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APPENDIX A Topics for Synthesis and Assessment Products of the U.S. Climate Change Science Program 1-1 Temperature Trends in the Lower Atmosphere: Steps for Understanding and Reconciling Differences. 1-2 Past Climate Variability and Change in the Arctic and at High Latitudes 1-3 Re-analyses of historical climate data for key atmospheric features. Implications for attribution of causes of observed change. 2-1 Scenarios of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Atmospheric Concentrations and Review of Integrated Scenario Development and Application. 2-2 North American carbon budget and implications for the global carbon cycle. 2-3 Aerosol properties and their impacts on climate. 2-4 Trends in emissions of ozone-depleting substances, ozone layer recovery, and implications for ultraviolet radiation exposure. 3-1 Climate Models: An Assessment of Strengths and Limitations for User Applications. 3-2 Climate projections for research and assessment based on emissions scenarios developed through the CCTP. 3-3 Weather and Climate Extremes in a Changing Climate. Regions of Focus: North America, Hawaii, Caribbean, and U.S. Pacific islands. 3-4 Abrupt Climate Change. 4-1 Coastal elevation and sensitivity to sea level rise. 4-2 Thresholds of Change in Ecosystems. 4-3 The effects of climate change on agriculture, biodiversity, land, and water resources. 4-4 Preliminary review of adaptation options for climate-sensitive ecosystems and resources. 4-5 Effects of Climate Change on Energy Production and Use in the United States. 4-6 Analyses of the effects of global change on human health and welfare and human systems. 4-7 Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Transportation Systems and Infrastructure: Gulf Coast Study. 5-1 Uses and limitations of observations, data, forecasts, and other projections in decision support for selected sectors and regions. 5-2 Best practice approaches for characterizing, communicating, and incorporating scientific uncertainty in decision making. 5-3 Decision support experiments and evaluations using seasonal to interannual forecasts and observational data. 43
