These reports addressed business schools’ “vocationalism and mediocrity”

External trends influencing evolution of degree

Scientific break throughs in medicine supported calls for standardization in medicine

Scientific management studies throughout the 20th century (e.g., Taylorism; Six Sigma); competition with Japan in the early 1980s

The Great Society; professionalization of public service

Spread of communicable diseases; disparity in health care outcomes across socioeconomic levels and countries; politicization of health care

Role of external stakeholders

The AMA sought to eliminate schools that failed to adopt a rigorous brand of systematized, experiential medical education

Ford and Carnegie Foundations funded reports in late 1950s; variety of “in-house” corporate programs (e.g., Motor ola U.)

Federal recognition through fellowships in 1968 HEA reauthorization; Intergovernmental Personnel Act; Presidential Management Internship Program; Truman Scholarships

Duration of program

Four years

Generally two years

Generally two years

Generally two years

Joint programs

Joint programs are commonly available with public health (MPH) or biomedical research (Ph.D.)

Joint programs are commonly available with law, public policy, business, and other MA programs

Joint programs are commonly available with law and other MA programs

Joint programs are commonly available with medicine, law, public policy, business