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Index
A
Abolitionist movement, 91
Ir, A - ham's Bosom' 99-100
Academic achievement
changes in levels of, 342
classroom organization and, 357-358
and college entry, 340, 342
compensatory education and, 350, 355
356
cooperative learning experiments and, 357
358
course enrollment patterns and, 350
family factors and, 356, 358-359, 369
371, 525
literacy study, 352-354
in mathematics, 347
measures of, 346
peer group influences and, 372-373, 378
preschool education and, 19, 333, 346
348
racial similarities and differences in factors
in, 366-367
school desegregation and, 19, 80, 350
351, 373-374, 379
school factors in, 19, 354-365, 378
socialization of blacks and, 356-357, 369
371
socioeconomic status and, 19, 351, 355,
365-366, 368, 369-370, 378
standards, 19, 331
teacher expectations, characteristics, and
behavior and, 19, 356-357, 359, 378
teacher qualifications and, 355-356
verbal skills and, 351
Achievement test performance
age and, 349
and college attendance, 342
community type and, 352
compensatory education and, 347-348
course enrollment patterns and, 350-351
589
improvements in, 348-352, 361, 379
mathematics, 347-349, 361
and military services participation, 73-74
racial differences in, 20, 346, 348, 378
reading, 347-349, 352, 359, 361, 379
regional differences in, 349
Scholastic Aptitude Test, 350
science, 348, 349
slippage in, 352-354
teacher expectations, characteristics, and
behavior and, 356-357
Activism, see Protest activities
Adams, John Hurst, 176
Addison, Adele, 100
Adolescents and young adults
academic achievement of, 10, 372-373,
413
access to health care, 434
criminal activities of, 51, 308 n.5, 460,
462, 471, 476-477
educational attainment of, 26, 51, 320,
404, 412
employment of, 320-322, 412, 413
expectations of, 10
health of, 51, 411-417, 434, 440, 471
homicides, 23, 411, 413-417, 440, 462,
498
inner-city life, 10, 167, 308 n.5, 320
labor force participation rates of, 26, 320
peer group influences on, 51, 372-373,
378
population size, 411
In poverty, 320, 412-413
pregnancy and reproductive health of, 23,
26,401,403,410-413,434,440,
515-516, 526, 532
stereotyping by prospective employers, 49,
321-322, 454, 498
substance abuse by, 26, 51, 411, 413-415,
434, 462
5= alio Children
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
rights movement
INDEX
Affirmative action policies
attitudes of whites toward, 150, 153-154,
376-377
in colleges and universities, 376-377
effectiveness of, 316-317
in government contracting, 227, 316-317
quotas, 376-377
see also Equal employment
INDEX
and extent of intergroup contact, 11, 81,
83, 116, 117, 121, 137, 142-143,
148, 374
on federal spending policies, 13, 122, 212
213, 215, 246
on housing desegregation, 118, 119, 121,
122, 126, 127, 130-131, 140-144,
151, 152, 200
on implementation of equality policies, 5,
11, 42, 116, 117, 122, 125-127,
130-131, 148-152, 153-155
individualism and, 13, 150-151, 153-154,
155, 214
individual change in, 117, 118, 120
on integration, 116, 211
on intelligence of blacks, 60, 118-119,
120, 123
on intermarriage, 122, 125, 130, 137-138,
152, 194
on job discrimination, 60, 122, 126, 130,
132, 135, 137-138, 156, 223
on meaning of racial equality, 152-153
in military services, 63-64, 66, 74
political candidacy of blacks, 122, 130,
138-139, 199, 219
political contexts of, 136, 155, 196, 209
219
and political participation, 137, 223, 231,
236-237
regional differences in, 59-60, 64, 117,
118, 119, 121, 127, 128
on religion and morality, 95, 137, 176,
198, 215
residential integration, 11-12, 120, 121
124, 126, 130-131, 133, 137-138,
140-144, 151, 155-156, 194
on school desegregation, 11-13, 84, 118,
119, 121-122, 125, 126, 127, 130,
131, 137-138, 194
on segregation during 1930s, 59-60
social conditions and, 118-119, 127
on social contact/distance, 11, 95, 116,
117, 121-124, 125, 151, 152-153,
155, 198-199
on social issues, 215, 246
on socialization of children with regard to
race, 197-198
on South African sanctions, 187, 215
transportation desegregation, 118, 119,
120, 137
on violence, 133, 144, 199, 219
on welfare policies, 150, 212-214, 216,
254-255
see also Stereotypes
B
Baldwin, James, 101, 167
Baraka, Amiri, 192 (Imamu, 101)
Barthe, Richmond, 166, 192
Baseball, see Sports
Basic, Count, 100, 168
Basketball, see Sports
591
Battle, Kathleen, 100
Bearden, Romare, 2, 166, 192
Behavior
attitudes and, 120, 153-154, 155
harassment of blacks in public establish-
ments, 140
in military services, 73
standardized test scores and, 73
Belafonte, Harry, 102
Beloved, 101
Berry, Chuck, 102
Black Boy, 167
Black community
activism during World War II, 64, 86
autonomy of, 166
business and professional associations, 245
church role in, 173-176
class structure and, 164, 165, 186
costs of crime to, 464~72, 498
cultural cohesion and identity, 14, 164,
165
drug use and trafficking in, 461-463
economic development in, 176
influence on federal government, 86
leadership structure, 14, 168, 169, 171,
187, 244-248
loss of higher status blacks from, 164, 168
mutual aid societies, 47, 245
Nation of Islam strategies for development
of, 193-194, 463
post-1960s developments in, 186-191,
222-223
priorities of, 294 248
problems of, 45, 193, 461-463
residential segregation and, 164
strains on, 14, 163-164
support of black businesses, 180
voluntary associations, 47, 171
Black identity
African-American duality in, 194-196
in arts and entertainment, 101, 167
attitudes of blacks and, 9-10, 30-31, 47,
134, 195, 196-200, 214
cultural traditions and, 30, 191-192
economic conditions and, 195
educational attainment and, 237
group identity and consciousness, 13, 30-
31, 47, 193-194, 196-200, 236-237
labels, 196-197
measures of, 196
Nation of Islam and, 193-194, 463
in organizations and institutions, 14, 166,
188-189
in religion, 95, 166
socialization of children with regard to race,
197-198
status changes and, 9-10, 14, 164, 191,
195-196
and voter participation, 236-237
Black nationalism, 30, 101, 195, 211, 218-
219
Black pride, 14, 191, 196, 197-199, 218
Blackwell, David H., 68
INDEX
Blake, Eubie, 100
Blood on the ~e, 166
Bluefield State College, 178
Bluesfor Mr. Charlie, 101
Bontemps, Arna Wendell, 167
Bowling, see Sports
Bradley, Thomas, 69, 139
Brice, Carol, 100
grimmer, Andrew F., (i8, 465
Brooke, Edward W., 68
Brooks, Gwendolyn, 66, 68, 101, 166
Brown, Claude, 167
Brown, Lloyd, 101
Brown, Sterling, 166, 191-192
Brown, Wesley, 66, 68
Bunche, Ralph J., 68
Burgess, John M., 69
Businesses, black-owned
black organizational support of, 186
church support of, 176
282, 404
competition trom white enterprises, 182
183
crimes against, 465-466, 467-468
expansion outside black markets, 181
factors contributing to growth of, 182
government policies supporting, 182, 255
257
growth in, 315
mergers and acquisitions of, 182
personal services and retailing, 179-181,
314-315
prior to civil rights movement, 166, 179
180
promotion of, by black elected officials,
250-251
sales revenues, 181
self-employment, 169, 288-289, 314-315
top 100, by industry, 181-182
by women, 314
Businesses, white-owned
discrimination in, 139
equal employment training programs, 139
joint ventures with black corporations, 182
layoffs of blacks during corporate restruc-
turing, 248
management/executive positions of blacks
in, 139, 170-171, 247-248, 251
penetration of black markets, 183
recruitment of blacks, 139, 168, 183
segregation in, 60
Busing, 75, 82, 83, 84, 121, 122, 126-129,
131, 149, 152-153, 226-227
C
Carson, Clayborne, 194, 195
Carter administration
appointment of blacks during, 241-244
foreign policy influence of blacks during,
252
, - . .
Caucus orgamzatlons
Afro-American Museums Association, 188
189
592
and black identity, 188
church role in establishing, 175
Concerned Black Foreign Service Officers,
189
Congressional Black Caucus, 187, 190,
245, 255, 258
diversity of, 188
institutional participation in, 188-190
loyalty and allegiance of, 189-190
national ad hoc committee of black steel-
workers, 88
Chapoton, John E., 257
Charles, Ray, 102
Cheyney University, 176
Chicago Commission on Race Relations, 165
Children
of adolescent parents, 412-413
dental care, 409-410
in female-headed families, 23, 25, 276,
growth, development, and learning in,
406-411, 413, 434
health of, 50, 394, 404 408, 413, 416,
420
health protection for, 283, 430, 439-430
immunization of, 408-409
living arrangements of, 23, 25, 36, 404,
512, 519-523, 527, 528
mortality rates of, 396, 404, 405
neglect and abuse of, 410-411, 419
in poverty, 8-9, 23, 24, 50-51, 186, 279,
281, 394, 404, 405, 408, 512, 523
526, 533
socialization of, with regard to race, 197
198
see also Adolescents and young adults
Children's Defense Fund, 186-187
Churches and religious life
African Methodist Episcopal Church, 95,
166, 174, 176
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
95, 174, 176
American Lutheran Church, 92, 93
attitudes of blacks on, 95, 176
Baptist churches, 94-95
black identity in, 166, 193-194
black leadership/membership in white de
nominations, 11, 69, 92-93, 176
Catholic Church, 91-93, 94
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, 95,
174, 176
Church of God in Christ, 174, 176
civil rights activities of, 165, 172, 173, 187
Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, 174
Congregational-Christian churches, 93
Disciples of Christ, 93
Episcopal Church, 69, 92
interactions at denominational level, 94-95
Lutheran Church in America, 92-94
membership in major black denominations,
174
mixed services, 93-94
INDEX
Nation of Islam, 193-194
National Baptist Convention of America,
95, 174, 175
National Baptist Convention, U.S.A., Inc.,
95, 174, 175
National Primitive Baptist Convention, 174
occupational distributions in, 170-171
political role of, 91-92, 95, 175, 190, 245,
246
Progressive Baptist Convention, Inc., 95,
175
Progressive National Baptist Convention,
174
role in black society, 173-176, 177, 190
segregation in, 92, 95
Southern Baptist churches, 93
and subordination in race relations, 95, 176
United Methodist Church, 92-93, 95
United Presbyterian Church of North
America, 92
Citizenship Education Fund, 187
Civil Rights Act of 1957
enforcement of, 225, 232
voting rights under, 65, 225
Civil Rights Act of 1960
congressional resistance to, 65
enforcement of, 225, 232
powers of civil rights commission under, 65
Civil Rights Act of 1964
congressional support for, 216
enforcement of, 224-229
job desegregation under, 65
protest activities and passage of, 223
public accommodations desegregation un-
der, 65, 84, 208, 229
school desegregation under, 75, 377
Title VII, 87, 227-229, 316, 318, 319,
394
Civil rights movement
alternatives to, 193
antecedents to, 14, 220-221
and attitudes of blacks and whites, 119
123, 318-319
and black identity, 191
church role in, 91
community role in, 14, 172-173
and economic status of blacks, 7, 28, 36
169, 274
leadership, 14, 171
literature on, 167
media coverage of, 87
middle-class development and, 63
military desegregation and, 67, 70
and opportunities for blacks, 4-5, 7, 10,
35-36, 42, 168, 318-319
political effects of, 35-36, 42, 222
relationship to white radicals and liberals,
167
social structure following, ~5, 6, 36, 168-
171, 45.4
socioeconomic structure prior to, 16~168,
221-222
593
strains imposed on black institutions and
organizations by, 164
white organizations involved in, 172-173
during World War II, 63-64
see also Litigation of discrimination cases;
Protest activities
Clark, Kenneth, 84, 168
Class structure, family structure and, 275-
276; see Middle class; Poverty; Social
structures Upper class
Cleaver, Eldridge, 101
Cole, Nat King, 102
College education
academic majors, 178, 345-346, 436-437
achievement test performance and, 340,
342
advanced degrees, 177, 379
completion of, 20, 38, 39, 42-43, 44
339-340, 345-346, 365, 378
and earnings, 275, 276, 298, 301, 304,
320, 343, 365
economic status and, 340-343
and employment, 304, 306, 320, 365
expectations of returns from, 343
financial aid and, 19, 29, 177, 179, 340
343, 345, 379, 437
and labor force participation, 304, 306
odds of, for blacks, 339, 341, 378, 379
residential segregation and, 144-145
school desegregation and, 80, 168
sex differences in, 340, 436
trends in, 3, 39, 42-43, 44, 177, 178,
338-340, 378
at two-year versus four-year institutions
340-341, 343
and wealth, 292
Colleges and universities
admission standards, 227
attrition rates, 178-179
black faculty, 364-365, 375-377 436
black institutions, 176-177, 437i38
black presidents of, 69
causes of declines in black enrollments,
340-345
current patterns at, 178-179
discrimination at, 364-365, 378
enrollments of blacks in, 19, 20, 45, 177,
178-179, 338-339, 340-345, 437
438
federal aid to, 179, 377
fraternity/sorority activism, 172, 190, 245,
253
graduate programs at black institutions,
177
indices of segregation in, 85
institutional climate, 364-365
recruitment of blacks by, 227
role of students in civil rights movement,
173
scholarships, 98
social adjustment at, 364-365
sports participation of blacks in, 95-98
INDEX
teacher training and education programs,
383
violence at, 365
white student enrollments in black colleges,
178
see also specific colleges and unzvers~i~es
The Color Purple' 101
Coltrane, John, 100, 168
Committee on Equal Employment Opportu-
n~ty, 65
Community Action Program, 188
Community associations, segregation in, 60;
see also Black community; Organiza
. . . .
tlons anc mstltutlons
Comprehensive Employment and Training
Act, 254
Conelly, Marc, 100
Congress of National Black Churches, 175
176
Congress of Racial Equality, 172
Congressional Black Caucus, 187, 190, 245,
255, 258
Conroy, Jack, 167
Cooke, Sam, 102
Cooper, Chuck, 66, 68
Cosby, Bill, 102
Crime and criminal activities
of adolescents, 51, 308 n.5, 460, 462, 471,
476-477
alcohol use and, 462
costs of, to black communities, 23, 464
472
drug use and trafficking and, 51, 413, 461
463, 464
handgun possession and, 457, 461, 463
464, 479
homicide, 21, 23, 396-397, 397, 411,
413-416, 418-420, 427, 440, 457
460, 462, 463-464, 478, 486, 498
rates of, 456, 457, 485, 487
residential segregation and, 141, 464, 465,
467, 471, 472
school desegregation and, 80
socioeconomic status and, 11, 23, 453
454, 459, 464, 465, 467, 471, 48
485, 498
trends in serious crimes, 3, 456-461
victimization of blacks, 23, 455, 464 472,
474, 475, 488, 497, 498
Criminal justice system
arrest rates of blacks and whites, 22, 456-
460, 464, 474-477, 482, 496-497,
498
brutality in, 455
death penalty, 215, 474, 488
discrimination in, 13, 22, 23, 31, 46, 137,
185, 188, 258, 453-456, 473-474,
481-484, 487, 496-498
incarceration rates, 455, 460-461, 483-
487, 498
juvenile arrest patterns, 476-477
personnel, 22, 48, 454, 455, 474, 480,
489-498
594
police behavior and organization, 473-475,
477-482, 496-497
prejudice in, 23, 473-477, 488, 497
pretrial bargaining and prosecution, 455,
480-483, 485, 489, 497
prisoner treatment, 455-456, 491
probation and parole decisions, 484, 485,
497
sentencing, 11, 22-23, 483-489, 496, 497,
498
see also Election and appointment of blacks;
Police
Cullen, Countee, 101
Culture
and academic achievement, 370-373
African-Amencan duality in, 19~196,
526-527
arts and entertainment, 99-100
and attitudes of blacks, 136
and black identity, 10, 14, 191-196
religion and, 95
rural-urban migration and, 166
see also Arts and Entertainment; Black
., .
Sentry
Culture of poverty, see Public assistance
D
Dance Theater of Harlem, 69
Davidson, Frederick E., 69
Davis, Arthur P., 191-192
Davis, B. O., Jr., 68, 71
Davis, Miles, 100, 168
Davis, Sammy, Jr., 102
Davis, Willie, 182
Dawson, William L., 63, 66, 68
de Tocqueville, Alexis, 150
Defense industries
desegregation of, 86
discrimination in, 63, 86, 315
participation of blacks in, 63
Desegregation
attitudes of blacks and whites on, 42, 70,
116, 118, 122, 127, 155, 196-197
defined, 51, 57
federal support of, 223
governmental authority and, 58
In the military, 58
social stresses created by, 195-196
union responses to, 86
see also Housing desegregation; Public ac-
commodations desegregation; School
desegregation
Desmond, Binga, 166
Digress, Charles C., 63
Discrimination
in arts and entertainment, 58, 99, 103, 139
attitudes of blacks and whites on, 60 80,
116, 132-134, 151, 195
in defense industries, 63, 86
in military services, 63, 64, 6~67, 74
in public accommodations, 84-85
reverse, 151, 182
in schools, 82-83, 366
INDEX
second-generation, 82-83
in sports, 97-98
by unions, 85-88
see also Antidiscrimination legislation and
orders, Job discrimination and segre-
gation, Protest activities
Dixon, Dean, 100
Dobbs, Mattiwilda, 100
Dole, Bob, 255
Douglass, Frederick, 66
Drug abuse
by adolescents, 413-414
and AIDS, 414
extent of, 3
mortality rates, 414
DuBois, W. E. B., 183, 194-195, 210
Dukemejian, George, 139
Dumas, Henry, 101
Dunbar, Paul Lawrence, 101
Dvorak, Anton, 101
Early Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and
Treatment program, 406, 410
Earnings
annual, 28, 295, 297, 299
calculation of, 53
discrimination, attitudes of blacks and
whites on, 132, 134
economic growth and, 294-297
educational attainment and, 44, 62, 147,
275, 276, 298, 299, 301, 320, 365
and employment status, 297-299
family structure and, 276
lifetime expected, 37, 39, 43~4, 53, 298
299, 300
per capita, 297, 298-299, 307
racial differences in, 43~4, 275, 295, 297,
438
regional differences in, 298
of self-employed blacks, 314
sex differences in, 7, 17, 28, 39, 294-295,
297-298, 299, 438
trends in, 7, 37, 39, 43, 295, 297, 323,
438
Economic conditions and growth
black identity and, 195
civil rights movement and, 4, 221-222
and economic status of blacks, 6-9, 16, 28,
29, 36, 44 15, 275, 279, 283, 294,
323, 324
and labor market experiences of blacks,
294-297
migration to northern and urban areas and,
60, 221-222
political participation and, 238, 246
and unemployment, 296
Economic Opportunity Loan Program, 255
Economic status
assessment of, 46
and attitudes of blacks and whites, 136,
212, 219
595
and college education, 341
economic conditions and, 6-9, 16, 28, 29,
36, 11 45, 275, 279, 283, 294, 323,
324
educational attainment and, 287
and infant mortality rates, 10
pre-World War II, 271
and social stresses, 195-196
trends in, 4, 6, 16-18, 23-25, 272-277
wealth of black households, 276, 291-294
see also Income; Middle class; Poverty; Soci-
oeconomic status; Upper class
Education and schooling
Baldwin-Kings schools project, 361-362
black organizational support of, 186, 187
black teachers, 363
classroom organization, 357-358, 363
compensatory programs, 19, 29, 30, 323,
346-348, 356, 377
cooperative learning experiments, 357-358,
363
early childhood, 332-334; see also Preschool
education
effective schools, 358-362
enrollment trends, 332-346
equality of opportunities in, 19, 331-332,
377
federal spending on, 348
instructional materials and techniques, 19,
358, 361, 378
measures of equality in, 331, 378; see also
Academic achievement; Achievement
test performance
minimum competency testing, 362-363
parental involvement in, 363, 369
per-pupil expenditures in southern states,
58-59
policy contexts of, 377-379
quality of, 3, 10, 19, 80, 84, 227, 354,
377-378
social context of, 365-377
teacher testing, 363-364
see also School desegregation
Educational attainment
and attitudes of blacks and whites, 118,
120, 121, 124, 125, 127, 136, 153,
200, 219, 237, 366-369
and earnings, 44, 62, 147, 275, 276, 298,
299, 301, 320, 365
economic status and, 287, 288
employment and, 8, 274, 296, 297, 304,
306,315,365,526,535
family structure and, 525-526
and growth of black businesses, 182
and health status, 40, 400, 404 406
indicators of, 332
and military service participation, 71, 74
and political values, 214, 237
pre-civil rights movement, 39, 164
preschool education and, 333
process of, 367-368
and residential segregation, 144-145, 315,
378
INDEX
school desegregation and, 80, 81, 84, 168,
315
of self-employed blacks, 314, 315
sex differences in, 334-338
and socialization of blacks, 356-357, 378
trends in, 7, 18, 37, 42, 44, 332, 334-
337, 518
wealth and, 292
and welfare dependence, 290
Eisenhower administration, antidiscrimina-
tion measures during, 65, 70, 223,
232
Elderly blacks
barriers to health care, 22, 428-429, 432,
435
demographic characteristics of, 425-427
health status of, 425-427, 432-433
mortality and morbidity, 427-428
poverty among, 22, 282
public assistance for, 282
Election and appointment of blacks
agency heads, 68, 69
ambassadors, 244
benefits of, 250-251
cabinet members, 68
before civil rights movement, 166
delegates at national political conventions
16, 217-218
districting procedures and, 239
elected officials, 63, 66, 68, 69, 138-139,
218, 231, 233-234, 237, 239-242,
246, 247, 249-251, 253, 255-257,
491
and hiring and appointments of blacks, 15
16, 250, 491
growth since civil rights movement, 3, 171
judges, 22, 170-171, 241-243, 258, 455,
474, 496-498
number of, 35, 238, 258
organizations of, 190-191
partisan municipal ballots and, 239, 241
party leadership positions, 241
and political power in policy making, 245
246, 249-251
protection of opportunities for, 233-234
racial composition of districts and, 239
241-242
socioeconomic conditions and, 249
in southern county government, 239
spending outcomes of, 250
supreme court justices, 69
and voter participation, 247
see also Government jobs
Elementary schools
ability groupings in, 82-83
Baldwin-Kings schools project, 361-362
black enrollments in, 76
effects of desegregation in, 80
Elks, 172
Ellington, Duke, 100, 168
Ellison, Ralph, 101, 167, 168, 195
Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, 3
596
The Emperor Jones, 99
Employment
of adolescents, 320, 412
age and, 302-306
antidiscrimination measures, 65, 227-229;
see also Equal employment opportunity
of black migrants in northern cities, 62,
272
blue-collar, 8, 272, 294, 296, 310, 312
321
after civil rights movement, 169, 274
before civil rights movement, 35, 37, 164
165
defined, 301
discrimination in, 49, 85-88; see also Job
discrimination and segregation; Occu
pational distributions
economic growth and, 294-297
education and, 8, 274, 296, 304, 306
365, 526
geographic shifts in jobs and, 296, 320-321
government, 165, 169, 170, 227; see also
Government jobs
Humphrey-Hawkins full-employment bill,
253
Job Corps, 254
job search techniques and, 321
in management positions, 3, 17, 49, 169
171, 312-313, 319, 490, 492-493
of men, 28, 49, 275, 302-303, 306, 307
312, 324, 534
part-time, 297
population ratios, 18, 301, 302, 304, 306
professional and technical, 170-171, 436
438
rates, 17, 301
self-employment, 169, 170
sex differences in, 7, 272, 302
structural changes and, 310, 312
trends in, 3, 7-8, 37, 279, 302-306, 323
white-collar occupations, 17, 169-171
275, 312
of women, 7, 17, 272, 299, 302, 303-306,
312-314, 320-321
see also Labor force participation
Entertainment, see Arts and entertainment
Equal employment opportunity
compliance with, 490, 494 195
enforcement of, 315-319, 324, 491 195
effectiveness of, 316-318
social networks and, 319-323
see also Affirmative action policies
Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission
creation of, 316
data on segregation, 85
enforcement powers of, 227-229, 316
functions of, 227-229, 316
management positions of blacks in, 244
Equal employment training programs
corporate attitudes on, 139
Erving, Julius, 182
INDEX
F
Fair Employment Practices Committee, 65,
86-87, 315
Family structure
adolescent pregnancy and, 412
causes of changes in, 25, 518, 526-544
changing patterns of, 23, 24, 511-519
and child-rearing practices, 25, 369, 511,
523
and crime, 413, 476-477, 484
and cognitive development, 369-370
culture-of-poverty hypothesis and, 527,
540-544
and earnings, 276, 525, 534-537
fertility trends and, 24, 26, 412, 413, 513
518, 528
and outcomes for children, 525-526
and poverty, 277 n.2, 279-282, 284-285,
287, 323, 523-526
resilience of black families and, 527-528
social supports and, 512
socioeconomic status and, 527-530
and welfare dependence, 289, 290-291,
531-533
see also Marital status; Single-parent
(female-headed) households
Federal contracting, minority set-asides, 256
257, 314, 316
Federal Works Agency, 227
Female-headed families, see Single-parent (fe
male-headed) families
Fences, 101
Fertility trends, 9-10, 23, 24, 26, 411, 460,
511, 513-518, 528; see also Pregnancy
and childbearing
Fifth Dimension, 102
Fisk University, 173
Food Stamp program, 253, 254, 255, 277
n.2, 283, 289, 308, 531, 533
Football, see Sports
Foreign policy, black participation on, 187,
251-253
Frazier, E. Franklin, 173
Friedman, Milton, 152
G
Gershwin, George, 100
Gibson, Althea, 68
Gibson, Kenneth, 218
Gillespie, Dizzy, 100
Gillespie, John Birks, 168
Go Tell It on a Mountain, 167
Goldwater, Barry, 216, 218
Golf, see Sports
Goode, Mal, 85
Goode, Wilson, 138
Gordy, Berry, 102, 180
Government agencies
appointment of blacks executives in, 15,
243-244, 258
discrimination by, 131
see also specific Fancies and d~par~nts
597
Government jobs
antidiscrimination measures for, 227, 256,
318
discrimination in, 131, 189
foreign service, 189, 244
growth in, 169-171
management/executive roles of blacks, 15-
16, 169, 243-244, 258, 490
occupational distributions of blacks in, 244
segregation in, 60
state and local level, 244, 489-491
see also Federal contracting
Gravely, Samuel L., Jr., 69
Green, Paul, 99-100
Gutman, Herbert, 528
H
Hamburg State Opera, 101
Hampton University, 182
Hansberry, Lorraine, 101, 167
Harlem
Apollo Theatre, 171
black elected officials in, 63
Dance Theater of Harlem, 69
Renaissance of 1920s, 101, 192
Harvey, William, 182
Hastie, William H., 241
Hatcher, Richard G., 69
Hawkins, Coleman, 168
Hayes, Roland, 100
Haynes, Eugene, 100
He Who Would DO, 166
Head Start, see Preschool education
Health Carl, 166
Health care
in hospitals, 431~36, 439
immunization of children, 408-409
preventive, 22, 402, 404, 406, 408, 410
412, 414, 424, 433-434, 439, 440
professions, employment of blacks in, 21,
170-171, 394-395, 401, 436-439
quality of, 425, 429, 430, 432-433, 435
436, 439
sources of, 402, 430, 431-435, 439, 440
Health care access
barriers to, 428-431, 434, 439~40
black church contribution to, 176
black organizational support of, 186, 187
of children, 430
of elderly blacks, 22, 425, 432, 433, 435,
440
election of blacks and, 250
equality in, 16, 394, 429
family planning services, 513
insurance coverage and, 21, 29, 421, 429,
430-431, 432, 439
Medicare/Medicaid and, 21, 253, 254,
272, 283, 290, 394, 396, 410, 425,
427, 429, 430, 431, 435, 436, 439,
523, 533
in 1930s, 58
prenatal care, 21, 29, 393, 400-404, 412,
430, 434, 439, 440, 514-515
INDEX
residential segregation and, 11
segregated hospitals, 58, 394
of working poor, 283, 290
Health risks and status
accidents, 405, 411, 413, 415, 427
of adolescents and young adults, 51, 397,
411-417, 440, 462
of adults, 53, 397, 417-425
AIDS and, 22, 51, 396, 403, 413, 414,
418, 420-421, 440
anemia, 407, 408
cancer, 397, 396, 405, 411 415, 418
423-425, 427, 428, 440
cerebrovascular disease, 427, 428
of children, 397, 404 113, 419, 420, 430,
439 410
cirrhosis, 396, 397, 414, 421
congenital anomalies, 405
dental disease, 409-410
educational levels and, 40, 400, 404-405,
412
of elderly blacks, 21, 425-429, 440
family structure and, 412, 413
glaucoma, 411, 416-417
heart disease, 396, 397, 419, 427, 428
homicides, 21, 23, 396-397, 411, 413
416, 418-420, 427, 440, 457-460,
462-464, 478, 486, 498
hypertension, 396, 418, 422-423, 428
429, 440
. . ,
Improvements In, ~
infant mortality rates, 10, 21, 50, 393,
397, 401-404, 412, 526
infectious diseases, 399, 400, 408-409
418, 427, 440
injuries, 405, 411, 414, 415-416, 467,
469-470, 498
lead poisoning, 407-408
life expectancy of blacks, 21, 35, 40, 41
43, 44, 53, 395, 418, 427, 428
low birthweight infants, 399-404, 412,
440, 526
nutrition, 402, 406-408, 412, 526
poverty and, 26, 40, 394, 400, 401, 404
406, 408, 412-413, 439, 526
in pregnancy and infancy, 21, 22, 397
404, 411-413, 514
sexually transmitted diseases, 22, 413, 434,
440, 514, 515
sickle cell anemia, 418
substance abuse, 21-22, 26, 51, 400 403
410, 411, 413-415, 418, 419i22,
424, 434, 440, 462-463, 476
suicides, 396, 411, 413, 415-416, 419
Herring, James, 192
High school dropouts
earnings and occupations of, 8, 320
measurement of, 337
minimum competency testing and, 362
rates, 8, 20, 26, 50, 337-338, 378, 379
residential segregation indices of, 144
sex differences in, 26, 338
socioeconomic status and, 10, 366, 368,
378
598
High school education/graduation
and earnings, 276
and family income levels, 343-344
General Educational Development Test,
337
mathematics enrollment patterns, 350-351
military service by, 344
minimum competency testing for, 362-363
school desegregation and, 80, 168
trends in rates of, 20, 38, 39, 42, 44, 334-
338, 340
Higher Education Amendments of 1965
179
Highlander Folk School, 173
Himes, Chester, 101, 167
Hinderas, Natalie, 100
Hispanics
AIDS risk in, 420
black support of cultural aspirations of,
214, 251
high school dropout rates, 50
political affiliation of, 216
political attitudes on government spending,
214
protection of election opportunities for,
233-234
residential segregation of, 13, 27, 50, 89-
90
Hooks, Benjamin, 69
Horton, Miles, 173
Housing
access to, 49-50, 103
depreciation rules for, 257
low-income, 176, 257, 405
outmigration of whites and availability of,
89
and socioeconomic status, 144 146
substandard, 405 406
Housing desegregation
attitudes of blacks and whites on, 118,
119, 121, 122, 126, 127, 130-131,
140-144, 151, 152, 200
effectiveness of, 258
governmental authority and, 58
legal measures for, 65, 70, 89, 208, 229
for military personnel, 70
see also Residential segregation
.. . .. . . .
blouse alscnmmatlon
contemporary, 13, 49-50, 140
litigation, 185
during 1930s, 58
racial attitudes and, 49, 140-144
see also Residential segregation
Houston, Whitney, 102
Howard University, 177, 438
Hughes, Henry, 101
Hughes, Langston, 101
If He Hollars Let Him Go, 167
Income
and attitudes of blacks and whites, 136
INDEX
after civil rights movement, 7, 28, 40, 169,
274
before civil rights movement, 37, 164-165,
271, 272
and college education, 341-343
from criminal activities, 308 n.5
family, 17, 23-25, 169, 274-277, 282,
323, 341-343, 405, 426, 525, 535
and growth of black businesses, 182
and marital status, 529-530
middle class standards, 276
and mortality rates, 396, 405, 416
per capita, 17, 271, 272, 274, 287-288,
323
personal, 287-289
in professional sports, 98
regional differences in, 298
and residential segregation, 144-145
self-employment, 288-289
sources of, 287-289, 426
structure of family and, 25, 282, 525, 534
535
trends in, 3, 17, 23-25, 28, 42, 54, 274
275, 298, 323, 426
unearned, 289, 536
and wealth, 292
see also Public assistance programs; Socioec
onomic status; Wages and salaries
Infant mortality rates, 10, 21, 50, 393, 397
402, 404, 412, 526
Institute for Social Research, 122-124, 196
Institute of Medicine, 400
Institutions, see Organizations and institu
tions; and specific instimnons
Integration
attitudes on, 116, 199
in classrooms and extracurricular activities,
81
defined, 51, 57, 81, 195
extent of, 57
Intermarriage, 31, 59, 122, 125, 130, 137
138, 152 194
Interstate Commerce Commission K
antidiscnmination measures, 65
first black chairman, 69
Invisible Man, 101, 167
Jackson, Jesse, 153, 187, 214, 218, 246,
247, 252
Jackson, Joseph, 175
Jackson, Michael, 102
James, Daniel, Jr., 69'
Jim Crow era, 58-60, 96 n.1, 168
Job Corps, 29, 254, 322-323
Job discrimination and segregation
attitudes of blacks and whites on, 60, 122,
126, 130, 132, 135, 137-138, 156,
223
defined, 146
detection of, 147-148
earnings and, 146 147
extent of, 13, 146-148, 315
599
forms of, 146
in government jobs, 189
litigation, 147, 185, 227-229
measures of, 85, 146
in 1930s, 58
numerical remedies for, 227, 228; see also
Affirmative action policies
in professional sports, 58, 96-98, 139,
147-148
protest activities against, 187
seniority or merit systems and, 229, 319
trends, 147
against women, 146
see also Employment; Equal employment
opportunity
Job opportunities, social networks and, 49,
319-323
Job training
Comprehensive Employment and Training
Act, 254
effectiveness of, 16, 30, 322
Job Corps, 29, 254, 322-323
short-term, on-thejob programs, 322
Foe Turner's Come and Gone, 101
Johnson administration
antidiscrimination measures during, 223
antipoverty policies of, 253, 255, 272,
309-310
minority business policies of, 256
Johnson, Charles, 166
Johnson, George E., 180
Johnson, James Weldon, 101
Johnson, John, 180
Johnson, William H., 392, 510
Johnson Products (hair care), 180
Johnson Publishing, 180
Joint Center for Political Studies, 190, 216
217
Joplin, Scott, 100
Jordan, Barbara, 69
Jordan, Vernon, 185, 210
Kennedy administration
antidiscrimination measures during, 65, 70,
190, 223, 315-316
antipoverty policies, 153
Kentucky State University, 178
Kerner Commission, 4, 85, 89, 274
King, B. B., 102
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 175, 187, 229,
247
Knights of Peter Claver, 172
Korean War
military desegregation during, 70
rates of participation in, 71
Ku Klux Klan, 65, 123, 231
Labor force participation
of adolescents, 320
educational attainment and, 306, 307
INDEX
of men, 10, 26, 28, 304, 307-310, 534
public assistance and, 10
racial differences in, 302, 304
rates, defined, 301
trends in, 302, 307-310, 323
unemployment rates and, 307
of women, 276, 304, 306, 513, 535
Labor unions, see Unions/unionization
Laue, James, 192
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration,
460
Lawrence, Jacob, 162, 206, 270, 330
Laws and legislation, see Antidiscnmination
legislation and orders
Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under
Law, 188
Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, 187
Lee, Ulysses, 191
Legal system
differential treatment during 1930s, 58, 59,
453-454
employment of blacks in, 22, 48, 247-248,
454, 489-498
see also Criminal justice system
Lewis, Henry, 69
Lewis, John, 173
Lewis, Reginald F., 182
Lincoln, C. Eric, 92-93
Lincoln Center Festival, 101
Lincoln University, 176, 178
Literature, see Arts and entertainment
. . . ~ . . . .
. _ltlgatlon ot c lscr~mmatlon cases
Alexander v. Holmes, 75
Bakke decision, 227
Bob Jones University case, 226
Brawn v. Board of Education of Topeka, 65,
75, 80, 184, 208, 216, 225, 226,
366, 377, 394
City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson CO7 257
n.4
consent decrees, 319, 494 195
Fighters Local Union No. 1784 v. Stotts,
229
Green v. New Kant CO7 75
Gig v. Duke Paver CO7 228
Keyes v. Denver School Didn't No. 1, 75-76,
226
McClesky v. wimp, 474, 488
Millikin v. Brad~y, 80
Mor,gan v. Virginia, 220
by foreign service officers, 189
by multiracial coalitions, 187-188
by NAACP Legal Defense Fund, 184-185
pattern or practice suits, 228
Smith v. Allwn~ht, 183
standards of proof in, 224-229, 232-233
Swann v. Charlotte-Meckl~ur,g, 75
White v. Regester, 232-233
Llewellyn, J. Bruce, 182
Lloyd, Earl, 68
Locke, Alain, 192
Lucy, William, 88
600
M
Magnet schools, 82
Malcolm X, 101
Manchild in the Raised Land, 167
Manpower Development and Training Pro
gram, 182
Marine Corps, 71-72
Marital status
age and, 512-514, 518, 521-522
childbearing and, 512, 515-518, 522, 528
529, 532
income and, 25, 529-530, 536, 537
and living arrangements of children, 519
523, 527
racial differences in, 25, 512, 519, 529-530
and scarcity of marriageable men, 25, 527,
537-540
sex differences in, 530
trends in, 23, 511, 512, 519-521
welfare dependence and, 531
Marriage, see Intermarriage; Marital status
Marsalis, Wynton, 102
Marshall, Thurgood, 69, 241
Mass media
bias in, 60, 131
coverage of civil rights movement, 87, 220,
223
job discrimination in, 85, 98
sportscastin~, 98
Maternity an] Infant Care projects, 402
Mathis, Johnny, 102
Matnor, Dorothy, 100
Mays, Benjamin, 84
McGovem, George, 255
McKay, Claude, 101
Medical Committee on Human Rights, 394
Medicare and Medicaid, 21, 253, 254, 272,
283, 290, 394, 396, 410, 425, 427,
429-431, 435, 436, 439, 523
Mehany Medical School, 173, 401, 438
Men
absent fathers, 25, 291, 537
earnings of, 17, 26, 28, 53, 275, 294-297,
299-300, 307, 534, 536, 537
employment of, 26, 28, 275, 302-303,
306, 307-312, 324, 534, 537
labor force experiences of, 10, 26, 28, 304,
307-310
marital stability/status of, 25, 309, 519,
521, 529-530, 534, 537
with no earnings, 307-309, 311
special problems of, 26, 307-312
underground economy of, 307-308 n.5
wages of, 28, 275, 279, 296-297, 320-321
welfare dependence of, 307-310
Merchant Marine, treatment of blacks in, 66
Middle class
black local governance and, 251
civil rights movement and, 7, 9, 63, 164,
168, 169
crimes against, 471
growth of, 3, 7, 9, 26, 36, 63, 164, 168,
169, 245, 324
INDEX
incomes of, 8, 17, 276-277
occupations of, 169
political participation by, 169, 214-215,
237, 245
racial consciousness and group identity in,
237
social stresses of, 7, 195-196
Migration and urbanization of blacks
and artistic expression, 167-168
black literature on, 167
characteristics of migrants, 60-62
church response to, 174-175
and civil rights movement, 18, 35, 63,
221' 272
and crime rates, 459-460
economic conditions and, 18, 48, 294
and educational opportunities and attain-
ments, 221, 518
effects of, 7, 18, 35, 42, 48, 222, 528
and employment, 272, 296
rates of, 60, 272, 279
and residential segregation, 88, 89
and wages, 221, 296-297
Military services
Armed Forces Qualification Test, 73-74
attitudes of soldiers about race relations
63-64, 66, 74
attrition rates, 73-74
black literature on racism in, 167
combat casualties, 72-73
desegregation in, 11, 58, 64-65, 67, 70-71
discrimination in, 63, 64, 66-67, 74
female participation in, 71, 73-74, 311
345
leadership by blacks in, 68-69, 70-72
occupational roles in, 72
participation during World War II, 63-64
promotion rates, 73, 74
rates of participation in, 71-74, 311 345
resegregation of, 74
schooling entitlements through, 345
see also specific Ranches of she
Miller, Kenneth Hayes, 56
Mills, Kerry, 100
Mills, Lev, 114
Minority Business Development Administra-
tion, 256
Minority Enterprise Small Business Invest-
ment Company, 182, 255
Mitchell, Parren, 255, 256, 257
Monk, Thelonious, 168
Montgomery, bus boycotts in, 222
Montgomery Improvement Association, 172
Morris, Aldon, 172
Morrison, Toni, 101
Mortality rates
by causes of death, 396-397, 404, 405,
411,412,414,421,423,424,471
health care access and, 58
infant, 10, 21, 50, 393, 397-401, 412
maternal, 403 404, 412
of prisoners, 456
sex differences in, 395-396, 418
601
socioeconomic status and, 394, 424
Morton, Jelly Roll, 100
Motley, Willard, 102
Motown Industries, 180
Muhammed, Elijah, 193
My People, 166
Myrdal, Gunnar, 4, 195, 271, 456
N
Nashville Christian Leadership Conference,
173
Nation of Islam, 193-194, 463, 464
National Advisory Commission on Civil Dis-
orders, 489-490
National Assessment of Educational Progress,
348, 349, 352-354
National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People (NAACP)
cooperation with churches in community
work, 175
financial resources of, 186
Legal Defense Fund, Inc., 184-185, 186
origin, purpose, and leadership of, 183
184
protest activities, 63, 221
repression of, by white organizations, 183
184
role in civil rights movement, 172, 183
184, 221
voter registration activities of, 190
National Bar Association, 172
National Black Health Providers' Task Force
on Blood Pressure Education and
Control, 423
National Black Leadership Forum, 187
National Black Leadership Roundtable, 187,
190
National Bureau of Economic Research, 320
National Coalition on Black Voter Participa-
tion, 190
National Committee of Black Churchmen,
175
National Defense Education Act, 377
National Dental Association, 172
National Institute Against Prejudice and Vio-
lence, 365
National Lawyers Guild, 172
National Medical Association, 166, 172, 394
National Opinion Research Center, 59-60,
118, 122-124
National Urban League
community role of, 175, 185-186
financial resources, 186
leadership of, 185, 210, 255
Marshall Plan for the cities, 255
minority business support by, 255
role in civil rights movement, 172, 185-
186
voter registration activities of, 190
National Welfare Rights Organization, 254
Nairve Son, 101, 167
Navy, 68, 69, 71-72
Neal, Larry, 192
INDEX
The Negro Caravan, 166, 191-192
New York Stock Exchange, 69
Newspapers
The Amsterdam News> 171
black-owned, 63, 166, 171-172
The Chino Defender, 171
circulation declines, 171-172
employment of blacks by, 85
The National Af~ro-A~ncan, 171
Pittsio?~r,gh Vintner, 63, 171
role in civil rights movement, 172
Niagara movement, 183
Nighthawk, Robert, 167
Nixon administration
support of black businesses, 182, 256
No Day of Tnumph, 166
Nobel Peace Prizes, 68
Norman, Jessye, 100
o
Occupational distributions
before civil rights movement, 271
self-employment, 314-315
sex differences in, 273
trends in, 35, 273, 312-314, 438
of upper-class blacks, 169-171
see also Employment; Labor force
participation
Occupational segregation
before civil rights movement, 165
in health occupations, 438
of middle and upper classes, 165, 169-171
in public service jobs, 165
see also Job discrimination and segregation
Office for Civil Rights, 76, 83
Office of Contract Compliance Programs,
316-318
Office of Economic Opportunity, 255
Office of Minority Business Enterprise, 182,
255
Oliver, King, 100
O'Neill, Eugene, 99-100
Operation Big Vote, 190
Operation Breadbasket, 187
Operation PUSH, 187
Organizations and institutions
authority and representation in, 103
and black identity, 191
freedmen's societies, 177
instruments of change in, 171-191
leadership structural changes, 14, 164
and military desegregation, 67
multiracial coalitions, 187-188
parallels to white organizations, 166, 171,
189
post-1960s, 186-191
of public officials, 190-191
recruitment and retention of black talent
by, 14, 164, 168
role in civil rights movement, 172-173,
175, 245
strains on, 163-164
voluntary and professional associations, 29-
30, 172
see also Arts and entertainment, Black com-
munity; Businesses; Caucus organiza-
tions; Churches and religious life; Col-
leges and universities; Sports; arid
specific or,ganizat~s and institutions
Ottley, Roi, 101
The Outsider, 167
p
Parker, Charlie, 100, 168
Perry, Ann, 101, 167
Pierce, Joseph, 179-180
Poitier, Sidney, 68, 102
PoUce
arrest decisions and patterns, 473-474,
496, 497
black officers, 480, 489-498
brutality and harassment, 14, 131, 185,
250, 258, 455
management positions of blacks in, 492
493
organization and strength of, 477-480
racial bias, 473-474, 478-479
review boards, 479
shootings of civilians, 477-478
Political participation
and allocational status of blacks, 6, 13, 44,
48-49, 207-209, 214, 244-259
on antipoverty policy, 208, 246, 253-255
and candidacy of blacks, 122, 130, 138
139, 237, 247
and civil status of blacks, 13-14, 207, 221,
258, 259; see also Civil rights
movement
by coalitions of community leaders, 31,
187, 246
as convention delegates, 15, 217-218
Democratic Party, 16, 69, 216-218, 231,
252
democratic status of blacks and, 15, 48,
207, 208, 230-244, 258, 259; see also
Election and appointment of blacks;
Voter participation; Voting rights
in federal policy process, 251-258
leadership training for, 188
and left-right labeling, 210
lobbying groups, 187, 218, 245, 247-248,
252; see also Caucus organizations
local level, 222-223, 246-247, 249-251
of middle-class blacks, 169
on minority business policy, 255-257
by multiracial coalitions, 31, 187, 251
party affiliation, 16, 69, 216-218
political environment and, 237
pragmatism in, 209-215
pre-1960s, 37, 48, 194
presidential candidacy, 187
and race consciousness, 30-31, 194
Republican Party, 16, 216-218
on tax reform, 257-258
urbanization of blacks and, 48, 63
602
voter registration organizations, 187, 190
see also Black nationalism; Caucus organiza-
tions; Election and appointment of
blacks; Litigation of discrimination
cases; Protest activities
Political values, 209-219; see also Attitudes of
blacks and whites
Population distributions
in 1930s, 58
1939-1979, 35, 37, 42, 61, 426
of poor people, 283-284, 286-287
projected, 5-6, 425, 426, 547-548
racial composition of largest U.S. cities
62-63, 78-79, 89
racial composition of prison populations,
461
see also Migration and urbanization of blacks
Porgy and Bess, 100
Poverty
age and, 288, 404, 413; see also Children
after civil rights movement, 168, 274
before civil rights movement, 164, 271,
272
culture-of-poverty hypothesis and, 10, 25,
540-544
current conditions, 35, 282-287
demographic factors in, 282, 288
economic conditions and, 8, 25, 296
educational attainment and, 26, 50, 288,
523, 526
employment and, 26, 50, 283, 288, 319
523, 526
family structure and, 17, 25, 275-275,
279-282, 284-285, 287, 323, 512,
523-526, 529
geographic factors in, 35, 50, 283-287
288
and health status and risks, 26, 50, 283,
394, 400, 401, 404-406, 408, 412
413, 439, 523
odds of being in, 278-280
and opportunities, 3, 4, 9, 27, 29, 50-51,
91, 319-321, 523
and political participation, 208, 234-235
246, 253-255
and public assistance, 169, 254; see also
Public assistance, Welfare dependence
and residential segregation, 144, 286-287,
288
strains on black community, 163
thresholds, 8, 275, 277 n.2, 426
trends in rates of, 3, 8, 17-18, 23-24, 26
28, 36, 45, 50, 274-275, 277-282
287, 319, 323, 394
working poor, 283, 288
Powell, Adam Clayton, 63
Powell, Bud, 168
Pregnancy and childbearing
by adolescents, 23, 26, 401, 403, 410-413,
434, 440, 515-516, 526, 532
age-specific rates of, 26, 515-516
marital status and, 515-516, 517-518
and maternal mortality, 403-404, 412
603
INDEX
prenatal care during, 400, 402-403, 433-
434, 514-515
see also Fertility trends
Preschool education
and academic achievement, 19, 333, 346-
348, 355, 377
Chapter I programs, 346, 347-348, 377
and educational attainment, 333, 347, 377
enrollment trends, 332-334
growth in, 333
Head Start program, 19, 29, 254, 332,
346, 347-348, 356, 377, 439
and IQ gains, 347-348
longitudinal studies of, 347
social conditions and, 333-334
Sustaining Effects Study of Compensatory
and Elementary Education, 347
teacher expectations, characteristics, and
behavior and, 356-357
Title I, see Chapter I programs
President's Committee on Equality of Treat-
ment and Opportunity in the Armed
Services, 67
President's Committee on Fair Employment,
63
President's Committee on Government Em-
ployment Policy, 65
Price, Leontyne, 100
Prince Hall Masons, 166, 172
Pritchard, Robert, 100
Private clubs, segregation of, 84, 229
Protest activities
anti-eviction campaigns, 220
on apartheid in South Africa, 187
arts and entertainment as media for, 100-
101, 166-167
and attitudes of whites on race, 153
boycotts and picketing, 187, 190, 214,
220-221, 222
civil disobedience campaign against the
church involvement in, 91
freedom rides, 91, 173
growth during World War II, 63-64
importance of, 247
"Jobs for Negroes" campaign, 220
litigation of demonstration rights, 185
local level, 222-223, 246-247
marches and demonstrations, 63, 86, 91,
173, 223
nationalist sentiments in, 218
political effects of, 70, 222-223
rent strikes, 220
sit-ins, 91, 173, 190, 222
training as civil rights organizers, 173
unionization of tenant farmers and share-
croppers, 220
can welfare cutbacks, 247, 254
see also Litigation of discrimination cases
Public accommodations desegregation
airport facilities, 65
antidiscrimination measures, 65, 70, 84
139, 208
INDEX
attitudes on, 122, 126, 127, 137, 140, 223
bus terminals, 65
congressional support for, 223
effectiveness of, 13, 258
and harassment of blacks, 13, 140
litigation and protest and, 185, 221
for military personnel, 70
Public assistance
benefit levels, 289, 310, 531, 533
and culture of poverty, 10, 540-544
disability payments, 30, 310
effectiveness of, 254, 258, 283, 309-310
eligibility standards, 289, 310
human capital development programs, 29,
253-254, 258, 309
means-tested cash assistance, 16, 30, 253,
254, 258, 531-533
means-tested in-kind benefits, 16, 253,
254, 258, 277 n.2, 402, 406, 531
labor supply effects of, 290, 309-310
and marital instability, 310, 531
negative income tax, 30, 290, 531-533
participation in, 283, 309-310; see also Wel
fare dependence
social insurance, 30, 253
working poor's participation in, 283
see also Job training; and specific programs
Public Health Service, national health objec
tives, 397
Public Works Administration, 227
Pulitzer Prizes, 66, 68, 101
R
Race, meaning of, 564-566
Race relations
and antiamalgamation doctrine, 137
busing and, 84
changes over time in, 40-41, 57, 219,
318-319
contemporary, 138-148, 186
defined, 47
and growth of black businesses, 182
historical legacy for, 5, 42
migration and urbanization and, 48, 60-63
in military services, 6~67
preferences of blacks and white for, 5, 42,
136-138, 194, 196-200, 219; see also
Attitudes of blacks and whites
resistance to social change and, 6
school desegregation and, 19, 48, 80-81,
84, 103
socioeconomic status and, 3, 5, 11, 40-41,
47-48
World War II and, 60
Racism
in attitudes of whites, 59-60, 148-149,
155
black attitudes on, 197-199
dulling impact on blacks, 167
meaning of, 566 567
Rainbow Coalition, Inc., 187
A Raisin in the Sun, 101, 167
Randolph, A. Philip, 63, 70
Randolph, Bernard P., 71
Rangel, Charles, 253, 257
Reagan admin~smtion
antipoverty program cuts during, 254
appointment of blacks during, 241-244
attitudes of blacks on, 136, 210, 218
minority business policies, 256-257
South African policies, 252, 253
tax reforms, 257
Reconstruction era, 210
Redding, Saunders, 101, 166
Reed, Ishmael, 101
Religion, see Churches and religious life
R~de270us ninth America, 166
Research needs, 567-569
Residential segregation
attitudes of blacks and whites on, 12, 120,
121-124, 126, 130-131, 133, 137
138, 140-144, 151, 155-156, 194, 200
changes since 1960, 58
and church/worship segregation, 92, 94
and educational attainment, 11, 14~145,
315
explanations for, 50, 140-141
governmental authority and, 58
and health care, 11
indices of, 13, 27, 85, 89, 144
legal enforcement of, 88
in metropolitan areas, 12-13, 27, 78-79,
89-91, 103, 144
migration of blacks and, 88-89
by municipal ordinances and restrictive cov
enants, 88
in neighborhoods, 90-91
open housing laws and, 89
and opportunity structure for blacks, 9, 27,
29, 50-51, 91, 319-321
of other minorities compared to blacks, 13,
27, 50, 89-90, 144-146
and racial isolation, 13, 90-91, 164
regional differences in, 89, 90-91
and school desegregation, 11, 76-80, 83,
225, 226-227
and socioeconomic status, 26, 111 146,
164, 283-284, 286-287
suburbanization of blacks and, 89
unwritten rules for, 49-50, 88, 141
Retail establishments, harassment of blacks
in, 140
Reverse discrimination, 151, 182
Richard, Little, 102
Richards, Lloyd, 101
Richie, Lionel, 102
Riots
attitudes of blacks about, 199
by blacks (1960s), 4, 31, 131, 186, 199,
477, 479, 489
distrust and suspicion of whites and, 31,
131
following King's assassination, 229
police shootings of blacks in Miami (1980s)
and, 49, 479
by whites, 99
604
INDEX
Roach, Max, 168
Robeson, Paul, 100
Robinson, Jackie, 66, 68
Robinson, Roscoe, Jr., 69
Roosevelt administration
antidiscrimination measures during, 63
86-87
antipoverty policies, 153
political participation of blacks during, 216,
241
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 100
Rustin, Bayard, 245
S
Savannah, school desegregation in, 226
School desegregation
and ability grouping, 82-83, 356
and academic performance, 19, 80, 351
352, 373-374, 379
attitudes of blacks and whites on, 11-13
80-81, 83-84, 118, 119, 121-122,
125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 137-138
194, 195-196
and black participation at decision-making
levels, 83
busing and, 75, 82, 83, 126, 226
and categorical aid programs, 82
and discipline practices, 82, 83, 103
and educational attainment of blacks, 80,
81, 84, 168, 315
effects of, 80-81, 83-84, 168, 321, 379
elementary schools, 76
enforcement of, 225-227
on federal property, 70-71
financial sanctions and, 75
freedom-of-choice plans, 75, 82, 225
and integration, 11, 13, 81
and interracial contacts, 82
governmental authority and 58
litigation, 65, 75-76, 184, i85, 225-227
magnet schools, 82
metropolitan area plans, 76, 80, 226
military desegregation and, 70-71
and minority enrollments, 77
private or church-affiliated schools, 226
proportionate pupil assignments, 75, 226
rates of, 75-76, 103
redistricting, 82
regional differences in, 75-77, 126, 225,
226
and resegregation, 81-83, 378, 379
residential segregation and, 76-80, 83,
225-227, 321
resistance against, 75
school pairings, 82
and social stresses, 195-196
suburban migration of whites and, 76
and tracking of students, 82, 103, 356
trends in, 76-80
School segregation
indices of, 85
in 1930s, 3, 37, 58-59
and quality of education, 3, 80, 366
605
residential segregation and, 88
in sports, 95-96
Schuller, Gunther, 101
Searles, Joseph L., 69
Second Morrill Act, 179
Secondary schools
black enrollments in, 76
desegregation of, 76, 80
sports participation of blacks in, 95-97
see also High school dropouts; High school
education /graduation
Segregation
pervasiveness during 1930s, 37, 58-60
social structure prior to civil rights move-
ment, 35, 48, 164-166
Self-identity, see Black identity
Sifford, Charlie, 68
Simply Heavenly' 101
Single-parent (female-headed) families
causes of, 512, 528, 537
crime by adolescents in, 476-477
earnings of, 25, 276, 426, 525
living arrangements of, 25, 531, 532
outcomes of children in, 525-526
political participation of, 235
poverty in, 10, 16, 17, 26, 275-277, 279-
282, 284-285, 287, 512, 523-526,
529
prevalence of, 23, 36, 45, 404, 512, 523
proportion of blacks in, 280-281, 512, 524
support from absent fathers, 25, 30, 291,
525, 537
welfare dependence of, 10, 26, 30, 289,
290, 310, 531
Slavery/slaves, 5, 37, 94-95, 220, 526-527
Small Business Administration, 255, 256
Social life, black participation since 1945, 91
103; see also Arts and entertainment;
Churches and religious life; Sports
Social relations
attitudes on social contact/distance, 95,
116, 117, 121-125, 151-153, 155
close personal contacts, 49, 58, 116, 123,
136, 137, 139, 148, 155
extent of intergroup contact and attitudes,
49, 81, 83, 116, 117, 121, 137, 142-
143, 148
identity tensions created by, 195-196
under Jim Crow, 58-60
since 1945, 64-88
school desegregation and, 80-81, 103
see also Attitudes of blacks and whites; Race
relations
Social Security, 16, 30, 253, 282, 289, 425,
426, 439, 536-537
Social structure
and church/worship segregation, 92
after civil rights movement, 36, 168-177
before civil rights movement, 40, 16~168
and cultural life, 163, 166-168; see also
Culture
Nation of Islam and, 193
and political participation, 245
INDEX
residential segregation and, 164
segregated society, 164-166
see also Churches and religious life; Middle
class; Poverty; Upper class
Socioeconomic status
and academic achievement, 19, 351, 355,
365-366, 368-370, 378
assessment of, 45
and attitudes of blacks and whites, 136,
155, 200, 371-373
and crime, 11, 23, 453, 454, 459, 464,
465, 467, 471, 481 486, 498
determinants of, 47-48
and educational attainment, 10, 19, 366,
368, 371-373
family structure and, 527-530
and health, 40, 401, 413, 428
housing and, 50, 144-146; see also Residen
tial segregation
improvements in, 4, 6, 36-37, 43
and literacy, 352-353
and mortality rates, 394
and socialization of children, 371-372
and voter participation, 10, 216-217, 230
231, 235-236, 249
see also Economic status
South Africa, apartheid protests by U.S. or-
ganizations, 187, 252, 253
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(SCLC), 172, 173, 175, 187
Southern Poverty Law Center, 188
Southern Regional Council, 187-188, 190-
191
Sports
authority and control positions of blacks
in, 96-97, 103
black baseball leagues, 171
desegregation of, 96, 171
discrimination in, 58, 95-98, 139, 147-
148
entrance requirements to major leagues, 98
female participation in, 96
high school and college, 95-97
income differences in, 98
institutional changes in, 171
-occupational trends in, 171
professional, 96-97
segregation in, 95-96
stereotypes in, 97-98
Status, meaning of, 560-561; see also Eco-
nomic status, Social structure;
~ . .
~oaoeconomlc status
Stepp, Marc, 88
Stereotypes/stereotyping
of adolescent blacks, 49, 321-322, 454
attributions of criminality, 454
in entertainment, 99, 102
in sports, 97-98
by teachers, 357
Stokes, Carl B., 69
Stravinsky, Igor, 101
The Stat, 167
A Start in Brooklyn, 166
Strode, Woody, 66, 68
Student National Medical Association, 394
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Commit
tee (SNCC), 173
Supplemental Food Program for Women, In
fants, and Children, 402, 406
Supplemental Security Income, 426
Supremes, 102
Survey Research Center, 343
Surveys
Current Population Survey, 38, 40-41,
234, 294, 333-338, 430
focus on whites, 115-116
Gallup, 122-124, 176, 216, 223
General Social Surveys, 93-94, 127, 132,
134-136, 152, 196-197
High School and Beyond Survey, 342,
351, 368
Higher Education General Information
Survey, 177
Institute for Social Research, 122-124, 196
Joint Nutrition Monitoring Committee,
407
Korn/Ferry International, 248
National Access Survey, 411
National Black Election Study, 219, 234,
237, 255
National Crime Survey, 466
National Dental Caries Prevalence Survey,
409
National Health Survey, 421
National Opinion Research Center, 118
121, 122-124, 463
National Survey of Black Americans, 132,
136, 196-197
Nutrition Surveillance Annual Summary,
407
Occupational Changes in a Generation, 71
Scientific American reports on, 118-121,
124, 125-126
social pressures for "correct" answers, 120
see also Attitudes of blacks and whites
T
Taconic Foundation, 190-191
Tax reform, 257-258
Tennessee State College, 172
Tennis, see Sports
They Seek a (pity, 167
Thriller' 102
Tolson, Melvin, 166
TransAfrica, 187, 252
Transportation
antidiscrimination measures in, 65
desegregation, 118, 119, 120, 137
see also Public accommodations
desegregation
Transportation segregation
attitudes on, 118, 119, 120, 137
Jim Crow laws, 58-59
litigation and protest of, 221
Trayes, Edward, 85
606
INDEX
Trotter, William Monroe, 183
Truman administration, antidiscrimination
measures dunng, 64-65, 67, 70, 315
Tubman, Harriet, 66
U
Uncle Tom* Children, 101
Unemployment
age and, 320
and child abuse and neglect, 410
economic trends and, 296
homicide and, 419
insurance benefits, 283, 308
and medical indigency, 283
and migration and urbanization of blacks,
272
and military services participation, 74
periods of joblessness, 8, 320
and poverty, 283
sex differences in, 7, 299, 306
structural, 253
trends in, 7, 17, 35, 45, 302, 323
and voter participation, 238
vulnerability of blacks to, 283, 343
Unions/unionization
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 86,
87
American Federation of State, County, and
Municipal Employees, 88
apprenticeship programs, 87
auto workers, 88, 296
auxiliaries for blacks, 86
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 63
building and construction trades, 86, 88
Congress of Industrial Organizations
(CIO), 86, 87, 172
desegregation of, 86-87
leadership/governance by blacks in, 87-88
machinists, 85-86
percentage of blacks in, 88
railroad brotherhoods, 86
role in civil rights movement 175
. . . .
segregation and d~scr~rrunation in, 60, 85
88
steelworkers, 296
of tenant farmers and sharecroppers, 220
United Auto Workers, 88
United Negro College Fund, 179
Universities, see Colleges and universities
Upper class
group identity and racial pride in, 164
growth of, 23, 164, 186
migration to suburbs, 14, 163
occupational distribution of, 169-171
participation in black community, 14, 164
political participation of, 214, 230-231
wealth in assets, 293-294
Urban Coalition, 186
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 49, 65,
232, 244
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development
enforcement powers of, 229
. . ~ .
mvestlgatlon ot housing discrimination,
141-143
Objectives for the Nation, 440
participation of blacks in, 68
U.S. Department of Justice
antidiscrimination measures, 65
efforts to end busing, 226
see also Criminal justice system
U.S. Department of State, Concerned Black
Foreign Service Officers, 189
U.S. Supreme Court, 69; see also Litigation of
discrimination cases
V
Vietnam War
casualties rates, 72-73
rates of participation in, 71
Violence
attitudes on, 133, 144, 219
Birmingham crisis, 223
collusion of legal authorities in, 59, 65, 67,
131, 185
in military service, 67
in 1930s, 59
1955-1970, 65, 223, 274
protest activities and, 223
for residential desegregation, 88, 144
in schools, 51
in Selma, Alabama, 223
substance abuse and, 51, 462 163
voter intimidation, 231
see also Biots
The V'sitatzon' 101
Voter Education Project, 190-191
Voter participation
civic duty and, 231
determinants of, 230-238
economic conditions and, 238
measures for minimizing, 231-232
in national primaries, 231-232
party allegiance and, 231
political efficacy and, 230
rates of, 3, 13, 15, 35, 39-40, 42, 43, 230
23~235, 237, 238, 258
regional differences in, 231, 233, 235-238
registration, 39, 183, 187, 190-191, 232-
233, 237
sex differences in, 235
socioeconomic status and, 10, 230-231
234-235
voter education activity and, 237-238
Voting rights
607
enforcement of, 225, 233-234
federal support for, 223, 232
grandfather Causes and, 231
legislation ensuring, 65, 184, 188, 208,
223, 225, 231-232
literacy tests and, 65, 231, 232
litigation on, 185, 232-233
multiracial activities supporting, 187-188
opposition to, 231-232
poll taxes, 231
in unions, 87-88
INDEX
Voting Rights Act of 1965, 65, 184, 188,
208, 223, 225, 230, 232, 233, 238
W
Wages and salaries
hourly rates, 16-17, 28, 295, 297, 323
of men, 28, 275, 279, 296-297, 320-321
migration and urbanization and, 221, 296
sex differences in, 295
trends in, 8, 16-17, 274, 295, 297, 299,
321, 323
weekly, 7, 16-17, 295, 297, 299
of women, 7, 17, 294-295, 297-301, 323,
525, 535-536
Walker, Alice, 101
Walker, George, 100
Walker, Margaret, 101, 166
Wallace, C. Everett, 182
Walton, Hanes, 209, 218
Warfield, William, 100
Warren, Earl, 40, 42
Warwick, Dionne, 102
Washingon, D.C.
Howard Theater, 171
march on (1964), 223
threatened march on (1941), 63, 86
Washingon, Harold, 218, 247
Washingon, Kenny, 66, 68
Waters, Muddy, 167
Watts, Andre, 100
Weaver, Robert C., 68
Welfare dependence
antipoverty policy and, 253-254
attitudes about, 122, 150, 212-213, 254
255
by blacks in large cities, 3, 62, 247
culture of poverty hypothesis, 10, 25, 540
544
educational attainment and, 290
family structure and, 10, 26, 289, 290
291, 310, 531-533
and fertility rates, 10
job search and workfare programs and, 291
period of, 289-290
of prime-age black men, 307-310
raaal differences in, 254, 289
and work behavior, 10, 290, 309, 310, 312 y
work experience and, 290
see also Poverty
Wells, James Lesesne, 452
West Virginia State College, 178
Wharton, Clifton R., Jr., 69
Wheatley, Phyllis, 101
608
White backlash issue, 119-120
White Citizens' Councils, 65, 75, 183
White supremacy, 60
White, Bill, 97
White, Walter, 85, 183
Wilberforce University, 176
Wilkins, RDY, 183
Williams, Bert, 99
Williams, Edie, N., 217
Williams, Joe, 167
Williamson, John Lee, 167
Wilson, August, 101
Wilson, Ellis, 34
Withers, Lawrence, 100
Women
earnings of, 7, 17, 294-295, 297-301,
323, 525, 535-536
employment of, 7, 17, 272, 299, 302,
303-306, 312-314, 320-321, 535
incomes of, 298
labor force experiences of, 276, 304, 306,
513, 535
life expectancy of, 43, 395-396, 418, 427
marital status of, 519-520, 522-523, 529
530, 535
military service by, 71, 344-345
mortality rates of, 395-396, 397, 418
occupational differences, 312-314
political participation by, 235
in professional/managerial positions, 312
313
sports participation by, 96-97
see also- Pregnancy and childbearing; Single
parent (female-headed) families; and
specific women
Woodruff, Hale, 166, 192
Work experience, and welfare dependence,
290
World War II
black migrations to cities dunng, 88-89
and economic growth, 294
effects on black participation, 60, 63
race relations in military services during,
66-67
rates of participation in, 71
Wright, Richard, 101, 167
Yerby, Frank, 102, 166
Young, Andrew, 69
Young, Whitney, Jr., 185, 255
Youth, see Adolescents and young adults;
Children
