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Desalination: A National Perspective (2008)

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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Desalination: A National Perspective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12184.
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References Abart, E. 1993. Decision-making strategy for handling biocides. Experience at Yuma Desalting Plant. Desalination 97:437-442. Abdel-Jawad, M. and M. Al-Tabtabaei. 1999. Impact of current power generation and water desalination activities on Kuwaiti marine environment. Paper presented at the IDA World Congress, San Diego, 1999. Abitoye, J. O., P. Mukherjee, and K. Jones. 2005. Ion Implantation: Effect on Flux and Rejection Properties of NF Membranes. Environmental Science and Technology 39:6487-6493. Adler, P. R., S. J. del Grosso, and W. J. Parton. 2007. Life-cycle assessment of net greenhouse-gas flux for bioenergy cropping systems. Ecological Applications 17:675-691. Ahmed, M., A. Arakel, D. Hoey, M. R. Thumarukudy, M. F. A. Goosen, M. Al-Haddabi, and A. Al-Belushi. 2003. Feasibility of salt production from inland RO desalination plant reject brine: A case study. Desalination 158:109-117. Al-Ahmad, M. and F. A. Aleem. 1993. Scale formation and fouling problems effect on the performance of MSF and RO desalination plants in Saudi Arabia. Desalination 93:287-310. Al-Shammiri, M., M. Safar, and M. Al-Dawa. 2000. Evaluation of two different antiscalants in real operation at the Doha research plant. Desalination 128:1-16. Alcamo, J., P. Döll, F. Kaspar, and S. Siebert. 1997. Global change and global scenarios of water use and availability: An application of Water GAP 1.0. Kassel, Germany: University of Gesamthochsch. Allam, J., G. K. Pearce, and K. Chida. 2003. Ultrafiltration Pre-treatment to RO: Trials at Kindasa Water Services, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Paper presented at the 2003 IDA Conference in Bahamas. Almulla, A. 2002. Developments in high recovery brackish water 233

234 Desalination: A National Perspective desalination plants as part of the solution to water quality problems. Desalination 153:237-243. Alonitis, S. A., K. Kouroumbas, and N. Vlachakis. 2003. Energy consumption and membrane replacement cost for seawater RO desalination plants. Desalination 157:151-158. Al-Sofi, M. A. K. 2001. Seawater desalination—SWCC experience and vision. Desalination 135:121-139. Andijani, I., S. Ahmad, and A. Malik. 2000. Corrosion behavior of titanium metal in the presence of inhibited sulfuric acid at 50oC. Desalination 129:45-51. Anne, C. O., D. Trebouet, P. Jaounen, and F. Quemeneur. 2001. Nanofiltration of seawater: Fractionation of mono- and multi- valent cations. Desalination 140:67-77. AWWA (American Water Works Association). 1999. Water Quality and Treatment: A Handbook of Community Water Supplies, 5th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers. AWWA Membrane Residuals Management Subcommittee. 2004. Committee report: Current perspectives on residuals management for desalting membranes. Journal AWWA 96:73- 89. AWWARF, Lyonnaise des Eaux, Water Research Commission of South Africa. 1996. Water Treatment Membrane Processes. J. Mallevialle, P. E. Odendaal, and M. R., Wiesner, eds. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers. Baig, M. and A. A. A. Kutbi. 1998. Design features of a 20mgd SWRO desalination plant, Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia. Desalination 118:5- 12. Banat, F. A., and J. Simandl. 1998. Desalination by membrane distillation: A parametric study. Separation Science and Technology 33(2):201-226. Baumol, W. J., and W. E. Oates. 1988. The Theory of Environmental Policy, 2nd edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Bay, S., and D. Greenstein. 1993. Toxic Effects of Elevated Salinity and Desalination Waste Brine. Southern California Coastal Water Research Projects Annual Report. Available online at: http://www.scwrp.org/pubs/annrpt/92/93. Accessed April 26, 2007. Beck, R. W. 2002. Alternative Project Delivery: Texas Water Development Board. Available online at: http://www.twdb.state. tx.us/rwpg/rpgm_rpts/2000483347.pdf. Accessed March 28, 2007. Belfer, S., Y. Purinson, R. Fainshtein, Y. Radchenko, and O. Kedem. 1998. Surface modification of commercial composite polyamide

References 235 reverse osmosis membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 139:175-181. Bell, R. 2006. Dana Point Ocean Desalination Project. Presentation given at meeting of the NRC Committeee on Advancing Desalination Technology, Irvine, CA. Birkett, J. 2003. Desalination Activities in England during the Late 17th Century. International Water History Association: Alexandria, Egypt. Birkett, J., and R. Truby. 2007. A Figure of Merit for Appreciating Improvements in RO Membrane Performance. International Desalination Association News, Vol. 16. Blake, N. J., C. W. Dye, M. D. Farrell, and M. A. Hammond. 1996. Effect of disposal of seawater desalination discharges on near shore benthic communities. Phase 1 Report. Southwest Florida Water Management District, Electric Power Research Institute, and University of South Florida. Blazkowski, C., and G. S. Moreira. 1986. Combined effects of temperature and salinity on the survival and duration of larval stages of Pagurus criticornis (Cana) (Crustacea, Paguridae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 103(11):77-86. Blumberg, A. F., and G. L. Mellor. 1987. A description of a three- dimensional coastal ocean circulation model. Pp. 1-16 in Three- Dimensional Coastal Ocean Models, N. S. Heaps, ed. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. Boland, J. J., B. Dziegielewski, D. D. Bauman, and E. M. Opitz. 1984. Influence of Price and Rate Structures on Minimum and Maximum Water Use. Carbondale, IL: Planning Management Consultants, Ltd. Bolhuis, P. G., and D. Chandler. 2000. Transition path sampling of cavitation between molecular scale solvophobic surfaces. Journal of Chemical Physics 113:8154-8160. Bond, R., and V. Veerapaneni. 2007. Zero Liquid Discharge for Inland Desalination. AwwaRF Report No. 3010. Borgina, M., S. Nielsen, A. Engel, and P. Agre. 1999. Cellular and molecular biology of the aquaporin water channels. Annual Review of Biochemistry 68:425-458. Bourounia, K., J. C. Deronzierb, and L. Tadrista. 1999. Experimentation and modelling of an innovative geothermal desalination unit. Desalination 125:147-153. Bousher, A., P. Brimblecombe, and D. Midgley. 1989. Kinetics of reactions in solutions containing monochloramine and bromide. Water Research 23:1049-1058.

236 Desalination: A National Perspective Brackish Groundwater Manual for Texas Regional Water Planning Groups. 2003. LBG-Guyton Associates in association with NRS Consulting Engineers, prepared for the Texas Water Development Board, February. Brian, P. L. T. 1966. Mass transport in reverse osmosis. In Desalination by Reverse Osmosis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Brining, D. L., W. C. Lester, W. N. Jessee, D. A. O’Leary, S. Bouregois, and M. S. Salam. 1981. Development of environmental standards for combined desalination/power generating stations in the Arabian Gulf region. Desalination 39:255-260. Brocksen, R. W., and R. E. Cole. 1972. Physiological responses of three species of fishes to various salinities. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29:399-405. Brown, T. C. 1999. Past and future freshwater use in the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Brustlin, V. H. 2007. Annual Monitoring Report for the T. Mabry Carlton, Jr. Memorial Reserve Wellfield Water Year 2006 Final Report. Burashid, K. 1992. Bahrain’s Seawater Intakes and Pretreatment Systems. Desalination and Water Reuse 22:44-49. Buros, O. K. 2000. The ABCs of Desalting, 2nd edition. Topsfield, MA: International Desalination Association. Buros, O. K., R. B. Cox, I. Nusbaum, A. M. El-Nashar, and R. Bakish. 1980. The USAID Desalination Manual. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: IDEA Publications. Burroughs, R. 1999. When stakeholders choose: Process, knowledge, and motivation in water quality decision. Society and Natural Resources 12:797-809. Busch, M., and W. E. Mickols. 2004. Reducing energy consumption in seawater desalination. Desalination 165:299-312. Cadotte, E. 1977. Reverse Osmosis Membrane. U.S. Patent 4,039,440. California Coastal Commission. 2004. Seawater Desalination and the California Coastal Act. Available online at: http://www.coastal.ca.gov/energy/14a-3-2004-desalination.pdf. Accessed December 27, 2007. California Department of Public Health. 2007. Drinking Water Notification Levels and Response Levels: An Overview. Available online at: http://www.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/drinking water/notofocationlevels/notificationlevels.pdf. Accessed January 4, 2008. California Department of Water Resources. 2005. A Framework for Action: The California Water Plan Update. Bulletin 160-05. Available online at: http://www.waterplan.water.ca.gov/docs/

References 237 cwpu2005/cwphighlights/highlights.pdf. Accessed March 14, 2008. California Energy Commission. 2005a. California’s Water Energy Relationship. CEC-700-2005-011-SF. Sacramento, CA. California Energy Commission. 2005b. Integrated Energy Policy Report 2005. CEC-100-2005-007-CMF. Sacramento, CA. California Water Desalination Task Force. 2003. Synthesis Paper— Management Practices for Feedwater Intakes and Concentrate Disposal for Seawater Desalination. Available online at: http://www.owue.water.ca.gov/recycle/desal/Docs/Management PracticesIntake_Disposal.doc. Accessed November 16, 2007. Cao, Y., A. W. Bark, and W. P. Williams. 1996. Measuring the responses of macroinvertebrate communities to water pollution: A comparison of multivariate approaches, biotic and diversity indices. Hydrobiologia 341:1-19. Carson, R. T., and R. C. Mitchell. 1987. Economic value of reliable water supplies for residential water users in the State Water Project services area. Prepared for the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. Los Angeles, CA. Celere, M., and C. Gostoli. 2002. The heat and mass transfer phenomena in osmotic membrane distillation. Desalination 147:133-138. CEQ (Council on Environmental Quality). 1991. Environmental Quality: 21st Annual Report. Washington, D.C.: CEQ. Charmentier, G., and M. Charmentier-Daures. 1994. Ontogeny of osmoregulation and salinity tolerance in the isopod crustacean Sphaeroma serratum. Marine Ecology Progress Series 114:93- 102. Chesher, R. H. 1975. Biological impact of a large-scale desalination plant at Key West Florida. Pp. 99-181 in Tropical Marine Pollution, E. J. Ferguson Wood and R. E. Johannes, eds. New York: Elsevier Scientific. Childress, A. E., and M. Elimelech. 2000. Relating nanofiltration membrane performance to membrane charge (electrokinetic) characteristics. Environmental Science and Technology 34:3710- 3716. Civan, F. 2000. Reservoir Formation Damage, Fundamentals, Modeling, Assessment, and Mitigation. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company. Cohen, R., B. Nelson, and G. Wolff. 2004. Energy Down the Drain: The Hidden Costs of California’s Water Supply. New York: National Resources Defense Council and Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. Colby, B. G. 1997. Markets as a response to water scarcity: Policy challenges and economic implications. Pp. 211-232 in Advances

238 Desalination: A National Perspective in the Economics of Environmental Resources, D. Hall, ed. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Cooley, H., P. H. Gleick, and G. Wolff. 2006. Desalination, With a Grain of Salt: A California Perspective. Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. Cornes, R., and T. Sandler. 1996. The Theory of Externalities, Public Goods and Club Goods, 2nd edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Cotruvo, J. A. 2005. Water desalination processes and associated health and environmental issues. Water Conditioning and Purification, January:13-17. CPUC (California Public Utilities Commission). 2001. California Standard Practice Manual: Economic Analysis of Demand-Side Programs and Projects. Sacramento, CA: CPUC. Davis, T. 2006. Zero Discharge Seawater Desalination: Integrating the Production of Freshwater, Salt, Magnesium, and Bromine. USBR Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 111. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Available online at http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/water/publications/reportpdfs/report1 11.pdf. Accessed March 14, 2008. De la Cruz, R. V., and C. B. Raleigh. 1972. Absolute stress measurements at the Rangely Anticline, Northwestern Colorado. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science & Geometrics Abstracts 9:625-634. DOI (U.S. Department of the Interior). 2002. Report to Congress on Concepts for National Assessment of Water Availability and Use. U.S. Geological Survey Circular. 1223. Reston, VA: USGS. Douglas, M., D. Gasper, S. Ney, and M. Thompson. 1998. Human needs and wants. Pp. 195-263 in Human Choices and Climate Change, Vol. 1, S. Rayner and E. Malone, eds. Columbus, OH: Battelle Publishing. Dow Chemical Company. 1994. Cleaning Procedures for FILMTEC FT 30 Membranes. Dreizen, Y. 2006. Ashkelon seawater desalination project—off-takers self costs, supplied water costs, total costs and benefits. Desalination 190:104-116. Drioli, E., E. Curcio, A. Criscuoli, and G. DiProfio. 2004. Integrated system for recovery of CaCO3, NaCl and MgSO4-7H2O for nanofiltration retentate. Journal of Membrane Science 219:27- 38. Dudek and Associates. 2005. Environmental impact report for precise development plan and desalination plant. EIR 03-05- SCH#2004041081. Prepared for the City of Carlsbad, CA.

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There has been an exponential increase in desalination capacity both globally and nationally since 1960, fueled in part by growing concern for local water scarcity and made possible to a great extent by a major federal investment for desalination research and development. Traditional sources of supply are increasingly expensive, unavailable, or controversial, but desalination technology offers the potential to substantially reduce water scarcity by converting the almost inexhaustible supply of seawater and the apparently vast quantities of brackish groundwater into new sources of freshwater.

Desalination assesses the state of the art in relevant desalination technologies, and factors such as cost and implementation challenges. It also describes reasonable long-term goals for advancing desalination technology, posits recommendations for action and research, estimates the funding necessary to support the proposed research agenda, and identifies appropriate roles for governmental and nongovernmental entities.

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