Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 275
Desalination: A National Perspective
Appendix B
Mass and Energy Balance on Reverse Osmosis System
OCR for page 276
Desalination: A National Perspective
Following is an approximation of the energy used in a typical RO process operating at 40% recovery and an energy recovery device operating at an efficiency of ηeff .
Making the assumption that Pp is significantly less than the applied average operating pressure,
(i.e., that Pp = 14.7 at atmospheric pressure and
because this term is this term is presumed to be negligible and )
and taking a ratio of a future, new energy balance based on a new membrane with new properties relative to a baseline energy balance we get the following equation:
OCR for page 277
Desalination: A National Perspective
This equation can be factored as follows,
and further simplified to the following equation:
As shown above, the average applied pressure can be broken down into two components: (1) the osmotic pressure required to overcome the osmotic energy barrier and (2) the net driving pressure required to overcome the native resistance of the membrane permeability.
For the purposes of illustrating the sensitivity of membrane permeability on potential future energy reductions, the following system operating data is taken from “The Guidebook to Membrane Desalination Technology,” p. 472, Balaban Desalination Publications, 2007:
Average Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): 59,921 ppm
Temperature: 26 °C
PAvg Osmotic = 656 psi (at the average TDS of 59,053 ppm and Temperature of 28 °C; calculated by using the Van’t Hoff equation)
PAvg Applied Baseline = 936 psi (Pfeed = 947 psi; Pconcentrate = 924 psi)
PAvg Driving Baseline = (936 − 656) = 280 psi
PAvg Driving New = 0.5 × 280 = 140 psi (Reflecting a doubling of membrane permeability)
OCR for page 278
Desalination: A National Perspective
Assuming that the membrane permeability can be doubled without sacrificing salt rejection, the average driving pressure for the new membrane can be reduced by 50 percent (shown above).
Substituting these values into the equation above,
results in an energy ratio of new to baseline of 0.85. This translates into a net reduction of energy equal to 15 percent from today’s baseline.
