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Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
INSPIRED BY BIOLOGY
FROM MOLECULES TO MATERIALS TO MACHINES
Committee on Biomolecular Materials and Processes
Solid State Sciences Committee
Board on Physics and Astronomy
Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
Board on Life Sciences
Division on Earth and Life Studies
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study is based on work supported by Contract No. DE-FG02-05ER46197 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Department of Energy and Grant No. DMR-0426181 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the agencies that provided support for the project.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Inspired by biology : from molecules to materials to machines / Committee on Biomolecular Materials and Processes, Board on Physics and Astronomy, Board on Life Sciences, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Division on Earth and Life Studies.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-309-11704-3 (pbk. book) — ISBN 978-0-309-11705-0 (pdf book) 1. Molecular biology. 2. Biomolecules—Analysis. 3. Materials—Biotechnology. 4. Biomedical materials. 5. Biomedical engineering. I. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Biomolecular Materials and Processes.
QH506.I4817 2008
570—dc22
2008016751
Copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu; and the Board on Physics and Astronomy, National Research Council, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001; Internet, http://www.national-academies.org/bpa.
Cover: Three images are shown on the cover of this book, one each to represent a molecule (middle), a material (bottom), and a machine (top) in biomolecular materials research. (Top) Myosin V (blue-green), a molecular motor that moves cargo around the cell by walking on actin (red). Courtesy of Paul R. Selvin, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; created by precisiongraphics.com. (Middle) Antimicrobial peptoids are designed to mimic the amphipathic structures of antimicrobial peptides; models of the folded structure of a synthetic peptoid are shown in views both parallel and perpendicular to the helical axis. Residues are color coded: cationic, purple; hydrophobic, orange; all others, gray. Published in N.P. Chongsiriwatana, J.A. Patch, A.M. Czyzewski, M.T. Dohm, A. Ivankin, D. Gidalevitz, R.N. Zuckermann, and A.E. Barron, “Peptoids that mimic the structure, function, and mechanism of helical antimicrobial peptides,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105(8):2794-2799 (2008). Copyright 2008 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. (Bottom) Array of microlenses on the skeletal plate of a brittlestar Ophiocoma wendtii that functions as a sophisticated optical element. The whole structure is composed of an intricately shaped single calcite crystal. The lens size is approximately 50 microns. Courtesy of J. Aizenberg, Harvard University.
Copyright 2008 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
COMMITTEE ON BIOMOLECULAR MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
ARUP K. CHAKRABORTY,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Chair
JOANNA AIZENBERG,
Harvard University
ANNELISE E. BARRON,
Stanford University
KEN A. DILL,
University of California at San Francisco
SHARON C. GLOTZER,
University of Michigan
YALE E. GOLDMAN,
University of Pennsylvania
ELIAS GREENBAUM,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
W. JOHN KAO,
University of Wisconsin at Madison
DAVID NEEDHAM,
Duke University
V. ADRIAN PARSEGIAN,
National Institutes of Health
ALAN RUDOLPH,
Adlyfe Inc.
CYRUS R. SAFINYA,
University of California at Santa Barbara
CHARLES F. STEVENS,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies
DAVID A. WEITZ,
Harvard University
Staff
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
FRANCES E. SHARPLES, Director,
Board on Life Sciences
ADAM P. FAGEN, Senior Program Officer,
Board on Life Sciences
NATALIA J. MELCER, Senior Program Officer,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
BETH MASIMORE,
Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Graduate Fellow
CARYN J. KNUTSEN, Senior Program Assistant,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
PHILLIP D. LONG, Senior Program Assistant,
Board on Physics and Astronomy (until August 2006)
VAN AN, Financial Associate,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
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Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
SOLID STATE SCIENCES COMMITTEE
PETER F. GREEN,
University of Michigan,
Chair
BARBARA JONES,
IBM Almaden Research Center,
Vice-Chair
DANIEL P. AROVAS,
University of California at San Diego
COLLIN L. BROHOLM,
Johns Hopkins University
PAUL M. CHAIKIN,
New York University
GEORGE W. CRABTREE,
Argonne National Laboratory
ELBIO DAGOTTO,
University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory
DUANE DIMOS,
Sandia National Laboratories
SIDNEY R. NAGEL,
University of Chicago
MONICA OLVERA DE LA CRUZ,
Northwestern University
ARTHUR P. RAMIREZ,
Alcatel-Lucent
MARK D. STILES,
National Institute of Standards and Technology
ANTOINETTE TAYLOR,
Los Alamos National Laboratory
DALE J. VAN HARLINGEN,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
FRED WUDL,
University of California at Santa Barbara
Staff
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
NATALIA J. MELCER, Senior Program Officer
MERCEDES M. ILAGAN, Administrative Assistant
VAN AN, Financial Associate
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BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
ANNEILA I. SARGENT,
California Institute of Technology,
Chair
MARC A. KASTNER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Vice-Chair
JOANNA AIZENBERG,
Harvard University
JONATHAN A. BAGGER,
Johns Hopkins University
JAMES E. BRAU,
University of Oregon
PHILIP H. BUCKSBAUM,
Stanford University
ADAM S. BURROWS,
University of Arizona
PATRICK L. COLESTOCK,
Los Alamos National Laboratory
RONALD C. DAVIDSON,
Princeton University
ANDREA M. GHEZ,
University of California at Los Angeles
PETER F. GREEN,
University of Michigan
LAURA H. GREENE,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
WICK C. HAXTON,
University of Washington
JOSEPH HEZIR,
EOP Group, Inc.
ALLAN H. MacDONALD,
University of Texas at Austin
HOMER A. NEAL,
University of Michigan
JOSE N. ONUCHIC,
University of California at San Diego
WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS,
National Institute of Standards and Technology
CHARLES E. SHANK,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
THOMAS N. THEIS,
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
MICHAEL S. TURNER,
University of Chicago
C. MEGAN URRY,
Yale University
Staff
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director
NATALIA J. MELCER, Senior Program Officer
MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Senior Program Officer
ROBERT L. RIEMER, Senior Program Officer
DAVID B. LANG, Associate Program Officer
CARYN J. KNUTSEN, Senior Program Assistant
MERCEDES M. ILAGAN, Administrative Assistant
VAN AN, Financial Associate
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Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
BOARD ON LIFE SCIENCES
KEITH YAMAMOTO,
University of California at San Francisco,
Chair
ANN M. ARVIN,
Stanford University School of Medicine
RUTH BERKELMAN,
Emory University
DEBORAH BLUM,
University of Wisconsin at Madison
VICKI L. CHANDLER,
University of Arizona
JEFFERY L. DANGL,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
PAUL R. EHRLICH,
Stanford University
MARK D. FITZSIMMONS,
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
JO HANDELSMAN,
University of Wisconsin at Madison
KENNETH H. KELLER,
Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, Bologna, Italy
JONATHAN D. MORENO,
University of Pennsylvania
RANDALL MURCH,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
MURIEL E. POSTON,
Skidmore College
JAMES REICHMAN,
University of California at Santa Barbara
BRUCE W. STILLMAN,
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
MARC T. TESSIER-LAVIGNE,
Genentech, Inc.
JAMES TIEDJE,
Michigan State University
CYNTHIA WOLBERGER,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Staff
FRANCES E. SHARPLES, Director
KERRY A. BRENNER, Senior Program Officer
ADAM P. FAGEN, Senior Program Officer
ANN H. REID, Senior Program Officer
MARILEE K. SHELTON-DAVENPORT, Senior Program Officer
REBECCA L. WALTER, Senior Program Assistant
MERCURY FOX, Program Assistant
ANNA FARRAR, Financial Associate
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Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
Preface
The National Research Council of the National Academies convened the Committee on Biomolecular Materials and Processes (BMAP) to assess current work and future promise at the intersection of biology and materials science. The Solid State Sciences Committee of the Board on Physics and Astronomy developed the charge for this study in consultation with the Board on Life Sciences and the study’s sponsors at the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation. The Committee on BMAP was charged to identify the most compelling questions and the emerging scientific opportunities at the interface between biology and condensed matter and materials research, suggest strategies to best meet the identified opportunities, and consider connections to national priorities, including health care, security, the workforce, and economic and societal needs. The committee did not address tissue engineering in this report, because it has been reviewed elsewhere1 and was considered outside the scope of the committee’s charge. The complete charge is reproduced in Appendix A.
The Committee on BMAP is composed of experts from many different areas of biomolecular materials research (see Appendix B for biographical sketches of committee members). The full committee met in person three times (see Appendix C) to address its charge. The committee formed subgroups to study areas in further detail and to develop the text of the final report. At its meetings, the committee heard from experts in the field and from the federal agencies that support BMAP
1
National Research Council, Capturing the Full Power of Biomaterials for Military Medicine, Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press (2004).
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research. Conference calls and e-mail were used to coordinate the work of the committee between meetings. This final report reflects the committee’s enthusiasm and excitement for the research opportunities in BMAP.
The report is the product of input from many people. On behalf of the committee, I extend my thanks and appreciation to all who participated in this endeavor. I also thank the speakers who made formal presentations at the committee meetings (Appendix C); those presentations and the ensuing discussions strongly informed the committee’s deliberations. In addition, the committee would like to thank the following people for their insights: Ian Anderson, James R. Baker, Jr., Sergey Bezrukov, Mark S. Humayun, Nicholas A. Kotov, Ronald G. Larson, John Miao, Dean A. Myles, Kevin Plaxco, Rudi Podgornik, Clinton Potter, Roger Pynn, Don Rau, David A. Tirrell, Gregory Voth, Karen Wooley, Wenbing Yun, and Joshua Zimmerberg. In particular, Theresa Reineke is thanked for her insight and contribution to the challenges in the area of synthesis.
Finally, I also thank the National Research Council staff (Natalia Melcer, Adam Fagen, Don Shapero, Frances Sharples, Phillip Long, and Caryn Knutsen) for their guidance and assistance throughout the development of the report.
As chair, I am grateful to the committee members for their wisdom, cooperation, and commitment to ensuring the development of a comprehensive report.
Arup Chakraborty, Chair
Committee on BMAP
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s (NRC’s) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Robert H. Austin, Princeton University,
William F. Carroll, Jr., Occidental Chemical Corporation,
Robert J. Full, University of California at Berkeley,
Laura L. Kiessling, University of Wisconsin at Madison,
Robert S. Langer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Monica Olvera de la Cruz, Northwestern University,
Jose N. Onuchic, University of California at San Diego,
Joel M. Schnur, Naval Research Laboratory, and
David A. Tirrell, California Institute of Technology.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The
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review of this report was overseen by Peter B. Moore, Yale University. Appointed by the NRC, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
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Contents
SUMMARY
1
1
INTRODUCTION
5
Unifying Concepts,
5
Areas for Research,
6
Alternative and Renewable Energy,
6
Health and Medicine,
7
National Security,
7
Next-Generation Bioinspired Materials,
8
Enabling Tools,
8
2
UNDERSTANDING BIOMOLECULAR PROCESSES: TOWARD PRINCIPLES THAT GOVERN BIOMATERIAL DESIGN
10
Multiple Cooperative Interactions,
11
Cells,
12
Cell-mimetic Materials,
14
Processes Far from Equilibrium,
15
Design Principles for Mechanics,
17
Self-assembly, Directed Assembly, and Spatiotemporal Assembly,
19
Hierarchical Self-assembly,
21
Complex Spatiotemporal Assembly,
23
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Self-replicating, Self-healing, and Evolving Materials,
25
Self-replicating Materials,
26
Self-healing Materials,
27
Materials That Evolve,
27
Opportunities and Challenges,
28
Suggested Reading,
30
3
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
31
Alternative and Renewable Energy from Biomolecular Materials and Processes,
32
Biofuels and Processes,
33
Biomimetic Photosynthesis,
36
Biomolecular Motors,
41
Advanced Functional Materials in Health and Medicine,
48
Medical Diagnostics,
49
Targeted Drug Delivery, Targeted Imaging Systems, Targeted Radiation,
51
Neural Prosthetics,
54
Advanced Functional Materials and National Security,
57
Environmental Surveillance and Biosensing,
57
Functional Biomaterials for Decontamination and Protection,
58
Next-Generation Bioinspired Materials,
59
Supermaterials from Biology,
59
Materials That Mimic Proteins and Membranes,
67
Opportunities and Challenges,
71
Alternative and Renewable Energy,
71
Health and Medicine,
72
National Security,
73
Next-Generation Bioinspired Materials,
74
Suggested Reading,
74
4
PROBES AND TOOLS FOR BIOMOLECULAR MATERIALS RESEARCH
76
Three-Dimensional Electron Microscopy,
78
Hyperresolution Optical Microscopy,
81
X-ray Methods,
83
X-ray Tomography,
84
X-ray Diffraction,
85
Small-Angle X-ray Scattering,
86
Neutron Scattering,
87
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Single-Molecule Probes,
90
Single-Molecule Instrumentation,
92
Theory and Computation,
95
Modeling and Computer Simulation,
97
Access to High-Performance Computing Environments,
101
Informatics and Data Mining,
102
Public Domain Codes,
102
The Need for Theoretical Advances,
102
Synthesis of Biomolecular Materials,
104
Synthetic Methods for Materials Synthesis,
105
Materials Synthesis Using Natural Machinery,
107
Materials Synthesis Using a Natural Toolbox,
108
Macromolecular Assembly Routes,
109
Opportunities and Challenges,
113
Suggested Reading,
115
5
INFRASTRUCTURE AND RESOURCES
116
Education and Training,
117
Mechanisms for Bridging Biological and Materials Sciences,
120
Shared Resources and Essential Facilities,
122
Partnership Among Industry, Academia, and the National Laboratories,
125
Commercialization of Biomolecular Materials,
126
Biomolecular Properties, Processes, and Products,
126
Manufacturability and Production,
127
Specific Biomolecular Material Product Areas,
127
Challenges and Opportunities in Commercialization,
129
6
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
131
Supporting Interdisciplinary Research,
132
Developing and Evaluating Programs for Interdisciplinary Education,
133
Emphasizing Both Fundamental and Applied Sciences,
135
Developing and Evaluating National Facilities Based on Midrange Instruments,
135
APPENDIXES
A Statement of Task
139
B Biographies of Committee Members
140
C Committee Meeting Agendas
146
D Glossary
149
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