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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutritional Risk Assessment: Perspectives, Methods, and Data Challenges: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11940.
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References

CHAPTER 2

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IOM. 2001a. Dietary reference intakes: Applications in dietary assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

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CHAPTER 3

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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutritional Risk Assessment: Perspectives, Methods, and Data Challenges: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11940.
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Davis, C.D., D.B. Milne, and F.H. Nielsen. 2000. Changes in dietary zinc and copper affect zinc-status indicators of postmenopausal women, notably extracellular superoxide dismutase and amyloid precursor proteins. Am J Clin Nutr 71:781–788.

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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutritional Risk Assessment: Perspectives, Methods, and Data Challenges: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11940.
×

IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1998a. Dietary Reference Intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

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IOM. 2000a. Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

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IOM. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

IOM. 2006a. Dietary Reference Intakes: The essential guide to nutrient requirements, edited by J.J. Otten, J.P. Hellwig, and L.D. Meyers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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×

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SCF. 2003. Opinion of the scientific committee on food on the tolerable upper intake level of zinc (SCF/CS/NUT/UPPLEV/62Final). http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/out177_en.pdf (accessed January 5, 2007).

Yadrick, M.K., M.A. Kenney, and E.A. Winterfeldt. 1989. Iron, copper, and zinc status: Response to supplementation with zinc or zinc and iron in adult females. Am J Clin Nutr 49:145–150.

CHAPTER 4

Byers, T., J. Marshall, E. Anthony, R. Fiedler, and M. Zielezny. 1987. The reliability of dietary history from the distant past. Am J Epidemiol 125:999–1011.

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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutritional Risk Assessment: Perspectives, Methods, and Data Challenges: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11940.
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Delgado-Rodrigous, M., and J. Llorca. 2004. Bias. J Epidemiol Community Health 58:635–641.

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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutritional Risk Assessment: Perspectives, Methods, and Data Challenges: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11940.
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CHAPTER 5

Ahn, J., M.D. Gammon, R.M. Santella, M.M. Gaudet, J.A. Britton, S.L. Teitelbaum, M.B. Terry, A.I. Neugut, P.D. Josephy, and C.B. Ambrosone. 2004. Myeloperoxidase genotype, fruit and vegetable consumption, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Res 64(20):7634–7639.

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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutritional Risk Assessment: Perspectives, Methods, and Data Challenges: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11940.
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Ordovas, J.M., D. Corella, S. Demissie, L.A. Cupples, P. Couture, O. Coltell, P.W. Wilson, E.J. Schaefer, and K.L. Tucker. 2002. Dietary fat intake determines the effect of a common polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene promoter on high-density lipoprotein metabolism: Evidence of a strong dose effect in this gene-nutrient interaction in the Framingham Study. Circulation 106(18):2315–2321.

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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutritional Risk Assessment: Perspectives, Methods, and Data Challenges: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11940.
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CHAPTER 6

IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2003. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in dietary planning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

IOM. 2007. Dietary Reference Intakes Research Synthesis: Workshop summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Nutritional Risk Assessment: Perspectives, Methods, and Data Challenges: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11940.
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For more than two decades, the practice of risk assessment has been applied to human public health issues, and policy makers have used the results of risk assessments in their decision-making process. Approaches for risk assessment have been developed for nonnutrients such as drugs, food additives, and pesticides, but approaches for risk assessment have received less attention in the nutrition area. Some aspects of the risk assessment approach used for nonnutrients are applicable to the assessment of risks related to nutrition. The overall approach, however, must be adapted and modified to take into account the unique aspects of nutrients, including the fact that both high and low nutrient intakes are associated with risk. Experience with the application of a risk assessment process to the setting of upper levels of intake for essential nutrients, for example, has uncovered a number of challenges. Adapting and developing risk assessment strategies for application in nutrition science could lead to improved approaches to the development of dietary and nutritional recommendations and thus is a topic of considerable interest.

One nonscientific but overall challenge to nutritional risk assessment relates to increasing and improving communication among experts from key disciplines in ways that could inform the nutritional risk assessment process. Among these key disciplines are nutrition, toxicology, dietary exposure assessment, economics, risk analysis, and epidemiology. How can the perspectives and methods of these diverse fields be brought together to develop more effective approaches for quantitative nutritional risk assessment? How can they be applied to a spectrum of topics related to food and nutrition—micronutrients, macronutrients, dietary supplements, whole foods, food groups, and dietary patterns? How can they help overcome the data challenges that confront nutritional risk assessors?

As a step toward improving the communication and sharing methods and information across disciplines, members of the Interagency Risk Assessment Consortium, the U.S. Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, the Institute of Medicine's Food Forum, and the International Life Sciences Institute planned the Nutritional Risk Assessment Workshop. The workshop was held on February 28 and March 1, 2007, in Washington, D.C. This workshop, which was envisioned as one in a series, focused on opening a dialogue to explore the unique questions and challenges faced by nutritionists and the potential use of risk assessment methodologies to answer them. Nutritional Risk Assessment : Perspectives, Methods, and Data Challenges, Workshop Summary summarizes the happenings of this workshop.

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