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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communication Devices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12036.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communication Devices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12036.
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Page 46
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communication Devices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12036.
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Page 47
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communication Devices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12036.
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Page 48
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communication Devices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12036.
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Page 49
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communication Devices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12036.
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References Adey, W. R., C. V. Byus, C. D. Cain, R. J. Higgins, R. A. Jones, C. J. Kean, N. Kuster, A. MacMurray, R. B. Stagg, and W. Haggren. 1999. Spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced primary tumors of the central nervous system in Fischer 344 rats chronically exposed to 836 MHz modulated microwaves. Radiat. Res. 152:293-302. Adey, W. R., C. V. Byus, C. D. Cain, R. J. Higgins, R. A. Jones, C. J. Kean, N. Kuster, A. MacMurray, R. B. Stagg, and G. Zimmerman. 2000. Spontaneous and nitrosourea- induced primary tumors of the central nervous system in Fischer 344 rats chronically exposed to frequency-modulated microwave fields. Cancer. Res. 60:1857-1863. Anane, R., P. E. Dulou, M. Taxile, M. Geffard, F. Crespeau, and B. Veyret. 2003. Effects of GSM-900 microwaves on female rats bearing DMBA-induced tumours. Radiat. Res. 160:492-497. Anderson, L. E., D. M. Sheen, B. W. Wilson, S. L. Grumbein, J. A. Creim, and L. B. Sasser. 2004. Two-year chronic bioassay study of rats exposed to a 1.6 GHz radiofrequency signal. Radiat. Res. 162:201-210. ANSI (American National Standards Institute). 1982. American National Standard Safety Levels with respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 300 kHz to 100 GHz. ANSI C95.1-1982. Armstrong, B., G. Theriaul, P. Guenel, J. Deadman, M. Goldberg, and P. Heroux. 1994. As- sociation between exposure to pulsed electromagnetic fields and cancer in electric utility workers in Quebec, Canada, and France. Am. J. Epidemiol. 140:805-820. Auvinen, A. 2007. Non-cancer Epidemiology. Presented at the workshop organized by the Committee on Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communications Devices, Washington, DC, August 7-9, 2007. Barker, A. T., P. R. Jackson, H. Parry, L. A. Coulton, G. G. Cook, and S. M. Wood. 2007. The effect of GSM and TETRA mobile handset signals on blood pressure, catechol levels and heart rate variability. Bioelectromagnetics 28(6):433-438. Barnes, F., and Y. Kwon. 2005. A theoretical study of the effects of rf fields in the vicinity of membranes. Bioelectromagnetics 26(2):118-124. 45

46 IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH NEEDS Bartsch, H., C. Bartsch, E. Seebald, F. Deerberg, K. Dietz, L.Vollrath, and D. Meeke. 2002. Chronic exposure to a GSM-like signal (mobile phone) does not stimulate the develop- ment of DMBA-induced mammary tumors in rats: Results of three consecutive studies. Radiat. Res. 157:183-190. Cardis, E., L. Richardson, I. Deltour, B. Armstrong, M. Feychting, C. Johansen, et al. 2007. The INTERPHONE study: Design, epidemiological methods, and description of the study population. Eur. J. Epidemiol. DOI 10.1007/s10654-007-9152-z. Chia, S. E., H. P. Chia, and J. S. Tan. 2000. Prevalence of headache among handheld cel- lular telephone users in Singapore: A community study. Environ. Health Perspect. 108: 1059-1062. Chou, C. K., A. W. Guy, L. L. Kunz, R. B. Johnson, J. J. Crowley, and J. H. Krupp. 1992. Long-term low-level microwave irradiation of rats. Bioelectromagnetics 13:469-496. Cook, C. M., D. M. Saucier, A. W. Thomas, and F. S. Prato. 2006. Exposure to ELF magnetic and ELF-modulated radiofrequency fields: The time course of physiological and cognitive effects observed in recent studies (2001-2005). Bioelectromagnetics 27:613-627. Croft, R. 2007. Human Laboratory Session—Sleep, Cognition. Presented at the workshop organized by the Committee on Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communications Devices, Washington, DC, August 7-9, 2007. D’Inzeo, G. 2007. Mechanisms (Biophysics). Presented at the workshop organized by the Committee on Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communications Devices, Washington, DC, August 7-9, 2007. Gandhi, O. P. 1979. Dosimetry—The absorption properties of man and experimental animals. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 55:(11)999-1020. Gandhi, O. P., and M. S. Lam. 2003. An on-site dosimetry system for safety assessment of wireless base stations using spatial harmonic components. IEEE Transactions on Anten- nas & Propagation 51(4):840-847. Gowrishankar, T. R., A. T. Esser, Z. Vasilkoski, K. C. Smith, and J. C. Weaver. 2006. Microdo- simetry for conventional and supra-electroporation in cells with organelles. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 341:1266-1276. Groves, F. D., W. F. Page, G. Gridley, L. Lisimaque, P. A. Stewart, R. E. Tarone, et al. 2002. Cancer in Korean War navy technicians: Mortality survey after 40 years. Am. J. Epide- miol. 155:810-818. Hamblin, D. L., R. J. Croft, A. W. Wood, C. Stough, and J. Spong. 2006. The sensitivity of hu- man event-related potentials and reaction time to mobile phone emitted electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 27:265-273. Hamblin, D. L., and A.W. Wood. 2002. Effects of mobile phone emissions on human brain activity and sleep variables. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 78(8):659-669. Hardell, L., M. Carlberg, and K. Mild. 2006. Pooled analysis of two case-control studies on the use of cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for malignant brain tumours diagnosed in 1997-2003. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 79:630-639. Hayes, R. B., L. M. Brown, L. M. Pottern, M. Gomez, J. W. Kardaun, R. N. Hoover, K. J. O’Connell, R. E. Sutzman, and N. Javadpour. 1990. Occupation and risk for testicular cancer: A case-control study. Int. J. Epidemiology 19:825-831. Hietanen, M., A.-M. Hämäläinen, and T. Husman. 2002. Hypersensitivity symptoms as- sociated with exposure to cellular telephones: No causal link. Bioelectromagnetics 23: 264-270. Hirata, A., S. Kodera, J. Wang, and O. Fujiwara. 2007. Dominant factors influencing whole- body average SAR due to far-field exposure in whole-body resonance frequency and GHz regions. Bioelectromagnetics 28:484-487.

REFERENCES 47 Hocking, B., I. Gordon, H. Grain, and G. Hatfield. 1996. Cancer incidence and mortality and proximity to TV towers. Med. J. Aust. 165:601-605. �������������������������� Holzapfel, C., J. Vienken., and U. Zimmermann. ������������������������������������������ 1982. Rotation of cells in an alternating electric field: Theory and experimental proof. J. Membr. Biol. 67:13-26. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). 1996. Microwave Theory & Tech- niques, Special Issue on Medical Application and Biological Effects of Microwaves Part II. Keetley, V., A. W. Wood, J. Spong, and C. Stough. 2006. Neuropsychological sequelae of digital mobile phone exposure in humans. Neuropsychologia 44(10):1843-1848. ���������������������������������� Kheifets, L., M. Repacholi, R. Saunders, and E. van Deventer. 2005. Sensitivity of children to EMF. Pediatrics 116(2):e303-e313. Krewski, D. 2007. Cancer Epidemiology. Presented at the workshop organized by the Commit- tee on Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communications Devices, Washington, DC, August 7-9, 2007. Lahkola, A., A. Auvinen, J. Raitanen, M. Schoemaker, H. C. Christensen, M. Feychting, C. Johansen, L. Klaboe, S. Lonn, A. J. Swerdlow, T. Tynes, and T. Salminen. 2007. Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in 5 North European countries. Int. J. Cancer 120:1769-1775. Lai, H. 2007. In Vivo—Animal and Cell Biology. Presented at the workshop organized by the Committee on Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communications Devices, Washington, DC, August 7-9, 2007. La Regina, M., E. G. Moros, W. F. Pickard, W. L. Straube, J. Baty, and J. L. Roti Roti. 2003. The effect of chronic exposure to 835.62 MHz FDMA or 847.74 MHz CDMA radiofrequency radiation on the incidence of spontaneous tumors in rats. Radiat. Res. 160:143-151. Leszczynski, D. 2007. In Vitro—Animal and Cell Biology. Presented at the workshop or- ganized by the Committee on Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communications Devices, Washington, DC, August 7-9, 2007. Lonn, S., A. Ahlbom, P. Hall, and M. Feychting. 2004. Mobile phone use and the risk of acoustic neuroma. Epidemiology 15(6):653-659. McKenzie, D., Y. Yin, and S. Morrell. 1998. Childhood incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and exposure to broadcast radiation in Sydney—a second look. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health 22:360-367. Mezei, G., M. Benyi, and A. Muller. 2007. Mobile phone ownership and use among school children in three Hungarian cities. Bioelectromagnetics 28(4):309-315. Morgan, R. W., M. A. Kelsh, K. Zhao, K. A. Exuzides, S. Heringer, and W. Negrete. 2000. Radiofrequency exposure and mortality from cancer of the brain and lymphatic/hema- topoietic systems. Epidemiology 11:118-127. Parazzini, M., S. Bell, G. Thuroczy, F. Molnar, G. Tognola, M. E. Lutman, and P. Ravazzani. 2005. Influence on the mechanisms of generation of distortion product otoacoustic emis- sions of mobile phone exposure. Hear. Res. 208:68-78. Pau, H. W., U. Sievert, S. Eggert, and W. Wild. 2005. Can electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones stimulate the vestibular organ? Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 132: 43-49. Roti Roti, J. 2007. In Vivo—Animal and Cell Biology. Presented at the workshop organized by the Committee on Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communications Devices, Washington, DC, August 7-9, 2007.

48 IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH NEEDS Rubin, G. J., G. Hahn, B. S. Everitt, A. J. Cleare, and S. Wessely. 2006. Are some people sensi- tive to mobile phone signals? Within participants double blind randomised provocation study. BMJ 332:886-891. Russo, R., E. Fox, C. Cinel, A. Boldini, M. A. Defeyter, D. Mirshekar-Syahkal, and A. Mehta. 2006. Does acute exposure to mobile phones affect human attention? Bioelectromagnet- ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ics 27(3):215-220. Sandstrom M., J. Wilen, G. Oftedal, and K. Mild. 2001. Mobile phone use and subjective symptoms. Comparison of symptoms experienced by users of analogue and digital mobile phones. Occup. Med. (Lond) 51:25-35. Schuz, J., R. Jacobsen, J. Olsen, J. Boice, J. McLaughlin, and C. Johansen. 2006. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: Update of a nationwide Danish cohort. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 98:1707-1713. Schwan, H. P. 1982. Nonthermal cellular effects of electromagnetic fields: AC-field induced ponderomotoric forces. Br. J. Cancer. 45 (Suppl. V):220-224. Schwan, H. P. 1985. EM-field induced effects. In A. Chiabrera, C. Nicolini, and H. P. Schwan, ������������������������������������������������ editors. Interactions between electromagnetic fields and cells. New York: Plenum Press. ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Pp 371-390. Sienkiewicz, Z. 2007. In Vitro—Animal and Cell Biology. Presented at the workshop organized by the Committee on Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communications Devices, Washington, DC, August 7-9, 2007. Sievert, U., S. Eggert, and H. W. Pau. 2005. Can mobile phone emissions affect auditory func- tions of cochlea or brain stem? Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 132:451-455. Stang, A., G. Anastassiou, W. Ahrens, K. Bromen, N. Bornfeld, and K. H. Jockel. 2001. The possible role of radiofrequency radiation in the development of uveal melanoma. Epi- demiology 12:7-12. Tell, R., and E. D. Mantiply. 1980. Population exposure to VHF and UHF broadcast radiation in the U.S. Proceedings of the IEEE 68:6-12. Tillmann, T., H. Ernst, S. Ebert, N. Kuster, W. Behnke, S. Rittinghausen, and C. ­Dasenbrock. 2007. Carcinogenicity study of GSM and DCS wireless communication signals in B6C3F1 mice. Bioelectromagnetics 28:173-187. Tynes, T., M. Hannevik, A. Andersen, A. I. Vistnes, and T. Haldorsen. 1996. Incidence of breast cancer in Norwegian female radio and telegraph operators. Cancer Causes Control 7:197-204. van Deventer, E. 2007. Research Needs for RF Fields: A WHO Perspective. Presented at the workshop organized by the Committee on Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communication Devices, Wash- ington, DC, August 7-9, 2007 (see also www.who.int/emf for RF Research Agenda). Vijayalaxmi, and G. Obe. 2004. Controversial cytogenetic observations in mammalian somatic cells exposed to radiofrequency radiation. Radiat. Res. 162:481-496. Vijayalaxmi. 2007. In Vitro—Animal and Cell Biology. Presented at the workshop organized by the Committee on Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communications Devices, Washington, DC, August 7-9, 2007. Vrijheid, M., I. Deltour, D. Krewski, M. Sanchez, and E. Cardis. 2006. The effects of recall errors and of selection bias in epidemiologic studies of mobile phone use and cancer risk. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 16(4):371-384. Wang, J., O. Fujiwara, S. Koder, and S. Watanabe. 2006. FDTD calculation of whole-body average SAR in adult and child models for frequencies from 30 MHz to 3 GHz. Phys. Med. Biol. 51:4119-4127.

REFERENCES 49 Weaver, J., and Y. Chizmadzhev. 2006. Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (3rd Edition), F. Barnes and B. Greenbaum, editors. Biological and Medical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields. Chapter 9:293-333. New York: CRC Press. Weaver, J. 2007. In Silico Bioelectromagnetics and In Vivo Biochemical Noise. Presented at the workshop organized by the Committee on Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communications Devices, Washington, DC, August 7-9, 2007. WHO (World Health Organization). 2005. Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity. Fact Sheet No 296, Geneva, Switzerland. Yu, D., Y. Shen, N. Kuster, Y. Fu, and H. Chiang. ���������������������������������� 2006. Effects of 900 MHz GSM wire- less communication signals on DMBA-induced mammary tumors in rats. Radiat. Res. 165:174-180. Zook, B. C., and S. J. Simmens. 2001. The effects of 860 MHz radiofrequency radiation on the induction or promotion of brain tumors and other neoplasms in rats. Radiat. Res. 155:572-583.

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In recent years there has been a rapid increase in the use of wireless communications devices and a great deal of research has been carried out to investigate possible biological or human health effects resulting from their use. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration asked the National Research Council to organize a workshop to identify research needs and gaps in knowledge in the areas of dosimetry and exposure, epidemiology, human laboratory studies, mechanisms, and animal and cell biology. The workshop did not include the evaluation of health effects or the generation of recommendations relating to how identified research needs should be met. Some needs and gaps identified at the workshop include: (1) characterization of exposures from wireless devices and RF base station antennas in juveniles, children, fetuses, and pregnant women and (2) evaluation of devices that use newer technologies (e.g., texting, web-surfing).

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