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Appendix I
Glossary
Antihyperglycemic An agent that counteracts high levels of glucose in the blood
Antioxidant A substance that inhibits the destructive effects of oxidation
Beta-blockers A class of drugs used for various indications, but particularly for the management of cardiac arrhythmias and cardioprotection after myocardial infarction. They block the action of endogenous catecholamines (epinephrine [adrenaline] and norepinephrine [noradrenaline] in particular) on β-adrenergic receptors, part of the sympathetic nervous system that mediates the fight-or-flight response
Botanicals A drug, medicinal preparation, or similar substance obtained from a plant or plants
Codex Ebers A famous Egyptian papyrus recording over 800 medical formulas
CYP2D6 Enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body
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Dietary supplement A product (other than tobacco) that is intended to supplement the diet; contains one or more dietary ingredients (including vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, and other substances) or their constituents; is intended to be taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid; and is labeled in the front panel as being a dietary supplement
Drug The term drug means (A) articles recognized in the official United States Pharmacopeia, official Homeopathic Pharmacopeia of the United States, or official National Formulary, or any supplement to any of them; and (B) articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals; and (C) articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals; and (D) articles intended for use as a component of any articles specified in clause (A), (B), or (C). A food or dietary supplement for which a claim, subject to sections 403(r)(1)(B) and 403(r)(3) or sections 403(r)(1)(B) and 403(r)(5)(D), is made in accordance with the requirements of section 403(r) is not a drug solely because the label or the labeling contains such a claim. A food, dietary ingredient, or dietary supplement for which a truthful and not misleading statement is made in accordance with section 403(r)(6) is not a drug under clause (C) solely because the label or the labeling contains such a statement
Ergogenic aids Any external influences that can positively affect physical or mental performance. These include mechanical aids, pharmacological aids, physiological aids, nutritional aids, and psychological aids. They may directly influence the physiological capacity of a particular body system, thereby improving performance; remove psychological constraints that detract from performance; or increase the speed of recovery from training and competition
Food The term food means (1) articles used for food or drink for man or other animals, (2) chewing gum,
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and (3) articles used for components of any such article
Food additive Any substance the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result—directly or indirectly—in its becoming a component or otherwise affecting the characteristics of any food. This definition includes any substance used in the production, processing, treatment, packaging, transportation, or storage of food
GLUT-4 An important factor in the regulation of blood glucose, and the primary glucose transporter in skeletal muscle
Hyperinsulinemic A condition in which the level of insulin in the blood is higher than normal. Caused by overproduction of insulin by the body. Related to insulin resistance
Hypocaloric A diet characterized by a low number of dietary calories, usually 1,000–1,200 kcal/day
MedWatch The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Medical Products Reporting Program is an initiative designed both to educate all health professionals about the critical importance of being aware of, monitoring for, and reporting adverse events and problems to the FDA and/or the manufacturer and to ensure that new safety information is rapidly communicated to the medical community, thereby improving patient care. The purpose of the MedWatch program is to enhance the effectiveness of postmarketing surveillance of medical products as they are used in clinical practice and to rapidly identify significant health hazards associated with these products
Obese For adults, an individual with a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30.0 kg/m2
Overweight An individual with a BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2
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Pharmacovigilance The pharmacological science relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects, particularly long-term and short-term side effects of medicines. Generally speaking, pharmacovigilance is the science of collecting, monitoring, researching, assessing, and evaluating information from health care providers and patients on the adverse effects of medications, biological products, herbal products, and traditional medicines with a view to identifying new information about hazards associated with medicines and preventing harm to patients
Phytates Compounds present in plant foods that bind iron and may prevent its absorption
Rangers A specially trained elite unit of the United States Army
Special Forces Special Forces are highly trained and organized elite groups of soldiers who take part in covert warfare, reconnaissance, counterterrorism, and other specialized and dangerous missions. They include U.S. Army Special Forces, Navy SEALs (Sea, Air, Land) and Special Warfare Combatant Craft Crewmen, Air Force Combat Controllers and Pararescuemen
Thermogenics Supplements that induce the production of heat
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