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Desalination: A National Perspective (2008)

Chapter: Appendix C: Desalination Economics Summary Data

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Desalination Economics Summary Data." National Research Council. 2008. Desalination: A National Perspective. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12184.
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Appendix C Desalination Economics Summary Data 279

280 CapEx Scale Sensitivity & OpEx Scale and Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis 3 3 3 3 CAPEX ($/m ) 38 km /day 189 km /day 380 km /day Process Unit Operation Costs Conventional pretreatment $133 $115 $106 UF/MF pretreatment $150 $130 $120 First-pass SW RO $1,239 $1,069 $989 Second-pass SW RO (optional) $140 $122 $113 Total Process Costs 3 Conventional Pretreatment & 2-Stage RO Process ($/m ) $1,512 $1,306 $1,208 OpEx on capital 25-yr depreciation; 3% cost of capital $0.24 $0.20 $0.19 25-yr depreciation; 5% cost of capital $0.29 $0.25 $0.23 25-yr depreciation; 7% cost of capital $0.35 $0.30 $0.28 3 Conventional Pretreatment & 2-Stage BW RO Process ($/m ) $413 $359 $332 OpEx on capital 25-yr depreciation; 3% cost of capital $0.06 $0.06 $0.05 25-yr depreciation; 5% cost of capital $0.08 $0.07 $0.06 25-yr depreciation; 7% cost of capital $0.10 $0.08 $0.08 3 UF/MF Pretreatment & 2-Stage RO Process ($/m ) $1,529 $1,321 $1,222 OpEx on capital 25-yr depreciation; 3% cost of capital $0.24 $0.21 $0.19 25-yr depreciation; 5% cost of capital $0.29 $0.25 $0.24 25-yr depreciation; 7% cost of capital $0.36 $0.31 $0.28

OpEx - Scale Sensitivity Analysis Membrane Life 5 yrs; Baseline Operating Pressure; $0.07/kWh; 5% Cost of $$$ 3 3 3 Scale: 38 km /d 189 km /d 380 km /d 2 Stage SW RO OpEx on Capital - Conventional Pretreatment 25-yr depreciation; 5% cost of capital $0.29 $0.25 $0.23 2 Stage SW RO OpEx on Capital - UF/MF Pretreatment 25-yr depreciation; 5% cost of capital $0.29 $0.25 $0.24 2 Stage BW RO OpEx on Capital - Conventional Pretreatment 25-yr depreciation; 5% cost of capital $0.08 $0.07 $0.06 Conventional Pretreatment $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 3 Chemicals ($/m ) $0.04 $0.04 $0.04 3 Filters ($/m ) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 UF/MF Pretreatment $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 3 Chemicals ($/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 3 Membranes ($/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 First Pass SW RO $0.23 $0.23 $0.23 3 Chemicals (antiscalant mostly, $/m ) $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 3 Membranes (5-yr life, $/m ) $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.19 $0.19 $0.19 Second Pass SW RO (optional) $0.05 $0.05 $0.05 3 Chemicals (NaOH mostly, $/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 3 Membranes (5-yr life, $/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 Permeate Conditioning $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 3 Chemicals ($/m ) $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 Total Labor $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 Total Maintenance $0.04 $0.04 $0.04 Total OpEx Costs - 2-Stage SW RO Conventional PreTreatment ($/1000 gallons) = $0.74 $0.70 $0.68 Total OpEx Costs - 2-Stage SW RO UF/MF PreTreatment ($/1000 gallons) = $0.70 $0.66 $0.65 Total OpEx Costs - 2-Stage BW RO Conventional PreTreatment ($/1000 gallons) = $0.30 $0.29 $0.28 281

282 OpEx - Membrane Life Cost Sensitivity Analysis 3 Baseline Operating Pressure; $0.07/kWh; 189 km /d; 5% Cost of Capital Membrane Life: 0.5 yr 1 yr 2 yr 3 yr 5 yr 10 yr OpEx on Capital - Conventional Pretreatment 25-yr depreciation; 5% cost of capital $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 OpEx on Capital - UF/MF Pretreatment 25-yr depreciation; 5% cost of capital $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 Conventional Pretreatment $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 3 Chemicals ($/m ) 0.04 0.04 0.04 $0.04 $0.04 $0.04 3 Filters ($/m ) 0.00 0.00 0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 3 Energy ($/m ) 0.03 0.03 0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 UF/MF Pretreatment $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.04 $0.03 $0.03 3 Chemicals ($/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 3 Membranes ($/m ) $0.02 $0.01 $0.00 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 First-Pass SW RO $0.39 $0.30 $0.25 $0.24 $0.22 $0.22 3 Chemicals (antiscalant mostly, $/m ) 0.02 0.02 0.02 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 3 Membranes ($/m ) $0.18 $0.09 $0.04 $0.03 $0.02 $0.01 3 Energy ($/m ) 0.19 0.19 0.19 $0.19 $0.19 $0.19 Second-Pass SW RO (optional) $0.14 $0.09 $0.06 $0.05 $0.05 $0.04 3 Chemicals (NaOH mostly, $/m ) 0.01 0.01 0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 3 Membranes ($/m ) $0.10 $0.05 $0.02 $0.02 $0.01 $0.00 3 Energy ($/m ) 0.03 0.03 0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 Permeate Conditioning $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 3 Chemicals ($/m ) 0.02 0.02 0.02 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 3 Energy ($/m ) 0.01 0.01 0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 Total Labor 0.03 0.03 0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 Total Maintenance 0.04 0.04 0.04 $0.04 $0.04 $0.04 Total OpEx Costs - Conventional Pretreatment ($/1000 gallons) = $0.95 $0.81 $0.74 $0.70 $0.69 $0.68

OpEx - Applied Pressure Cost Sensitivity Analysis 3 Membrane Life 5 yrs; $0.07/kWh; 189 km /d; 5% Cost of Capital 25% 10% 25% 50% Applied Pressure Sensitivity: reduction reduction Base Case Increase Increase OpEx on Capital - Conventional Pretreatment 25-yr depreciation; 5% cost of capital $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 OpEx on Capital - UF/MF Pretreatment 25-yr depreciation; 5% cost of capital $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 Conventional Pretreatment $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 3 Chemicals ($/m ) $0.04 $0.04 $0.04 $0.04 $0.04 3 Filters ($/m ) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 UF/MF Pretreatment $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.04 $0.04 3 Chemicals ($/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 3 Membranes ($/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.02 $0.02 First-Pass SW RO $0.20 $0.21 $0.22 $0.27 $0.32 3 Chemicals (antiscalant mostly, $/m ) $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 3 Membranes (5-yr life, $/m ) $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.17 $0.17 $0.19 $0.24 $0.28 Second-Pass SW RO (optional) $0.05 $0.05 $0.05 $0.05 $0.05 3 Chemicals (NaOH mostly, $/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 3 Membranes (5-yr life, $/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 Permeate Conditioning $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 3 Chemicals ($/m ) $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 Total Labor $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 Total Maintenance $0.04 $0.04 $0.04 $0.04 $0.04 Total OpEx Costs - Conventional Pretreatment ($/1000 gallons) = $0.66 $0.67 $0.69 $0.74 $0.79 Total OpEx Costs - UF/MF Pretreatment ($/1000 gallons) = $0.63 $0.63 $0.65 $0.71 $0.76 283

284 OpEx - Energy Cost Sensitivity Analysis 3 Membrane Life 5 yrs; Baseline Operating Pressure; $0.07/kWh; 189 km /d; 5% Cost of Capital Energy Cost: $ 0.04/kWh $ 0.07/kWh $ 0.10/kWh $ 0.20/kWh OpEx on Capital - Conventional Pretreatment 25-yr depreciation; 5% cost of capital $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 OpEx on Capital - UF/MF Pretreatment 25-yr depreciation; 5% cost of capital $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 Conventional Pretreatment $0.06 $0.07 $0.08 $0.12 3 Chemicals ($/m ) $0.04 $0.04 $0.04 $0.04 3 Filters ($/m ) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.02 $0.03 $0.04 $0.08 UF/MF Pretreatment $0.03 $0.03 $0.04 $0.06 3 Chemicals ($/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 3 Membranes ($/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.02 $0.04 First-Pass SW RO $0.14 $0.22 $0.31 $0.58 3 Chemicals (antiscalant mostly, $/m ) $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 3 Membranes (5-yr life, $/m ) $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.11 $0.19 $0.27 $0.54 Second-Pass SW RO (optional) $0.04 $0.05 $0.06 $0.10 3 Chemicals (NaOH mostly, $/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 3 Membranes (5-yr life, $/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.02 $0.03 $0.04 $0.08 Permeate Conditioning $0.02 $0.02 $0.03 $0.04 3 Chemicals ($/m ) $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.00 $0.01 $0.01 $0.02 Total Labor $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 Total Maintenance $0.04 $0.04 $0.04 $0.04 Total OpEx Costs - Conventional Pretreatment ($/1000 gallons) = $0.58 $0.69 $0.80 $1.16 Total OpEx Costs - UF/MF Pretreatment ($/1000 gallons) = $0.55 $0.65 $0.76 $1.10

OpEx - Cost of Money Sensitivity Analysis 3 Membrane Life 5 yrs; Baseline Operating Pressure; $0.07/kWh; 189 km /d Interest Rate: 3% 5% 7% OpEx on Capital - Conventional Pretreatment 25-yr depreciation; $0.20 $0.25 $0.30 OpEx on Capital - UF/MF Pretreatment 25-yr depreciation; 5% cost of capital $0.21 $0.25 $0.31 Conventional Pretreatment $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 3 Chemicals ($/m ) $0.04 $0.04 $0.04 3 Filters ($/m ) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 UF/MF Pretreatment $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 3 Chemicals ($/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 3 Membranes ($/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 First Pass SW RO $0.22 $0.22 $0.22 3 Chemicals (antiscalant mostly, $/m ) $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 3 Membranes (5-yr life, $/m ) $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.19 $0.19 $0.19 Second Pass SW RO (optional) $0.05 $0.05 $0.05 3 Chemicals (NaOH mostly, $/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 3 Membranes (5-yr life, $/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 Permeate Conditioning $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 3 Chemicals ($/m ) $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 3 Energy ($/m ) $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 Total Labor $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 Total Maintenance $0.04 $0.04 $0.04 Total OpEx Costs - Conventional Pretreatment ($/1000 gallons) = $0.64 $0.69 $0.74 Total OpEx Costs - UF/MF Pretreatment ($/1000 gallons) = $0.61 $0.65 $0.71 285

Next: Appendix D: Estimating Unit Costs of Water Supply Options »
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There has been an exponential increase in desalination capacity both globally and nationally since 1960, fueled in part by growing concern for local water scarcity and made possible to a great extent by a major federal investment for desalination research and development. Traditional sources of supply are increasingly expensive, unavailable, or controversial, but desalination technology offers the potential to substantially reduce water scarcity by converting the almost inexhaustible supply of seawater and the apparently vast quantities of brackish groundwater into new sources of freshwater.

Desalination assesses the state of the art in relevant desalination technologies, and factors such as cost and implementation challenges. It also describes reasonable long-term goals for advancing desalination technology, posits recommendations for action and research, estimates the funding necessary to support the proposed research agenda, and identifies appropriate roles for governmental and nongovernmental entities.

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