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HARDBACK price:$48.95 add to cart Rights & Permissions Free PDF Access Sign in to download PDF book and chapters Free Resources PDF SUMMARY Display this book on your site! Related Titles Colloquy on Minority Males in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics From Science to Business: Preparing Female Scientists and Engineers for Successful Transitions into Entrepreneurship: Summary of a Workshop Other Related Titles Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty (2010) Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine (CWSEM) Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT) Citation Manager Export the bibliographic data for this book in your chosen format Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Citation Manager . "Index." Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2010. Please select a format: Page 353   E-mail Share on facebook Facebook Share on delicious Delicious Share on stumbleupon Stumble Share on twitter Twitter More Sharing ServicesMore The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Index A Academic hiring. See also Applications; Interviews; Offers; Recruitment data on, 42-43, 44-48, 50-54 equity in, 4, 27-28, 36, 63, 68, 274 faculty perspective, 61 key findings, 5-8, 64-69, 154-158 process, 5, 40-43, 275 productivity and, 88 selection process, 41, 42, 50-56 recommendations, 164-165 of spouses, 274, 279 statistical analyses, 43, 48-50, 54-56, 57-59 survey questionnaire, 193-196 target-of-opportunity positions, 44, 46, 64 trends, 16, 148-149, 154 women’s involvement in, 5, 50, 55, 154, 157, 279 Academics. See Assistant professors; Associate professors; Faculty; Full professors ADVANCE program, 16, 18 Age factors, 36, 270-271, 326 Agricultural sciences, 2, 6, 20, 25 n.14, 32, 35, 37 n.19, 60, 155, 249, 254, 255, 262 American Association for the Advancement of Science, 32, 103 American Association of University Professors, 32, 36 n.16, 37, 103, 269 American Chemical Society, 32, 269, 277, 280, 281 American Institute of Physics, 28, 32, 181, 182, 280 American Mathematical Society, 32 American Society for Engineering Education, 32 Antidiscrimination laws, 17-18 Applications for faculty positions climate perceptions and, 277-278, 282 decision to apply, 41 descriptive data, 44-48 discipline and, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49-50, 65, 66, 68, 154, 156, 277, 284-286 doctoral pool relative to, 21, 23, 28, 46-48, 61, 65, 66, 68, 154, 156, 164, 277-278 faculty composition and, 278-279 family-friendly policies and, 49, 50, 62, 63, 66, 279, 282 geographic mobility constraints, 21, 271, 280-281 by institution type, 47, 49, 50, 66, 279, 284, 285, 286 institutional policies for increasing diversity, 8, 61-64, 66, 274 key findings, 65-66, 154-156 male-only pools, 65, 66, 154, 284 pool of female applicants, 5, 7, 8, 23, 28, 44, 154, 156 Page 353 Front Matter (R1-R18) Summary (1-14) 1 Introduction (15-30) 2 Status of Women in Academic Science and Engineering in 2004 and 2005 (31-38) 3 Gender Differences in Academic Hiring (39-69) 4 Professional Activities, Institutional Resources, Climate, and Outcomes (70-115) 5 Gender Differences in Tenure and Promotion (116-152) 6 Key Findings and Recommendations (153-168) Appendixes (169-170) Appendix 1-1: Biographical Information on Committee Members (171-177) Appendix 1-2: List of Research I Institutions (178-178) Appendix 1-3: Committee Meeting Agenda (179-180) Appendix 1-4: The Surveys (181-188) Appendix 1-5: Survey Instruments (189-215) Appendix 1-6: Departments in Survey (216-248) Appendix 2-1: Review of Literature and Relevant Research (249-266) Appendix 2-2: Previous Research on Factors Contributing to Gender Differences Among Faculty (267-274) Appendix 3-1: Review of Literature and Research on Factors Associated with a Higher Proportion of Female Applicants (275-283) Appendix 3-2: Estimated Adjusted Mean Effects and Differences for the Probability That There Are No Female Applicants (284-284) Appendix 3-3: Estimated Adjusted Mean Effects and Differences Based on the Modeled Probability of the Percentage of Applicants That Are Female (285-286) Appendix 3-4: Estimated Adjusted Mean Effects and Differences Based on the Modeled Probability of at Least One Female Candidate Interviewed (287-288) Appendix 3-5: Doctoral Degrees Awarded by All Doctoral-Granting Institutions, by Field, Gender, and Year (289-289) Appendix 3-6: Doctoral Degrees Awarded by Discipline and Gender for Research I Institutions, 1999-2003 (290-290) Appendix 3-7: Marginal Mean and Variance of Transformed Response Variables (291-294) Appendix 3-8: Main Considerations for Taking a Position by Number of Respondents Saying "Yes" (295-295) Appendix 4-1: Distribution of Undergraduate Course Load for Faculty by Gender and Discipline (296-297) Appendix 4-2: Percentage of Faculty Members Who Do No Graduate Teaching (298-298) Appendix 4-3: Percentage of Faculty Members Receiving a Reduced Teaching Load When Hired (299-299) Appendix 4-4: Percentage of Faculty Members Who Served on an Undergraduate Thesis or Honors Committee (300-300) Appendix 4-5: Percentage of Faculty Members Who Served on and Chaired an Undergraduate Thesis or Honors Committee (301-301) Appendix 4-6: Distribution of Number of Graduate Thesis or Honors Committees for Research I Tenure and Tenure-Track Faculty: Men/Women (302-302) Appendix 4-7: Percentage of Time Spent in Administration or Committee Work on Campus and Service to the Profession Outside the University for Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty at Research I Institutions: Men/Women (303-303) Appendix 4-8: Distribution of Number of Service Committees for Research I Tenure and Tenure-Track Faculty: Men/Women (304-304) Appendix 4-9: Mean Salary by Gender and Professorial Rank for Tenure and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions (305-305) Appendix 4-10: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions Receiving Summer Support (306-306) Appendix 4-11: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions Receiving Travel Funds (307-307) Appendix 4-12: Median Square Footage of Lab Space of Faculty Who Report Doing Experimental Work (308-308) Appendix 4-13: Faculty Who Have Received More Lab Space Since Hire (Values Are Percentages) (309-309) Appendix 4-14: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions Receiving Sufficient Equipment (310-310) Appendix 4-15: Number of Postdoctorate Students for Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions (presented by Men and Women) (311-311) Appendix 4-16: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions Receiving Sufficient Clerical Support (312-312) Appendix 4-17: Percentage of Faculty Members Stating That They Had a Mentor (313-313) Appendix 4-18: Distribution of the Number of Graduate Students for Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions (presented by Men and Women) (314-314) Appendix 4-19: Mean Number of Articles Published in Refereed Journals (sole and co-authored) Over the Past 3 Years for Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions (315-315) Appendix 4-20a: Estimated Probability of Having Grant Funding by Discipline, Gender, and Whether the Faculty Member Has an Assigned Mentor - Assistant Professors Only (316-316) Appendix 4-20b: Estimated Probability of Having Grant Funding by Discipline, Gender, and Whether the Faculty Member Has an Assigned Mentor - Associate Professors Only (317-317) Appendix 4-21: Percentage of Faculty Missing Salary Data by Gender and Discipline (318-318) Appendix 4-22: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty at Research I Institutions That Were Nominated for at Least One Award (319-319) Appendix 4-23: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Research I Faculty with Offers to Leave (320-320) Appendix 4-24: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty at Research I Institutions Planning to Leave or Retire (321-321) Appendix 5-1: Knowledge of Tenure Procedures by Gender, Rank, and Presence of a Mentor (322-323) Appendix 5-2: Detailed Tenure Information from Departmental Survey (324-324) Appendix 5-3: Time Spent in Both Assistant and Associate Professorships (325-325) Appendix 5-4: Years Between Starting Employment and Achieving Associate Professor Status, by Gender (326-326) Appendix 5-5: Years Between Starting Employment and Achieving Full Professor Status, by Gender (327-327) Appendix 5-6: Patterns of Nonresponse for Tenure Decisions (328-328) Appendix 5-7: Patterns of Nonresponse for Promotion Decisions (329-329) Bibliography (330-352) Index (353-366)

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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty Index A Academic hiring. See also Applications; Interviews; Offers; Recruitment data on, 42-43, 44-48, 50-54 equity in, 4, 27-28, 36, 63, 68, 274 faculty perspective, 61 key findings, 5-8, 64-69, 154-158 process, 5, 40-43, 275 productivity and, 88 selection process, 41, 42, 50-56 recommendations, 164-165 of spouses, 274, 279 statistical analyses, 43, 48-50, 54-56, 57-59 survey questionnaire, 193-196 target-of-opportunity positions, 44, 46, 64 trends, 16, 148-149, 154 women’s involvement in, 5, 50, 55, 154, 157, 279 Academics. See Assistant professors; Associate professors; Faculty; Full professors ADVANCE program, 16, 18 Age factors, 36, 270-271, 326 Agricultural sciences, 2, 6, 20, 25 n.14, 32, 35, 37 n.19, 60, 155, 249, 254, 255, 262 American Association for the Advancement of Science, 32, 103 American Association of University Professors, 32, 36 n.16, 37, 103, 269 American Chemical Society, 32, 269, 277, 280, 281 American Institute of Physics, 28, 32, 181, 182, 280 American Mathematical Society, 32 American Society for Engineering Education, 32 Antidiscrimination laws, 17-18 Applications for faculty positions climate perceptions and, 277-278, 282 decision to apply, 41 descriptive data, 44-48 discipline and, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49-50, 65, 66, 68, 154, 156, 277, 284-286 doctoral pool relative to, 21, 23, 28, 46-48, 61, 65, 66, 68, 154, 156, 164, 277-278 faculty composition and, 278-279 family-friendly policies and, 49, 50, 62, 63, 66, 279, 282 geographic mobility constraints, 21, 271, 280-281 by institution type, 47, 49, 50, 66, 279, 284, 285, 286 institutional policies for increasing diversity, 8, 61-64, 66, 274 key findings, 65-66, 154-156 male-only pools, 65, 66, 154, 284 pool of female applicants, 5, 7, 8, 23, 28, 44, 154, 156

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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty prestige of institution and, 49, 50, 66, 281-283, 285, 286 review of research results on, 275-283 search committee composition and, 50, 64, 66, 279, 284, 285, 286 statistical analysis, 43, 48-50, 284-286 by tenured or tenure-track position, 44-46, 47, 48, 49, 65-66, 284, 285, 286 Architectural engineering, 25 n.14, 181-182, 230, 231 Arizona State University, 216, 221, 227, 232, 237, 243 Assistant professors academic hiring, 11, 39, 40, 48 attrition/retention, 4, 10-11, 28 by discipline, 6, 11, 35, 125, 139, 146, 148, 155, 183, 262, 264 doctoral pool, 48 family issues, 273 full-time vs. part-time appointments, 152, 153 grant funding, 113, 160, 316, 317 by institution type, 265, 266 knowledge of tenure and promotion policies, 322-323 mentoring for, 10, 113, 160, 165, 316, 317, 322 outside offers, 107 promotion and tenure, 11, 118, 119, 125, 129, 130, 131, 136-137, 138-139, 145, 148, 151, 161, 163 research productivity, 92, 93, 97 resource packages for, 10, 78, 81, 96, 111 salary, 10, 104, 105, 106, 113, 161 stopping the tenure clock, 12, 144-145, 152, 163 survey sample, 183, 185-188 time in rank, 12, 117, 136-138, 139-146, 150, 151, 152, 155, 163, 164 time from receipt of Ph.D. to hire (academic age), 36, 144, 151, 164 trends in employment, 1, 15-16, 33, 35, 148, 275 Associate professors academic hiring, 48 career age, 326 by discipline, 6, 35, 127, 128, 142, 262, 264 doctoral pool, 48 grant funding, 113, 317 by institution type, 263, 266 knowledge of tenure and promotion policies, 322-323 mentors, 113, 317, 322 promotion and tenure, 11, 123, 127, 128, 129, 133-134, 137-138, 139, 140, 141, 145, 146-148, 149, 150, 151, 162-163 research productivity, 92, 93, 97 resource packages for, 111 salary, 10, 104, 105, 106, 161 stopping the tenure clock, 12, 163 survey sample, 183, 185-188 time from receipt of Ph.D., 140 time in rank, 123, 137-138, 141, 146-148, 150, 163, 326 trends in employment, 1, 33, 275 Association for Women in Science, 16, 63 Attrition/retention, 4, 10-11, 21, 23-24, 26, 28, 38, 106-107, 109-110, 116, 148, 168 B Bement, Arden L., Jr., 17-18 Big 10+ Chemical Engineering Chairs Survey, 77-78 Biochemistry, 36, 181, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227 Biology academic employment, 6, 11, 32, 33, 35, 37, 258, 259, 261 academic hiring, 7, 8, 28, 46, 47, 48, 49-50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 65, 66, 68, 155, 156, 157, 284-288 climate for professional development, 87, 314 defined, 25 n.14 department description, 181, 216-221 doctoral pool, 7, 48, 251, 276, 289-290 employment trends, 32, 33, 35, 37, 254, 255, 275 generally, 2, 20, 25 grant funding, 113, 160, 316, 317 institutional resources, 8, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 306-312, 314 institutions surveyed, 216-221 job satisfaction, 321 outside offers, 106, 114, 320 professional activities, 74, 75, 76, 77, 122, 296, 298, 299, 300-304, 314

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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty promotion and tenure, 11, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 139, 140, 141, 148, 150, 151, 161, 162-163, 261, 324, 328-329 rank of female faculty, 6, 11, 155, 262, 264 research productivity, 10, 91, 92, 93, 95, 160, 315 salary, 305-306, 318 sample characteristics and response rates, 182, 183, 185-188, 328-329 teaching load, 296, 298, 299 Boston University, 216, 221, 227, 232, 237, 243 Brown University, 216, 221, 227, 232, 238, 243 C California Institute of Technology, 70, 216, 221, 227, 232, 238, 243 Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 20 n.12, 24, 130, 258 n.9 Carnegie-Mellon University, 216, 221, 227, 232, 238, 243 Case Western Reserve University, 80, 216, 221, 227, 232, 238, 243 Caucus for Women in Statistics, 16, 63 Chemistry academic hiring, 7, 28, 46, 47, 48, 49-50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 65, 66, 68, 155, 156, 284-288 climate for professional development, 87, 314 department description, 181, 221-227 doctoral pool, 7, 251, 276, 289-290 employment trends, 32, 33 n.11, 35, 36 family issues of applicants, 280, 281 grant funding, 113, 316, 317 institutional resources, 10, 78-79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 306-312, 314 institutions surveyed, 221-227 job satisfaction, 321 mentoring, 316, 317 outside offers, 106, 114, 161, 320 professional activities, 74, 75, 110-111, 122, 158, 296, 300-304, 314 promotion and tenure, 11, 118, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 161, 163, 324, 328-329 rank of female faculty, 155 research productivity, 10, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 160, 315 salary, 306-307, 318 sample characteristics and response rates, 182, 183, 185-188, 328-329 teaching load, 296, 298, 299 Civil engineering academic hiring, 7, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 65, 66, 68, 156, 284-288 climate for professional development, 87, 314 department description, 181-182, 227-232 doctoral pool, 7, 48, 249, 251, 276, 289-290 employment trends, 35 grant funding, 316, 317 institutional resources, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 306-312, 314 institutions surveyed, 227-232 job satisfaction, 321 mentoring, 316, 317 outside offers, 106, 114, 320 professional activities, 74, 75, 122, 297, 298, 299, 300-304, 314 promotion and tenure, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 138, 139, 140, 141, 146, 150, 163, 324, 328-329 rationale for inclusion in this study, 25 n.14 research productivity, 10, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95-96, 160, 315 salary, 104, 306-307, 318 sample characteristics and response rates, 182, 183, 185-188, 328-329 teaching load, 297, 298, 299 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 18 Clerical support, 9, 71, 83-84, 85, 111, 159, 312 Climate for professional development and career decisions, 12-13, 62, 277-278, 282 collaborative research, 9, 86, 112, 159 committee participation, 9, 88, 112, 159, 279 discipline and, 85, 86, 87, 88, 158, 277 interaction and engagement with colleagues, 9, 21, 62, 71, 86-87, 108, 112, 158, 159, 165, 277, 278 and job satisfaction, 107-109 key findings, 9, 112, 159 mentoring, 9, 10, 12, 71, 85-86, 87, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 112, 159, 313 perceptions of S&E applicants, 277-278 prestige of institution, 62 variables analyzed, 71, 84-85 Colorado State University, 216, 221, 227, 232, 238, 243

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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty Columbia University, 42 n.1, 216, 221, 227, 232, 238, 243 Committee on the Status of Women in Physics, 16 Committee service by women and academic hiring, 50, 64, 66, 279, 284, 285, 286 chair, 8, 9, 27, 49, 50, 66, 67, 88, 112, 121, 122, 157, 159, 165, 279, 284-288, 292, 301 curriculum, 78 discipline and, 88, 300-304 executive, 78 number of committees, 77, 304 and promotion and tenure, 129 search committees, 8, 49, 50, 55, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 78, 85, 157, 165, 279, 284-288, 292 tenure and promotion committees, 78, 85, 112, 119, 121, 122 by tenure and tenure-track faculty, 303-304 thesis or honors committees, 77, 88, 300, 301, 302 time spent on, 77-78, 129 Computer engineering, 182, 232-237 Computer sciences, 2, 20, 25 n.14, 34, 35, 37 n.19, 38 n.22, 48, 73 n.4, 75, 76, 77, 104-105, 137, 182, 232-238, 251, 254, 259, 261, 262, 264, 276 n.2, 277, 326, 327 Computing Research Association, 32 Construction engineering, 181, 228 Cornell Higher Education Research Institute, 78, 272 Cornell University, 216, 221, 227, 233, 238, 243 Council of Colleges of Arts & Sciences, 77 D Doctorate recipients academic faculty, 15, 257-266 applicant pool relative to, 21, 23, 28, 46-48, 61, 65, 66, 68, 154, 156, 277-278 by discipline, 7, 33, 48, 249, 251, 276, 289-290 employment discipline, 254, 258, 259 employment sector, 5, 254-257 employment status and trends, 3, 5, 15-16, 250-253, 258, 261-262, 263, 275, 277 by institution type, 289-290 pool of, 7, 23, 249-250, 276-278 preferences for employment, 277 trends, 1, 249-250, 251, 276, 289 Duke University, 137, 216, 222, 227, 233, 238, 243 E Earth sciences, 2, 20, 32, 34, 249, 251 Education Amendments of 1972, 18 Electrical engineering academic hiring, 7, 8, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 65, 66, 67-68, 156, 157, 284-288 climate for professional development, 85, 87, 88, 314 department description, 182, 232-237 doctoral pool, 7, 251, 276, 289-290 grant funding, 316, 317 institutional resources, 82, 83, 85, 306-312, 314 institutions surveyed, 232-237 job satisfaction, 109, 114, 321 mentoring, 316, 317 outside offers, 106, 114, 161, 320 professional activities, 74, 75, 88, 122, 297, 298, 299, 300-304, 314 promotion and tenure, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 163, 324, 328-329 rank of female faculty, 6 research productivity, 10, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 160, 315 salary, 104, 306-307, 318 sample characteristics and response rates, 182, 183, 185-188, 328-329 teaching load, 297, 298, 299 Emory University, 216, 222, 227, 233, 238, 243 Employment in S&E by discipline, 154, 254, 255, 258, 259, 275 full-time academic workforce, 5, 154, 255-256, 257-266, 275; see also Faculty full-time S&E workforce, 5, 154, 250-256 part-time, 252-253, 280 by sector, 254-257 Engineering. See also Civil engineering; Electrical engineering degree statistics, 25 n.14, 46, 251

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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty employment trends, 5, 254, 255 faculty statistics, 25 n.14, 33, 34, 35, 48, 155, 258, 259, 262 institutional resources, 78 Environmental engineering, 25 n.14, 181, 227-232 Equal Pay Act of 1963, 18 F Faculty representation. See also Assistant professors; Associate professors; Full professors age factors and, 270-271 applicant pool relative and, 278-279 by department, 278-279 by discipline or field, 5, 6, 33, 34, 35, 36, 154, 155, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 264 doctoral pool relative to, 21, 23, 28, 33 n.11, 48, 61, 271 employment trends, 1, 15, 26, 257-266 by institution type, 33, 35, 37, 130, 258, 260, 262, 263 part-time, temporary, and off-track academic positions, 16, 21, 35, 37, 152, 153, 168, 250, 251, 252, 253 population in this study, 25 and promotion or tenure awards, 130 by rank, 6, 15-16, 33, 34, 35, 36, 155, 262, 264-266, 275 as role models, 18 by tenure status, 258, 261-262, 263, 324 Faculty Survey of Student Engagement, 18 Family issues in acceptance or rejection of offers, 61, 62, 63, 68, 157, 282 child care, 3, 21, 63, 129, 274, 279 discussions with colleagues, 87 dual career couples, 3, 21, 63, 273, 279, 280 family-friendly policies, 49, 50, 62, 63, 66, 129, 157, 279, 282 geographic mobility, 21, 271, 280-281 and job satisfaction, 108 leave for family or personal reasons, 63, 141, 274, 279 and part-time employment, 252-253, 280 and productivity, 271, 272 research recommendations, 165 and salary, 272 and tenure and promotion, 272-273 workload relief policies, 279 Florida State University, 216, 222, 228, 233, 238, 243 Full professors career age, 36, 327 data limitations on, 3, 24 by discipline, 6, 34, 35, 127, 128, 129, 262, 264, 266 doctoral pool, 48 by institution type, 262, 265, 266 knowledge of tenure and promotion policies, 322-323 promotion and tenure, 11, 123, 127, 128, 129, 133-134, 137-138, 139, 141, 149-150, 162-163, 322-323 research productivity, 92, 93, 97 resource packages for, 111 salary, 10, 36-37, 104, 105, 106, 161 survey sample, 183 trends in employment, 1, 33, 34, 35, 275 G Geographic mobility, 21, 271, 280-281 Georgetown University, 216, 222, 228, 233, 238, 243 Georgia Institute of Technology, 216, 222, 228, 233, 238, 243 Government Accountability Office, 18, 19 n.10 Grant funding and acceptance of offers, 62 discipline and, 8, 9-10, 94, 95-96, 97, 99, 112, 113, 158, 160, 316, 317 and employment offers, 41 honor/award nominations and, 102, 161, 319 institution type and, 94, 96, 113 lab space relative to, 80, 101, 111 mentor status and, 10, 95, 96, 97, 99, 113, 160, 165, 316, 317 and outcomes for faculty, 41, 72, 80, 89, 90, 93-100, 101, 105, 107, 111, 114, 159, 160 and outside offers, 114 prestige of institution and, 94, 96, 97, 99, 112-113, 160 and promotion and tenure, 129 publications and, 94-95, 96-97, 99, 113

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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty rank of faculty and, 94, 95-96, 97, 99, 112, 113, 160, 316, 317 and research productivity, 72, 89, 90, 93-100 resources, 30, 80 and retention/attrition, 107 and salary, 105, 113-114 size of awards, 94, 95, 96-97, 98-99 time spent on research and, 95, 96, 113 types of grants, 94, 160 H Hart-Rudman Commission on National Security to 2025, 17 Harvard University, 216, 222, 228, 233, 238, 243 Health sciences, 5, 6, 20 n.11, 25 n.14, 37 n.19, 80, 154, 155, 249 n.3, 254, 255, 258, 259, 261, 262, 264 Hiring. See Academic hiring Hogan, Alice, 18 Honor or award nominations, 3, 10, 71, 102-103, 161, 319 Hopkins, Nancy, 70, 121 n.5 Howard University, 216, 222, 228, 233, 238, 243 I Indiana University at Bloomington, 217, 222, 228, 233, 238, 243 Industrial manufacturing engineering, 249 Institutional resources, access to and acceptance of offers, 62 clerical support, 9, 71, 83, 85, 111, 159, 312 discipline and, 8, 78-79, 81-85, 111, 158, 306-312 equipment/instruments, 9, 29-30, 37, 71, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82-83, 111, 159, 310 equity, 4, 8-9, 28, 36-37, 72 institution type and, 78 key findings, 8-9, 111, 158-159 laboratory space, 2, 4, 9, 19, 28, 29-30, 37, 62, 71, 72, 77, 78, 79-82, 83, 89, 90, 111, 159, 308-309 and outcomes, 72, 83, 89, 90, 99-102, 111 prestige of institution and, 111 rank of faculty and, 78, 80, 111 reduced teaching loads, 9, 79, 111, 158, 299 research assistants and postdocs, 4, 9, 25, 28, 37, 71, 72, 77, 78, 80, 83-84, 111, 159, 311, 314 start-up package, 4, 9, 28, 29, 62, 71, 72, 77-78, 80, 81, 106, 111, 158, 295 summer salary, 9, 37, 71, 77, 78-79, 80, 111, 158, 306 travel funds, 9, 37, 71, 77, 79, 111, 158, 307 variables analyzed, 71 Institution type (public or private) and academic hiring, 47, 49, 50, 56, 59, 66, 279, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288 and access to institutional resources, 78, 99, 101 doctorate recipients by, 289-290 female faculty by, 33, 35, 37, 130, 258, 260, 262, 263 and grant funding, 94, 96, 113 and outcomes for faculty, 92, 94, 96, 99, 101, 102, 105 rank of female faculty by, 262, 263, 265, 266 research activities of faculty, 92, 94, 96, 99 and tenure and promotion, 11, 35, 125, 127, 130, 131, 134, 140, 146, 147, 148, 324 Interviews departmental selection behavior, 50-56 descriptive data, 50-54 by discipline, 8, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 67-68, 156, 157, 287-288 equity in, 63, 68, 154 institution type and, 56, 287, 288 factors associated with, 41, 54 hires relative to, 60 key findings, 5, 7-8, 67-68, 157 male-only pools, 51, 53, 54, 55, 67-68, 157 offers relative to, 57, 58, 59 percentage of applicant pool, 52, 54, 55-56, 67, 156, 157 preliminary, 41 prestige of institution and, 56, 287, 288 search committee composition and, 55, 287, 288 statistical analysis, 54-56, 287-288 by tenure or tenure-track position, 50-51, 52, 53-54, 55, 60, 67-68, 287, 288 Iowa State University, 217, 222, 228, 233, 238, 243

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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty J Job location, 62 Job offers. See Offers Job satisfaction climate and, 107-109, 114 data, 3, 107-109 decision to leave or retire and, 38, 109-110, 114, 321 discipline and, 109, 321 disparities in, 38, 71, 107-109 expectations, 21 measure of, 89 nomination for honors and awards and, 102 and productivity, 107 research literature, 268 salary and benefits and, 108, 109 Johns Hopkins University, 217, 222, 228, 233, 238, 243 L Laboratory space academic age and, 101 access to, 2, 4, 9, 19, 28, 29-30, 37, 71, 77, 78, 79-82, 111, 159 amount allocated, 81, 82, 100, 308 changes in, 82, 309 discipline and, 80, 82, 99, 101, 111, 159, 308, 309 experimental vs. theoretical research, 81, 101, 111 grant funding and, 99, 101, 111 institution type and, 99, 101 outcomes for faculty, 72, 83, 89, 90, 99-102, 111 prestige of institution and, 99, 101 publications and, 99, 101, 102 rank and, 80, 99, 101-102, 111, 159 research productivity and, 99-102 satisfaction with, 80-81 n.17, 83 Lane, Neal, 17 Lecturers, instructors, and off-track positions, 3, 25, 36 n.16, 37, 183, 273 Life sciences, 25 n.13, 33, 34, 48, 216 Louisiana State University, 217, 223, 228, 233, 238, 244 M Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1, 15, 17, 37, 70, 79, 84, 121, 129, 137, 178, 217, 223, 233, 239, 244, 267, 271 Mathematics academic hiring, 7, 46, 47, 48, 49-50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 65, 66, 67-68, 155, 156, 284-288 climate for professional development, 86, 87, 314 department description, 182, 237-242 doctoral pool, 7, 251, 276, 289-290 employment trends, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37 n.19, 254, 255, 259, 261, 264 grant funding, 316, 317 institutional resources, 79, 81 n.19, 83, 85, 306-312, 314 institutions surveyed, 237-242 job satisfaction, 321 mentoring, 316, 317 outside offers, 106, 114, 161, 320 professional activities, 74, 75, 76, 77, 122, 158, 297, 298, 299, 300-304, 314 promotion and tenure, 118, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 134, 137, 139, 140, 141, 145, 146, 150, 151, 163, 324, 328-329 rank of faculty, 6, 155 research productivity, 10, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95-96, 97, 99, 111, 160, 315 salary, 104, 306-307, 318 sample characteristics and response rates, 182, 183, 185-188, 328-329 teaching load, 297, 298, 299 Mechanical engineering, 182, 251 Mentors and mentoring access to, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 112, 165, 313 and grant funding, 10, 95, 96, 97, 99, 113, 160, 165, 316, 317 and knowledge of tenure and promotion policies, 322-323 and outcomes for faculty, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 107, 112, 113, 130 perceptions of, 278 and research productivity, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99 resources on, 85 n.21 Michigan State University, 217, 223, 228, 233, 239, 244

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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty N National Academies’ reports, current report compared to, 3-4 National Center for Education Statistics, 2, 29, 31, 32, 117, 269 n.4 National Institutes of Health, 94 National Research Council, 36, 250 National Science Foundation, 1-2, 16, 17, 31, 94, 117, 268 National Survey of Postsecondary Faculty, 29, 31-32, 37, 42, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 83, 89-91, 92, 83-94, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 117, 123, 137, 138, 139, 268, 269-270, 272, 326, 327 National Survey of Student Engagement, 18 New Hires Survey, 77-78 New Mexico State University, 79 n.12, 217, 223, 228, 233, 239, 244 New York University, 217, 223, 228, 233, 239, 244 North Carolina State University, 217, 223, 228, 233, 239, 244 Northwestern University, 217, 223, 228, 234, 239, 244 O Oceanograph, 2, 20, 32, 34, 249, 251 Offers made to women dean approval and, 57, 59 discipline and, 8, 56-57, 58, 61, 68, 156, 157, 320 factors associated with, 41, 57, 68 hires, 59-60, 154, 157 institution type and, 59 interview pool of women and, 57, 58, 59, 68, 157 key findings, 8, 68-69, 157 outside offers, 106-107, 114-115, 161 percentage of, 56-57, 58, 154, 156, 157 prestige of institution and, 59 reasons for accepting or rejecting, 41-42, 60, 61, 62, 68, 157, 295 statistical analysis, 57-59 by tenured or tenure-track position, 56, 58, 68 Ohio State University, 217, 223, 228, 234, 239, 244 Oregon State University, 217, 223, 228, 234, 239, 244 Outcomes for faculty academic age and, 101, 105, 113 discipline and, 9-10, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 112, 113, 114, 159-160, 318-321 geographic mobility constraints and, 280, 281 honor or award nominations, 3, 10, 71, 89, 102-103, 161, 319 institution type and, 92, 94, 96, 99, 101, 102, 105 job satisfaction, 3, 107-110, 321 key findings, 4, 9-10, 112-115, 159-161 measures of 89-90, 92 mentoring and, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 107, 112, 113, 160 outside offers, 89, 106-107, 114-115, 161, 320 prestige of institution and, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 105, 107, 112-113, 114 rank of faculty and, 92, 93, 94, 95-96, 97, 99, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 112, 113 research productivity, 10, 30, 71, 89-102, 105, 107, 112, 113, 114, 160, 278 salary, 10, 88, 89, 103-106, 318 time spent on activities and, 92, 93, 112 variables analyzed, 71-72, 89-90 P Part-time and temporary academic positions, 16, 21, 35, 152, 153, 168, 250, 251, 252, 253, 280 Pennsylvania State University, 134, 135, 136, 217, 223, 228, 234, 239, 244 Ph.D.s. See Doctorate recipients Physical sciences, 2, 20, 26, 32, 34, 35, 37 n.19, 48, 73 n.4, 75, 76, 77, 104-105, 137, 251, 254, 255, 259, 261, 262, 264, 326, 327. See also Chemistry; Physics and astronomy Physics academic hiring, 7, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 65, 66, 68, 156, 284-288 climate for professional development, 85, 87, 314 department description, 182, 243-248 doctoral pool, 7, 48, 251, 276, 289-290 employment trends, 33 n.10, 35

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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty family issues of applicants, 280, 281 grant funding, 316, 317 institutional resources, 78, 81, 82, 83, 85, 306-312, 314 institutions surveyed, 243-248 job satisfaction, 321 mentoring, 316, 317 outside offers, 106, 114, 161, 320 professional activities, 74, 75, 76, 77, 122, 297, 298, 299, 300-304, 314 promotion and tenure, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 139, 140, 141, 146, 150, 151, 163, 324, 328-329 rank of faculty, 6 research productivity, 10, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 160, 315 salary, 104, 306-307, 318 sample characteristics and response rates, 182, 183, 185-188, 328-329 teaching load, 297, 298, 299 POWRE award, 271 Prestige of institution and academic hiring, 49, 50, 59, 56, 66, 281-283, 285, 286, 287, 288 and access to institutional resources, 99, 101, 111 and climate for professional development, 62 and outcomes for faculty, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 105, 107, 112-113, 114 and research activities of faculty, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99 and tenure and promotion, 12, 130, 131, 140, 141, 142, 143-144, 146, 147, 150, 151, 281, 324 Princeton University, 78, 81, 217, 223, 228, 234, 239, 244 Productivity and academic hiring, 88 discipline and, 10, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95-96, 97, 99, 111, 315 factors affecting, 83-84 family issues and, 271, 272 grant funding and, 72, 89, 90, 93-100 job satisfaction and, 107 and laboratory space, 99-102 mentoring and, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99 and outcomes, 10, 30, 71, 89-102, 105, 107, 112, 113, 114, 278 publication of research, 9-10, 18, 30, 71, 83, 89, 90-93, 94-95, 96-97, 99, 101, 102-103, 105, 113, 123-124, 127, 129, 272, 278, 282-283, 315 rank and, 92, 93, 97 research, 10, 18, 30, 38, 41, 71, 83-84, 89-102, 105, 107, 111, 112, 113, 114, 272, 278, 315 and salary, 38, 88, 89, 105, 113 and tenure and promotion, 38, 88, 123-124, 127, 129-130 Professional activities. See also Committee service; Research; Service; Teaching key findings, 110-111, 158 research literature, 268 variables analyzed, 71 Professional societies. See also individual societies recommendations for, 166 Programs to support women, 16-17, 26-27 Publication of research, 9-10, 18, 30, 71, 83, 89, 90-93, 94-95, 96-97, 99, 101, 102-103, 105, 113, 123-124, 127, 129, 272, 278, 282-283, 315 Purdue University, 80-81, 217, 223, 229, 234, 239, 244 R RAND Corporation, 19 n.10, 94 Recommendations for institutions, 12-13, 164-166 for professional societies, 12-13, 166 questions for future research, 13, 21, 166-167 Recruitment. See also Interviews advertising the position, 40-41, 63, 64, 66, 156, 164 campus visit, 41 institutional policies to promote diversity, 61-64, 66, 154, 156 key findings, 66-67, 156-157 recommendations, 12 search committees and procedures, 8, 40, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 157, 165 survey questionnaire, 193-196 tenured vs. tenure-track positions, 41 word of mouth, 40

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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty Research activities of faculty. See also Grant funding; Laboratory space collaborative, 62, 86, 87, 89, 112 discipline and, 8, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95-96, 97, 99, 110-111, 158 discoveries and patents, 89 equipment access, 9, 29-30, 37, 71, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82-83, 111, 159, 310 family issues and, 272 institution type and, 92, 94, 96, 99 mentoring and, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99 and outside offers, 107 prestige of institution and, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99 productivity, 10, 18, 30, 38, 41, 71, 83-84, 89-102, 105, 107, 111, 112, 113, 114, 272, 278, 315 publications, 9-10, 18, 30, 71, 83, 89, 90-93, 94-95, 96-97, 99, 101, 102-103, 105, 113, 123-124, 127, 129, 272, 278, 282-283, 315 rank of faculty and, 92, 93, 94, 95-96, 97, 99 support staff, 4, 9, 25, 28, 37, 71, 72, 77, 78, 83-84, 111, 159, 314 time spent on, 9, 37-38, 73-74, 92, 93, 95, 96, 110, 112-113, 158, 272 Research assistants and postdocs, supervision of, 4, 9, 25, 28, 37, 71, 72, 77, 78, 83-84, 111, 159, 311, 314 Research I institutions. See also individual institutions defined, 20 n.12, 258 listed for this study, 24-25, 178 Ph.D.s awarded by, 25 n.13 Research II institutions, 5, 13, 24, 154, 168, 258, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266 Research on gender differences. See also Surveys for this study approach of this committee, 2-3, 19-22 career factors examined, 23-24 characteristics explored, 270-274 charge to this committee, 2, 19 cross-sectional data sources, 101, 269-270 discipline focus of this study, 25-26 importance of, 16-19 by individual researchers, 29, 32, 72, 268-269 information sources for this study, 28-29 institutional studies, historical, 1, 15, 16-17, 29, 32, 37, 70-71, 72, 79, 84, 121, 267, 271 institutions in this study, 24-25, 178 limitations, 25-26, 57, 71-72, 101, 269-270 National Academies’ reports published earlier, 3-4, 26-28 scope of this study, 22-26 suggestions for, 13, 48, 102, 115 types, 267-270 Resources. See Institutional resources; specific resources Rockefeller University, 181, 217, 223, 229, 234, 239, 244 Rutgers, 218, 223, 229, 234, 239, 244 S Salary academic age and, 101, 113-114 and acceptance of offers, 62 data sources, 268, 269, 318 discipline and, 104, 105, 113, 305, 306, 318 discussions with colleagues, 87 equity, 10, 36, 38, 71, 103-106, 305 family issues, 272 institution type and, 105 key findings, 10, 113-114 multivariate analysis, 103-104 prestige of institution and, 105, 113 productivity and, 38, 88, 89, 105, 113 professorial rank and, 11, 36, 104, 105, 106, 113, 161, 305 summer, 9, 37, 71, 77, 78-79, 80, 111, 158, 306 Science and engineering (S&E), defined, 20, 32 n.7 Science and Engineering Equal Opportunities Act of 1980, 18 Service. See also Committee service time spent on, 9, 37, 73, 76-77 Society of Women Engineers, 16, 63 Stanford University, 79-80, 218, 223, 229, 234, 239, 244 Start-up package, 4, 9, 28, 29, 62, 71, 72, 77-78, 80, 81, 106, 111, 158, 295 State University of New York at Buffalo, 218, 223, 229, 234, 239, 244 State University of New York at Stony Brook, 218, 224, 229, 234, 239, 245

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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty Status of women in S&E. See also Employment in S&E degrees earned, 32-33 doctoral pool, 249-250 faculty representation, 33-36 professional activities and climate, 36-38 Stereotypes of scientists and engineers, 89, 283 Summit on Women in Engineering, 17 Survey of Doctoral Recipients, 26, 29, 31, 32, 42, 117, 121, 123, 124, 249, 250, 258, 268, 269-270, 273, 275 n.1 Survey of Earned Doctorates, 20 n.11, 26, 249 n.2 Surveys for this study of department chairs, 2, 25-26, 28, 42-43, 78, 181-182, 184, 189-196, 216-248 design and implementation, 28-29, 181-188 discipline-specific details, 181-183, 185-188 of faculty, 2-3, 25-26, 29, 59, 60, 61, 78, 138, 181, 182-184, 185-188, 197-215 framework for development, 267-270 institutions surveyed, 24-25, 178, 216-248 instruments, 181, 182, 184, 189-215 least-squares means of responses, 292-293 limitations, 2-3, 43, 47, 138 population, 3, 183 rank-specific details, 183, 184, 185-188 response rates, 182, 186-188, 328-329 sample sizes, 3, 138, 182, 183, 185-188 scope, 2-3 transformation of response variables, 291-292 variance of a nonlinear function of parameters, 293-294 weighting, 43 n.5 Swedish Medical Research Council, 282 T Teaching and advising by discipline, 75, 76, 296-298 effectiveness of women, 18 evaluation of performance, 88-89, 124, 129 graduate courses, 75-76, 111, 158, 298 interaction with colleagues, 87 number of graduate students, 314 reduced loads, 9, 79, 299 thesis or honor thesis committees, 76 time spent on, 9, 37, 73, 75, 111, 158 undergraduate courses, 75, 111, 158, 296-297 Temple University, 218, 224, 229, 234, 239, 245 Tenure and promotion academic age and, 140, 141, 144, 147, 151, 326, 327 academic hiring by tenured or tenure-track position, 44-46, 47, 48, 49, 65-66, 284, 285, 286 and attrition, 38, 125, 148 committee composition, 78, 85, 112, 119, 121, 122 department size and, 11, 129, 132, 133, 140, 148, 149, 162 departmental culture and, 130 descriptive data, 117, 118, 124-127 discipline and, 11, 118, 119, 120, 125, 126, 127, 128, 131, 132, 134, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 161-163, 261, 276, 324, 328-329 equity in decisions, 4, 27-28, 36, 116, 121, 123-124, 162 factors influencing decisions, 38, 127-130, 283 family issues, 125, 129, 131, 141, 144-145, 272-273, 274, 280 hires, 59-60 institution type and, 11, 35, 125, 127, 130, 131, 134, 140, 146, 147, 148, 324 key findings, 4, 148-152, 161-163 knowledge of procedures, 12, 130, 149, 162, 165-166, 322-323 multivariate analysis, 116, 118, 130-134 nonresponse patterns, 328-329 opportunities for, 62 pool of female candidates, 11, 125, 131-132, 133, 149, 150, 162-163, 325 postdoctoral experience and, 12, 138, 150, 151 prestige of institution and, 12, 130, 131, 140, 141, 142, 143-144, 146, 147, 150, 151, 281, 324 processes, 117, 118-121, 190-191 productivity and, 38, 88, 123-124, 127, 129-130 rank and, 125, 127, 129, 130, 137-138, 139, 142, 142-143, 144, 145, 150, 162 rates, 11, 116, 125-126, 127, 135, 148-149, 161-162 research literature, 121, 123-124, 268 status of women, 36, 258, 261-262, 263, 324

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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty stereotypes of scientists and engineers and, 283 stopping-the-clock policies, 10-11, 12, 13, 21, 63, 118, 129-130, 131, 132, 144-145, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165-166, 167-168, 274, 324 survey questionnaire, 190-192 teaching evaluations and, 124, 129 time from Ph.D. receipt, 123, 124, 137, 138-139, 140, 146, 150, 151-152, 164 time in rank and, 10-11, 12, 28, 36, 116, 118, 120, 123, 134, 136, 137-148, 150-151, 152, 163, 325-327 transparency of policies, 130, 165 “up or out” policy, 119 Texas A&M University, 218, 224, 229, 234, 239, 245 Travel funds, 9, 37, 71, 77, 79, 111, 158, 307 Tufts University, 218, 224, 229, 234, 240, 245 Tulane University, 218, 224, 229, 234, 240, 245 U University of Alabama at Birmingham, 218, 224, 229, 234, 240, 245 University of Arizona, 218, 224, 229, 234, 240, 245 University of California, Berkeley, 84, 137, 218, 224, 229, 235, 240, 245 University of California, Davis, 218, 224, 229, 235, 240, 245, 277, 281 University of California, Irvine, 218, 224, 229, 235, 240, 245 University of California, Los Angeles, 109, 218, 224, 229, 235, 240, 245 University of California, San Diego, 218, 224, 230, 235, 240, 245 University of California, San Francisco, 219, 224, 230, 235, 240, 245 University of California, Santa Barbara, 219, 224, 230, 235, 240, 24 University of Chicago, 219, 224, 230, 235, 240, 245 University of Cincinnati, 219, 224, 230, 235, 240, 246 University of Colorado at Boulder, 77, 219, 225, 230, 235, 240, 246 University of Connecticut, 219, 225, 230, 235, 240, 246 University of Florida, 219, 225, 230, 235, 240, 246 University of Georgia, 219, 225, 230, 235, 241, 246 University of Hawaii at Manoa, 219, 225, 230, 235, 241, 246 University of Illinois at Chicago, 219, 225, 230, 235, 241, 246 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 219, 225, 230, 235, 241, 246 University of Iowa, 219, 225, 230, 235, 241, 246 University of Kansas, 219, 225, 230, 236, 241, 246 University of Kentucky, 219, 225, 230, 236, 241, 246 University of Maryland at College Park, 219, 225, 230, 236, 241, 246 University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 219, 225, 230, 236, 241, 246 University of Miami, 220, 225, 231, 236, 241, 246 University of Michigan, 85, 219, 225, 231, 236, 241, 246 University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 219, 225, 231, 236, 241, 246 University of Missouri, Columbia, 219, 225, 231, 236, 241, 246 University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 219, 226, 231, 236, 241, 246 University of New Mexico, 219, 226, 231, 236, 241, 247 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 219, 226, 231, 236, 241, 247 University of Oregon, 282 University of Pennsylvania, 42 n.1, 73, 80, 94, 220, 226, 231, 236, 241, 247 University of Pittsburgh, 220, 226, 231, 236, 242, 247 University of Rochester, 220, 226, 231, 236, 242, 247 University of Southern California, 220, 226, 231, 236, 242, 247 University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 220, 226, 231, 236, 242, 247 University of Texas at Austin, 220, 226, 231, 237, 242, 247 University of Utah, 220, 226, 231, 237, 242, 247 University of Virginia, 220, 226, 231, 237, 242, 247

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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty University of Washington, 220, 226, 231, 237, 242, 247 University of Wisconsin, Madison, 220, 226, 231, 237, 242, 247, 274 n.7 Utah State University, 220, 226, 231, 237, 242, 247 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 94 U.S. Department of Education, 29, 31, 36, 37, 72, 73 n.4, 117 V Vanderbilt University, 220, 226, 232, 237, 242, 247 Virginia Commonwealth University, 221, 226, 232, 237, 242, 247 Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, 221, 227, 232, 237, 242, 247 W Washington University, 221, 227, 232, 237, 242, 247 Wayne State University, 221, 227, 232, 237, 242, 248 West Virginia University, 221, 227, 232, 237, 242, 248 Wilson, Robin, 34-35 Workweek, 73 Wyden, Ron, 1, 17, 19 Y Yale University, 221, 227, 232, 237, 242, 248 Yeshiva University, 221, 227, 232, 237, 242, 248

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