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Soldier Protective Clothing and Equipment: Feasibility of Chemical Testing Using a Fully Articulated Robotic Mannequin
Soldier Protective Clothing and Equipment
Feasibility of Chemical Testing Using a Fully Articulated Robotic Mannequin
Committee on Full-System Testing and Evaluation of Personal Protection Equipment Ensembles in Simulated Chemical-Warfare Environments
Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
Division on Earth and Life Studies
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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Soldier Protective Clothing and Equipment: Feasibility of Chemical Testing Using a Fully Articulated Robotic Mannequin
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by the U.S. Department of Defense under Grant W911NF-06-C-0176. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-10933-8
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-10933-7
Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, NW, Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.
Cover: Design by Michael Dudzik; photos courtesy of U.S. Army.
Copyright 2008 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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Soldier Protective Clothing and Equipment: Feasibility of Chemical Testing Using a Fully Articulated Robotic Mannequin
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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Soldier Protective Clothing and Equipment: Feasibility of Chemical Testing Using a Fully Articulated Robotic Mannequin
COMMITTEE ON FULL-SYSTEM TESTING AND EVALUATION OF PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT ENSEMBLES
MASAYOSHI TOMIZUKA (Chair),
University of California, Berkeley
HADI ABU-AKEEL,
AMTENG Corporation, Sterling, Virginia
CHRISTOPHER G. ATKESON,
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
LISA M. BROSSEAU,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
ZANE FRUND,
Mine Safety Appliances Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
DARRELL L. JAN,
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
SUNDARESAN JAYARAMAN,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
LEO KOBAYASHI,
Rhode Island Hospital Medical Simulations, Providence
DAVA J. NEWMAN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
ARTHUR C. SANDERSON,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
R. PAUL SCHAUDIES,
GenArraytion Inc., Rockville, Maryland
Staff
DOROTHY ZOLANDZ, Director,
Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
KATHRYN HUGHES, Postdoctoral Fellow
TINA M. MASCIANGIOLI, Responsible Staff Officer
KELA MASTERS, Project Assistant
EMILY ANN MEYER, Program Officer,
National Materials Advisory Board
JESSICA PULLEN, Research Assistant
NORMAN GROSSBLATT, Senior Editor
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Soldier Protective Clothing and Equipment: Feasibility of Chemical Testing Using a Fully Articulated Robotic Mannequin
BOARD ON CHEMICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
F. FLEMING CRIM (Co-Chair),
University of Wisconsin, Madison
GARY S. CALABRESE (Co-Chair),
Corning Inc., Corning, New York
BENJAMIN ANDERSON,
Eli Lilly K.K., Kobe, Japan
PABLO G. DEBENEDETTI,
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
RYAN R. DIRXX,
Arkema, Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
GEORGE W. FLYNN,
Columbia University, New York
MAURICIO FUTRAN,
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey
MARY GALVIN-DONOGHUE,
Air Products and Chemicals, Allentown, Pennsylvania
PAULA T. HAMMOND,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
RIGOBERTO HERNANDEZ,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
JAY D. KEASLING,
University of California, Berkeley
JAMES L. KINSEY,
Rice University, Houston, Texas
MARTHA A. KREBS,
California Energy Commission, Sacramento
CHARLES T. KRESGE,
Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan
JOSEPH A. MILLER,
Corning, Inc., Corning, New York
SCOTT J. MILLER,
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
GERALD V. POJE, Independent Consultant,
Vienna, Virginia
DONALD PROSNITZ,
The Rand Corporation, Walnut Creek, California
THOMAS UPTON,
ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas
National Research Council Staff
DOROTHY ZOLANDZ, Director
KATHRYN HUGHES, Postdoctoral Fellow
TINA M. MASCIANGIOLI, Program Officer
KELA MASTERS, Project Assistant
ERICKA M. MCGOWAN, Associate Program Officer
SYBIL A. PAIGE, Administrative Associate
JESSICA L. PULLEN, Research Assistant
FEDERICO SAN MARTINI, Program Officer
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by persons chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following for their review of this report:
Mr. Geoff Betsinger, 3M, St. Paul, Minnesota
Dr. C.W. Cole, Clemson University, Pendleton, South Carolina
Dr. William R. Hamel, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Dr. Duane Linder, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California
Dr. Dennis J. Paustenbach, ChemRisk, Inc., San Francisco, California
Dr. Jimmy L. Perkins, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
Dr. Matthew Reed, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Dr. Mike Sailor, University of California, San Diego
Dr. Esther S. Takeuchi, State University of New York, Buffalo
Mr. Joseph J. Vervier, ENSCO, Inc., Melbourne, Florida
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Soldier Protective Clothing and Equipment: Feasibility of Chemical Testing Using a Fully Articulated Robotic Mannequin
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Dr. Frederick A. Murphy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, and Dr. Robert A. Beaudet, University of Southern California, Emeritus. Appointed by the National Research Council, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authors and the institution.
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Soldier Protective Clothing and Equipment: Feasibility of Chemical Testing Using a Fully Articulated Robotic Mannequin
Preface
About a year ago—the U.S. Department of Defense, Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense, Joint Project Manager, Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Contamination Avoidance, Product Director, Test Equipment, Strategy, and Support (PD TESS)—met and initiated this study with National Research Council staff. The study evaluates the feasibility of developing a fully articulated robotic mannequin to test individual protection ensembles (IPE) in chemical-warfare agent environments, namely the Protection Ensemble Test Mannequin (PETMAN) system. PD TESS was seeking assistance from an objective group of scientists and engineers (see Appendix A for the statement of task) who could evaluate the technical merit and feasibility of the PETMAN system requirements (listed in Appendix B).
The resulting study was performed by an ad hoc committee with expertise in chemistry; chemical engineering; biology; human physiology; chemical sensing; respiratory protective equipment; materials science; robotics; articulated mannequins; cost, benefit, and risk analysis; and warfare simulation involving chemical agents. Committee members were sought from various sources, including the academic, national laboratory, and industrial sectors.
A committee of 10 members met in person four times from January to May 2007 to discuss overall U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) and specific PD TESS objectives in protection ensemble testing. During that time, the committee received briefings on current capabilities (see Appendix D), deliberated, and developed its conclusions and recommendations. In the report, the committee discusses in detail what it considered to be the key
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design challenges associated with developing a PETMAN system: human-physiology simulation, chemical-agent sensing, robotics design, “skin” architecture and materials, and systems integration.
I thank all the members of the committee for their contributions to this study. Briefings by guest speakers were extremely useful in helping the committee to understand some critical aspects of the PETMAN requirements. On behalf of the committee, I thank the staff members of the Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology who helped us by organizing the meetings and making our service a rewarding and enjoyable experience.
Masayoshi Tomizuka, Chair
Committee on Full-System Testing and Evaluation of Personal Protection Equipment Ensembles in Simulated Chemical-Warfare Environments
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Contents
Summary
1
1
Introduction
11
The Protection Ensemble Test Mannequin System,
12
Examples of Current Military PETMAN-Like Systems,
20
Organization of This Report,
23
2
Design Challenge: Simulation of Human Physiology
25
Current Technologic Capabilities,
25
Design Challenges and How They May Be Addressed,
39
Cost-Benefit Analysis and Trade-Offs,
46
Feasibility and Potential Alternatives,
46
3
Design Challenge: Mannequin Under-Ensemble Sensing
57
Relevant PETMAN Requirements,
58
Current Detection Technologies,
60
Design Challenges and How They May Be Addressed,
71
Cost-Benefit Analysis and Trade-Offs,
74
Feasibility and Potential Alternatives,
74
4
Design Challenge: Robotic Capability for PETMAN
77
Relevant PETMAN Requirements,
78
Current Technology,
78
Cost-Benefit Analysis,
90
Feasibility and Potential Alternatives,
91
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5
Design Challenge: PETMAN Surface Structure and Materials
93
Relevant PETMAN Requirements,
94
The PETMAN Ski,
94
Current Technology to Meet Skin Design Challenges,
98
Conclusions and Recommendations,
108
6
Design Challenge: An Integrated PETMAN System
111
PETMAN System Design Overview,
111
Tethering Compatibility with Functional Requirements,
115
Some Integration Observations,
121
Practical Approach to Mannequin Development,
122
Systems Architecture and Software Considerations,
123
Conclusions and Recommendations,
126
7
A Complementary Approach to Meeting PETMAN System Goals
129
The Sensor-Integrated Body Suit,
130
Conclusion,
132
8
Overarching Conclusions and Recommendations
133
Priority Setting Among PETMAN Requirements,
133
Contractor Qualifications,
134
A Complementary Approach,
135
Appendixes
A
Statement of Task
137
B
Description of the PETMAN System Feasibility Study
139
C
Committee Biographic Information
149
D
Open Session Presentation Summaries
155
