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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2007. A Research Agenda for Geographic Information Science at the United States Geological Survey. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12004.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2007. A Research Agenda for Geographic Information Science at the United States Geological Survey. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12004.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2007. A Research Agenda for Geographic Information Science at the United States Geological Survey. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12004.
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Page 115
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2007. A Research Agenda for Geographic Information Science at the United States Geological Survey. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12004.
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Page 116
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2007. A Research Agenda for Geographic Information Science at the United States Geological Survey. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12004.
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Page 117
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2007. A Research Agenda for Geographic Information Science at the United States Geological Survey. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12004.
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Page 118
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2007. A Research Agenda for Geographic Information Science at the United States Geological Survey. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12004.
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Page 119
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2007. A Research Agenda for Geographic Information Science at the United States Geological Survey. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12004.
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Page 120
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2007. A Research Agenda for Geographic Information Science at the United States Geological Survey. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12004.
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Page 121
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2007. A Research Agenda for Geographic Information Science at the United States Geological Survey. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12004.
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References Abraham, T., and J. Roddick. 1999. Incremental meta-mining from large temporal data sets. Pp. 4154 in Y. Kambayashi, D. Lee, E.-P. Lim, M. Mohania, and Y. Masunaga (eds.), Advances in Database Technologies: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Data Warehousing and Data Mining. Berlin: Springer Verlag. ADL (Alexandria Digital Library). 2004. Guide to the ADL Gazetteer Content Standard Version 3.2. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Map and Imagery Lab, Davidson Library, University of California, Santa Barbara. Available online at http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu/gazetteer/ContentStandard/version3.2/GCS3.2- guide.htm. Accessed July 3, 2007. Adobe Systems Incorporated. 2004. PDF Reference Fifth Edition: Adobe® Portable Document Format Version 1.6. Berkeley, Calif.: Adobe Press. 1248 pp. Agouris, P., A. Stefanidis, and S. Gyftakis. 2001. Quality-aware deformable models for change detection. Proceeding of the 2001 International Conference on Image Processing 2: 805-808. Alani, H., C. Jones, and D. Tudehope. 2001. Vornoi-based region approximation for geographical information retrieval with gazetteers. International Journal of Geographical information Science 15:287-306. Armstrong, M. 1988. Temporality in spatial databases. Pp. 880-889 in GIS/LIS 88 Proceedings: Accessing the World, Volume II. Falls Church, Va.: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Beard, K. 2006. Modeling change in space and time: An event based approach. In J. Drummond, R. Billen, D. Forrest, and E. João (eds.), Innovations in GIS: Dynamic & Mobile GIS: Investigating Change in Space and Time. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. 310 pp Bertin, J. 1983. Semiology of Graphics: Diagrams, Networks, Maps. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press [French edition 1967]. Brassel, K., and R. Weibel. 1988: A review and conceptual framework of automated map generalization. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 2(3):229-244 113

114 A Research Agenda for GIScience at the USGS Brewer, C. 2005. Designing Better Maps: A Guide for GIS Users. Redlands, Calif.: ESRI Press. 203 pp. Brewer, C., and B. Buttenfield. 2007. Framing guidelines for multi-scale map design using databases at multiple resolutions. Cartography and Geographic Information Science 34(1):3-15. Burrough, P., and A. Frank. 1996. Pp. 109-121 in Geographic Objects with Indeterminate Boundaries. London: Taylor and Francis. CEGIS (Center of Excellence for Geospatial Information Science), 2006. Call for Proposals for Fiscal Year 2007. Available online at http://cegis.usgs.gov/pdf/FY2007_CEGIS_Prospectus_Call_for_Proposals.pdf. Accessed August 9, 2007. Chen, C., S. Thakkar, C. Knoblock, and C. Shahabi. 2003. Automatically annotating and integrating spatial datasets.. Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Spatial and Temporal Databases (SSTD 2003), Santorini Island, Greece Chen, C., C. Knoblock, C. Shahabi, S. Thakkar, and Y. Chiang. 2004. Automatically and accurately conflating orthoimagery and street maps. Proceedings of the Twelfth ACM International Symposium on Geographic Information Systems (ACM-GIS ’04), Washington, D.C. Claramunt, C., and M. Theriault. 1995. Managing time in GIS: An event- oriented approach. Pp. 23-42 in J. Cliffford and A. Tizhilin (eds.), Recent Advances in Temporal Databases. Berlin: Springer Verlag.. Clinton, N., P. Gong, and K. Scott. 2006. Quantification of pollutants emitted from very large wildland fires in Southern California, U.S.A. Atmospheric Environment 40(20):3686-3695. DeMers, M. 2003. Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 467 pp. DHS (Department of Homeland Security). 2004. The National Plan for Research and Development in Support of Critical Infrastructure Protection. April. Available online at http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/ST_2004_ NCIP_RD_PlanFINALApr05.pdf. Accessed July 3, 2007. DiBiase, D., M. DeMers, A. Johnson, K. Kemp, A Luck, B. Plewe, and E. Wentz. 2006. Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge, 1st ed. University Consortium for Geographic Information Science. Washington, D.C.: Association of American Geographers. Ebner, D., G. Klau, and R. Weiskircher. 2003. Force-Based Label Number Maximization. Technical Report. Vienna: Institute of Computer Graphics and Algorithms, Vienna University of Technology.

References 115 Espinosa, D. 2006. Research and development program investment criteria (Appendix C). Memo to OMB Program Associate Directors, OMB Program Deputy Associate Directors, Agency Budget and Performance Integration Leads, and Agency Program Assessment Rating Tool Contacts, 2006 (March 10), regarding guidance for completing 2006 PARTs (Program Assessment Rating Tool Guidance No. 2006-02): Washington D.C.: U.S. Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, 92 pp. Available online at http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/part/fy2006/2006_guidance_final.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2006. Feng, C., T. Bittner, and D. Flewelling. 2004. Modeling surface hydrology concepts with endurance and perdurance. Pp. 67-80 in M. Egenhofer, C. Freksa, and H. Miller (eds.), Proceedings of Giscience, LNCS 3234. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. Fisher, P., J. Wood, and T. Cheng. 2004. Where is Helvelyn? Multiscale morphometry and the mountains of the English Lake District. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 29:106-128. Fonseca, F., M. Egenhofer, C. Davis, and G. Camara. 2002. Semantic granularity in ontology-driven geographic information systems. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence 36(1-2):121-151. Garrett, J. 2002. The Elements of User Experiences: User-Centered Design for the Web. New York: American Institute of Graphic Arts. Ghose, R., and W. Huxhold. 2002. Role of multi-scalar GIS-based indicators studies in formulating neighborhood planning policies. URISA Journal 14(2):5-17. Gong, P., R. Pu, Z.Q. Li, J. Scarborough, N. Clinton, and L. Levien. 2006. An integrated approach to burned area mapping in California with NOAA AVHRR data. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 72(2):139-150. Goodchild, M. 1992. Geographical information science. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 6(1):31-45. Goodwin, J. 2005. What have ontologies ever done for us––potential applications at a national mapping agency. In OWL: Experiences and Directions. November 11-12. Galway, Ireland. Available online at http://www.mindswap.org/2005/OWLWorkshop/sub18.pdf. Accessed July 3, 2007. Gregory, I. 2002. The accuracy of areal interpolation techniques: Standardizing 19th and 20th century census data to allow long-term comparisons. Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems 26:293-314. Grenon, P., and B. Smith. 2004. SNAP and SPAN: Prolegomenon to geodynamic ontology. Spatial Cognition and Computation 4(1):69-104.

116 A Research Agenda for GIScience at the USGS Halsing, D., K. Theissen, and R. Bernknopf. 2004. A Cost-Benefit Analysis of The National Map. USGS Circular 1271. Reston, Va.: U.S. Geological Survey. Available online at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/1271/c1271.pdf. Accessed July 3, 2007. Hampe, M., and M. Sester. 2004. Generating and using a multi-resolution database (MRDB) for mobile applications. ICA Research Workshop on Generalisation and Multiple Representation, Leicester, U.K., August 20-21. Hampe, M., and S. Intas. 2006. Extension of the OGC Web Feature Service Standard for Multiple Representation Data. ISPRS Technical Commission II Symposium, Vienna, July 12-14. Harrie, L., and R. Weibel. 2007. Modeling the overall process of generalisation. Pp. 67-88 in W. Mackaness, A. Ruas, and T. Sarjakoski (eds.), The Generalization of Geographic Information: Cartographic Modelling and Applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Hill, L. 2000. Core elements of digital gazetteers: Placenames, categories, and footprints. Pp. 280-290 in J. Borbinha and T. Baker (eds.), Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries: Proceedings of the 4th European Conference, ECDL 2000, Lisbon, Portugal, September 18-20. Hill, L. 2006. Georeferencing. The Geographic Associations of Information. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Hill, L., and M. Goodchild. 2000. Digital Gazetteer Information Exchange (DGIE). Final Report of Workshop Held October 12-14, 1999. Available online at http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu/~lhill/dgie/DGIE_website/DGIE%20final%20r eport.htm. Accessed July 3, 2007. Hodge, G. 2000. Systems of Knowledge Organization for Digital Libraries: Beyond Traditional Authority Files. Council on Library and Information Resources. Available online at http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub91abst.html. Accessed July 3, 2007. ISO (International Organization for Standardization). 1999. ISO 13407: Human Centered Design for Interactive Systems. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardisation. Jhingran, A., N. Mendonca Mattos, and H. Pirahesh. 2002. Information integration: A research agenda. IBM Systems Journal 41(4):555-562. Jones, C., A. Abdelmoty, and G. Fu. 2003. Maintaining Ontologies for Geographical Information Retrieval on the Web. Proceedings of OTM Confederated International Conferences CoopIS, DOA, and OOBASE 934- 951. Available online at http://www.geo-spirit.org/publications/SPIRIT_ maintaining_ontologies.pdf. Accessed 3 July 2007. Jones, C., A. Abdelmoty, D. Finch, G. Fu, and S. Vaid. 2004. The SPIRIT spatial search engine: Architecture, ontologies and spatial indexing. Pp. 125-139 in Proceedings of Third International Conference on GIScience, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin: Springer.

References 117 Kafeza, E., V. Delis, and T. Hadzilacos. 1996. Transaction synchronization in multiresolution geographic databases.. Pp. 113-120 in Proceedings of the 4th ACM International Workshop on Advances in Geographic Information Systems. New York: ACM Press Kameda, T., and K. Imai. 2003. Map label placement for points and curves. IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences E86-A(4):835-840. Kilpelainen, T. 1997. Multiple representations and generalizations of geo- databases for topographical maps. Ph.D. thesis. Kirkkonummi: Publications of the Finnish Geodetic Institute. 229 pp. Knoblock, C., and C. Shahabi. 2007. Geospatial data integration. In J. Wilson and A. Fotheringham (eds), Handbook of Geographic Information Science. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell. Kuhn, W. 2005. Geospatial Semantics: Why, of what, and how? Special Issue on Semantic-Based Geographical Information Systems, Journal on Data Semantics III, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3534:1-24. Langran, G. 1992. Time in Geographic Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis. 189 pp. Llinas, J., and D. Hall. 1998. An introduction to multi-sensor data fusion. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Circuits and Systems 6(June 1):541-544. Lutz, M., and E. Klien. 2006. Ontology-based retrieval of geographic information. International Journal of Geographic Information Science 20(3):233-260. MacEachren, A. 1995. How Maps Work: Representation, Visualization, and Design, Hampshire, U.K.: Guilford Press. 513 pp. Mackaness, W., A. Ruas, and T. Sarjakoski (eds.). 2007. The Generalization of Geographic Information: Cartographic Modelling and Applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier Press. 370 pp. Mark, D., and B. Smith. 2004. A science of topography: From qualitative ontology to digital representations. Chapter 3 in M.P. Bishop and J.F. Shroder (eds.), Geographic Information Science and Mountain Geomorphology. Chichester, U.K.: Springer-Praxis. 486 pp. McMahon, G., S. Benjamin, K. Clarke, J. Findley, R. Fisher, W. Graf, L. Gundersen, J. Jones, T. Loveland, K. Roth, L. Usery, and N. Wood. 2005. Geography in a Changing World: A Science Strategy for the Geographic Research of the U.S. Geological Survey. USGS Circular 1281. Sioux Falls, S.D.: U.S. Geological Survey. 74 pp. McMaster, R. 1989. The integration of simplification and smoothing foutines in line generalization. Cartographica 26 (1):101-121. McMaster, R., and K. Shea. 1992. Generalization in Digital Cartography. Resource Publications in Geography. Washington, D.C.: Association of America Geographers. 134 pp.

118 A Research Agenda for GIScience at the USGS McMaster, R., and E. Sheppard. 2004. Introduction: Scale and geographic inquiry. Pp. 1-15 in: E. Sheppard, and R. McMaster (eds.), Scale and Geographic Inquiry. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell. 288 pp. Mustiere, S., and J. van Smaalen. 2007. Database requirements for generalisation and multiple representation. Pp. 113-136 in W. Mackaness, A. Ruas, and T. Sarjakoski (eds.), The Generalization of Geographic Information: Cartographic Modelling and Applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier Press. 386 pp. Nielsen, J. 1993. Usability Engineering. Boston, Mass.: Academic Press. Nielsen, J. 1999. Designing Web Usability: The Practice of Simplicity. Indianapolis, Ind.: Peachpit Press. 432 pp. NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency). 2006. NGA Academic Research Program Symposium Agenda. Washington, D.C. September 13-15. NRC (National Research Council). 1993. Toward a Coordinated Spatial Data Infrastructure for the Nation. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2001. Future Roles and Opportunities for the U.S. Geological Survey. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. NRC. 2002. Research Opportunities in Geography at the U.S. Geological Survey. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. NRC. 2003. Weaving a National Map: A Review of the U.S. Geological Survey Concept of The National Map. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. NRC. 2006. Priorities for GEOINT Research at the National Geospatial- Intelligence Agency. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium). 2000. Open GIS Consortium Web Mapping Testbed Public Page. Wayburn, Mass. OGC. 2004. OGC Web Services Initiative, Phase 2. Wayland Mass.: Open Geospatial Consortium Inc. Available online at http://www.opengeospatial. org/projects/initiatives/ows-2#rfq. Accessed August 9, 2007. Peng, Z., and M. Tsou. 2003. Internet GIS––Distributed Geographic Information Services for the Internet and Wireless Networks. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Peuquet, D., and N. Duan. 1995. An event based spatio-temproal data model (ESTDM) for temporal analysis of geographical data. International Journal of Geographic Information Systems 9:7-24. Purves, R., P. Clough, and H. Joho. 2005. Identifying imprecise regions for geographic information retrieval using the web. Pp. 313-318 in Proceedings of GIS Research U.K. 13th Annual Conference, Glasgow, U.K. Radke, J. 1995. Modeling urban/wildland interface fire hazards within a geographic information system, Geographic Information Sciences 1(1):7-20. Regnauld, N. and R. McMaster. 2007. A synoptic view of generalisation operators. Pp. 37-66 in William Mackaness, Ann Ruas, and Tiina

References 119 Sarjakoski (eds), The Generalization of Geographic Information: Cartographic Modelling and Applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier Press.. Rigaux, P., and M. Scholl. 1995. Multiscale partitions: Applications to spatial and statistical databases. Pp. 170-183 in Advances in Spatial Databases. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 951. Berlin: Springer.. Rothermel, R.C. 1972. A Mathematical Model for Predicting Fire Spread in Wildland Fuels. Researc Paper INT-115. Ogden, Utah: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 40 pp. Saalfeld, A. 1987. Conflation: Automated Map Compilation. Statistical Research Division Report Series. RR-87/24. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Available online at http://www.census.gov/ srd/papers/pdf/rr87-24.pdf. Accessed July 24, 2007. Sarjakoski, L. 2007. Conceptual models of generalisation and multiple representation. Pp. 11-36 in W. Mackaness, A. Ruas, and T. Sarjakoski (eds.), 2007. The Generalization of Geographic Information: Cartographic Modelling and Applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Saux, E., R. Thibaud, K.J. Li, and M.H. Kim. 2004. A new approach for a topographic feature-based characterization of digital elevation data. Pp 73- 81 in Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international workshop on Geographic Information Systems. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. Shneiderman, B. 1998. Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction, 3rd. ed. Boston: Addison-Wesley. 639 pp. Slocum, T., R. McMaster, F. Kessler, and H. Howard. 2005. Thematic Cartography and Geographic Visualization, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. 575 pp. Smith, B., and D. Mark. 2001, Geographical categories: An ontological investigation. International Journal of Geographic Information Science 15(7):592-612. Soergel, D. 2000. Taxonomy of Knowledge Organization Structures/Systems. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University. Available online at http://nkos.slis.kent.edu/KOS_taxonomy.htm. Accessed July 24, 2007. Sorokine, A., T. Bittner, and C. Renschler. 2004. Ontological investigation of ecosystem hierarchies and formal theory for multiscale ecosystem classification. Geoinformatica 10(3):313-335. Sorokine, A. and T. Bittner. 2005. Understanding taxonomies of ecosystems: a case study. Pp. 559-572 in P. Fisher (ed.), Developments in Spatial Data Handling. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Sowa, J.F. 1998. Knowledge Representations Logical, Philosophical and Computational Foundations. Boston, Mass.: PWS Publishing Co.

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Comprehensive and authoritative baseline geospatial data content is crucial to the nation and to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The USGS founded its Center of Excellence for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS) in 2006 to develop and distribute national geospatial data assets in a fast-moving information technology environment. In order to fulfill this mission, the USGS asked the National Research Council to assess current GIScience capabilities at the USGS, identify current and future needs for GIScience capabilities, recommend strategies for strengthening these capabilities and for collaborating with others to maximize research productivity, and make recommendations regarding the most effective research areas for CEGIS to pursue. With an initial focus on improving the capabilities of The National Map, the report recommends three priority research areas for CEGIS: information access and dissemination, data integration, and data models, and further identifies research topics within these areas that CEGIS should pursue. To address these research topics, CEGIS needs a sustainable research management process that involves a portfolio of collaborative research that balances short and long term goals.

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