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Biosocial Surveys
BIOSOCIAL SURVEYS
Committee on Advances in Collecting and Utilizing Biological Indicators and Genetic Information in Social Science Surveys
Maxine Weinstein, James W. Vaupel, and Kenneth W. Wachter, Editors
Committee on Population
Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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Biosocial Surveys
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Contract No. N01-4-OD-2139 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Institutes of Health and National Institute on Aging. Any opinions, findings, conclusion, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organization or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-10867-6 (Book)
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-10867-5 (Book)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-10868-3 (PDF)
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-10868-3 (PDF)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007939988
Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
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Copyright 2008 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Suggested citation: National Research Council. (2008). Biosocial Surveys. Committee on Advances in Collecting and Utilizing Biological Indicators and Genetic Information in Social Science Surveys. M. Weinstein, J.W. Vaupel, and K.W. Wachter, Eds. Committee on Population, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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COMMITTEE ON ADVANCES IN COLLECTING AND UTILIZING BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND GENETIC INFORMATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE SURVEYS
JAMES W. VAUPEL (Chair),
Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
KAARE CHRISTENSEN,
Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark
SUSAN HANKINSON,
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health
TERESA E. SEEMAN,
Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles
KENNETH W. WACHTER,
Department of Demography, University of California, Berkeley
KENNETH M. WEISS,
Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University
National Research Council Staff
BARNEY COHEN, Director,
Committee on Population
ANTHONY S. MANN, Program Associate
Consultant to the Committee
MAXINE WEINSTEIN,
Center for Population and Health, Georgetown University
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COMMITTEE ON POPULATION 2006-2007
KENNETH W. WACHTER (Chair),
Department of Demography, University of California, Berkeley
ANNE C. CASE,
Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University
EILEEN M. CRIMMINS,
Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California
BARBARA ENTWISLE,
Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina
JOSHUA R. GOLDSTEIN,
Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University
BARTHÉLÉMY KUATE-DEFO,
Department of Demography, University of Montreal
CYNTHIA B. LLOYD,
Policy Research Division, Population Council, New York
THOMAS W. MERRICK,
Center for Global Health, George Washington University
RUBÉN G. RUMBAUT,
Department of Sociology and Center for Research on Immigration, Population, and Public Policy, University of California, Irvine
ROBERT J. WILLIS,
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
BARNEY COHEN, Director
MONIQUE WILLIAMS, Program Officer
ANTHONY S. MANN, Program Associate
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Acknowledgments
The Committee on Population was established in 1983 by the National Research Council (NRC), under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, to bring population sciences to bear on issues affecting public policy. A dozen years ago, with sponsorship from the U.S. National Institute on Aging (NIA), the Committee embarked on a series of projects relating to the emerging field of biodemography. In 1997, the Committee on Population published Between Zeus and the Salmon: The Biodemography of Longevity, edited by K.W. Wachter and C.E. Finch. This pioneering volume brought together demographers, evolutionary theorists, genetic epidemiologists, anthropologists, and biologists, describing implications of their disciplines for understanding and foreseeing the trajectory of human longevity. With support from the U.S. National Institute on Child Health and Human Development, the Committee went on to explore biodemographic aspects of fertility and family formation in the 2003 volume Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective, edited by K.W. Wachter and R.A. Bulatao.
The call in the 1997 volume for more interdisciplinary work contributed to demand for collecting biological data in the context of large, population-based social and demographic surveys. Advances in biodemography would require data with better linkages between social and biological domains. Techniques under development made the collection of biological measurements and samples in nonclinical settings more feasible. With renewed support from the NIA, the Committee on Population held workshops that led in 2001 to the volume, Cells and Surveys: Should
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Biological Measures Be Included in Social Science Research?, edited by C.E. Finch, J.W. Vaupel, and K. Kinsella.
The volume is a sequel to Cells and Surveys. It takes stock of the rapid advances made in the field since 2001. The volume is based on a workshop that was held at the National Research Council’s Keck Center in Washington, D.C., in June 2006. In the forefront is the question, what has been learned so far from the inclusion of biological indicators in social surveys? What changes in perspective are emerging from the interdisciplinary communication associated with the enterprise? What biological and genetic data promise to be most useful? How can better models integrate biological information with social, behavioral, and demographic information?
The chapters of this volume were enriched by free-flowing discussion and debate at the workshop. In response to suggestions, several additional chapters were added after the workshop. We owe a debt of gratitude to the individuals who gave of their time to evaluate and strengthen the contributions, providing authors with candid comments to assist them with revisions. The independent review also seeks to ensure that the volume meets the institutional standards of the National Research Council for objectivity, balance, faithfulness to evidence, and responsiveness to the original charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.
We thank the following individuals for their participation in the review: Dan G. Blazer, Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center; Floyd E. Bloom, Department of Molecular and Integrative Neuroscience (emeritus), The Scripps Research Institute; James R. Carey, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis; Kaare Christensen, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark; Christopher L. Coe, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin; Caleb E. Finch, Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California; Vicki A. Freedman, Department of Health Systems and Policy, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Public Health; Guang Guo, Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina; Judith R. Kidd, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine; Chris Kuzawa, Department of Anthropology, Laboratory for Human Biology Research, Northwestern University; Margie E. Lachman, Psychology Department, Brandeis University; Partha P. Majumder, Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India; Carlos F. Mendes de Leon, Rush Institute for Healthy Aging and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago; Robert Millikan, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina; Kathleen A. O’Connor, Department of Anthropology and Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle;
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Jose M. Ordovas, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Tufts University; Alberto Palloni, Department of Sociology, Northwestern University; Germán Rodríguez, Office of Population Research, Princeton University; Luis Rosero-Bixby, Centro Americano de Población, University of Costa Rica; Michael L. Rutter, Institute of Psychiatry, Social, Genetic and Development, Psychiatry Centre, London; Carol D. Ryff, Institute on Aging, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin; Nicolas J. Schork, Research and Scripps Genomic Medicine and Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute; Christopher L. Seplaki, Center on Aging and Health and Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Mikhail S. Shchepinov, Office of the President, Retrotope, Inc., Oxford, U.K.; Jean Chen Shih, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Science Center, University of Southern California; Burton H. Singer, Office of Population Research, Princeton University; MaryFran Sowers, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Integrated Approaches to Complex Diseases, University of Michigan; Duncan Thomas, Department of Economics, Duke University; Kenneth W. Wachter, Department of Demography, University of California, Berkeley; and Keith E. Whitfield, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University.
The Committee on Population expresses its warm appreciation to Jim Vaupel, who chaired the planning meetings and workshop and took charge as editor of the volume. Special thanks are also due to the members of the Steering Committee who advised and assisted the chair: Kaare Christensen, Susan Hankinson, Teresa Seeman, Kenneth Wachter, and Kenneth Weiss. Their intellectual contributions can be found throughout this volume. Jennifer Harris at the NIA also provided valuable input and guidance. Committee on Population member Eileen Crimmins, of the Davis School of Gerontology, oversaw the review process.
Particular thanks go to Maxine Weinstein who served as consultant on the project and took responsibility for the broad range of practical and intellectual tasks that have gone into shaping it and bringing it to completion. From identifying and recruiting participants to putting the final touches on the work, her efforts have been indispensable.
Funding from the NIA has made this volume possible. Richard Suzman, director of the NIA for Behavioral and Social Research, has long been a lively supporter of NRC endeavors, relying on the NRC to assemble appropriate scholars and craft reliable, influential reports. His vision has been crucial in launching and developing the field of biodemography. John Haaga, Georgeanne Patmios, and Erica Spotts at the NIA have encouraged and guided us in our biodemographic emphases.
Thanks are also due to the staff of the NRC. Anthony Mann coordi-
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nated the logistics and travel arrangements for the meetings and prepared the final manuscript. Christine McShane edited the manuscript. Kirsten Sampson-Snyder coordinated the review of the volume. Development and execution of the project occurred under the guidance of the director of the Committee on Population, Barney Cohen.
Kenneth W. Wachter
Chair, Committee on Population
Barney Cohen
Director, Committee on Population
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Contents
Introduction
James W.Vaupel,Kenneth W.Wachter,and Maxine Weinstein
1
PART I: WHAT WE’VE LEARNED SO FAR
1
Biological Indicators and Genetic Information in Danish Twin and Oldest-Old Surveys
Kaare Christensen, Lise Bathum, and Lene Christiansen
15
2
Whitehall II and ELSA: Integrating Epidemiological and Psychobiological Approaches to the Assessment of Biological Indicators
Michael Marmot and Andrew Steptoe
42
3
The Taiwan Biomarker Project
Ming-Cheng Chang, Dana A. Glei, Noreen Goldmanng-Cheng Chang, Dana A. Glei, Noreen Goldman, and Maxine Weinstein
60
4
Elastic Powers: The Integration of Biomarkers into the Health and Retirement Study
David Weir
78
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5
An Overview of Biomarker Research from Community and Population-Based Studies on Aging
Jennifer R. Harris, Tara L. Gruenewald, and Teresa Seeman
96
6
The Women’s Health Initiative: Lessons for the Population Study of Biomarkers
Robert B. Wallace
136
7
Comments on Collecting and Utilizing Biological Indicators in Social Science Surveys
Duncan Thomas and Elizabeth Frankenberg
149
8
Biomarkers in Social Science Research on Health and Aging: A Review of Theory and Practice
Douglas C. Ewbank
156
PART II: THE POTENTIAL AND PITFALLS OF GENETIC INFORMATION
9
Are Genes Good Markers of Biological Traits?
Mary Jane West-Eberhard
175
10
Genetic Markers in Social Science Research: Opportunities and Pitfalls
George P. Vogler and Gerald E. McClearn
194
11
Comments on the Utility of Social Science Surveys for the Discovery and Validation of Genes Influencing Complex Traits
Harald H.H. Göring
208
12
Overview Thoughts on Genetics: Walking the Line Between Denial and Dreamland, or Genes Are Involved in Everything, But Not Everything Is “Genetic”
Kenneth M. Weiss
231
PART III: NEW WAYS OF COLLECTING, APPLYING, AND THINKING ABOUT DATA
13
Minimally Invasive and Innovative Methods for Biomeasure Collection in Population-Based Research
Stacy Tessler Lindau and Thomas W. McDade
251
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14
Nutrigenomics
John Milner, Elaine B. Trujillo, Christine M. Kaefer, and Sharon Ross
278
15
Genoeconomics
Daniel J. Benjamin, Christopher F. Chabris, Edward L. Glaeser, Vilmundur Gudnason, Tamara B. Harris, David I. Laibson, Lenore J. Launer, and Shaun Purcell
304
16
Mendelian Randomization: Genetic Variants as Instruments for Strengthening Causal Inference in Observational Studies
George Davey Smith and Shah Ebrahim
336
17
Multilevel Investigations: Conceptual Mappings and Perspectives
John T. Cacioppo, Gary G. Berntson, and Ronald A. Thisted
367
18
Genomics and Beyond: Improving Understanding and Analysis of Human (Social, Economic, and Demographic) Behavior
John Hobcraft
381
Appendix Biographical Sketches of Contributors
401
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