Committee, 18 Buprenorphine, 77 C Cage cleaning, 69 Caloric restriction protocols, 34-35 Cardiovascular disease models, 75 Cats, 68, 102, 103 Chlorpromazine, 77 Coat/hair/fur appearance, 4, 27, 28, 34, 105, 107, 109 sampling, 37, 38, 56, 70, 71 Cognitive deficits, 21, 27, 28, 52 Colitis, 39, 61 Clinical signs of distress. See also Physiology alleviating, 77 assessment tools, 102, 104 behavioral, 32-33, 34-35 identifying and interpreting, 43, 87-88, 95, 104 sampling procedures, 36, 37-38, 39, 43, 70-71 species-specific, 102 subclinical, 3, 16 Coprophagy, 32 Corticosteroid-binding globulin, 27 Corticosterone, 27, 37 Corticotrophin-releasing hormone, 29, 36, 37, 39, 40 Cortisol, 4, 29 n.1, 37, 38, 70-71 Cross fostering, 29-30 canaries, 30 finches, 30 goats, 30 mice, 30 rats, 30 Cytokines, 42 D Decision and response algorithm, 43, 75, 76, 101 Defensive behavior, 36, 41, 99 Definitions animal welfare, 17-21 and assessment of distress, 3, 18, 88 distress, 1, 3, 10, 11, 13-14, 15-17, 22, 88

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Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals stress, 2, 3, 11, 14-15, 22 suffer/suffering, 18 well-being, 3 Dendritic anatomy, 32 Depression, 16, 18, 21, 27, 28, 79 Distress. See also Assessment of stress and distress; Avoiding/minimizing distress; Clinical signs of distress acute, 14, 34, 95 and animal welfare, 17-21, 22, 88 behavioral signs, 3, 4, 16, 19, 35, 103 chronic, 16 defining, 1, 3, 10, 11, 13-14, 15-17, 22, 88 development of, 14 in natural settings, 25 pharmacological treatment, 77 predictors of, 88 research implications, 19, 21-22, 63, 65, 67, 88 transition to, 3, 15-17, 20 DNA methylation, 30 Dogs, 31, 32, 66, 68, 69, 100, 102, 103 Dopamine, 32 E Endocrinological changes, 28-29, 34, 36-38 Endpoints determining/establishing, 72, 88, 111 enrichment strategies and, 88 humane, 2, 5, 6, 10, 11-12, 34, 63, 71, 88, 111 Enrichment activities, 5, 6, 7, 11, 19, 31, 32-33, 35, 63, 64, 66-67, 69, 75, 77, 88, 90, 91, 96 Ethograms, 26, 52, 95-100 European Union, Directive on the Protection of Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes, 13-14 Euthanasia, 6, 43, 71, 74, 77, 78, 79, 88, 89 Experimental protocols and alleviating distress, 5 and assessment of distress, 4, 43 avoiding/minimizing distress through, 5, 6, 11-12, 22, 63, 70-74, 90 caloric restriction, 34-35 control groups, 74, 89 effect of distress on, 19, 21-22, 63, 65, 67, 88 humans as animal models, 89 performance standards, 4 pilot studies, 5, 72 repeated measures approach, 73 sample size determination, 22, 72-74, 90 sequential designs, 74 statistical analysis, 12, 70, 72-74, 89, 91 Exploratory behavior, 27, 28-29, 31, 37, 52, 76, 105 F Fear response, 18, 19, 28, 30, 40-41, 96, 99, 103, 104 Feeding and food-related behavior, 3, 16, 20, 33, 36, 68, 95, 96, 98 G Gastric ulcers, 16, 21, 39, 61 Gender, and distress response, 3, 4, 6, 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 36, 41, 43, 88, 95-96 Genetic variability and distress response, 3, 4, 6, 28-29 high-reactor monkeys, 28 rhesus monkeys, 28 Genetically engineered phenotypes, 28, 29, 31, 66-67, 88-89, 105 Genotyping, 70 Glucocorticoids, 2, 14-15, 16, 30, 36-38 Glucocorticosteroids, 36-38 Grooming behavior, 7, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 91, 96, 98, 99, 104, 105, 109, 112 Growth maternal environment and, 31 standardized curves, 25 stunted, 17 Growth hormone, 38, 58 Guinea pig, 102, 103 H Habit bypothesis, 35 Housing alleviating distress, 77-78 avoiding/minimizing distress, 11, 18, 19, 43, 63, 65-69, 90 and behavior, 26, 31-33, 35, 99 differential impacts, 3 same-sex groups, 31

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Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals Humane endpoints. See also Euthanasia and distress predictors, 88 and mice, 71, 111 avoiding/minimizing distress, 5, 11-12, 34, 63, 71, 88, 111 clinical signs, 34 determining/establishing, 71, 88, 111 primates, 34 statement of task, 2, 10 tiered scoring system, 111 Husbandry, 4, 11, 43 avoiding/minimizing distress, 5, 6, 18, 19, 63, 64, 68, 69-70, 75, 90 genetically manipulated animals, 89 prior to euthanasia, 77-78 research needs, 89-90 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 30 Hypertension, 3, 16-17 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, 16, 20-21, 27, 29 n.1, 31, 36-37, 38, 40, 68 I Immunological changes, 3, 4, 14, 16-17, 21, 31, 34, 37, 41-42, 67 Impulse control, impaired, 30 Inflammatory disease models, 75 Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees, 2, 5, 10, 12, 43, 63, 64, 75, 79, 89 Interleukin-1, 42 J Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, 8, 92 L Learning abilities, 28, 34, 43, 52, 53, 54, 70 Leukemia models, 71 Light conditions, 65, 78 Locomotor activity, 26, 27, 28, 31, 34, 35, 52 Luteinizing hormone, 38, 58 M Macaques, 30, 34, 68, 75, 96 Marmosets, 68, 96, 97-98, 100 Maternal behavior/environment, 25, 26, 29-31, 33, 37 α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone [α-MSH], 38, 58 Memory, 21, 28 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, 29 n.1 Mice behavioral assessment, 88-89, 104, 105-106 behavioral signs of distress, 26, 32, 66, 77, 103 clinical signs of distress, 102 collagen-induced arthritis model, 111 cross-fostered, 29-30 enrichment, 32, 66-67 housing, 31, 66, 68, 69 humane endpoints, 71, 111 Huntington’s disease model, 26, 31 husbandry, 89-90 hyperthermia model, 28 inbred strains, 15, 26, 28, 73, 104 intraspecies differences in response, 15, 26, 27, 28 normal behavior, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32 scoring sheets, 109-110, 111 socialization, 68, 69 transgenic and knockout models, 28, 29, 31, 66-67, 88-89, 105 tumor models, 74-75 Mouse Phenome Database, 15 n.1 N N-methyl D-aspartate-dependent long-term potentiation-like process, 40 National Center for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (UK), 7-8, 91-92 National Institutes of Health, 8, 91-92 Nest building, 31 Neuroendocrine stress resistance, 37 Neurological changes, 14, 34. See also Brain autonomic nervous system, 4, 28, 39, 40, 41, 60 neurotransmitters, 32, 39-41 Neuropeptide Y, 40

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Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals Neurotransmitters, 39-41 Noise stressors, 65-66, 78 Normal behavior age and, 4, 27, 34, 52, 95, 97 defined, 65 ethograms, 26, 52, 95-100 gender and, 4, 26, 27, 33, 34, 95 genetic variation, 4, 25, 26, 27, 28-29, 34, 52, 95 housing and, 26, 31-33 infant-related, 97 identifying, 4, 11, 25, 26-33, 43 physiological state and, 4, 26, 31, 33, 34 rearing and postnatal separation, 26, 29-31 tools for assessing, 96-112 transgenic and knockout models, 4, 25, 26, 29 O Oxytocin, 38, 58 P Pain, 21 addressed separately from distress, 1, 9, 10, 11 assessment, 102-104 chronic neuropathic, 38 clinical signs, 104 markers, 38 sensitivity, 18, 27, 28, 52 Peer rearing, 30-31 Pharmacological interventions, 66, 75, 77 Physiology. See also Brain; Clinical signs of distress; Neurological changes aging and, 27 and behavior, 4, 26, 27, 31, 33 endocrinological changes, 28-29, 34, 36-38 immunological changes, 3, 4, 14, 16-17, 21, 31, 34, 37, 41-42, 67 measures of stress and distress, 2, 3, 4, 16, 18, 19-21, 36-42, 56 subclinical changes, 16-17 telemetric monitoring, 39, 61 Pigs, 31, 66, 68 Pilot studies, 5, 67, 72 Play behavior, 27, 28, 97, 100 Postnatal separation. See Rearing Poultry, 66 Prepulse inhibition behavior, 31-32 Preventing distress. See Alleviating distress; Avoiding/minimizing distress Primate Enrichment Database, 7, 91 Primates, nonhuman. See also Macaques; Marmosets; Rhesus monkeys; Vervet monkeys alleviating distress in, 76, 77 enrichment, 31 ethograms, 100, 102-103 high-reactor monkeys, 28-29 humane endpoints, 34 normal vs. abnormal behavior, 25, 26, 28-29, 30-31, 32, 96, 112 pair testing record, 112 rearing environment, 30-31 sample collection methods, 70-71 Prolactin, 2, 4, 14, 38, 58-60 R Rabbits, 31, 66, 68, 96, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104 Rats clinical signs of distress, 102-103 cross-fostered, 29-30 habituation to test environment, 21 housing, 31, 32, 68 husbandry, 69 normal behavior, 27, 30, 31, 32 physiologic effects of stress, 27, 40, 41 shock stimuli response, 16, 40, 41 socialization, 68 Rearing and postnatal separation, 25, 29-31 Recognition of stress and distress behavioral correlates, 3-4, 11, 19, 26-36; see also Abnormal behavior; Normal behavior Recommendations, 6-8, 90-92 Regulatory requirements, 1, 2, 9-11, 75, 77 Regurgitation/rumination, 32 Research on distress. See also Experimental protocols avoiding/minimizing distress during, 5, 79 communication and collaboration in, 8, 92 directions for, 6, 87-90 funding, 7-8, 91-92

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Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals publication of, 7, 91 scope of this study, 1-2, 10-11 Restraint of animals, 15, 16, 19, 37, 38, 41-42, 69, 70, 108 Rhesus monkeys, 25, 28-29 n.1, 32, 75, 77, 96, 100 S S6 kinase gene, 29 Sample size determination, 22, 63, 64, 72-75, 90 Schizophrenia, 35 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 77 Self-injurious behavior, 4, 32, 35, 75, 77, 95 Sexual behavior, 15, 33, 36, 96, 98, 99 Shock stimuli response, 16, 40, 41 Social species, 18, 68 Social subordination, 16 Socialization, 5, 6, 11, 19, 28, 33, 42, 63, 68-69, 90 Statistical analyses, value in minimizing distress, 5, 7, 12, 63, 70, 72-74, 89, 91 Stereotypies, 4, 6, 21, 26, 32-33, 35, 77, 88, 95, 96, 105, 106, 107 Stimulation hypothesis, 35 Stress acute, 16, 41, 42, 67 assessment of, 4 behavioral signs, 2, 3-4, 14, 16, 36 chronic mild, 16, 21, 27, 41 definition, 2, 3, 11, 14-15, 22 gender differences, 27 interference in endpoints, 21 intraspecies differences, 15 physiological effects, 4, 14, 16, 36-42, 87 response, 2, 4, 13, 14-15, 16, 22, 29 sensitivity level, 29 transition to distress, 3, 15-17, 20 “useful” or “good,” 16, 22 Stressors defined, 2, 14 environmental, 65-66 eustress concept, 15 processive, 40 systemic, 40 Surrogate peer rearing, 30-31 Sympathoadrenomedullary system activity, 14, 20-21 T Team approach, 4, 5, 42, 43, 44, 63, 75, 101 Technological innovations, avoiding/minimizing distress through, 39, 74-75 Telemetric monitoring, 39, 61 Temperature conditions, 66, 77 Threat response, 33, 41, 96 Three Rs, 5, 6, 63, 64, 89, 90 Toxicology studies, 21, 67, 71, 72, 74, 106-110 Training/experience of personnel, 7, 72 Tricyclic antidepressants, 77 Tumor necrosis factor, 42 U United Kingdom, 7-8 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 8, 91-92 U.S. Government Principles, 9-10, 11, 13, 19-20 U.S. Public Health Service Policy for the Humane Care and Use of Animals, 1, 10 V Vervet monkeys, 77 Veterinarian’s Oath, 18 n.3 Vibration, 66 Visual acuity, 28, 52, 69 Vocalizations, 16, 31, 34, 96, 99, 104, 106 W Well-being and animal welfare, 7, 17, 21, 91 and distress, 14, 17 and stress, 2, 14-15, 17 assessment, 18, 95 definition, 3 in primates, 25 stereotypies, 21 Weight changes, 5, 7, 25, 26, 27, 34-35, 44, 76, 79, 91, 95, 105, 109, 110 Wisconsin National Primate Center, 112