Research on Future Skill Demands: A Workshop Summary (2008)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

References Abel, E.K. (1990). Daughters caring for elderly parents. In J.F. Gubrium and A. Sankar (Eds.), The home care experience. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Abraham, K., and Houseman, S. (2007). Removing barriers to work for older Americans. Presentation at the W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Studies Conference, A Future of Good Jobs? America’s Challenge in the Global Economy. Available: http://www. upjohninst.org/jobs-conference/abraham-houseman.html [accessed August 6, 2007]. Acemoglu, D. (2003). Patterns of skill premia. Review of Economic Studies, 70, 199-230. Adler, P.S., and Borys, B. (1989). Automation and skill: Three generations of research on the NC case. Politics and Society, 17, 377-402. Allum, J.R. (2007). Message in a bottle: A case study of the National Skill Standards Board. Dissertation, George Washington University Graduate School of Education and Human Development (May 20). Appelbaum, E., and Batt, R. (1993). High-performance work systems: American models of workplace transformation. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute. Appelbaum, E., Bailey, T., Berg, P., and Kalleberg, A. (2000). Manufacturing advantage: Why high-performance work systems pay off. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press. Appelbaum, E., Bernhardt, A.D., and Murnane, R.J. (Eds.). (2003). Low-wage America: How employers are reshaping opportunity in the workplace. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Attewell, P. (1990). What is skill? Work and Occupations, 17(4), 422-448. Autor, D. (2007a). Technological change and job polarization: Implications for skill demand and wage inequality. Presentation at the National Academies Workshop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands. Available: http://www7.nationalacademies. org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_Presentations.html [accessed July 23, 2007]. Autor, D. (2007b). Discussion of “High-touch and here-to-stay: Skill demands in low-wage service occupations.” Available: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_ Demands_Presentations.html [accessed July 23, 2007]. 92 

REFERENCES 93 Autor, D.H., Katz, L., and Kearney, M. (2006). The polarization of the United States labor market. AEA Papers and Proceedings, 96(2). Also available: http://econ-www.mit.edu/ faculty/download_pdf.php?id=1408 [accessed July 3, 2007]. Autor, D.H., Levy, F., and Murnane, R.J. (2003a). Computer-based technological change and skill demands: Reconciling the perspectives of economists and sociologists. In E. Appelbaum, A.D. Bernhardt, and R.J. Murnane (Eds.), Low-wage America: How employ- ers are reshaping opportunity in the workplace. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Autor, D.H., Levy, F. and Murnane, R.J. (2003b). The skill content of recent techno- logical change: An empirical exploration. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1279-1333. Barbuceanu, M., Fox, M.S., Hong, L., Lallement, Y., and Zhongdong, Z. (2004). Building agents to serve customers. Artificial Intelligence, 25(3), 47-60. Barley, S., and Bechky, B. (1994). In the backrooms of science: The work of technicians in science labs. Work and Occupations, 21(1), 85-126. Barton, P.E. (2000). What jobs require: Literacy, education, and training, 1940-2006. Princ- eton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. Also available: http://www.ets.org/research/ researcher/PIC-JOBS.html [accessed September 26, 2007]. Battelle Memorial Institute and SSTI. (2006). Growing the nation’s bioscience sector: State bioscience initiatives. Washington, DC: Biotechnology Industry Organization. Also avail- able: http://bio.org/local/battelle2006/executive_summary.pdf [accessed July 19, 2007]. Becker, G.S. (1964). Human capital. New York: Columbia University Press. Berman, E., Bound, J., and Machin, S. (1998). Implications of skill-biased technological change: International evidence. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(4), 1245-1280. Berryman, S., and Bailey, T. (1992). The double helix of education and the economy. New York: Columbia University, Teachers College. Black, B. (1999). Corporate law and residual claimants. (Berkeley Program in Law and Economics, Working Paper Series, Paper #27). Berkeley: University of California. Also available: http://repositories.cdlib.org/blewp/27 [accessed August 2, 2007]. Blinder, A. (2007). How many United States jobs might be offshoreable? (CEPS Working Paper #142). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Center for Economic and Policy Studies. Also available: http://www.princeton.edu/~ceps/publications.shtml [accessed July 20, 2007]. Business–Higher Education Forum. (2003). Building a nation of learners: The need for changes in teaching and learning to meet global challenges. Washington, DC: Author. Also avail- able: http://www.bhef.com/publications/2003_build_nation.pdf [accessed September 26, 2007]. Business Roundtable. (2005). Tapping America’s potential: The education for innovation initiative. Washington, DC: Author. Also available: http://www.businessroundtable.org// publications/index.aspx [accessed May 9, 2006]. Cain, P.S., and Treiman, D.J. (1981). The dictionary of occupational titles as a source of oc- cupational data. American Sociological Review, 46, 253-278. Cappelli, P. (2003). Will there really be a labor shortage? Organizational Dynamics, 32(3), 221-253. Cappelli, P. (2007). Talent on demand. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Casner-Lotto, J., and Barrington, L. (2006). Are they really ready to work? Employers’ perspectives on the basic knowledge and applied skills of new entrants to the 21st century United States workforce. New York: The Conference Board. Also available: http://www.21stcenturyskills.org/documents/FINAL_REPORT_PDF09-29-06.pdf [ac- cessed July 18, 2007]. Casper, S., and Murray, F. (2004). Examining the marketplace for ideas: How local are Eu- rope’s biotechnology clusters? In M. McKelvey, A. Rickne, and J. Laage-Hellman (Eds.), The economic dynamics of modern biotechnology. Cheltenham, England: Elgar. 

94 RESEARCH ON FUTURE SKILL DEMANDS Center on Wisconsin Strategy. (2007). Choosing the high road. Available: http://www.cows. org/hr_index.asp [accessed August 8, 2007]. Commission on the Skills of the American Workforce. (1990). America’s choice: High skills or low wages. Washington, DC: National Center on Education and the Economy. Cyert, R.M., and Mowery, D.C. (1988). The impact of technological change on employment and economic growth. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger. Darr, A. (2007a). The knowledge worker and the future skill demands of the United States workforce. Presentation at the the National Academies Workshop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands, Washington, DC, May 31-June 1. Available: http:// www7.nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_Presentations.html [accessed July 16, 2007]. Darr, A. (2007b). The knowledge worker and the future skill demands of the United States workforce. Paper prepared for the National Academies Workshop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands, Washington, DC, May 31-June 1. Available: http:// www7.nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_Commissioned_Papers.html [accessed July 11, 2007]. Dustmann, C., Ludsteck, J., and Schoenberg, U. (2007). Revisiting the German wage struc- ture. (University of Rochester Working Paper). Available: http://www.econ.rochester. edu/Faculty/Schoenberg/papers/inquality.pdf [accessed July 11, 2007]. Dynarski, S. (2005). Building the stock of college-educated labor. (NBER Working Paper #11604). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Eaton, S.C. (1999). Changing labor-management relations in nursing homes. In Proceedings of the 51st annual meeting of the Industrial Relations Research Association (vol. 1, pp. 75-86). Madison, WI: Industrial Relations Research Association. Edwards, M.G., Murray, F., and Yu, R. (2006). Gold in the ivory tower: Equity rewards of outlicensing. Nature Biotechnology, 24(5), 509-515. Also available: http://web.mit.edu/ fmurray/www/ [accessed July 19, 2007]. Elliott, S. (2007a). Projecting the impact of computers on work in 2030. Presentation at the National Academies Workshop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands. Available: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_Presentations. html [accessed July 11, 2007]. Elliott, S. (2007b). Projecting the impact of computers on work in 2030. Paper prepared for the National Academies Workshop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands. Available: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_Presentations. html [accessed July 11, 2007]. Ellis, R. (2000). The IT labor shortage: Fact or fiction? Dr. Dobb’s Journal. Available: http:// www.ddj.com/architect/184404070 [accessed September 26, 2007]. England, P., Budig, M., and Folbe, N. (2002). Wages of virtue: The relative pay of care work. Social Problems, 49, 455-473. Ernst and Young Global Biotechnology Center. (2006). Beyond borders: The Ernst and Young global biotechnology report. Available: http://www.ey.com/beyondborders [accessed Au- gust 2007]. Felicelli, M., and Allen, K. (2006). Leading CEOs: A snapshot of Fortune 500 leaders. Avail- able: http://www.spencerstuart.com/research/articles/975/ [accessed August 8, 2007]. Finegold, D. (2007). Is education the answer? A quick history of debates about skills and United States competitiveness. Presentation at the National Academies Workshop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands, Washington, DC, May 31-June 1. Available: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_Presentations. html [accessed July 11, 2007]. 

REFERENCES 95 Ford, R.C., and Randolph, W.A. (1992). Cross-functional structures: A review and integra- tion of matrix organization and project management. Journal of Management, 18(2), 267-294. Freeman, R. (2007). Is a great labor shortage coming? Replacement demand in the global economy. In H.J. Holzer and D.S. Nightingale (Eds.), Reshaping the American workforce in a changing economy. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press. Friedman, T.L. (2005). The world is flat: A brief history of the 21st century. New York: Far- rar, Straus & Giroux. Gatta, M. (2002). Juggling food and feelings: Emotional balance in the workplace. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Gatta, M., Boushey, H., and Appelbaum, E. (2007a). High-touch and here-to-stay: Future skill demands in low-wage service occupations. Presentation at the National Academies Workshop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands. Available: http:// www7.nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_Presentations.html [accessed October 10, 2007]. Gatta, M., Boushey, H., and Appelbaum, E. (2007b). High-touch and here-to-stay: Future skill demands in low-wage service occupations. Paper prepared for the National Acad- emies Workshop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands. Available: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_Mary_Gatta_Paper.pdf [accessed September 26, 2007]. Ginsburg, R., and Robinson, D. (2006). Illinois’ future workforce: Will there be enough workers with the right skills? Dekalb, IL: Northern Illinois University and the Center for Tax and Budget Accountability. Also available: http://www.stateofworkingillinois.niu. edu/swil/pubs/2006_Future_Workforce_PolicyBrief.pdf [accessed September 26, 2007]. Gittelman, M., and Kogut, B. (2003). ������������������������������������������������������ Does good science lead to valuable knowledge? Biotech- nology firms and the evolutionary logic of citation patterns. Management Science, 49(4), 366-382 (Special Issue: Managing Knowledge in Organizations). Glomb, T., Kammeyer-Mueller, J., and Rotundo, M. (2004). Emotional labor demands and compensating wage differentials. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 700-714. Goos, M., and Manning, A. (2007). Lousy and lovely jobs: The rising polarization of work in Britain. Review of Economics and Statistics, 89(1), 118-133. Granovetter, M., and McGuire, P. (1998). The making of an industry: Electricity in the United States. In M. Callon (Ed.), The laws of the markets. Oxford, England: Blackwell. Groshen, E. (1991). Sources of intra-industry wage dispersion: How much do employers mat- ter? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(3), 869-884. Hampson, I., and Junor, A. (2005). Invisible work, invisible skills: Interactive customer service as articulation work. New Technology, Work and Employment, 20, 166-181. Handel, M.J. (2003). Skills mismatch in the labor market. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 135-165. Handel, M.J. (2007a). A new survey of workplace skills, technology, and management prac- tices (STAMP): Background and descriptive statistics. Presentation at the National Acad- emies Workshop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands. Available: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_Presentations.html [ac- cessed August 2, 2007]. Handel, M.J. (2007b). A new survey of workplace skills, technology, and management prac- tices (STAMP): Background and descriptive statistics. Paper prepared for the National Academies Workshop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands. Available: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_Presentations.html [ac- cessed August 2, 2007]. Hecker, D.E. (2004). Occupational employment projections to 2012. Monthly Labor Review, 127(2), 80-105. 

96 RESEARCH ON FUTURE SKILL DEMANDS Hecker, D.E. (2005). Occupational employment projections to 2014. Monthly Labor Review Online, 128(11). Available: ttp://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/11/art5exc.htm [accessed h November 2007]. Henderson, R., and Cockburn, I. (1994). Measuring competence: Exploring firm effects in pharmaceutical research. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 63-84. Hochschild, A.R. (1983). The managed heart: The commercialization of human feeling. Berke- ley: University of California Press. Holzer, H., Edelman, P., and Offner, P. (2006). Reconnecting disadvantaged young men. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press. Holzer, H., and Nightingale, D.S. (Eds.) (2007). Reshaping the American workforce in a changing economy. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press. Houston, J. (2007). Future skill demands, from a corporate consultant perspective. Presenta- tion at the National Academies Workshop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands. Available: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_ Presentations.html [accessed July 3, 2007]. Institute for the Future of Aging Services. (2007). Better jobs, better care: Building a strong long-term care workforce. Washington, DC: American Association of Homes and Ser- vices for the Aging. Also available: http://www.bjbc.org/ [accessed July 24, 2007]. Johnstone, W.B., and Packer, A.E. (1987). Workforce 2000: Work and workers for the twenty- first century. Indianapolis, IN: Hudson Institute. Kemple, J. (2004). Career academies: Impacts on labor market outcomes and educational attainment. New York: MDRC. Kenney, M., and Dossani, R. (2007). The knowledge workforce in the global economy: Some thoughts. Presentation at the National Academies Workshop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands. Available: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/cfe/ Future_Skill_Demands_Presentations.html [accessed July 3, 2007]. Kleiner, M.M. (2006). Licensing occupations: Ensuring quality or restricting competition. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. Kutner, M., Greenberg, E., and Baer, I. (2006). A first look at the literacy of America’s adults in the 21st century. (National Center for Education Statistics, Report #2006 470). Wash- ington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. Also available: http://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/ PDF/2006470.PDF [accessed July 24, 2007]. Leamer, E.E. (2007). A flat world, a level playing field, a small world after all, or none of the above? A review of Thomas L. Friedman’s The world is flat. Journal of Economic Literature, 45(1), 83-126. Leidner, R. (1993). Fast food, fast talk: Service work and the routinization of everyday life. Berkeley: University of California Press. Lerman, R. (2007). Are skills the problem? Reforming the education and training system in the United States. Presentation at the W.E. Upjohn Institute Conference, A Future of Good Jobs? America’s Challenge in the Global Economy. Available: http://www.upjohninst. org/jobs-conference/lerman.html [accessed August 6, 2007]. Levy, F., and Goelman, A. (2005). Offshoring and radiology. In S. Collins and L. Brainard (Eds.), Offshoring white-collar work: The issues and the implications (pp. 411-423). Washington, DC: Brookings Trade Forum. Also available: http://www.brookings.edu/es/ commentary/journals/tradeforum/agenda2005.htm [accessed July 18, 2007]. Levy, F., and Murnane, R.J. (2004). The new division of labor: How computers are creating the next job market. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Lloyd, C., Mason, G., and Mayhew, K. (2008). Low-paid work in the U.K. New York: Rus- sell Sage Foundation. 

REFERENCES 97 Loffler, A., and Stern, S. (2006). The future of the biomedical industry in the era of globaliza- tion. Northwestern University, Kellogg School of Business. Available: http://www.kellogg. northwestern.edu/academic/biotech/articles/index.htm [accessed July 18, 2007]. Long, B.T. (2004). The impact of federal tax credits for higher education expenses. In C.M. Hoxby (Ed.), College choices: The economics of where to go, when to go, and how to pay for it. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Lowell, B.L. (2006). Projected number of foreign computer and engineering workers under the Senate’s Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act (S. 2611). Paper prepared for the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. Washington, DC: Georgetown University, Institute for the Study of International Migration. Also available: http://isim.georgetown. edu/Publications/LindsayPubs/Lowell,%20C&E%20S2611%20projections%208-31- 06.pdf [accessed August 7, 2007]. Lowell, B.L. (2007). Panel discussion of skill supply and demand: Immigrants. Presentation at the National Academies Workshop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands. Available: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_ Presentations.html [accessed August 7, 2007]. Lynn, L., and Salzman, H. (2007). Innovation shift to the emerging economies: Cases from IT and heavy industries (draft). Presentation at the Sloan Industry Studies Conference. Available: http://web.mit.edu/sis07/www/lynn.pdf [accessed July 18, 2007]. Marrelli, A.F., Tondora, J. and Hoge, M.A. (2005). Strategies for developing competency mod- els. Administration and Policy in Mental Health Services and Mental Health Research, 32(5-6), 533-561. McKinsey Global Institute. (2005). The emerging global labor market: Part 1-The demand for offshore talent in services. Washington, DC: Author. Also available: http://www. mckinsey.com/mgi/publications/emerginggloballabormarket/ [accessed July 18, 2007]. Moravec, H. (1999). Robot: Mere machine to transcendent mind. New York: Oxford Uni- versity Press. Mosisa, A. and Hipple, S. (2006). Trends in labor force participation in the United States. Monthly Labor Review, 129(10), 35-57. Murray, F., and Hsi, H. (2007a). Knowledge workers in biotechnology: Occupational structures, careers, and skill demands. Presentation at the National Academies Work- shop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands. Available: http://www7. nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_Presentations.html [accessed October 10, 2007]. Murray, F., and Hsi, H. (2007b). Knowledge workers in biotechnology: Occupational struc- tures, careers, and skill demands. Paper prepared for the National Academies Work- shop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands. Available: http://www7. nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_Fiona_Murray_Paper.pdf [accessed September 26, 2007]. Nagel, H. (2004). Steps toward a cognitive vision system. Artificial Intelligence, 25(2), 31-50. National Academy of Engineering. (2004). The engineer of 2020: Visions of engineering in the new century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Academy of Engineering. (2005). Educating the engineer of 2020: Adapting engineer- ing education to the new century. Committee on Engineering Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Center for Education Statistics. (2007a). Employment of college students. In The condition of education 2006. Available: http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2007/section5/ indicator45.asp [accessed August 6, 2007]. 

98 RESEARCH ON FUTURE SKILL DEMANDS National Center for Education Statistics. (2007b). Participation in education: Undergraduate education. In The condition of education 2006. Available: http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ coe/2007/section1/indicator08.asp [accessed August 8, 2007]. National Center for O*NET Development. (2007). O*NET Online. Available: http://online. onetcenter.org/ [accessed July 26, 2007]. National Center on Education and the Economy. (2006). Tough choices or tough times: The report of the new Commission on the Skills of the American Workforce. Washington, DC: Author. Also available: http://www.skillscommission.org/executive.htm [accessed July 23, 2007]. National Commission on Excellence in Education. (1983). A nation at risk: The imperative for educational reform. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. Also available: http://www.ed.gov/pubs/NatAtRisk/index.html [accessed June 29, 2007]. National Research Council. (1980). Work, jobs and occupations: A critical review of the Dic- tionary of Occupational Titles. Committee on Occupational Classification and Analysis. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council. (1999). The changing nature of work: Implications for occupa- tional analysis. Committee on Techniques for the Enhancement of Human Performance: Occupational Analysis. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council (2000). Forecasting demand and supply of doctoral scientists and engineers: Report of a workshop on methodology. Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel and Policy and Global Affairs. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council. (2001). Building a workforce for the information economy. Com- mittee on Workforce Needs in Information Technology, Board on Testing and Assess- ment, Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy, and Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council. (2005). How students learn: History, mathematics, and science in the classroom. Committee on How People Learn, A Targeted Report for Teachers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Research Council. (2007a). Rising above the gathering storm: Energizing and em- ploying America for a brighter future. Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century: An Agenda for American Science and Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Research Council. (2007b). Workshop on the globalization of innovation: Emerging trends in information technology, biopharmaceuticals, and financial services. Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Available: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/step/The%20Conference%20on% 20Globalization%20of%20Industry.%20April%2007.%20Chapter%20list.html [ac- cessed July 18, 2007]. National Research Council. (2007c). Taking science to school: Learning and teaching science in grades K-8. Committee on Science Learning, Kindergarten Through Eighth Grade, R.A. Duschl, H.A. Schweingruber, and A.W. Shouse, Eds. Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Network for Instructional TV, Inc. (2003). Writer’s workshop: Making writing a lifelong habit for elementary school students. Available: http://www.teachersfirst.com/lessons/writers/ index.html [accessed August 2, 2007]. Newman, K. (1999). No shame in my game: The working poor in the inner city. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. O*NET Online. (2007). Details report for 31-1012.00—Nursing aides, orderlies, and atten- dants. Available: http://online.onetcenter.org/link/details/31-1012.00 [accessed August 3, 2007]. Osterman, P. (Ed.). (1984). Internal labor markets. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 

REFERENCES 99 Osterman, P. (2000). Work reorganization in an era of restructuring: Trends in diffusion and effect on employee welfare. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 53(2), 179-196. Osterman, P. (2006). Improving job quality: Policies aimed at the demand side of the labor market. Presentation at the W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Policy Conference, A Future of Good Jobs? America’s Challenge in the Global Economy. Available: http://www. upjohninst.org/jobs-conference/osterman.html [accessed August 8, 2007]. Osterman, P., Kochan, T., Locke, R., and Piore, M. (2001). Working in America:  A blueprint for a new labor market. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Owen-Smith, J. (2001). Managing laboratory work through skepticism: processes of evalua- tion and control. American Sociological Review, 66, 427-452. Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2005). The road to 21st century learning: A policy- maker’s guide to 21st century skills. Washington, DC: Author. Also available: http:// www.21stcenturyskills.org [accessed November 14, 2005]. Passel, J. (2003). Projections of the U.S. labor force by generation and educational attainment: 2000-2050. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Peterson, N., Mumford, M., Borman, W., Jeanneret, P., and Fleishman, E. (1999). An occu- pational information system for the 21st century: The development of O*NET. Wash- ington, DC: American Psychological Association. Potter, S.J., Churilla, A., and Smith, K. (2006). An examination of full-time employment in the direct care workforce. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 25(5), 356-374. Powell, W.W., Koput, K.W., and Smith-Doerr, L. (1996). Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: Networks of learning in biotechnology. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 116-145. Pulakos, E.D., Arad, S., Donovan, M.A., and Plamondon, K.E. (2000). Adaptability in the workplace: Development of a taxonomy of adaptive performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 612-624. Quinn, R.P., and Staines, G.L. (1979). The 1977 quality of employment survey. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center. Ritzer, G. (1996). The McDonaldization of society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. Rosenthal, N.H. (1997). Evaluating the 1995 BLS projections. Monthly Labor Review Online, 120(9). Available: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1997/09/contents.htm [accessed Novem- ber 2007]. Salazar, M. (2006). The turbulent twenties survival guide: Figuring out who you are, what you want, and where you’re going after college. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger. Sandelowski, M. (1995). Sample size in qualitative research. Research in Nursing and Health, 18, 179-183. Saunders, N.C. (2005). A summary of BLS projections to 2014. Washington, DC: U.S. De- partment of Labor. Also available: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/11/art1exc.htm [accessed July 2, 2007]. Shaiken, H. (1986). Work transformed: Automation and labor in the computer age. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Sommers, D. (2007). Overview of occupational projections to 2014. Presentation at the National Academies Workshop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands. Available: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_Presentations. html [accessed July 11, 2007]. Spenner, K. (1983). Deciphering Prometheus: Temporal change in the skill level of work. American Sociological Review, 48(6), 824-837. Taylor, F. (1911). The principles of scientific management. New York: Harper and Brothers. Toossi, M. (2005). Labor force projections to 2014: Retiring boomers. Monthly Labor Review, 128(11), 25-44. 

100 RESEARCH ON FUTURE SKILL DEMANDS Tsacoumis, S. (2007a). The feasibility of using O*NET to study skill changes. Presentation at the National Academies Workshop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands. Available: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_ Presentations.html [accessed July 11, 2007]. Tsacoumis, S. (2007b). The feasibility of using O*NET to study skill changes. Paper prepared for the National Academies Workshop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands. Available: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_ Commissioned_Papers.html [accessed July 11, 2007] United Kingdom HM Treasury. (2006). Prosperity for all in the global economy: World-class skills. London, England: Author. Available: http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_ reviews/leitch_review/review_leitch index.cfm [accessed July 2, 2007]. _ University of Tennessee. (2004). Equipped for the future. Knoxville: Author. Also available: http://eff.cls.utk.edu/default.htm [accessed August 9, 2007]. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2007). News release, gross domestic product: Second quarter 2007 (preliminary). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce. Also available: http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease.htm [accessed September 5, 2007]. U.S. Census Bureau. (2007). International database: Population pyramids. Available: http:// www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html [accessed August 6, 2007]. U.S. Department of Education. (1998). Access to postsecondary education for the 1992 high school graduates. Washington, DC: Author. Also available: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs98/ access/98105-9.asp [accessed October 26, 2007]. U.S. Department of Education. (2004). Program for international student assessment: U.S. performance in mathematics literacy and problem-solving. Washington, DC: Author. Also available: http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/pisa2003highlights_2.asp [accessed July 2, 2007]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2002). The changing organization of work and the safety and health of working people: Knowledge gaps and research directions. (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH Publication No. 2002– 116). Cincinnati, OH: Author. U.S. Department of Labor. (1991). Secretary’s commission on achieving necessary skills. Avail- able: http://wdr.doleta.gov/SCANS/ [accessed July 31, 2007]. Weizenbaum, J. (1966). Eliza: A computer program for the study of natural language com- munication between man and machine. Communications of the ACM, 9(1). Available: http://i5.nyu.edu/~mm64/x52.9265/january1966.html [accessed August 1, 2007]. Wellin, C. (2007a). Paid care-giving for older adults with serious or chronic illness: Ethno- graphic perspectives, evidence, and implications for training. Presentation at the National Academies Workshop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands. Available: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_Presentations.html [ac- cessed October 10, 2007]. Wellin, C. (2007b). Paid care-giving for older adults with serious or chronic illness: Ethno- graphic perspectives, evidence, and implications for training. Paper prepared for the National Academies Workshop on Research Evidence Related to Future Skill Demands. Available: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/cfe/Future_Skill_Demands_Christopher_ Wellin_Paper.pdf [accessed September 26, 2007]. Whyte, W. (1956). The organization man: Molding team players for free enterprise. New York: Simon and Schuster.