National Academies Press: OpenBook

Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology and Risk Assessment (2007)

Chapter: Appendix B: Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment for Toxicogenomics

« Previous: Appendix A: Biographic Information on the Committee on Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment for Toxicogenomics." National Research Council. 2007. Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology and Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12037.
×
Page 262
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment for Toxicogenomics." National Research Council. 2007. Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology and Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12037.
×
Page 263
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment for Toxicogenomics." National Research Council. 2007. Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology and Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12037.
×
Page 264
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment for Toxicogenomics." National Research Council. 2007. Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology and Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12037.
×
Page 265
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment for Toxicogenomics." National Research Council. 2007. Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology and Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12037.
×
Page 266
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment for Toxicogenomics." National Research Council. 2007. Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology and Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12037.
×
Page 267
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment for Toxicogenomics." National Research Council. 2007. Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology and Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12037.
×
Page 268
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment for Toxicogenomics." National Research Council. 2007. Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology and Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12037.
×
Page 269

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Appendix B Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment for Toxicogenomics1 With the development of toxicogenomics we believe that it is necessary to move toward harmonization of minimal toxicological data requirements to fully realise the potential of this emerging interdisciplinary field. Following the very favourable response that the Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment (MIAME) (Brazma et al. 2001) has received from the microarray community and key scientific journals (Nature 2002; Ball et al. 2002a,b,c) we have initiated the harmonization process as applied to array- based toxicogenomic experiments. MIAME/Tox (MIAME 2002) is a set of guidelines defining the minimum information required to interpret unambigu- ously and potentially reproduce and verify array-based toxicogenomic experi- ments. Similarly, MIAME/Tox seeks to provide such a conceptual structure in the context of pharmacogenomics and chemogenomics. Therefore, this harmoni- zation effort in toxicogenomics will have broad application in experimental sci- ence as well as clinical medicine. MIAME/Tox supports a number of different objectives, for example: link- ing data within a study, and linking several studies from one institution and ex- changing toxicogenomics datasets among public databases. In fact, the major objective of MIAME/Tox is to guide the development of toxicogenomics data- bases and data management software. The breadth, depth, and uniformity of the information a database contains are critical to its utility. To address the last is- sue, MIAME/Tox content areas for experiment descriptions include information that are recommended to be provided by maximum use of controlled vocabular- ies or ontologies (such as species taxonomy, cell types, anatomy terms, histopa- 1 Source: Based on MIAME/Tox 1.1, Draft, August 2003, from MIAME 2002. Re- printed with permission from authors; 2002, Microarray Gene Expression Data Society. 262

Appendix B 263 thology, toxicology, and chemical compound nomenclature). The use of con- trolled vocabularies is needed to enable database queries and automated data analysis. MIAME/Tox guidelines have been adopted to guide the development of toxicogenomics databases underway at the NIEHS National Center for Toxico- genomics, USA (NCT 2006), and at the EMBL European Bioinformatics Insti- tute, UK (EMBL EBI 2007), in conjunction with the International Life Sciences Institute’s Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, USA (ILSI HESI 2007). MIAME/Tox is continuously developing in accordance with our under- standing of microarray technology and its applications to toxicology and phar- macology. Please join the MIAME/Tox discussion list (mged-tox@lists.source forge.net) and contribute with your ideas and comments. MIAME/TOX CHECKLIST Minimum information to be recorded about toxicogenomics experiments is defined in subsequent sections and should include the following data domains: • Agent description, formulation, purity, solubility, vehicle, separation methods, chemical structure, active moieties, safety and toxicity, storage, half- life. • Experimental design parameters, genetic background and animal hus- bandry information or cell line and culture information, exposure parameters, dosing regimen, and dose groups. • Microarray data, specifying the number and details of replicate array bioassays associated with particular samples, and including PCR transcript analysis if available. • Biological endpoint data, including animal and organ weights at ne- cropsy or cell counts and doubling times, clinical chemistry and enzyme assays, hematology, urinalysis, other. • Textual endpoint information such as clinical and gross observations, pathology and microscopy findings. As with MIAME, MIAME/Tox has two major sections. • Array design description; • Gene expression experiment description. The first section remains identical to the MIAME 1.1 document, and the second section is extended to fulfill the need of this toxicogenomics-specific application of MIAME. The two components of MIAME/Tox are discussed in further detail below.

264 Appendix B Array Design Description This section remains identical to the MIAME 1.1 document. Experiment Description By experiment, MIAME refers to a set of one or more hybridizations that are in some way related (e.g., related to the same publication or the same study). The minimum information for a toxicogenomic experiment includes a descrip- tion of the following five parts. 1. Toxicogenomic experimental design 2. Biological materials used, extract preparation and labeling, toxicologi- cal assays. 3. Hybridization procedures and parameters 4. Gene expression measurement data and Specifications of data process- ing MIAME/Tox recommends the following details on each of these sections. 1. Toxicogenomic Experimental Design The following information is included in the experimental design. • Authors, laboratory or clinic, contact • A brief description of the experiment and its goal and a link to a publi- cation if one exists (Links [URL], citations). • Indicate the Experiment Design Type Instances could be: - compound_treatment_design - dose_response_design - injury_design - stimulus_or_stress_design - other. Note that use of multiple entries if of course possible to specify the type of the experiment. One can also propose a term: e.g. Acute, pre-chronic or chronic treatment, or clinical trial • Experimental factors, i.e. organisms, parameters or conditions tested, for instance: - species, strain, genotype, genetic variation - age and weight, developmental stage - dose(s) in standard units

Appendix B 265 - route of exposure, vehicle, time of treatments and observations • Indicate the total number of hybridizations in the experiment • Quality control steps taken: - Replicates done (yes/no), type of replicates (biological, tech- nical) description - if pools of extracts (yes/no) were used versus extracts from in- dividual samples, description - whether dye swap is used (only for two channel platforms) - other. 2. Biological Materials Used, Extract Preparation and Labeling, Toxicologi- cal Assays By biological material, MIAME/Tox refers to the material (sample) used in toxicological, pharmacological or clinical investigations and from which nu- cleic acids were extracted for subsequent labelling and hybridisation. In this section all steps that precede the hybridization are described. We can usually distinguish between: • Assessment of the source of the sample (biosource properties); • Treatments applied to the samples (manipulations); • Toxicological assessments; • Extract preparation; • Extract labelling; and • Hybridization controls. Biosource properties • organism (NCBI taxonomy) • sample source provider • descriptors relevant to the particular sample, such as - strain - sex - genetic background - genetic modifications - age - weights - development stage - organism part (tissue) of the organism's anatomy from which the biological material is derived (if samples are cells) - cell type - animal/plant strain or line - genetic variation (e.g., gene knockout, transgenic variation)

266 Appendix B - individual genetic characteristics (e.g., disease alleles, poly- morphisms) - disease state or normal - additional clinical information available an individual identi- fier (for interrelation of the biological materials in the experi- ment) Sample manipulations: laboratory protocols and relevant parameters, such as: • facilities details • animal husbandry and housing details • cell culture conditions • growth conditions (passage level and frequency) • metabolic competency of cell strains • treatment (stressor), in vivo, in vitro • treatment type (e.g., compound, small molecule, heat shock, cold shock, food deprivation, diet) • treatment compound name and grade formulation, including manufac- turer • type of compound (e.g. chemical, drug or solvent) • CASRN, chemical structure/molecular formula • vehicle for chemical treatment • exposure method (route of administration, e.g. oral, gavage, mucolar, medium, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravenous, topical) • duration • dose (and unit) • date/time at death or at sacrifice • sacrifice method Toxicological assessments: Laboratory Protocols and Relevant Parameters Measured and Data Files e.g., Clinical Observations • weight • survival (yes/no) • signs (e.g., general, behavior) • site of application • lesions • color effects • other

Appendix B 267 Gross Necropsy Examination • organs and tissues examination list • organs and tissues collection list • organs and tissues weight list • organs and tissues storage method and location Histopathology Evaluation • which biological materials (control and experimental) • slide preparation, storage method and location • topography (definite anatomical region) • system • organ • sites • cell type(s) • morphology(s) • qualifier(s) for the morphology(s) Clinical Pathology • hematology (e.g., erythrocyte count, mean corpuscular volume, hemo- globin) • clinical chemistry (e.g.,sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), alkaline phos- phatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK) • other parameters measured, e.g., sperm morphology and vaginal cytol- ogy evaluation (SMVCE) • estrous cycle length • micronucleated erythrocytes determination • functional observation battery • other. Nucleic Acid Extraction Protocol Applied to the Biological Material • Type of nucleic acid RNA, mRNA, or genomic DNA is extracted • extraction method • amplification methods if any. Labeling Protocol for Each Labeling Prepared from the Extract, Including • amount of nucleic acids labeled • label used (e.g., A-Cy3, G-Cy5, 33P, ….)

268 Appendix B • label incorporation method • Facility details (if this part of the experiments has been carried out in facility different from the sample treatment and toxicological assessments steps above, e.g. consortium, contracting out). External Controls Added to Hybridization Extract(s) (spiking controls) • element on array expected to hybridize to spiking control • spike type (e.g., oligonucleotide, plasmid DNA, transcript) • spike qualifier (e.g., concentration, expected ratio, labelling methods if different than that of the extract) 3. Hybridization Procedures and Parameters This section remains identical to the MIAME 1.1 document 4. Measurement Data and Specifications of Data Processing This section remains identical to the MIAME 1.1 document On the Behalf of EMBL-EBI, NIEHS NCT, NIEHS NTP and ILSI HESI Susanna-Assunta Sansone1, EMBL—The European Bioinformatics Insti- tute; Michael D. Waters, NIEHS National Center for Toxicogenomics; Syril D. Pettit, ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute; William B. Mattes, ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Genomics Committee; Jenni- fer Fostel, Pfizer and ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Genom- ics Committee; William Pennie, NIEHS National Toxicology Program; Alvis Brazma, EMBL—The European Bioinformatics Institute; Raymond W. Tennant, NIEHS National Center for Toxicogenomics; James K. Selkirk, NIEHS National Center for Toxicogenomics; Richard S. Paules, NIEHS Na- tional Center for Toxicogenomics; Pierre R. Bushel, NIEHS National Center for Toxicogenomics; William C. Eastin, NIEHS National Toxicology Program. REFERENCES Ball, C.A, G. Sherlock, H. Parkinson, P. Rocca-Sera, C. Brooksbank, H.C. Causton, D. Cavalieri, T. Gaasterland, P. Hingamp, F. Holstege, M. Ringwald, P. Spellman, C.J. Stoeckert, Jr., J.E. Stewart, R. Taylor, A. Brazma, and J. Quackenbush. 2002a. Standards for microarray data [letter]. Science 298(5593):539. Ball, C.A., G. Sherlock, H. Parkinson, P. Rocca-Sera, C. Brooksbank, H.C. Causton, D. Cavalieri, T. Gaasterland, P. Hingamp, F. Holstege, M. Ringwald, P. Spellman, C.J. Stoeckert, Jr., J.E. Stewart, R. Taylor, A. Brazma, and J. Quackenbush. 2002b.

Appendix B 269 The underlying principles of scientific publication [review]. Bioinformatics 18(11):1409. Ball, C.A., G. Sherlock, H. Parkinson, P. Rocca-Sera, C. Brooksbank, H.C. Causton, D. Cavalieri, T. Gaasterland, P. Hingamp, F. Holstege, M. Ringwald, P. Spellman, C.J. Stoeckert, Jr., J.E. Stewart, R. Taylor, A. Brazma, and J. Quackenbush. 2002c. A guide to microarray experiments-an open letter to the scientific journals. The Lancet 360(9338):1019. Brazma, A., P. Hingamp, J. Quackenbush, G. Sherlock, P. Spellman, C. Stoeckert, J. Aach, W. Ansorge, C.A. Ball, H.C. Causton, T. Gaasterland, P. Glenisson, F.C. Holstege, I.F. Kim, V. Markowitz, J.C. Matese, H. Parkinson, A. Robinson, U. Sarkans, S. Schulze-Kremer, J. Stewart, R. Taylor, J. Vilo, and M. Vingron. 2001. Minimum information about a microarray experiment (MIAME)-toward standards for microarray data. Nat. Genet. 29(4):365-371. EMBL EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute). 2007. NET Project at the EBI. European Bioinformatics Institute [online]. Available: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/net-project/ index.html [accessed April 26, 2007]. ILSI HESI. 2007. International Life Sciences Institute- Health and Environmental Sci- ences Institute [online]. Available: http://www.hesiglobal.org/ [accessed April 26, 2007]. MIAME. 2002. Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment—MIAME 1.1. DRAFT 6. Version 1.1. April 1, 2002 [online]. Available: http://www.mged.org/ Workgroups/MIAME/miame_1.1.html [accessed April 26, 2007]. MIAME. 2003. A MIAME for Toxicogenomics-MIAME/TOX. Draft August 2003- Based on MIAME/Tox 1.1. [online]. Available: http://www.mged.org/Work groups/rsbi/MIAME-Tox-Checklist.doc [accessed April 26, 2007]. Nature (Nature Journal). 2002. Microarray standards at last [editorial]. Nature 419(6905):323. NCT (National Center for Toxicogenomics). 2006. Using Global Genomic Expression Technology to Create a Knowledge Base for Protecting Human Health. National Center for Toxicogenomics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [online]. Available: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/nct/ [accessed April 26, 2007].

Next: Appendix C: Overview of Risk Assessment »
Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology and Risk Assessment Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $84.00 Buy Ebook | $64.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

The new field of toxicogenomics presents a potentially powerful set of tools to better understand the health effects of exposures to toxicants in the environment. At the request of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the National Research Council assembled a committee to identify the benefits of toxicogenomics, the challenges to achieving them, and potential approaches to overcoming such challenges. The report concludes that realizing the potential of toxicogenomics to improve public health decisions will require a concerted effort to generate data, make use of existing data, and study data in new ways—an effort requiring funding, interagency coordination, and data management strategies.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!