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Index
A
Absorption, 13, 66 - 67
gases, 22 - 23, 24 - 25
particles, 24
Acquired immune response, 97 - 103
Acrylamide, 38
Adenine nucleotides, 76
Adipose tissue, 36
Adsorption, 22
Aerosols, 18, 21, 51 - 54, 58, 59, 64 - 66, 69
Aflatoxin, 37
Aid; rays, 4
constriction, 15, 47, 50 - 51
gas washout patterns, 50
particles, 18 - 22
reactivity markers, 5, 8, 40, 43, 57 - 61, 79, 134
structure/function markers, 83 - 85
see also Alveolar tissues and processes; Bronchial
system; Nasal passages; Trachea
Albumin, 34, 70 - 71, 106, 112, 130
Allyating agents, 37
Allergies, 60, 100, 101, 111 - 112, 118, 119
asthma, 3, 40, 41, 46, 57, 58, 59, 60, 102,
107-109, 119
Alveolar tissues and processes, 85, 92, 95, 96, 103
capillary boundary, 87, 91, 106, 127
capillaries, gas transfer to, 6, 7, 15, 44, 45,
55-57, 79
cell response, 85
epithelial barrier, 69 - 70
gas penetration, 23
ravage, 14, 28, 32, 105 - 111, 122 - 123, 126 - 127,
128, 129 - 131, 135
lymphocytes, 121
171
macrophages, 32, 63, 85, 95, 107, 113, 116 - 117,
120 - 126,
129-131
mucus, 94
particle deposition, 22, 24, 27, 65
urea, 107
venting, 38
American Thoracic Society, 39 - 40
Amines, 34, 38, 76, 81
Amino acids, 35
~Aminobiphenyl, 34, 37
A~iinorex, 87
Angiography, 88
Animal studies
airway permeability, 69
bronchoalveolar ravage, 109 - 111
extrapolation to humans, 3 - 4, 9, 14, 18, 21 - 22,
24-26, 38, 61, 62, 133, 135
gas inhalation, 25 - 26, 127
metabolic activity, 26, 39, 77
particle inhalation, 21 - 22, 24 - 25, 27 - 38, 61, 85,
135
pulmonary hypertension, 87 - 89, 90
Antibodies, 6 - 7, 94, 97, 98, 110, 123
DNA adducts, 37
immunoglobin, 3, 96, 112, 118, 120
monoclonal, 9, 36 - 37, 95, 117, 119
Antigens, 6, 15, 71, 94, 95, 98 - 103, 110, 112, 115,
117, 119, 122, 123
Antioxidants, 120 - 121
Arachidonic acid, 9, 94, 96, 114, 121 - 123, 124, 135
Aromatic substances, 37
styrene, 38
Arteries, 86 - 87
blood sampling, 57
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172
microscopic examination of, 88 - 90
Arsenic, 35
Arylamine, 34
Asbestos, 6, 27, 28, 32, 41, 42, 83, 85, 110, 123
Ascorbic acid, 121
Assays, 37, 41, 43, 44 - 57, 68, 69, 79 - 81, 114, 122,
128, 129
see also Biopsies
Asthma, 3, 40, 41, 46, 57, 58, 59, 60, 102, 107 - 109,
119, 122
Atherosclerosis, 3
Autopsies, lung tissue, 6, 83, 87
Autoradiography, 9, 135
B
Bacteria, 6, 93
Basophils, 97, 112, 116, 122
B cells, 96, 102, 117, 118, 125
Benzene, 26, 35, 38
Benzo~aipyrene, 34, 35, 37
Berylliosis, 103
Biochemistry, 7, 8, 11, 38, 76
chemotactic factors, 6, 9, 24, 95, 96, 116, 118 - 120,
122, 135
chemotherapy, 37
immunocytochemistry, 9
see also Dosimetry; Pharmacokinetics;
Toxicokinetics
Biologic markers, 1, 12, 133
biochemical, 77, 84, 120 - 132, 135
cellular response, 77, 105 - 120, 135
defined, 2, 11, 12 - 13, 17
lung sounds, 40 - 41
respiratory tract uses, 14 - 15
validation, 13 - 14
see also Markers of effect; Markers of exposure;
Markers of susceptibility
Biomathematics, see Dosimetry; Mathematical
models
Biopsies, 9, 28, 87, 106, 134
adipose tissue, 36
DNA samples, 128
skin tests, 99, 100 - 101
Blood, 114
air-blood barrier, 5, 9, 15, 38, 66 - 79
analysis of, 33 - 34, 57
cells, 71
cisplatin and cells, 37
flow rate, 2, 4, 23, 38, 56, 68, 88
gas solubility, 23
hemoglobin, 8, 27, 34, 74, 110, 134
platelets, 122
red cells, 110
see also Arteries; Capillaries; Veins
Breathing patterns, 15, 45, 51 - 52
hyperventilation, 58, 59
INDEX
lung mechanics, 47 - 50
oral inhalation, 21
see also Exhalation
British Medical Research Council, 39
Bronchial system, 6, 84, 101 - 103
cellular processes, 85, 97, 98, 122
chronic bronchitis, 62 - 63, 89
imaging, 54
immune responses, 101 - 102, 120
particle transport, 21, 23, 63 - 67, 69 - 70
reactivity, 58 - 61, 134
Bronchoalveolar ravage (BAL), 4, 6, 7, 9, 14, 28, 32,
97, 105 - 111, 114, 121 - 123, 126-127, 128, 129 - 130,
135
Bronchoscopy, 92, 95, 97, 101, 102, 105, 107, 109,
110, 111, 114
Brownian diffusion, 19
C
Capillaries
alveolar boundary, 87, 91, 106, 127
alveolar, gas transfer from, 6, 7, 15, 44, 45, 55 - 57,
79
end o t hell al, 72, 77 - 78
permeate lity, 2, 120
volume rice, 74
Carbon monoxide, 55, 57, 74
Carcinogens and carcinogenesis, 2
bronchial tubes, 62
DNA adducts, 36 - 38, 127 - 132
hemoglobin adducts, 34
urine analysis, 35
Cardiovascular system, 88
Catheter techniques, 47, 48, 66, 74, 111
Cell biology, 8, 9, 135
alveolar, 86
blood, 71
dosimetry, 4
endothelial, 71
epithelial, 6, 27, 67, 68, 69, 84 - 85, 91 - 92, 122
markers, 7, 77
membranes, 34
mitochondria, 126
models, 9, 135
parenchyma, 121
plasma proteins, 72, 120, 123 - 124, 127
Cell cultures, 9, 39, 67, 68, 70, 85, 93, 102 - 103, 122,
135
Cell differentiation, 84 - 85, 118
Cell growth, 95, 124 - 125, 135
Cellular immunology, 6 - 7, 9, 93 - 98, 99, 105 - 120
B cells, 96, 102, 117, 118, 125
bronchoalveolar airspace, 97
inflammation and, 15, 86, 94 - 95, 97, 106
interleukin, 7, 94, 102, 113 - 114, 116 - 118, 125
leukocytes, 95, 111
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173
leukotrienes, 122
lung recruitment, 110, 121
mast cells, 58, 109, 112, 114 - 115, 116, 119 - 120,
122
T cells, 94 - 97, 103, 107, 116 - 118, 119, 125
see also Antibodies; Antigens; Macrophages;
Neutrophils; Phagocytes and phagocytosis
Ceruloplasmin, 121
Chemotactic factors, 6, 9, 24, 95, 96, 116, 118 - 120,
122, 135
Chemotherapy, 37
Children, 5, 39, 41, 89
asthma, 3, 40, 41, 46, 60
Cholesterol, 84
Cholinergics, 58, 60
Chromatography, 33
gas, 33
liquid, 122
Chromosomes, 129
Chronic diseases and effects, 1, 46, 58, 60
allergies, 60, 100, 101, 111 - 112, 118, 119
animal studies, 14
asthma, 3, 40, 41, 46, 57, 58, 59 - 60, 102, 107 - 109,
119, 122
atherosclerosis, 3
bronchitis, 62 - 63, 89
fibrosis, 7, 27, 50, 60, 83, 85, 88, 89, 99, 106, 110,
111
inflammation, 91 - 92, 97
obstructive pulmonary, 8, 45, 52, 62 - 63
pulmonary hypertension, 87 - 89, 90
rhinitis, 60, 101, 111
sarcoidosis, 106, 107, 116, 118
tuberculosis, 99
Cigarettes, see Smoking
Cilia, 84, 98
Cisplatin, 37
Clinical techniques, 5, 12, 14, 39 - 40
assays, 37, 41, 43, 44 - 57, 68, 69, 79 - 81, 114, 122,
128, 129
autopsies, lung tissue, 6, 83, 87
biopsies, 9, 28, 36, 87, 99 - 101, 106, 128, 134
catheterization, 47, 48, 66, 74, 111
ozone exposure, 41, 58, 62, 66, 93
questionnaires, 5, 39 - 40
see also Imaging techniques; Noninvas*e
procedures
Cobalt, 6
Cold air, 58, 59, 60
Collagen, 35, 127
Complement system, 123 - 124
Computer-assisted tomography, 28, 42, 74
Connective tissue, 85, 90
adipose tissue, 36
f~broblasts, 6, 27, 28, 71, 85, 102, 116, 1Z, 123,
124
Convective airflow, 52, 53
Cost factors, 102, 112, 114
INDEX
Cryogenics, 33
Cytology, see Cell biology
Cytoplasm, 7, 84, 91, 92
D
Diesel emissions, 37, 121, 127
4-Dimethylaminostilbene, 37
DNA, 127 - 131
adducts, 4, 7, 8, 18, 32, 34, 35, 36~38, 42, 127 - 131,
134
cDNA, 84
hybridization, 9
Dosimet~y, 2, 4, 7 - 8, 133 - 134
biologic, 26 - 38
defined, 17 - 18
DNA adducts, 129 - 130
dose-response relationship, 3 - 4, 12, 37 - 39, 59, 66,
110
ethylene oxide, smokers, 34
gas toxicity model, 23, 25 - 26
mathematical models, 38 - 39, 42
susceptibility and, 3, 13
validation of biologic markers via, 14, 68
Drinking water, 4
Dust, 32, 109
byssinotic reactions, 123
magnetic measurement, 28 - 31
nasal ravage, 113
x-rays, chest, 42
E
Electron microscopy, 9, 68, 135
alveolar tissue, 85 - 86
lung tissue, 6, 64
pulmonary arteries, 89 - 90
Electron transfer, 126
El ect r op bile s , 3 4
Electrostatic precipitation, 19
Emphysema, 3, 7, 53, 89, 111, 117
Endema, 50, 72 - 74, 101, 125
Endothelium, 69, 116
chemically induced injury, 71 - 75
markers of dysfunction, 8, 89 - 90, 134
metabolic activity, 71, 7~78, 79
particles, 24
Environmental Protection Agency, exposure studies,
3, 33, 121
Enzymatic radioimmunoassays, 37, 68
Enzymology, 78, 96, 114 - 115
amine metabolism, 76, 80
bronchoalveolar fluid, 126 - 127
cholesterol, 84
hydrolysis, 7, 77, 80, 91, 92 - 93, 122
liver and kidney disease, 11
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lungs, 125
lysosomal, 123, 126
lysozyme, 93
toxicity and, 39, 69
Eosinophils, 6, 95, 97, 108, 111, 112, 115, 119
Epidemiology, 5, 9, 39
dosimetry and, 17
inflammation, 92 - 93
marker development, 14
molecular, 18
nasal ravage, 112, 135
ozone exposure, 41, 93, 121
physiologic markers, 43, 44 - 45, 47, 6061
see also Occupational health and safety, Risk
assessment
Ep it heliu m, 66
alveolar barrier, 7, 69 - 70
bronchial, 97
cell response, 6, 27, 67, 68, 69, 84 - 85, 91 - 92, 122
ion transport, 67 - 68
mast cells, 119
molecule transport, 68 - 70
nasal, 111
upper respiratory, 23 - 24, 63
Erythrocytes, 110
Esophagous, 47, 48
Ethylene oxide, 34
Etiology, 4, 15, 60, 83
Exercise physiology, 58, 59
alveolar-capillary gas exchange, 15, 43, 44, 55 - 57
Exhalation, 4, 32 - 33, 54, 78
alveolar venting, 38, 56 - 57
gas venting, 23, 44 - 47, 50
pollution detection, 15
spirometry, 44 - 48, 79
Exposures, see Dosimetry, Markers of exposure;
Risk assessment
F
Fats, see Adipose tissue; Lipids
Feces, 63
Fiberoptics, 32
bronchoscopy, 92, 95, 97, 101, 102, 105, 107, 109,
110, 111, 114
Fibroblasts, 6, 27, 28, 71, 85, 102, 116, 122, 123, 124
Fibrosis, 7, 27, 50, 60, 83, 85, 88, 89, 99, 106, 110,
111
Fluorescence and fluorometry, 37, 63, 107
Formaldehyde, 35
G
Gamma-camera, 43, 54, 63, 65
Gas chromatography, 33
Gases
INDEX
alveolar-capillary transfer, 6, 7, 15, 44, 45, 55 - 57,
79
gas exchange function, 5, 43, 44 - 57
inhalation/depos*ion, 22 - 23, 25 - 26, 36, 45, 51 - 55
oxidant, 6, 120
see also specific gases
Genetics
epithelium, 67
population studies, 6061
susceptibility, 3
see also DNA; Molecular genetics; RNA
Genotoxicity, 35, 127 - 131
DNA adducts, 4, 7, 8, 18, 32, 34, 35, 36 - 38, 42,
127 - 131
Glutathione, 121
Glycoproteins, 68, 84
ceruloplasmin, 121
transferrin, 120 - 121, 127
Guanines, 129 - 130
H
Halogens, 33
H-benzoyl-phe-alapro, 77
Hematology, see Arteries; Blood; Capillaries; Veins
Hemoglobin, 8, 34, 74, 110
DNA adducts, 37, 134
Henry's law, 23
Heparin, 120
Hepatic system, 39, 87
Herbicides (paraquat), 26, 77, 120
Histamines, 60, 109, 115, 116, 119 - 120, 123
Histochemistry, 9, 84
eosinophils, 6, 95, 97, 108, 111, 112, 115, 119
Histology, 4, 9, 42, 78, 110
see also Neutrophils
Homeostasis, 3
Hormones, 77
Horseradish perox~dase, 68
Humoral immunity, 6, 93, 94
see also Cellular immunology
Hydrocarbons, 33, 37
Hydrolysis, 7, 77, 80, 91, 92 - 93, 122
Hydroxylysine, 35
Hydroxyproline, 35
5-Hydroxytryptamine, 77 - 78
Hygroscopicity, 22
Hyperreactivity, airway, 57 - 61, 134
Hypertension, 3, 87 - 89, 90
Hyperventilation, 58, 59
Imaging techniques, 41 - 42
angiography, 88
fluorescence and fluorometry, 37, 63, 107
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175
magnetic, 28 - 31, 42, 66
nuclear magnetic resonance, 75
radiography, 9, 41, 54 - 55, 88, 110, 135
radiolabeling, 25, 28, 54, 63 - 66, 68, 73, 75
tomography, 28, 42, 73, 74
X-rays, 6, 27, 31, 41 - 42, 66
Immunoassays, 37, 68, 69, 122
Immunocytochemistry, 9
Immunoglobin, 3, 96, 112, 118, 120
Immunology, 6 - 8, 15, 58, 93 - 103
acquired immune response, 97 - 103
detection markers, 114 - 115
interferon, 116
see also Antibodies; Antigens; Cellular
immunology, Inflammation; Mucosal processes
Impaction, 18 - 19
Infection, 15
inflammatory, 92 - 93
molecular markers, 7
Inflammation, 6 - 7, 50, 91 - 93, 97, 100
airway, 51, 58, 68
biologic markers, 113 - 116
bronchial, 101 - 102
cell processes, 15, 86, 94 - 95, 97, 106
granuloma, 99, 102 - 103; see also Sarcoidosis
interleukin, 7, 94, 102, 113 - 114, 116 - 118, 125
lung, 9, 41, 96, 98 - 99, 109 - 111, 120
macrophages and, 6, 98 - 99, 113, 116 - 117,
120 - 123
neutrophils, 6, 91, 92, 98 - 99, 100, 117, 120, 123
particle-caused, 27
plasma-protein complement system, 123 - 124
prostaglandin, 122
proteins, 127
see also Allergies
Inhalation toxicology, 1
dosimetry, 17, 23, 26 - 38, 133 - 134
gases, 22 - 23, 25 - 26, 36, 45, 51 - 55, 58
markers, 17 - 42
paraquat, 26, 77, 120
particles, 18 - 22, 23 - 26, 27 - 31, 38, 51 - 55, 133 - 134
inflammation, 9, 41, 91 - 92, 96, 98 - 99, 109 - 111,
120
markers of, 5 - 6, 133
Interferon, 116
Interleukin, 7, 94, 102, 113 - 114, 116 - 118, 125
International Commission on Radiological
Protection, 38
International Labor Organization, 41 - 42
Ion transport
ep it h eli al, 67 - 68
K
Keratin, 85
Kidney, see Renal system
INDEX
L
Larnyx, 59
Lavage
bronchial, 4, 6, 7, 9, 97
bronchoalveolar (BAL), 14, 28, 32, 105 - 111,
122-123, 126 - 127, 128, 129 - 130, 135
lungs, 95 - 99, 109, 120 - 121
macrophages, 7, 97, 113
nasal, 4, 7, 9, 32, 111 - 113, 114
Leukocytes, 95, 111
monocytes, 24, 98, 113, 115
see also Neutrophils
Leukotrienes, 122
Light microscopy, 6, 84, 85, 88 - 89
Lipids, 23, 36, 38, 122
Liquid chromatography, 122
Liver, see Hepatic system
Lungs, 47 - 50, 61, 64 - 66
edema, 50, 69, 70, 72 - 74, 77, 101, 125
enzyme damage, 69
gas exchange function, 5, 43, 44 - 57
inflammation, 9, 41, 96, 98 - 99, 109 - 111, 120
ravage, 95 - 99, 109, 120 - 121; see also
Bronchoalveolar ravage
mechanical properties, 47 - 50, 79
metabolic activity, 76 - 78
mucosal processes, 63
oxidant injury, 6, 95, 120 - 126
roentgenography, 73 - 74
sarcoidosis, 106, 107, 116, 118
structure/function markers, 83, 85
vasculature, 86 - 90
volumetrics, 45, 50, 52, 74, 89
water accumulation, 73 - 74, 75 - 76
x-rays, 41 - 42
see also Inhalation toxicology
Lung sounds, 40 - 41
Lymph and lymphatic system, 24, 29, 30, 68 70, 72,
73, 75, 97, 117
Lymphocytes, 6, 7, 32, 94, 95, 97 - 99, 100, 102 - 103.
106, 107, 113, 115 - 119, 121, 125
DNA adducts, 37, 129 - 130
see also B cells; T cells
Lymphokines, 94, 98, 102, 120
Lysosomes, 92 - 93, 96, 123, 126
Lysozyme, 93
M
Macromolecules
adduct formation, 8, 18, 34, 42, 134
markers, 68
see also DNA; Proteins; RNA
Macrophages, 6, 32, 85, 91, 94, 96, 97, 115, 118
alveolar, 32, 63, 85, 95, 107, 113, 11~117,
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120 - 126, 131
chromosomes, 129
inflammation and, 6, 98 - 99, 113, 115, 116 - 117,
120, 124
ravage, 7, 97, 113, 116 - 117, 120 - 126, 131
monokines, 124 - 125
particle interactions, 24, 25, 27, 29, 65 - 66,
123 - 124
Magnetic measurements, 2031, 42, 66, 75 - 76
Markers of effect
biochemical/cellular, 7, 11 - 12, 135
defined, 2 - 3, 12, 13
inflammation/immune response, 6 - 7, 114 - 115
molecular, 127 - 132
physiologic, 5, 14, 134
structural/functional alterations, 5 - 6, 8, 9, 15,
83-90, 135
Markers of exposure, 4 - 5, 17 - 42, 133
defied, 2, 12 - 13, 17
imaging, 41 - 42
lung sounds, 40 - 41
see also Dosimetry
Markers of susceptibility, 8
defied, 2, 3, 12, 13
Mass spectroscopy, 33
Mast cells, 58, 109, 112, 114 - 115, 116, 119 - 120, 122
Mathematical models
animal studies, extrapolation to humans, 18, 25
exposure markers, 4 - 5, 38 - 39, 42
morphometrics, 6, 9, 85 - 86, 88, 135
nitrogen washout equations, 51
reactive gases, 23, 25
Membranes, 34, 38
cell, 84
see also Alveolar tissues and processes;
Epithelium
Metabolic activity and metabolites, 4
animals as humans, 26, 39, 77
arachidonic acid, 9, 94, 96, 114, 121 - 123, 124, 135
cell, 95
endothelial, 71, 76~78, 79
exposure markers and, 2, 8
hydrolysis, 7, 76, 77
lung, 76 - 78, 87
noninvasive detection of, 33 - 34
susceptibility markers and, 3, 13
see also Enzymology, Pharmacokinetics;
Toxicokinetics
Methacoline, 58, 61
Methyl bromide, 25 - 26
Methylene blue, 107
Methylene chloride, 39
4-methyl-N-nitrosamino-1-~3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, 37
Microbial infections, see Infections
Michaelis constant, 38
Microscopes and microscopy
electron microscopy, 6, 9, 64, 68, 85 - 86, 89 - 90,
135
INDEX
light, 6, 84, 85, 88 - 89
x-ray, 6
Mitochondria, 126
Models, 4
physiologic, 8, 35, 38, 134, 135
three-dimensional, 9, 135
see also Mathematical models
Molecular biology
epidemiology, 18
markers, 3 - 4, 7, 11, 68 - 70, 127 - 132, 135
see also Macromolecules; Proteins
Molecular genetics, 9, 127 - 132, 135
adduct measurement, 4, 32
DNA, 4, 7, 8, 9, 18, 32, 34, 35, 36 - 38, 42, 84
RNA, 9, 84, 127, 130 - 131
Monoclonal antibodies, 9, 36 - 37, 95, 117, 119
Monocytes, 24, 98, 113, 115
Monokines, 124 - 125
Morphometrics, 6, 9, 85 - 86, 88, 135
Mucosal processes, 4, 6, 31 - 32, 63 - 64, 68, 96, 120
alveolar, 94
cellular, 84, 98
particle transport, 23 - 24, 25, 62 - 64, 65, 67
see also Lavage
Mutation and mutagenic substances, 35, 129
N
Nasal passages, 134
adenocarcinoma and mucus, 62
epithelium, 67
exposure markers, 4, 8
immune responses, 101
ravage, 4, 7, 9, 32, 111 - 113, 114, 135
particle transport, 19 - 21, 23 - 24, 62, 63, 64
rhinitis, 60, 101, 111
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 39 - 40
National Research Council
drinking water study, 4
Neutrophils, 32, 95 - 98, 110, 112, 115 - 117, 120, 122
inflammation and, 6, 91, 92, 98 - 99, 100, 117, 120,
123, 125
ravage, 106, 109, 112, 126
Nickel, 6
Nitrogen dioxide, 35 - 36, 50 - 51, 59, 62
Noninvasive procedures
airway reactivity testing, 57 - 61, 134
angiography, 88
exercise tests, 55 - 57
exhaled air, 32 - 33
lungs, 40 - 41, 47 - 50, 64 - 66, 73 - 75
magnetic, 28 - 31, 42, 66, 75 - 76
molecular tracers, 68 - 70
mucus velocity, 63 - 64
nasal ravage, 4, 7, 9, 32, 111 - 113, 114
nuclear magnetic resonance, 75
oscillation, lungs mechanics, 47, 48 - 49, 79
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177
physiologic markers, 43
radiography, 9, 41, 54 - 55, 88, 110, 135
radiolabeling, 25, 28, 54, 63 - 66, 68, 73, 75
respiratory fluids, 32
skin testing, 99, 100101, 102, 114
spiromet~y, 44 - 48, 79
tomography, 28, 42, 73, 74
see also Imaging techniques
Norephinephrine, 77
Nose, see Nasal passages
Nuclear magnetic resonance, 75
Nutrition, 3
o
Occupational health and safety
asthma, 59
dosimetry, case studies, 26 - 38
inflammatory response studies, 92-93
nasal ravage, 112
x-rays, chest, 41 - 42
Oral inhalation, particles, 21
Organic compounds
detection of, 33 - 36, 38
exposure, 8
Oscillation techniques, 47, 48 - 49
Oxidant injury, 6, 120 - 123
Oxygen, 56, 95, 116, 124, 125 - 126
Ozone, 23, 41, 58, 62, 66, 67, 93, 117, 121, 122, 127
p
Paraquat, 26, 77, 120
Parenchymal tissues, 85 - 86, 96, 121
Particles and particulates
aerosols, 18, 21, 51 - 54, 58, 59, 64 - 66, 69
asbestos, 6, 27, 28, 32, 41, 42, 83, 85, 110, 123
dosimetry, 8, 133 - 134
inhalation and decomposition, 18 - 22, 23 - 26,
27 - 31, 38, 51 - 55, 133-134
insoluble, 27 - 31
lung tissue autopsy, 6, 83, 87
macrophage interactions, 24, 25, 27, 29, 66,
123 - 124
mucosal transport, 23 - 24, 25, 62 - 64, 65, 67
phagocytosis, 32, 63, 65, 123, 125 - 126
pulmonary clearance markers, 5, 9, 44 - 45, 51 - 55,
61 - 66, 80
silica, 6, 27, 85
Peptides, 77, 121, 122
Perfusion, 44, 77, 78
Phagocytes and phagocytosis, 6, 32, 63, 65, 91 - 96, 98,
110, 117, 123, 125 - 126
see also Macrophages; Neutrophils
Pharmacolcinetics, 4 - 5
animal as human studies, 21
INDEX
arachidonic acid, 9, 94, 96, 114, 121 - 123, 124, 135
cholinergics, 58, 60
hyperventilation, 58, 59
modeling, 8, 38
particle dissolution, 24 - 25
urine analysis, 35
see also Toxicokinetics
Pharynx, 63, 113
Physiology, 134
assays, 37, 41, 43, 44 - 57, 68, 69 79 - 81, 114, 122,
128, 129
exercise, 15, 43, 44, 55 - 59
pharmacokinetic modeling, 8, 35, 38, 134
toxic effect markers, 5, 8 - 9, 14, 43 - 81
Plasma proteins, 72, 120, 123 - 124, 127
Platelets, 122
Plethysmography, 48, 59
Population studies, see Epidemiology
Pressure effects and measurements
arterial, 88, 89
blood flow, 2, 4, 23, 38, 56, 68, 88, 89
edema, 50, 72 - 74, 101, 125
lungs, 49 - 50, 79
Prostacyclin, 122
Prostaglandin, 122
Protamine, 38
Proteins, 71, 109, 127
adducts, 4, 7, 8, 18, 32, 34, 36 - 37, 42
adhesive, 133
glycoproteins, 68, 84, 120 - 121, 127
interferon, 116
plasma, 72, 120, 123 - 124
Psychogenic factors, 15
Pulmonary vasculature, 86 - 90
Q
Questionnaires, 5, 39 - 40
R
Radicals
hydrofoil, 120, 125
oxygen, 95, 124, 125 - 126
Radiography, 9, 41, 54 - 55, 88, 110, 135
gamma-camera, 43, 54, 65
Radioimmuneassays, 37, 68, 69, 122
Radiolabeling, 25, 28, 54, 73, 75
aerosols, 54, 63 - 66, 69
Red blood cells, 110
hemoglobin, 8, 34, 27, 74, 110, 134
Regulations, 17
see also Standards
Renal system, 11
Respiratory system
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air-blood barrier, 5, 9, 15, 38, 6078, 79
biologic markers, uses, 14 - 15
cellular and biochemical response 105 - 132
fluids, 31 - 32
function indices and assays, 41, 43, 44 - 57, 61
impedance, 48 - 49
inflammatory and immune response, 91 - 132
intrapulmonary gas and particle distribution, 45,
50-55, 79
lung, 47 - 50, 64 - 66, 1-5 - 132
measures of function, 43 - 81
particle deposition and clearance, 18 - 25, 27 - 31,
61 - 66, 79
reactivity, airway, 5, 8, 40, 43, 57 - 61
structural assessment, 83 - 90
see also Airways; Alveolar tissues and processes;
Bronchial system; Inhalation toxicology,
Lungs; Nasal passages; Trachea
Rhinitis, 60, 101, 111
Risk assessments, 46, 80
animal studies, 3 - 4, 9, 39
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 8
questionnaires, 40
see also Dosimetry, Epidemiology
RNA, 84, 127
hybridization, 9
mRNA, 130 - 131
Roentgenography, 73 - 74
S
Saliva, 33
Sarcoidosis, 60, 70, 106, 107, 116, 118
S-carboxyethylcysteine, 38
Scintillation, 64, 65
Sedimentation, 19, 21 - 22
Sensitivity, defined, 13
Sickle-cell anemia, 7
Silica, 6, 27, 85
Skin testing, 99, 100 - 101, 102, 114
Smoking, 68 - 69, 70, 116, 125 - 126
bronchial effects, 62
ethylene oxide dosage detection, 34
inflammatory response, 122
ravage and, 95, 96, 97, 112, 113, 117, 121, 127
nitrogen dioxide detection, 36, 50 - 51
questionnaires, 40
urine analysis, 35 - 36
Smooth muscle, 58, 59, 71, 89, 90, 116, 122
Specificity
antigen-specif~c immune response, 99 - 103, 110
defied, 13
nonspecific reactivity, 59, 75, 76
respiratory toxicants, 15
Spectroscopy, 27
fluorescence, 37
mass, 33
INDEX
Spirometry, ,14 48, 79
Sputum, 32
Standards
data acquisition, 5, 39
EPA exposure studies, 3
particle clearance, 61 - 62, 79
respiratory function, 41
Drays, chest, 41 - 42
Statistics
dose-response relationship and, 66
nitrogen washout, regression equations, 51
see also Epidemiology, Risk assessment
Styrene, 38
Sulfur dioxide, 113
Sulfuric acid, 59, 62
Superconductivity, 29
Susceptibility, see Markers of susceptibility
T
Task Group on Lung Dynamics, 38
T cells, 94 - 97, 103, 107, 116 - 118, 119, 125
Th al ass emia, 7
Thorax, 39, 48, 65
dust, magnetic measurement, 2~31
x-rays, chest, 41 - 42
Tobacco, see Smoking
Tomography, 28, 42, 74, 75
Total Exposure Assessment Methodology, 33
Toxicokinetics, 17, 18
animal as human, 39
gases, 25 - 26
mathematical models, 38, 42
organic compounds, 34
see also Dosimetty
Trachea, 9, 68 69, 84, 95, 97, 134
particle transport, 21, 23 - 24, 63 - 64
Transferrin, 120 - 121, 127
Tuberculosis, 99
sarcoidosis, 106, 107, 116, 118
U
Urban areas, 92
Urea, 107
Urine, 114
adduct analysis, 37
organic compounds analysis, 34 - 36
V
Vascular system, see Arteries; Capillaries
Veins, 86 89
Ventilation, see Exhalation
Viruses, 92, 93, 96
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179
Vitamins, 121, 123
Volatile organic compounds
detection of, 33, 34, 38
Volumetrics, 45, 50, 52, 57
arterial, 89, 90
lung water, 74, 75
W
Weight factors, 38
INDEX
Wheezing, 40, 46,101
White blood cells, see Leukocytes; Neutrophils
Wool fibers, 32
X
X-ray microscopy, 6
X-rays imaging, 31, 41 - 42, 66
X-ray spectrometry, 27
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
biologic markers
