programs are several programs that provide and emphasize postdoctoral opportunities, such as: the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s NASA Postdoctoral Program; the National Institute of Health’s Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Awards (NRSA) for Individual Postdoctoral Fellows (F32), Career Transition Award (K22), Pathway to Independence (PI) Award (K99), Postdoctoral Intramural Research Training Award (IRTA), Cancer Research Training Award (CRTA), Postdoctoral Visiting Fellowship (VF), National Institute of General Medical Sciences Pharmacology Research Associate (PRAT) Program, and Women's Health Postdoctoral Fellowship; the National Science Foundation’s Postdoctoral Research Fellowships; and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Postdoctoral Research Associate Program.⁵

The National Research Council Fellowships Office of The National Academies manages several postdoctoral research programs on behalf of federal agencies. Table 1-1 lists several programs administered by National Research Council Fellowships Office.