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Proceedings of a Workshop on Statistics on Networks
Proceedings of a Workshop on Statistics on Networks
Scott T. Weidman, Editor
Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics
Board on Mathematical Sciences and Their Applications
Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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Proceedings of a Workshop on Statistics on Networks
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
This study was supported by Grant #H-98230-05-1-0019 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Security Agency. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
Copies of this report on CD-ROM are available from the Board on Mathematical Sciences and Their Applications, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Room 960, Washington, D.C. 20001.
Additional copies of this CD-ROM are available from the
National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2007 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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Proceedings of a Workshop on Statistics on Networks
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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Proceedings of a Workshop on Statistics on Networks
COMMITTTEE ON APPLIED AND THEORETICAL STATISTICS
EDWARD J. WEGMAN, Chair,
George Mason University
DAVID L. BANKS,
Duke University
AMY BRAVERMAN,
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
EMERY N. BROWN,
Harvard Medical School
ALICIA CARRIQUIRY,
Iowa State University
THOMAS COVER,
Stanford University
KAREN KAFADAR,
University of Colorado at Denver
KATHRYN B. LASKEY,
George Mason University
MICHAEL LESK,
Rutgers University
THOMAS LOUIS,
Johns Hopkins University
DOUGLAS NYCHKA,
National Center for Atmospheric Research
LELAND WILKINSON,
SPSS, Inc.
Staff
Board on Mathematical Sciences and Their Applications (BMSA) Workshop Organizers:
SCOTT WEIDMAN, BMSA Director
BARBARA WRIGHT, Administrative Assistant
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Proceedings of a Workshop on Statistics on Networks
PROGRAM COMMITTEE
DAVID L. BANKS, Chair,
Duke University
EMERY N. BROWN,
Massachusetts General Hospital
KATHLEEN CARLEY,
Carnegie Mellon University
MARK HANDCOCK,
University of Washington
RAVI IYENGAR,
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
ALAN F. KARR,
National Institute of Statistical Sciences
ROBERT D. NOWAK,
University of Wisconsin-Madison
WALTER WILLINGER,
AT&T-Research
NOTE: Funding for this workshop and its proceedings was generously provided by the National Security Agency.
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Proceedings of a Workshop on Statistics on Networks
BOARD ON MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
C. DAVID LEVERMORE, Chair,
University of Maryland
MASSOUD AMIN,
University of Minnesota
MARSHA J. BERGER,
New York University
PHILIP A. BERNSTEIN,
Microsoft Corporation
PATRICIA F. BRENNAN,
University of Wisconsin-Madison
PATRICK L. BROCKETT,
University of Texas at Austin
DEBRA ELKINS,
General Motors Corporation
LAWRENCE CRAIG EVANS,
University of California at Berkeley
JOHN F. GEWEKE,
University of Iowa
DARRYLL HENDRICKS,
UBS AG
JOHN E. HOPCROFT,
Cornell University
CHARLES M. LUCAS,
AIG (retired)
CHARLES F. MANSKI,
Northwestern University
JOYCE R. McLAUGHLIN,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
JILL PORTER MESIROV,
Broad Institute
ANDREW M. ODLYZKO,
University of Minnesota
JOHN RICE,
University of California at Berkeley
STEPHEN M. ROBINSON,
University of Wisconsin-Madison
GEORGE SUGIHARA,
University of California at San Diego
EDWARD J. WEGMAN,
George Mason University
LAI-SANG YOUNG,
New York University
Staff
SCOTT WEIDMAN, Director
NEAL GLASSMAN, Senior Staff Officer
BARBARA WRIGHT, Administrative Assistant
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Proceedings of a Workshop on Statistics on Networks
Preface and Workshop Rationale
On September 26 and 27, 2005, the Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics of the National Research Council conducted a 2-day workshop that explored statistical inference on network data so as to stimulate further progress in this field. To encourage cross-fertilization of ideas, the workshop brought together a wide range of researchers who are dealing with network data in different contexts. The presentations focused on five major areas of research: network models, dynamic networks, data and measurement on networks, robustness and fragility of networks, and visualization and scalability of networks.
Disciplines such as biology, social sciences, and telecommunications have created different kinds of statistical theory for inference on network data. The workshop was organized to draw together experts from the various domains and to facilitate the sharing of their statistical, mathematical, and computational toolkits. The ubiquity of networks and network data created a challenging environment for the discovery of common problems and techniques.
The overall goals of this report, which is produced only on a CD and not in printed form, are to improve communication among various communities working on problems associated with network data and to increase relevant activity within the statistical sciences community. Included in this report are the full and unedited text of the 18 workshop presentations, the agenda of the workshop and a list of attendees (Appendix A) and biographical sketches of the speakers (Appendix B). The presentations represent independent research efforts on the part of academia, the private sector, federally funded laboratories, and government agencies, and as such they provide a sampling rather than a comprehensive examination of the range of research and research challenges posed by massive data streams.
This proceedings represents the viewpoints of its authors only and should not be taken as a consensus report of the Board on Mathematical Sciences and Their Applications or the National Research Council.
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Proceedings of a Workshop on Statistics on Networks
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Proceedings of a Workshop on Statistics on Networks
Contents
Keynote Address, Day 1
Network Complexity and Robustness
John Doyle
2
Network Models
Neurons, Networks, and Noise: An Introduction
Nancy Kopell
62
Mixing Patterns and Community Structure in Networks
Mark Newman
74
Dimension Selection for Latent Space Models of Social Networks
Peter Hoff
97
Dynamic Networks
Embedded Networked Sensing (Redux?)
Deborah Estrin
121
The Functional Organization of Mammalian Cells
Ravi Iyengar
146
Dynamic Network Analysis in Counterterrorism Research
Kathleen M. Carley
169
Data and Measurement
Current Developments in a Cortically Controlled Brain-Machine Interface
Nicho Hatsopoulos
189
Some Implications of Path-Based Sampling on the Internet
Eric D. Kolaczyk
207
Network Data and Models
Martina Morris
226
The State of the Art in Social Network Analysis
The State of the Art in Social Network Analysis
Stephen P. Borgatti
255
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Proceedings of a Workshop on Statistics on Networks
Keynote Address, Day 2
Variability, Homeostasis per Contents and Compensation in Rhythmic Motor Networks
Eve Marder
271
Dynamics and Resilience of Blood Flow in Cortical Microvessels
David Kleinfeld
292
Robustness and Fragility
Robustness and Fragility
Jean M. Carlson
318
Stability and Degeneracy of Network Models
Mark S. Handcock
343
Visualization and Scalability
Characterizing Brain Networks with Granger Causality
Mingzhou Ding
376
Visualization and Variation: Tracking Complex Networks Across Time and Space
Jon Kleinberg
396
Dependency Networks for Relational Data
David Jensen
425
Appendixes
A
Workshop Agenda and List of Attendees
450
B
Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers
455
