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Suggested Citation:"Text." National Research Council. 2008. English-Chinese, Chinese-English Nuclear Security Glossary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12186.
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Suggested Citation:"Text." National Research Council. 2008. English-Chinese, Chinese-English Nuclear Security Glossary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12186.
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Suggested Citation:"Text." National Research Council. 2008. English-Chinese, Chinese-English Nuclear Security Glossary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12186.
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Suggested Citation:"Text." National Research Council. 2008. English-Chinese, Chinese-English Nuclear Security Glossary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12186.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

1 absorbed dose 吸收剂量【xīshōu jìliàng】 absorption 吸收【xīshōu】 Accelerated Strategic 加速战略计算倡议 Computing Initiative (ASCI) 【jiāsù zhànlüè jìsuàn chàngyì】 Note: The program has been changed 注:现已改为“先进模拟与计算计 to Advanced Simulation and Computing 划”。(源自:参考文献[37]) Program (ASC). (From: Reference [37]) E account balance 账面平衡【zhàngmiàn pínghéng】 C accounting records 衡算记录【héngsuàn jìlù】 acquisition strategy/acquisition 采办策略/采办途径 path 【cǎibàn cèlüè cǎibàn tújìng】 A (hypothetical) scheme which a State 某国谋取用于制造核爆炸装置的核 could consider to acquire nuclear mate- 材料的一种(设想)策略。(源自:参考 rial usable for manufacturing a nuclear 文献[4],3.8) explosive device. (From: Reference [4], 3.8) active defense 积极防御【jījí fángyù】 Note 1: A term used to describe China’s 注 1:用以描述中国军事战略的术 military strategy. It includes the follow- ing main elements: firstly, taking a firm 语。它主要包括以下三方面的内容: stand of self-defense and gaining 一是坚持自卫立场和实行后发制 mastery by striking only after the enemy 人;二是以积极主动的军事准备和 has struck; secondly, using active 政治斗争防止战争;三是一旦战争 military preparations and political struggle to prevent war; thirdly, should 爆发,以积极的反击和进攻作战达 war break out, using active counter- 成战略防御目的。 (改自:参考文献 attack and offensive operations to [31],p124-125) achieve strategic defensive objectives. (Modified from: Reference [31], p124-125) Note 2: In the U.S., “active defense” is 注 2:在美国,“积极防御”指采 the employment of limited offensive 取有限的攻击及反击以防止敌方占 action and counterattacks to deny a 领竞争中的区域或地点。(源自:参 contested area or position to the enemy. 考文献[9],p4) (From: Reference [9], p4) Note 3: In the context of missile 注 3:在导弹防御领域,“积极防 defense, “active defense” means the 御”指拦截并摧毁导弹或其弹头;

2 interception and destruction of missiles “消极防御”指主要通过使用爆炸 or their warheads; “passive defense” is 掩体和食物存储等来抵御弹头的效 protection against the effects of the 用。(改自:参考文献[62]) warheads primarily by the use of blast shelters, stockpiling of food, etc. (Modified from: Reference [62]) active neutron detection 有源中子探测 E A method of determining the existence 【yǒuyuán zhōngzǐ tàncè】 C of fissionable material through detecting 利用外源诱发裂变材料裂变,通过 the neutrons emitted from the fission 探测裂变发出的中子而证实裂变材 that is induced by an external source. 料存在的方法。(源自:参考文献[1], (From: Reference [1], p495) p495) active nuclear stockpile 现役核武库【xiànyì héwǔkù】 active seal 有源封记【yǒuyuán fēngjì】 Refer to “seal” 参见“封记” active tag 有源标签【yǒuyuán biāoqiān】 Refer to “tag” 参见“标签” active warhead 现役弹头【xiànyì dàntóu】 Ad Hoc Committee of 裁军谈判会议特设委员会【cáijūn Conference on Disarmament tánpàn huìyì tèshè wěiyuánhuì】 ad hoc inspection 特别视察【tèbié shìchá】 Additional Protocol 附加议定书【fùjiā yìdìngshū】 aftershock detection 余震监测【yúzhèn jiāncè】 Agreed Framework Between 美朝框架协议 the United States of American 【měi cháo kuàngjià xiéyì】 and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea agreement 协定/协议【xiédìng xiéyì】 Agreement Between the United 美苏关于建立减少核危险中心 States of America and the 的协定 Union of Soviet Socialist 【měi sū guānyú jiànlì jiǎnshǎo Republics on the Establishment héwēixiǎn zhōngxīn de xiédìng】 of Nuclear Risk Reduction Centers

3 Agreement Between the United 美苏关于防止核战争协定 States of America and the 【měi sū guānyú fángzhǐ hézhànzhēng Union of Soviet Socialist xiédìng】 Republics on the Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement on Measures to 美苏关于减少爆发核战争危险的措 Reduce the Risk of Outbreak of 施的协定 Nuclear War Between the 【měi sū guānyú jiǎnshǎo bàofā E United States of America and hézhànzhēng wēixiǎn de cuòshī de the Union of Soviet Socialist xiédìng】 C Republics Agreement on the Privileges 国际原子能机构特权和豁免协定 and Immunities of the IAEA 【guójì yuánzǐnéng jīgòu tèquán hé huòmiǎn xiédìng】 alarm system for physical 实体(实物)保护报警系统 protection 【shítǐ shíwù bǎohù bàojǐng xìtǒng】 alert rate of nuclear missiles 核导弹的戒备率 The percentage of those missiles that 【hédǎodàn de jièbèilǜ】 are on various stages of alert and can 处于各种戒备状态并能在规定发射 launch in stipulated preparatory times in 准备时间内实施作战发射的导弹数 relation to the entire arsenal of deploy- 占部署导弹总数的百分比。(改自: ed missiles. (Modified from: Reference [2], p49) 参考文献[2],p49) ammonium diuranate 重铀酸铵【zhòngyóusuān’ān】 announcement 公告【gōnggào】 annual dose 年(辐照)剂量【nián fúzhào jìliàng】 annual throughput 年通过量【nián tōngguòliàng】 anti-ballistic-missile missile 反弹道导弹的导弹 【fǎndàndàodǎodàn de dǎodàn】 anti-coercion alarm 反胁迫报警【fǎnxiépò bàojǐng】 Also called anti-hijack alarm. The con- 又称反劫持报警。给值班、巡逻人 cealed warning device provided for 员配备的隐蔽报警装置。(改自:参 guards on duty or on patrol. (Modified from: Reference [2], p91) 考文献[2],p91) aquafluor process 水氟化流程【shuǐfúhuà liúchéng】

4 aqueous reprocessing 水法后处理【shuǐfǎ hòuchǔlǐ】 area target 面目标【miàn mùbiāo】 arming nuclear weapon 核武器解保【héwǔqì jiěbǎo】 arms control 军备控制【jūnbèi kòngzhì】 arms race stability 军备竞赛稳定性 E 【jūnbèi jìngsài wěndìngxìng】 C artificial radionuclide 人工放射性核素 【réngōng fàngshèxìng hésù】 ASEAN (Association of 东盟地区论坛 Southeast Asian Nations) 【dōngméng dìqū lùntán】 Regional Forum assassin's mace 杀手锏【shāshǒujiǎn】 A type of metal weapon. Chinese 锏是一种由金属制成的冷兵器。在 classical novels describe the means of 中国古典小说中指与敌厮杀时出其 throwing the mace at the adversary 不意地用锏投掷敌手、以求取胜的 unexpectedly in order to win during 招数。喻指在关键时刻使出的最拿 fighting. It is a metaphor for an adept 手的本领或称绝招。(改自:参考文献 ability or unique skill used at a critical moment. (Modified from: Reference [36]) [36]) asymmetric warfare 非对称战争【fēiduìchèn zhànzhēng】 A war in which either side employs a 任何一方使用了不同的武器、战术 different weapon, tactic or strategy. “All 或战略的战争。“所有战略都基于 strategy works on asymmetries, so 非对称性原则进行谋划和实施,因 asymmetric warfare is representative of 此理性运筹的战争都具有非对称性 all rationally executed warfare.” (From: Reference [55], p102-108) 特征。 (源自: ” 参考文献[55],p102-108) atmospheric nuclear test 大气层核试验【dàqìcéng héshìyàn】 atmospheric-pressure fuze of 核武器气压引信【héwǔqì qìyā yǐnxìn】 nuclear weapon atomic bomb 原子弹【yuánzǐdàn】 Atomic Energy Commission 原子能委员会 【yuánzǐnéng wěiyuánhuì】

5 atomic mass 原子量【yuánzǐliàng】 atomic nucleus 原子核【yuánzǐhé】 atomic number 原子序数【yuánzǐ xùshù】 atomic-vapor laser isotope 原子蒸气激光同位素分离法 separation 【yuánzǐ zhēngqì jīguāng tóngwèisù fēnlífǎ】 E attribute approach 属性法【shǔxìngfǎ】 Identifies treaty-limited objects by C 通过测量物项的某些特征来识别条 measuring certain characteristics of an 约限定物项的方法。这些特征为某 object that should be displayed by all items of a given general type. (Modified 特定类型的所有物项所具备。(改自: from: Reference [11], p104) 参考文献[11],p104) attributes test 属性检验【shǔxìng jiǎnyàn】 A statistical test of a characteristic (or 判断一个物项的某项特征(或属性) attribute) of an item to which the 为“是”或“否”的统计试验。(源 response is either “yes” or “no”. (From: 自:参考文献[4],10.30) Reference [4], 10.30) authentication 真实性验证 【zhēnshíxìng yànzhèng】 ballistic-missile early warning 弹道导弹预警系统 system 【dàndàodǎodàn yùjǐng xìtǒng】 ballistic-missile submarine 弹道导弹潜艇 【dàndàodǎodàn qiántǐng】 ban 禁止【jìnzhǐ】 baseline data inspection 基准数据视察【jīzhǔn shùjù shìchá】 baseline exhibition for 非核重型轰炸机基线展示 non-nuclear heavy bombers 【fēihé zhòngxíng hōngzhàjī jīxiàn zhǎnshì】 batch data 批数据【pīshùjù】 beginning inventory of nuclear 核材料初期存量 material 【hécáiliào chūqī cúnliàng】 The amount of nuclear material at the 某一衡算周期开始时所拥有的材料 beginning of a balancing period. It 量。初始实物存量应等于前次材料 should be equal to the inventory at the 衡算周期中核材料的末期存量。(源

6 end of the last material balancing 自:参考文献[2],p186) period. (From: Reference [2], p186) bilateral cooperation agreement 双边合作协定 【shuāngbiān hézuò xiédìng】 binding energy 结合能【jiéhé’néng】 boiling water reactor (BWR) 沸水堆【fèishuǐduī】 E book inventory of a material 材料平衡区的账面存量 C balance area 【cáiliào pínghéngqū de zhàngmiàn cúnliàng】 boosted atomic bomb 助爆型原子弹 【zhùbàoxíng yuánzǐdàn】 burnup 燃耗【ránhào】 calibration 校准【jiàozhǔn】 canned subassembly (CSA) 罐装组件【guànzhuāng zǔjiàn】 The secondary assembly in a nuclear 核武器的次级装置,其内包含聚变 weapon containing both fusion fuel and 燃料和(大多数情况下)铀装料(可能 in most cases uranium (some or all of which may be HEU). (From: Reference [11], 部分或全部是高浓铀)。(源自:参考 p90) 文献[11],p90) Note: In America, the subassembly that 注:在美国,要装入最终武器的部 is to be incorporated into the final weapon is called a “canned subassem- 件被称为“罐装组件”。 bly” capability of destroying 毁伤硬目标能力 hardened target 【huǐshāng yìngmùbiāo nénglì】 capability of destroying soft 毁伤软目标能力 target 【huǐshāng ruǎnmùbiāo nénglì】 cascade 级联【jílián】 centrifuge damping device 离心机阻尼装置 【líxīnjī zǔní zhuāngzhì】 centrifuge failure rate 离心机失效率【líxīnjī shīxiàolǜ】 centrifuge rotor dynamics 离心机转子动力学 【líxīnjī zhuànzǐ dònglìxué】

7 centrifuge rotor material 离心机转子材料 【líxīnjī zhuànzǐ cáiliào】 centrifuge separation plant 离心分离工厂【líxīn fēnlí gōngchǎng】 chain reaction 链式反应【liànshì fǎnyìng】 charter 宪章【xiànzhāng】 China’s nonproliferation export 中国防扩散出口管制体系 E control system 【zhōngguó fángkuòsàn chūkǒu China’s comprehensive export control guǎnzhì tǐxì】 C system regarding various nuclear, bio- 中国关于核、生物、化学和导弹等 logical, chemical and missile-related 各类敏感物项和技术及所有军品的 sensitive items, technology and all 全面的出口控制体制。(源自:参考文 military goods.(From: Reference [38]) 献[38]) circular error probable (CEP) 圆概率偏差【yuán gàilǜ piānchā】 For repeated trials, the radius of a circle 对于射弹、导弹或炸弹而言,其圆 enclosing half of the impacts of a pro- 概率偏差是指,在反复试验中,包 jectile, missile, or bomb. (Modified from: 含其半数弹着点的圆形区域的半 Reference [9]) 径。(改自:参考文献[9]) classical super design 经典超级模型 【jīngdiǎn chāojí móxíng】 classification of reactor 反应堆分类【fǎnyìngduī fēnlèi】 clean hydrogen bomb 干净氢弹【gānjìng qīngdàn】 close-out inspection 设施关闭视察 【shèshī guānbì shìchá】 closed-down facility/closed- 已关闭设施/已关闭的设施外场所 down location outside facilities 【yǐguānbì shèshī yǐguānbì de shèshīwài chǎngsuǒ】 closed nuclear fuel cycle 闭式核燃料循环 There are two common types of nuclear 【bìshì héránliào xúnhuán】 fuel cycle. One is the “open” fuel cycle, 核燃料循环通常有两种类型。一种 in which the spent fuel is not reprocess- 是“开式”燃料循环,即乏燃料不 ed but kept in storage pending eventual 经过后处理,在最终处置前以废料 disposal as waste. The other is the “closed” fuel cycle, where the spent fuel 形式储存。另一种是“闭式”燃料 is reprocessed and the uranium and 循环,即乏燃料经过后处理从裂变 plutonium separated from the fission 产物中分离出铀和钚。铀和钚都可

8 products. Both the uranium and the 作为新的燃料元件循环使用。(源自: plutonium can be recycled into new fuel 参考文献[14],p1-2) elements. (From: Reference [14], p1-2) cobalt bomb 钴弹【gǔdàn】 Refer to “induced-radioactivity bomb ” 参见“感生放射性弹” cold war 冷战【lěngzhàn】 E collective radiation dose 集体辐照剂量【jítǐ fúzhào jìliàng】 C collective security 集体安全【jítǐ ānquán】 An approach to prevent and curb aggre- 多国通过有组织的集体行动来预防 ssion and maintain security for countri- es through the organized collective 和制止侵略,保护各国安全的一种 action of multiple countries. (From: 方式。(源自:参考文献[1],p23) Reference [1], p23) command, control,communi- 指挥、控制、通信和情报 cation and intelligence system 系统(C3I 系统) (C3I) 【zhǐhuī kòngzhì tōngxìn hé qíngbào xìtǒng C3I xìtǒng】 command, control,communi- 指挥、控制、通信、计算和 cations, computing and 情报系统(C4I 系统) intelligence (C4I) 【zhǐhuī kòngzhì tōngxìn jìsuàn hé qíngbào xìtǒng C4I xìtǒng】 Committee on Disarmament 裁军谈判委员会 【cáijūn tánpàn wěiyuánhuì】 common security 共同安全【gòngtóng ānquán】 A security concept that originated in 冷战时期欧洲形成的一种安全概 Europe during the Cold War era. In 1982, the Independent Commission on 念。1982 年,瑞典首相帕尔梅主持 Disarmament and Security Issues 的“裁军和安全问题独立委员会” chaired by Swedish prime minister Olof Palme published a report entitled 的报告《共同安全:生存蓝图》中 “Common Security: A Blueprint for 首次提出。该报告认为,共同安全 Existence”, which for the first time put 是基于这样一种认识,即安全的最 forward this concept. The report pointed out that common security is based on 佳保证是通过双边或多边的增强安 the following concept: the best 全合作而非通过相互竞争的强权政 guarantee for security is obtained through cooperation in improving 治来获得。(源自:参考文献[1],p23)

9 security for both or all parties rather than through competitive power politics.(From: Reference [1], p23) communication system for 实体保护通信系统 physical protection 【shítǐ bǎohù tōngxìn xìtǒng】 communique 公报【gōngbào】 compellence 威逼【wēibī】 E The use of the threat of force to compel 威胁使用武力以迫使敌手采取己方 C a desired action by one’s adversary. 期望的行动。(源自:参考文献[23]) (From: Reference [23]) Note: compellence refers to efforts to 注:威逼致力于终止已发生的行为 stop an action already underway 而威慑致力于防止未发生的行动。 whereas deterrence refers to efforts to (源自:参考文献[39]) prevent future action. (From: Reference [39]) Derived from: “Compellence… usually 衍生:威逼,通常包括发起(威胁性) involves initiating an action (or an 的行动(或诉诸行动的不可更改的 irrevocable commitment to action) that 决心),只有在对手作出(妥协性的) can cease, or become harmless, only if 反应后才能终止或变得无害。(源自: the opponent responds.” (From: Reference [23]) 参考文献[23]) complex (diffusion) barrier 多层分离膜/复合分离膜 A kind of (isotope) separation barrier 【duōcéng fēnlímó fùhé fēnlímó】 composed of multiple layers of 由多层不同结构的多孔膜紧密叠合 compactly overlapped porous barriers 组成的分离膜。(源自:参考文献[2], with different structure. (From: Reference [2], p81) p81) composite sample 混合样品【hùnhé yàngpǐn】 comprehensive (full scope) 全面保障监督协定 safeguards agreement (CSA) 【quánmiàn bǎozhàng jiāndū xiédìng】 comprehensive national power 综合国力【zōnghé guólì】 Comprehensive Test Ban 全面禁止核试验条约 Treaty (CTBT) 【quánmiàn jìnzhǐ héshìyàn tiáoyuē】 compressor for gaseous 气体扩散分离压缩机 diffusion separation 【qìtǐ kuòsàn fēnlí yāsuōjī】

10 computer simulation of a 核爆炸的计算机模拟 nuclear explosion 【hébàozhà de jìsuànjī mónǐ】 concert of powers 大国协调【dàguó xiétiáo】 Conference of the Committee 裁军委员会会议 on Disarmament (CCD) 【cáijūn wěiyuánhuì huìyì】 Conference on Disarmament 裁军谈判会议 E (CD) 【cáijūn tánpàn huìyì】 C Confidence and Security 建立信任与安全措施 Building Measures (CSBMs) 【jiànlì xìnrèn yǔ ānquán cuòshī】 configuration of hydrogen 氢弹构形【qīngdàn gòuxíng】 bomb contact fuze of nuclear weapon 核武器触发引信 【héwǔqì chùfā yǐnxìn】 containment of nuclear material 核材料封隔【hécáiliào fēnggé】 containment strategy 遏制战略【èzhì zhànlüè】 Refers to the foreign policy strategy of 美国在冷战初期试图阻止苏联的扩 the United States during the Cold War 张和防止一些国家在政治上走向苏 in which it attempted to stop the expan- sion of the Soviet Union and to prevent 联领导的共产主义的外交政策战 nations moving politically towards com- 略。(改自:参考文献[40]) munism led by the Soviet Union. (Modified from: Reference [40]) continental shelf 大陆架【dàlùjià】 continuous inspection 连续视察【liánxù shìchá】 An inspection regime intended to 为达到保障监督目的,通过察看关 maintain continuity of knowledge con- 键操作、记录测量和运行的数据并 cerning inventory and flow of nuclear material by witnessing key operations, 核实这些信息,借以持续地掌握材 recording measurement and operating 料的库存清单和流向情况的视察机 data, and verifying the information in 制。(源自:参考文献[4],11.12) order to meet the safeguards objec- tives. (From: Reference [4], 11.12) control center for physical 实体保护控制中心 protection 【shítǐ bǎohù kòngzhì zhōngxīn】

11 control sample 对照样品【dùizhào yàngpǐn】 convention 公约【gōngyuē】 Convention on Physical 核材料实体(物)保护公约 Protection for Nuclear Material 【hécáiliào shítǐwù bǎohù gōngyuē】 The convention signed to promote the 该公约以促进《不扩散核武器条约》 peaceful purpose of developing and using nuclear energy among every 的各缔约国和平发展和利用核能为 E Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty State 目的,并加强各国对核材料使用、 C Party, to strengthen the protection of 储存和运输的保护,防止核材料的 nuclear material usage, storage and transportation, and to prevent the 非法获取及使用而可能造成的危 possible dangers caused by illegally 险。公约于 1980 年 3 月签署。2005 obtaining and using nuclear material. It was signed on 3 March, 1980. In July 年 7 月通过了旨在进一步加强核设 2005, the amended version of the 施与核材料保护的公约修订案并签 convention that aims to further 署了新公约。新公约采纳了中国提 strengthen the protection of nuclear material and facilities was adopted and 交的支持国际社会加强对核设施保 the new convention was signed. The 护的努力、反对以任何形式对其他 new convention accepted the 国家和平核设施动用武力或进行武 amendment submitted by China which declared its support for the effort of the 力威胁的修订案。新公约还首次明 international community to strengthen 确规定,缔约国要在保护核材料安 the protection of nuclear facilities, and opposed any form of force or threat of 全、防范核恐怖主义方面进一步加 force to any States’ peaceful nuclear 强国际合作。(源自:参考文献[52]) facility. It also prescribes for the first time that any State Party should further strengthen international cooperation on protecting the safety of nuclear material and preventing nuclear terrorism. (From: Reference[52]) conversion inspection 转化视察【zhuǎnhuà shìchá】 conversion of uranium 六氟化铀转化 hexafluoride 【liùfúhuàyóu zhuǎnhuà】 conversion of uranium product 铀产品的转化 【yóuchǎnpǐn de zhuǎnhuà】

12 conversion plant 转化厂【zhuǎnhuàchǎng】 conversion time 转化时间【zhuǎnhuà shíjiān】 The time required to convert different 将不同形式的核材料转化成核爆炸 forms of nuclear material to the metallic 装置金属部件所需要的时间。(源自: components of a nuclear explosive device. (From: Reference [4], 3.13) 参考文献[4],3.13) E conversion time of nuclear 核材料转化时间 C material 【hécáiliào zhuǎnhuà shíjiān】 cooling of spent fuel 乏燃料的冷却 【fáránliào de lěngquè】 cooperation protocol 合作议定书【hézuò yìdìngshū】 cooperative security 合作安全【hézuò ānquán】 A new security approach that evolved 冷战后形成的一种新的安全途径, after the end of the Cold War, “which “它强调安全保证,而不是威慑; emphasizes reassurance rather than deterrence; it is inclusive rather than 它是包容性的,而不是排斥性的; exclusive; favours multilateralism over 它注重多边主义而不是单边或双边 unilateralism or bilateralism; does not 主义;它不认为军事手段高于非军 rank military solutions over non-military 事手段;它认为国家是安全体系里 ones; assumes that states are the 的主要行为体,但也接受非国家行 principal actors in the security system 为体能发挥重要作用;它不特别强 but accepts that non-state actors have an important role to play; does not 调,但也不拒绝建立正式的安全机 particularly emphasize the creation of 构;最重要的是,它强调建立对话 formal security institutions, but does not 习惯的重要性。 (源自: ” 参考文献[65]) reject them either; and which, above all, stresses the value of creating habits of dialogue.” (From: Reference [65]) Cooperative Threat Reduction 合作减少威胁计划/纳恩-卢格计划 Program/Nunn-Lugar Program 【hézuò jiǎnshǎo wēixié jìhuà nà’ēn The November 1991 legislation that lúgé jìhuà】 provides the Department of Defense 由美国国会于 1991 年 11 月通过。 (DOD) with the authority to fund 该立法授权国防部为符合条件的前 assistance to the eligible states of the former Soviet Union to dismantle and 苏联国家拆除和销毁大规模杀伤性

13 destroy weapons of mass destruction; 武器提供资金援助,加强拆卸过程 to strengthen the security of nuclear weapons and fissile materials in 中核武器和裂变材料的安全,防止 connection with dismantlement; to 扩散,帮助独联体国家(NIS)把大规 prevent proliferation; and to help 模杀伤性武器的工业和科技基础设 demilitarize the industrial and scientific infrastructure in the Newly Independent 施转化为非军事目的。从 1996 年 States (NIS) which has supported 起,美国国务院负责武器专家的转 E weapons of mass destruction. Since C 行和出口控制,能源部负责核材料 1996, the Department of State and Department of Energy have assumed 的控制和衡算。(改自:参考文献[50]) responsibility respectively for redirection of weapons expertise and export controls (State) and nuclear material control and accountability (DOE) prog- ram activities. (Modified from: Reference [50]) core of atomic bomb 原子弹弹芯【yuánzǐdàn dànxīn】 Refer to “pit” 参见“弹芯” CORRTEX (continuous 科尔太克斯法【kē’ěrtàikèsī fǎ】 reflectometry for radius vs time ( 连续反射法测量半径随时间变化 experiment) 的实验) countercurrent gas centrifuge 逆流离心机【nìliú líxīnjī】 counterforce strike 打击军事力量【dǎjī jūnshì lìliàng】 The employment of strategic air and 在任何可引发冲突的情况下,使用 missile forces in an effort to destroy, or 战略空军和导弹力量摧毁或使选定 render impotent, selected military capa- bilities of an enemy force under any of 的敌方军事力量失效。(源自:参考文 the circumstances by which hostilities 献[9],p128) may be initiated. (From: Reference [9], p128) countervalue strike 打击社会财富【dǎjī shèhuì cáifù】 Striking non-military assets of value to 打击敌方有价值的非军事目标,如 the enemy, such as population and 人口和工业设施。(改自:参考文献[27]) industry centers. (Modified from: Reference [27])

14 covenant 盟约【méngyuē】 coverage of IAEA safeguards 国际原子能机构保障监督的范围 【guójì yuánzǐnéng jīgòu bǎozhàng jiāndū de fànwéi】 cratering of nuclear explosion 核爆炸成坑效应 【hébàozhà chéngkēng xiàoyìng】 E crisis control 危机控制【wēijī kòngzhì】 A series of interactive processes carried C 泛指遵循维护国家利益和避免武力 out following the principle of safeguard- ing national interests and avoiding arm- 冲突的原则而抑制危机扩展的一系 ed conflicts, to eliminate the factors that 列互动过程:在危机尚处潜在阶段 may impel the eruption of latent crisis; 时努力消除可能促其爆发的因素; to lessen the seriousness of the crisis 在危机爆发时促其尽快向缓解方向 as soon as possible, and to reduce the 转化,因势利导,尽可能降低对抗 degree of rivalry and contain the expan- sion of the crisis. (Modified from: Reference 程度。(改自:参考文献[1],p42) [1], p42) crisis management 危机管理【wēijī guǎnlǐ】 Procedures for controlling and manag- 控制和管理危机,使其不至于失控 ing a crisis so that it does not get out of 而导致战争的过程。危机管理应确 hand and lead to war. Crisis manage- ment also ensures that the crisis is 保解决危机以保障国家攸关利益。 resolved so that the vital interests of the (改自:参考文献[28],p240) states involved are secured and protect- ed. (Modified from: Reference [28], p240) crisis stability 危机稳定性【wēijī wěndìngxìng】 critical assembly 临界装置【línjiè zhuāngzhì】 criticality safety assessment 临界安全评估【línjiè ānquán pínggū】 Analyses and experiments made to 为确保核武器用的可裂变材料在生 ensure fissionable materials used for nuclear weapons remains in a 产、加工、运输及装配过程中均处 subcritical and safe state during the 于次临界安全状态所进行的实验和 whole process of production, process- 分析。(改自:参考文献[2],p40) ing, transportation and assembly. (Modified from: Reference [2], p40)

15 cruise missile 巡航导弹【xúnháng dǎodàn】 cumulative radiation dose 累积辐照剂量【lěijī fúzhào jìliàng】 damaging and injuring effects 水面及水下核爆炸毁伤效应 of shallow or underwater nu- 【shuǐmiàn jí shuǐxià hébàozhà clear explosion huǐshāng xiàoyìng】 damaging and injuring effects 冲击波毁伤效应 of shock wave 【chōngjībō huǐshāng xiàoyìng】 E damaging and injuring effects 地面或地下核爆炸毁伤效应 C of surface or underground 【dìmiàn huò dìxià hébàozhà huǐshāng nuclear explosion xiàoyìng】 damaging and injuring effects 核爆炸光辐射毁伤效应 of thermal radiation of nuclear 【hébàozhà guāngfúshè huǐshāng explosion xiàoyìng】 data update inspection 数据更新视察【shùjù gēngxīn shìchá】 decay 衰变【shuāibiàn】 decay energy 衰变能【shuāibiànnéng】 declaration 宣言【xuānyán】 decommissioned facility/de- 退役设施/退役的设施外场所 commissioned location outside 【tuìyì shèshī tuìyì de shèshīwài facilities chǎngsuǒ】 decoupled underground 解耦的地下核爆炸 nuclear explosion 【jiě’ǒu de dìxià hébàozhà】 de-exemption 解除豁免【jiěchú huòmiǎn 】 defect 亏量【kuīliàng】 defense white paper 国防白皮书【guófáng báipíshū】 defensive strategy 防御性战略【fángyùxìng zhànlüè】 To guard against and resist the enemy’s 在全局上采取承受、逐步削弱和阻 attack by means of a strategy based on operations that absorb, progressively 止的态势,防备和抗击敌人的进攻。 weaken and block such an attack. (改自:参考文献[18],p36-37) (Modified from: Reference [18], p36-37) depleted uranium 贫化铀【pínhuàyóu】 depletion 贫化【pínhuà】

16 design information verification 设计资料核查【shèjì zīliào héchá】 (DIV) destruction 销毁【xiāohuǐ】 destructive analysis (DA) 破坏性分析【pòhuàixìng fēnxī】 detection of nuclear explosion 核爆炸探测【hébàozhà tàncè】 detection probability 探知概率【tànzhī gàilǜ】 E C detection system for physical 实体保护探测系统 protection 【shítǐ bǎohù tàncè xìtǒng】 detection system of nuclear 核爆炸探测系统 explosion 【hébàozhà tàncè xìtǒng】 detection technology of nuclear 核爆炸探测技术 explosion 【hébàozhà tàncè jìshù】 detection time 探知时间【tànzhī shíjiān】 detente 缓和【huǎnhé】 deterrence 威慑【wēishè】 The prevention from action by fear of 通过使对手害怕后果来防止其采取 the consequences. Deterrence is a 行动。威慑是一种由难以承受的反 state of mind brought about by the 击行动所致的可信威胁的存在所引 existence of a credible threat of unacceptable counteraction. (From: 发的心理状态。(源自:参考文献[9], Reference [9], p160) p160) Refer to “compellence” 参见“威逼” deterrence of diversion 遏制转用【èzhì zhuǎnyòng】 deuterium 氘【dāo】 diagnostic and measurement of 核试验的诊断和测量 nuclear test 【héshìyàn de zhěnduàn hé cèliáng】 diffuser 扩散分离器【kuòsàn fēnlíqì】 diffusion barrier 分离膜【fēnlímó】 diffusion separation unit 扩散分离机组【kuòsàn fēnlí jīzǔ】 directed-energy weapon driven 核爆激励定向能武器 by a nuclear explosion 【hébào jīlì dìngxiàngnéng wǔqì】

17 direct-use material 直接使用材料【zhíjiē shǐyòng cáiliào】 Nuclear material that can be used for 未经嬗变或进一步浓缩就可用于制 the manufacture of nuclear explosive 造核爆炸装置的核材料。(源自:参 devices without transmutation or further 考文献[4],4.25) enrichment. (From: Reference [4], 4.25) dirty bomb 脏弹【zāngdàn】 Refer to “radiological dispersal 参见“放射性物质散布装置” E device (RDD)” C disarmament 裁军【cáijūn】 dissuasion 劝阻【quànzǔ】 In current U.S. thinking, “to persuade 在当前美国思维中,指劝说其他大 other powers to refrain from initiating a competition in military capabilities.” 国放弃与美国在军事能力方面的竞 (From: Reference [41]) 争。(源自:参考文献[41]) Note: In the context of nuclear doctrine, 注:在核学说范畴,法语单词“la the French word, “la dissuasion” means dissuasion”实质上意指威慑。(源自: essentially “deterrence”. (From: Reference [69], pII-41) 参考文献[69],pII-41) distinguishability exhibition 可区分性展示 【kěqūfēnxìng zhǎnshì】 diversion of nuclear material 核材料转用 【hécáiliào zhuǎnyòng】 diversion strategy/diversion 转用策略/转用途径 path 【zhuǎnyòng cèlüè zhuǎnyòng tújìng】 A (hypothetical) scheme which a State 一种(假定的)策略,即某国可能考 could consider to divert nuclear material 虑转用国际原子能机构保障监督的 or to misuse items subject to IAEA 核材料或不正当使用国际原子能机 safeguards. Diversion strategies would include: the undeclared removal of 构保障监督的物项。转用策略可能 nuclear material from a safeguarded 包括:从一个受保障监督的设施内 facility or the use of a safeguarded 擅自转移核材料或利用一个受保障 facility for the introduction, production or 监督的核设施引进、生产或处理未 processing of undeclared nuclear 申报的核材料。(源自:参考文献[4], material. (From: Reference [4], 3.7) 3.7)

18 diversity of technical protection 技术防护系统的多样性 systems 【jìshù fánghù xìtǒng de duōyàngxìng】 doctrine of "reasonable “合理足够”原则 sufficiency" 【hélǐ zúgòu yuánzé】 downstream facility 下游设施【xiàyóu shèshī】 drilling to obtain radioactive 钻探取样【zuāntàn qǔyàng】 E samples C dry reprocessing 干法后处理【gānfǎ hòuchǔlǐ】 dry storage 干法贮存【gānfǎ zhùcún】 DUPIC (Direct Use of Spent 杜皮克工艺【dùpíkè gōngyì】 PWR fuel in CANDU reactors) (压水堆乏燃料直接用于坎杜反应 process 堆的工艺) early-warning satellite 预警卫星【yùjǐng wèixīng】 effects of nuclear explosion on 核爆炸通信效应 communication 【hébàozhà tōngxìn xiàoyìng】 effects of radioactive 放射性沾染效应 contamination 【fàngshèxìng zhānrǎn xiàoyìng】 efficiency of barrier 分离膜效率【fēnlímó xiàolǜ】 The ratio of a porous barrier’s real 分离膜的实际浓缩因子与理想浓缩 enrichment factor to its theoretical maximum enrichment factor. Because 因子的比值。由于非纯分子流和膜 of non-ideal molecular flow and back 后反扩散的影响,分离膜的实际浓 diffusion, the real enrichment factor is 缩因子通常小于理想浓缩因子。(改 less than the theoretical maximum enrichment factor. (Modified from: Reference 自:参考文献[2],p126) [2], p126) efficiency of cascade 级联效率【jílián xiàolǜ】 Eighteen-Nation Committee on 十八国裁军委员会 Disarmament (ENCD) 【shíbāguó cáijūn wěiyuánhuì】 electromagnetic-pulse 有界波型电磁脉冲模拟器 boundary-wave type simulator 【yǒujiè bōxíng diàncí màichōng mónǐqì】 electromagnetic pulse of 高空核爆炸电磁脉冲 high-altitude nuclear explosion 【gāokōng hébàozhà diàncí màichōng】

19 electromagnetic-pulse 辐射波型电磁脉冲模拟器 radiation-wave type simulator 【fúshèbōxíng diàncí màichōng mónǐqì】 electromagnetic pulse weapon 电磁脉冲弹【diàncí màichōng dàn】 A nuclear explosive designed to 一种设计成能加强核武器电磁脉冲 enhance the electromagnetic pulse 效应的核爆炸装置。(源自:参考文献 radiated by a nuclear weapon. (From: [20]) E Reference [20]) C electromagnetic pulse weapon 核爆驱动电磁脉冲弹 driven by nuclear explosion 【hébào qūdòng diàncí màichōngdàn】 electron 电子【diànzǐ】 electron gun 电子枪【diànzǐqiāng】 electronic reconnaissance 电子侦察卫星 satellite/electronic intelligence 【diànzǐ zhēnchá wèixīng】 (ELINT) satellite elimination inspection 销毁视察【xiāohuǐ shìchá】 ending inventory of nuclear 核材料末期存量 material 【hécáiliào mòqī cúnliàng】 energy consumption of unit 单位分离功能耗 separative work 【dānwèi fēnlígōng nénghào】 engineering design of nuclear 核武器工程设计 weapon 【héwǔqì gōngchéng shèjì】 enhanced X-ray weapon 增强 X 射线弹 【zēngqiáng X shèxiàndàn】 enriched uranium 浓缩(富集)铀【nóngsuō fùjí yóu】 enrichment 浓缩(富集)度【nóngsuō fùjí dù】 enrichment factor 浓缩(富集)因子 【nóngsuō fùjí yīnzǐ】 enrichment plant/isotope 浓缩(富集)厂/同位素分离厂 separation plant 【nóngsuō fùjí chǎng tóngwèisù fēnlíchǎng】 entrance and exit control 出入口控制 【chūrùkǒu kòngzhì】

20 environmental sampling 环境取样【huánjìng qǔyàng】 In the context of IAEA safeguards, the 在 IAEA 保障监督框架内,从环境 collection of samples from the environ- 中取样,并通过对样品的分析获取 ment with a view to analyzing them for traces of materials that can reveal 相关痕迹以揭示所处理的核材料或 information about nuclear material 进行的活动的信息。(源自:参考文献 handled or activities conducted. (From: [4],9.1) E Reference [4], 9.1) C environmental sampling of 核爆炸环境取样 nuclear explosion 【hébàozhà huánjìng qǔyàng】 environmental simulation test 核武器环境模拟试验 of nuclear weapon 【héwǔqì huánjìng mónǐ shìyàn】 equipment for ground test and 核武器地面测控设备 monitoring of nuclear weapon 【héwǔqì dìmiàn cèkòng shèbèi】 equivalent dose 当量剂量【dāngliàng jìliàng】 equivalent megatonnage 等效百万吨数 The 2/3 power of the yield of a nuclear 【děngxiào báiwàndūnshù】 warhead measured by megaton TNT 以百万吨 TNT 当量为单位计量核 equivalent. The formula is 弹威力的数值的三分之二次方。用 EMT=(Y/Y0)2/3, where Y is the yield of a 公式可表示为 EMT=(Y/Y0)2/3。式中 nuclear warhead and Y0 is one megaton Y 为核弹威力,Y0 为一百万吨 TNT TNT equivalent. (Modified from: Reference 当量。(改自:参考文献[3],p115-116) [3], p115-116) equivalent megatonnage-to- 比等效百万吨数 weight ratio 【bǐděngxiào bǎiwàndūnshù】 error 误差【wùchā】 essential equipment list (EEL) 重要设备清单 【zhòngyào shèbèi qīngdān】 examine and repair deployed 部署弹头的检修 warhead 【bùshǔ dàntóu de jiǎnxiū】 exchange of notes 换文【huànwén】 exemption from IAEA 国际原子能机构保障监督的豁免 safeguards 【guójì yuánzǐnéng jīgòu bǎozhàng jiāndū de huòmiǎn】

21 existing stock of nuclear 核材料现有库存 material 【hécáiliào xiànyǒu kùcún】 exposure 照射【zhàoshè】 extended nuclear deterrence 延伸(扩展)核威慑 1 Strategy of preventing nuclear attack 【yánshēn kuòzhǎn héwēishè】 on one’s allies by threatening the 1 通过用核报复导致无法承受的毁 perceived or potential enemy with E unacceptable damage by nuclear 伤以威胁觉察到的或潜在的敌手, C retaliation. 防止其对盟国进行核打击的战略。 2 Strategy of preventing conventional 2 以威胁核报复来防止对其或其盟 attack on oneself or one’s allies by 友进行常规打击的战略。(改自:参 threat of nuclear retaliation. (Modified from: Reference [7], p14-15) 考文献[7],p14-15) false-alarm rate 虚警率【xūjǐnglǜ】 The ratio of alarms triggered by real 被非真实事件驱动的报警次数与监 events to the total number of alarms the monitoring system detects. The false 测系统设计上所能侦测到的总报警 alarms are generated because the 次数的比例。虚警的产生是由于监 monitoring system could not distinguish 测系统无法区分真实的或虚假的警 real from false alarms. (Modified from: Reference [1], p489) 报。(改自:参考文献[1],p489) fast-neutron criticality facility 快中子临界装置 【kuàizhōngzǐ línjiè zhuāngzhì】 fast-neutron pulse reactor 快中子脉冲堆 【kuàizhōngzǐ màichōng duī】 fast neutrons 快中子【kuàizhōngzǐ】 fast reactor 快堆【kuàiduī】 feed and withdrawals of a gas 气体离心机的供取料 centrifuge 【qìtǐ líxīnjī de gōngqǔliào】 feed material 供料【gōngliào】 fertile material 可转换材料【kězhuǎnhuàn cáiliào】 Nuclear material that can be converted 通过在一个原子核中俘获一个中子 into a special fissionable material through capture of one neutron per 而能被转化为特种可裂变材料的一 nucleus. (From: Reference [4], 4.7) 种核材料。(源自:参考文献[4],4.7)

22 Final Document of the Special 联大裁军特别会议最后文件 Session of the General 【liándà cáijūn tèbié huìyì Assembly Devoted to zuìhòu wénjiàn】 Disarmament firing range 射程【shèchéng】 firing the nuclear weapon 核武器引爆【héwǔqì yǐnbào】 E First Committee of the UN 联合国大会第一委员会 General Assembly 【liánhéguó dàhuì dìyī wěiyuánhuì】 C first-generation nuclear weapon 第一代核武器【dìyīdài héwǔqì】 fissile material 易裂变材料 【yìlièbiàn cáiliào】 fission neutrons 裂变中子【lièbiàn zhōngzǐ】 fission weapon 裂变武器【lièbiàn wǔqì】 fission yield 裂变产额/裂变威力 【lièbiàn chǎn’é lièbiàn wēilì】 fissionable material 可裂变材料【kělièbiàn cáiliào】 In general, an isotope or a mixture of 一般而言,指能产生核裂变的一种 isotopes capable of nuclear fission. 同位素或同位素混合物。有些可裂 Some fissionable materials are capable of fission only by sufficiently fast 变材料只有在足够快的中子(如动 neutrons (e.g. neutrons of a kinetic 能超过 1 MeV 的中子)作用下才能 energy above 1 MeV). Isotopes that 发生裂变。在所有能量的中子包括 undergo fission by neutrons of all 慢(热)中子作用下都可以发生裂变 energies, including slow (thermal) neutrons, are usually referred to as 的同位素通常称之为易裂变材料或 fissile materials or fissile isotopes. For 易裂变同位素。例如,同位素 铀 example, isotopes U-233, U-235, -233,铀-235,钚-239,钚-241 既被 Pu-239 and Pu-241 are referred to as 称为可裂变材料又被称为易裂变材 both fissionable and fissile, while U-236 料,而铀-238 和钚-240 仅被称为可 and Pu-240 are fissionable but not fissile. (From: Reference[4], 4.6) 裂变材料而不是易裂变材料。(源自: 参考文献[4],4.6) Five Principles of Peaceful 和平共处五项原则 Coexistence 【hépíng gòngchǔ wǔxiàng yuánzé】 The Five Principles are: mutual respect 和平共处五项原则,即相互尊重主

23 for sovereignty and territorial integrity, 权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干 mutual non-aggression, non- 涉内政、平等互利、和平共处。这 interference in each other's internal 五项原则由周恩来总理在与印度代 affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and 表团谈判时提出,并于 1954 年 6 月 peaceful coexistence. In negotiation 首次被写入周恩来总理与贾瓦 with an Indian delegation the Five Principles were set forth by Premier 哈·尼赫鲁总理签署的联合公报中, E Zhou Enlai, and subsequently included 此后被众多国际性文件所采用并成 C in the joint communique issued by 为公认的指导国际关系的准则。(源 Premier Zhou Enlai and Prime Minister 自:参考文献[53]) Jawaharlal Nehru, in June 1954. Since that time the principles have been adopted in many other international documents. (Modified from: Reference[53]) flash radiography by 闪光 X 射线照相 pulsed X-ray system 【shǎnguāng X shèxiàn zhàoxiàng】 flow field in gas centrifuge 气体离心机流场【qìtǐ líxīnjī liúchǎng】 fluoride volatility process 氟化挥发法【fúhuà huīfāfǎ】 fluorides of uranium 铀的氟化物【yóu de fúhuàwù】 fluorination of uranium oxide 铀氧化物的氟化 【yóuyǎnghuàwù de fúhuà】 focusing of weak shock wave 弱冲击波聚焦【ruò chōngjībō jùjiāo】 formerly declared facility 先前申报设施视察 inspection 【xiānqián shēnbào shèshī shìchá】 forward defense strategy 前沿防御战略 【qiányán fángyù zhànlüè】 fratricidal effect of nuclear 核武器自相摧毁效应 weapon 【héwǔqì zìxiāng cuīhuǐ xiàoyìng】 freeze 冻结【dòngjié】 fuel assembly 燃料组件【ránliào zǔjiàn】 fuel bundle 燃料棒束【ránliàobàngshù】 fuel component 燃料部件【ránliào bùjiàn】

24 fuel element 燃料元件【ránliào yuánjiàn】 fuel fabrication plant 燃料制造厂【ránliào zhìzàochǎng】 fuel of fusion 聚变燃料【jùbiàn ránliào】 fusion reaction 聚变反应【jùbiàn fǎnyìng】 fusion yield 聚变威力【jùbiàn wēilì】 E fuze of nuclear weapon 核武器引信【héwǔqì yǐnxìn】 C G-8 Global Partnership Against 八国集团“防止大规模杀伤性武器 the Spread of Weapons and 和材料扩散的全球伙伴计划” Materials of Mass Destruction 【bāguó jítuán fángzhǐ dàguīmó Launched in 2002 by the G-8 (Russian, shāshāngxìng wǔqì hé cáiliào kuòsàn de quánqiú huǒbàn jìhuà】 the U.S., Britian, France, Japan, Germany, Canada and Italy), this effort 该计划是八国集团(俄罗斯、美国、 aims to prevent the proliferation of 英国、法国、日本、德国、加拿大 weapons of mass destruction to terror- 和意大利)于 2002 年提出的,旨在 ists or those who support them through 通过与裁军、不扩散、反恐和核安 projects pertaining to disarmament, 全有关的项目,防止大规模杀伤性 nonproliferation, counterterrorism and 武器扩散到恐怖主义者或其支持者 nuclear safety. Originally targeted at 手中。最初目标是在俄罗斯开展为 carrying out $20 billion of projects in 期 10 年耗资 200 亿美元的项目,现 Russia over 10 years, the G-8 Global 八国集团全球伙伴关系已经扩展到 Partnership has expanded to include 八国以外的国家。 (改自:参考文献 additional countries. (Modified from: References [42-43]) [42-43]) gamma radiation monitoring γ辐射监测和能谱分析 and energy spectrum analysis 【γ fúshè jiāncè hé néngpǔ fēnxī】 gas centrifuge 气体离心机【qìtǐ líxīnjī】 gaseous diffusion method 气体扩散法【qìtǐ kuòsànfǎ】 gaseous diffusion plant 气体扩散工厂 【qìtǐ kuòsàn gōngchǎng】 geological repository 地质处置库【dìzhì chǔzhìkù】 geophysical effects of nuclear 核爆炸地球物理效应 explosion 【hébàozhà dìqiúwùlǐ xiàoyìng】

25 geophysical survey in on-site 现场视察中的地球物理勘测 inspections 【xiànchǎng shìchá zhōng de dìqiú wùlǐ kāncè】 glass solidification 玻璃固化【bōli gùhuà】 Global Initiative to Combat 打击核恐怖主义全球行动倡议 Nuclear Terrorism 【dǎjī hékǒngbùzhǔyì quánqiú Launched in 2006 by the United States xíngdòng chàngyì】 E and Russia, the initiative aims to 2006 年由美国和俄国发起,旨在防 prevent terrorist access to nuclear C 止恐怖主义分子获取核材料的倡 materials by improving accounting and 议,具体措施包括:改善核及放射 security of radioactive and nuclear materials, enhancing security at civilian 性材料的衡算与安全,加强对民用 nuclear facilities, and improving 核设施的保护,提高对核及放射性 detection of nuclear and radioactive 物质探测能力以防止非法走私。(源 materials to prevent illicit trafficking. 自:参考文献[44]) (From: Reference [44]) global strategy 全球战略【quánqiú zhànlüè】 Strategy that aims at achieving and 泛指运用军事、经济、政治、外交 maintaining global interests for a nation or a group of nations through military, 等手段以实现和保护国家或国家集 economic, political, diplomatic and other 团在全球的利益的方略。(源自:参 means. (From: Reference [1], p25) 考文献[1],p25) glove box 手套箱【shǒutàoxiāng】 graphite moderated reactor 石墨慢化堆【shímò mànhuàduī】 gravimetric analysis 重量分析【zhòngliàng fēnxī】 green salt 绿盐【lǜyán】 The popular name of green uranium 绿色的 UF4 晶体,是铀工艺中 UF4 tetrafluoride (UF4) crystal. It is an important mid-point production in the 的俗称。UF4 是生产核燃料的重要 process of producing uranium fuel. It 中间产品,用于制备六氟化铀(UF6) can be used to produce uranium 和金属铀。(源自:参考文献[2],p304) hexafluoride (UF6) and uranium metal. (From: Reference [2], p304) ground resolution/spatial 地面分辨率/空间分辨率 resolution 【dìmiàn fēnbiànlǜ kōngjiān fēnbiànlǜ】

26 ground zero 爆心投影点【bàoxīn tóuyǐngdiǎn】 Group of 21 21 国集团【èrshíyīguó jítuán】 Guidelines for the Management 钚管理指导原则 of Plutonium 【bù guǎnlǐ zhǐdǎo yuánzé】 The Guidelines adopted by nine states 该指导原则由五个核武器国家和德 (the five nuclear weapon states and 国、日本、比利时、瑞士等九国于 E Germany, Japan, Belgium and Switzer- 1997 年通过,它着眼于按照国际约 C land) in 1997, with a view to ensuring that holdings of plutonium are managed 定(包括它们在 NPT 下的义务,欧 safely and effectively in accordance 共体成员国还有欧洲原子能联营条 with international commitments, includ- 约下的义务)和 IAEA 的保障监督协 ing their obligations under the NPT 定确保对持有的钚进行安全有效的 (and, for states that are members of the European Community, also under the 管理。该指导原则描述了在接受该 Euratom Treaty), and with their safe- 指导原则下适用于钚的核材料衡算 guards agreements with the IAEA. The 体制、实体保护措施和国际运输手 Guidelines describe, inter alia, the 续。它还进一步指定了参与国要发 nuclear material accountancy system, 布的有关钚管理的信息,包括他们 physical protection measures and 所持有的民用未辐照钚和民用反应 international transfer procedures applic- able to the plutonium subject to the 堆乏燃料中含有的钚估量的年度申 Guidelines. They further specify the 报。(源自:参考文献[1],p409;[4],1.30) information to be published by the participating States in respect of plutonium management, including annual statements of their holdings of civil unirradiated plutonium and of their estimates of plutonium contained in spent civil reactor fuel. (From: Reference [1], p409;[4], 1.30) gun-type atomic bomb 枪法原子弹【qiāngfǎ yuánzǐdàn】 half-life 半衰期【bànshuāiqī】 hardened target 加固目标【jiāgù mùbiāo】 heavy water 重水【zhòngshuǐ】

27 heavy water production plant 重水生产厂 【zhòngshuǐ shēngchǎnchǎng】 heavy water reactor (HWR) 重水堆【zhòngshuǐduī】 hedge warheads stockpile 备用性核武库【bèiyòngxìng héwǔkù】 One part of the U.S. active stockpile of 美国现役核武库的一部分,作为响 warheads, retained as part of the responsive force, to be used to aug- 应力量的一部分予以保留,用来加 E ment the operationally deployed force in 强作战部署的力量以应对潜在的意 C order to meet potential contingencies, 外事故、突发的事件或显现的威胁。 unanticipated events or emerging thre- (改自:参考文献[66] p4,[67-68]) ats. (Modified from: Reference [66], p4; [67-68]) hedging strategy 两面下注战略 A balanced approach to foster 【liǎngmiàn xiàzhù zhànlüè】 cooperation with a nation where possi- 尽可能促进和他国合作但也为敌对 ble while also preparing for hostile 活动做准备的一种均衡做法。改自: ( activity. (Modified from: Reference [45]) 参考文献[45]) hegemonism 霸权主义【bàquánzhǔyì】 helium-3 氦-3【hài sān】 high-enriched uranium (HEU) 高浓铀【gāonóngyóu】 high level radioactive waste 高放废物【gāofàngfèiwù】 high resolution sensing camera 高分辨率灵敏照相机 【gāofēnbiànlǜ língmǐn zhàoxiàngjī】 high-technology warfare 高技术战争【gāojìshù zhànzhēng】 high temperature gas-cooled 高温气冷堆【gāowēn qìlěngduī】 reactor (HTGR) hold-up 滞留量【zhìliúliàng】 hot cell 热室【rèshì】 hydroacoustic monitoring 水声监测【shuǐshēng jiāncè】 hydrodynamic experiment 流体动力学实验 An experiment used to simulate the 【liútǐ dònglìxué shíyàn】 implosion process of a nuclear 为模拟核爆炸内爆过程所进行的实 explosive. It uses other materials such 验。它是用代用材料(如铀-238、钨、

28 as U-238, tungsten and steel as 钢等)替代核装置中的裂变材料高 substitute for fissile materials such as 浓铀或钚-239、用高能炸药爆炸压 HEU or Pu-239 in a nuclear device, and uses the high explosive to compress the 缩该装置的整体或部分结构而进行 whole or partial structure of the device. 的一种实验。由于装置中的材料在 As the materials are in the liquid state 高能炸药爆炸压缩下处于流体状 under the compression of explosion of E high explosive, such experiments are 态,因此称此类实验为流体动力学 C called hydrodynamic experiments. The 实验。这种实验没有核能释放,实 experiment releases no nuclear energy 验不一定要在核试验场地进行。(源 and is not required to be conducted at a 自:参考文献[1],p212-213) nuclear test site. (From: Reference [1], p212-213) hydrogen bomb 氢弹【qīngdàn】 hydronuclear experiment 流体核实验【liútǐ héshíyàn】 A method for assessing some aspects 一种评估核武器某些安全问题的方 of nuclear weapon safety, first conducted at Los Alamos during the 法,由洛斯·阿拉莫斯国家实验室 1958-61 moratorium on nuclear testing (LANL)在 1958 年至 1961 年的暂停 to investigate the “one-point” safety of a 核试验期间研究核爆炸“一点安 nuclear explosive. The experiments 全”时首先使用。该实验在次临界 resulted in subcritical multiplying assemblies or a very slight degree of 增殖装置中或极轻微的超临界状态 supercriticality and, in some cases, 下进行,在某些情况下会释放小于 involved a fission energy release less 7 兆焦设计限额的裂变能。(改自:参 than the design limit of 7 megajoules. 考文献[30],p1) (Modified from: Reference [30], p1) IAEA inspection goal 国际原子能机构视察指标 【guójì yuánzǐnéng jīgòu shìchá zhǐbiāo】 IAEA Safeguards System 国际原子能机构的保障监督体系 【guójì yuánzǐnéng jīgòu de bǎozhàng jiāndū tǐxì】 IAEA timeliness detection goal 国际原子能机构及时性探知指标 【guójì yuánzǐnéng jīgòu jíshíxìng tànzhī zhǐbiāo】 IAEA’s 93+2 program 国际原子能机构“93+2”计划 【guójì yuánzǐnéng jīgòu “93+2” jìhuà】

29 ideal separation factor of 气体扩散的理想分离因子 gaseous diffusion process 【qìtǐ kuòsàn de lǐxiǎng fēnlí yīnzǐ】 identity (identification) data 标识数据【biāoshí shùjù】 imaging reconnaissance 成像侦察卫星 satellite 【chéngxiàng zhēnchá wèixīng】 implosion-type atomic bomb 内爆法原子弹 【nèibàofǎ yuánzǐdàn】 E inactive nuclear stockpile 非现役核武库【fēi xiànyì héwǔkù】 C inactive warhead 非现役弹头【fēi xiànyì dàntóu】 indirect use material 非直接使用材料 All nuclear material except direct use 【fēi zhíjiē shǐyòng cáiliào】 material. It includes: depleted, natural 除直接使用材料以外的所有核材 and low enriched uranium, and thorium, 料。它包括:贫化铀、天然铀和低 all of which must be further processed 浓缩铀以及钍,所有这些材料都必 in order to produce direct use material. 须经过进一步加工以生产直接使用 (From: Reference [4], 4.26) 材料。(源自:参考文献[4],4.26) induced-radioactivity bomb 感生放射性弹 A type of hydrogen bomb that utilizes 【gǎnshēng fàngshèxìngdàn】 radioisotopes induced by neutrons 利用核爆中子感生的放射性同位素 during a nuclear explosion to increase 增大放射性沾染的一种氢弹。1950 radioactive contamination. In February 1950 Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard 年 2 月匈牙利物理学家 L • 西拉德 published the concept of this bomb — 最 早 提 出 这 种 弹 的 设 想 ⎯⎯“ 钴 the “cobalt bomb”. However no state 弹”。但并没有人制造和试验。(源 manufactures and tests this kind of 自:参考文献[2],p63) bomb. (From: Reference [2], p63) inertia fuze of nuclear weapon 核武器惯性引信 【héwǔqì guànxìng yǐnxìn】 inertial confinement fusion 惯性约束聚变 (ICF) 【guànxìng yuēshù jùbiàn】 INFCIRC/153 safeguards INFCIRC/153 型 保 障 监 督 协 定 agreement (IAEA) (IAEA) 【INFCIRC 153 xíng bǎozhàng jiāndū xiédìng】

30 INFCIRC/66 safeguards INFCIRC/66 型 保 障 监 督 协 定 agreement (IAEA) (IAEA) 【INFCIRC 66 xíng bǎozhàng jiāndū xiédìng】 information barrier 信息屏障【xìnxī píngzhàng】 Used to protect any sensitive weapon 用来保护鉴别过程中可能搜集到的 design information that may be E 敏感武器设计信息。这可以通过自 gathered during the identification C process, for example, by automating the 动进行采集、储存和分析数据,并 collection, storage, and analysis of data, 只向视察员提供分析的结果来实 and by making only the conclusions of 现。(改自:参考文献[11],p107-108) the analysis available to the inspector. (Modified from: Reference [11], p107-108) information warfare (IW) 信息战【xìnxīzhàn】 infrared remote sensor 红外遥感器【hóngwài yáogǎnqì】 infrasound monitoring 次声监测【cìshēng jiāncè】 initial inspection 初始视察【chūshǐ shìchá】 initial nuclear radiation of 核爆炸早期核辐射 nuclear explosion 【hébàozhà zǎoqī héfúshè】 initial physical inventory of 核材料初始存量 nuclear material 【hécáiliào chūshǐ cúnliàng】 initiating component 起爆元件【qǐbào yuánjiàn】 initiating sequence 起爆序列【qǐbào xùliè】 injuring and damaging effects 核爆炸早期核辐射毁伤效应 of initial nuclear radiation of 【 hébàozhà zǎoqī héfúshè huǐshāng nuclear explosion xiàoyìng】 insensitive high explosive 钝感高能炸药 【dùngǎn gāonéng zhàyào】 integral process 一体化流程【yītǐhuà liúchéng】 integrated numerical simulation 核(爆炸)装置全过程数值模拟实验 experiment of explosion device 【hé bàozhà zhuāngzhì quánguòchéng shùzhí mónǐ shíyàn】 integrated safeguards 一体化保障监督 The optimum combination of all 【yītǐhuà bǎozhàng jiāndū】

31 safeguards measures available to the 在全面保障监督协议及附加议定书 IAEA under comprehensive safeguards 下,国际原子能机构所能获得的所 agreements and additional protocols to 有保障监督手段的最佳组合,其目 achieve maximum effectiveness and 的是利用可拥有的资源,最有效、 efficiency in meeting the IAEA’s 最高效地满足国际原子能机构规定 safeguards obligations within available 的保障监督义务。(源自:参考文献[4], resources. (From: Reference [4], 3.5) E 3.5) integrated test of Arming, C 引控系统联试 Fuzing & Firing (AF&F) system 【yǐnkòng xìtǒng liánshì】 integrity of protection system 保护系统完整性 【bǎohù xìtǒng wánzhěngxìng】 Interim Agreement Between the 美苏限制进攻性战略武器 United States of America and 的某些措施的临时协定 the Union of Soviet Socialist 【 měi sū xiànzhì jìngōngxìng zhànlüè Republics on Certain Measures wǔqì de mǒuxiē cuòshī de línshí with Respect to the Limitation xiédìng】 of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT I) intermediate fluorides of 铀的中间氟化物 uranium 【yóu de zhōngjiān fúhuàwù】 intermediate-level radioactive 中放废物【zhōngfàng fèiwù】 waste intermediate product 中间产品【zhōngjiān chǎnpǐn】 International Atomic Energy 国际原子能机构 Agency (IAEA) 【guójì yuánzǐnéng jīgòu】 international conflict 国际冲突【guójì chōngtū】 international custom 国际惯例【guójì guànlì】 International Data Center (IDC) 国际数据中心【guójì shùjù zhōngxīn】 international dispute 国际争端【guójì zhēngduān】 international law 国际法【guójìfǎ】 International Maritime 国际海事组织【guójì hǎishì zǔzhī】 Organization (IMO) International Monitoring 国际监测系统【guójì jiāncè xìtǒng】 System (IMS)

32 Part of the verification system that was 为核查《全面禁止核试验条约》 established to verify the implementation (CTBT)执行情况而建立的核查机 of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). It mainly consists of a 制的一个组成部分。它主要由地震 seismic monitoring network, an 监测网、大气放射性核素监测网、 atmospheric radionuclide monitoring 次声监测网和水声监测网组成。(源 network, an infrasound monitoring E 自:参考文献[1],p478) network and a hydroacoustic monitoring C network. (From: Reference [1], p478) international sanction 国际制裁【guójì zhìcái】 international standards of 国际衡算标准 accountancy 【guójì héngsuàn biāozhǔn】 international strategic pattern 国际战略格局【guójì zhànlüè géjú】 international technical means 国际技术手段(核查用) (for verification) 【guójì jìshù shǒuduàn hécháyòng】 international treaty 国际条约【guójì tiáoyuē】 inventory 存量【cúnliàng】 inventory change 存量变化【cúnliàng biànhuà】 ion 离子【lízǐ】 isotope 同位素【tóngwèisù】 isotope separation 同位素分离【tóngwèisù fēnlí】 isotope separation factor 同位素分离因子 A characteristic value for measuring 【tóngwèisù fēnlí yīnzǐ】 separative efficiency of a separative 表征分离单元分离效果的特征量, unit. It is the ratio of the relative 表示某一分离效应所产生同位素相 concentration after and before process- 对丰度的变化情况。(源自:参考文献 ing. (From: Reference [2], p404) [2],p404) isotope shift 同位素位移【tóngwèisù wèiyí】 item counting 物件计数【wùjiàn jìshù】 Joint Statement by the 中华人民共和国主席和俄罗斯联邦 President of the People's 总统关于互不首先使用核武器和互

33 Republic of China and the 不将战略核武器瞄准对方的联合 President of the Russian 声明 Federation on No-First-Use of 【zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó zhǔxí Nuclear Weapons and hé éluósī liánbāng zǒngtǒng guānyú Detargeting of Strategic hùbù shǒuxiān shǐyòng héwǔqì hé Nuclear Weapons Against Each hùbù jiāng zhànlüèhéwǔqì miáozhǔn Other duìfāng de liánhé shēngmíng】 key measurement point (KMP) 关键测量点【guānjiàn cèliángdiǎn】 E kill probability 毁伤概率【huǐshāng gàilǜ】 C laser chemical isotope 激光化学法分离同位素 separation 【jīguāng huàxuéfǎ fēnlí tóngwèisù】 laser isotope separation 激光分离同位素 【jīguāng fēnlí tóngwèisù】 laser plasma ion extraction 激光等离子体离子萃取 【jīguāng děnglízǐtǐlízǐ cuìqǔ】 launch-on-warning (LOW) 预警即发射【yùjǐng jì fāshè】 launch-under-attack (LUA) 遇袭即发射【yùxí jì fāshè】 lifespan of nuclear weapon 核武器寿命【héwǔqì shòumìng】 The whole period of a nuclear weapon’s 核武器从出厂到无法满足技术性能 life, beginning from when it was 指标和作战使用要求的整个过程的 produced until when it could no longer fulfill technical performance criteria or 期限。(改自:参考文献[2],p222) meet operational requirements. (Modified from: Reference [2], p222) lifetime extension and 核武器的延寿与退役 decommissioning of nuclear 【héwǔqì de yánshòu yǔ tuìyì】 weapon light water reactor (LWR) 轻水堆【qīngshuǐduī】 limited deterrence 有限威慑【yǒuxiàn wēishè】 A term used by some scholars to 某些学者用于描述某种威慑形式所 describe a form of deterrence. However, there is no consensus on the 用的术语,但目前尚无定论。 definition. Note 1: In some descriptions limited 注 1:在有些描述中,有限威慑要 deterrence requires a limited warfight- 求有一定的核战能力,能够在核战

34 ing capability to inflict costly damage on 争中的各升级阶梯上给对手造成损 the adversary at every rung on the 失,从而挫败对手使之不能取胜。 escalation ladder, thus denying the adversary victory in a nuclear war. (改自:参考文献[46]) (Modified from: Reference [46]) Note 2: In some descriptions it refers to 注 2:在有些描述中是指法国的核 France’s nuclear deterrent. (Modified from: 威慑。(改自:参考文献[18],p360;[70], E Reference [18], p360; [70], p195-196) p195-196) C Note 3: “deterrence” can also apply in 注 3:“威慑”亦适应于非核情况。 non-nuclear circumstances. limited war 有限战争【yǒuxiàn zhànzhēng】 limit 限制【xiànzhì】 lithium 锂【lǐ】 lithium deuteride 氘化锂【dāohuàlǐ】 lithium deutero-tritide 氘氚化锂【dāochuānhuàlǐ】 lithium hydride 氢化锂【qīnghuàlǐ】 lithium isotopes separation 锂同位素分离【lǐ tóngwèisù fēnlí】 local war 局部战争【júbù zhànzhēng】 location outside facilities (LOF) 设施外场所【shèshīwài chǎngsuǒ】 long-term biological effects of 核爆炸的长期生物效应 nuclear explosion 【hébàozhà de chángqī shēngwù xiàoyìng】 low-enriched uranium (LEU) 低浓铀【dī'nóngyóu】 low level radioactive waste 低放废物【dīfàng fèiwù】 maintainability of nuclear 核武器可维修性 weapon 【héwǔqì kěwéixiūxìng】 managed access 限制准入【xiànzhì zhǔnrù】 Upon the request of a State, the IAEA 指在被视察国的要求下,IAEA 和 and the State shall make arrangements 该国达成的限制进入权限的安排。 for managed access, arranged in such a way as “to prevent the dissemination 这种安排应按照“防止与扩散相关 of proliferation sensitive information, to 的敏感信息的散布、满足安全或实 meet safety or physical protection 体保护要求或者保护所有权或商业

35 requirements, or to protect proprietary 敏感信息”的原则制定。(源自:参 or commercially sensitive information.” 考文献[4],11.26) (From: Reference [4], 11.26) maneuverable reentry vehicle 机动再入弹头【jīdòng zàirù dàntóu】 (MaRV) marine propulsion reactor 舰船用动力反应堆 【jiànchuányòng dònglì fǎnyìngduī】 E material balance area (MBA) 核材料平衡区【hécáiliào pínghéngqū】 C material balance period (MBP) 材料平衡周期 【cáiliào pínghéng zhōuqī】 material category 材料类别【cáiliào lèibié】 material description 材料说明【cáiliào shuōmíng】 material form 材料形态【cáiliào xíngtài】 material type 材料类型【cáiliào lèixíng】 material unaccounted for (MUF) 不明材料量【bùmíng cáiliàoliàng】 maximum deterrence 最大核威慑【zuìdà héwēishè】 A term used in the past by some 部分中国军事学者以前描述一种核 Chinese military scholars to describe a form of deterrence whereby with strong 威慑形式所使用的术语,即用强大 nuclear superiority as support, the 的核优势为后盾,以大规模使用核 threat of a massive nuclear strike is 武器作威胁来威慑对手。(改自:参 used to deter the adversary. (Modified 考文献[18],p359) from: Reference [18], p359) Refer to “deterrence” 参见“威慑” means to drive circulation in a 气体离心机环流驱动法 gas centrifuge 【qìtǐ líxīnjī huánliú qūdòngfǎ】 measurement of nuclear 核爆炸效应参数测量 explosion effect parameters 【hébàozhà xiàoyìng cānshù cèliáng】 measurement of nuclear fireball 核爆炸火球参数测量 parameters 【hébàozhà huǒqiú cānshù cèliáng】 measurement technology of 核试验测试技术 nuclear test 【héshìyàn cèshì jìshù】 mechanical damage induced by X 射线辐照引起的力学损伤 X-ray irradiation 【X shèxiàn fúzhào yǐnqǐ de lìxué sǔnshāng】

36 memorandum 备忘录【bèiwànglù】 metallic fuel 金属燃料【jīnshǔ ránliào】 metallic plutonium 金属钚【jīnshǔbù】 metallic uranium 金属铀【jīnshǔyóu】 methods of tritium production 产氚方法【chǎnchuān fāngfǎ】 E militarization of space 外空军事化【wàikōng jūnshìhuà】 The deployment of assets (typically C 在外空部署设施(通常是卫星)为军 satellites) in space for providing infor- mation support to military activities. 事活动提供信息支持。(改自:参考文 (Modified from: Reference [56], p30) 献[56],p30) Refer to “weaponization of space” 参见“外空武器化” military stability 军事稳定性【jūnshì wěndìngxìng】 miniature neutron source 微型中子源反应堆 reactor (MNSR) 【wēixíng zhōngzǐyuán fǎnyìngduī】 minimum deterrence 最低核威慑【zuìdī héwēishè】 Threatening the lowest level of damage 通过威胁使用最少数量的核武器, necessary to prevent attack, with the 产生能够慑止对方攻击所需的最低 fewest number of nuclear weapons 限度的破坏。(源自:参考文献[24],p2) possible. (From: Reference [24], p2) missile accuracy 导弹精度【dǎodàn jīngdù】 Missile Technology Control 导弹技术控制制度 Regime (MTCR) 【dǎodàn jìshù kòngzhì zhìdù】 The MTCR was originally established in 美国等西方国家 1987 年制定的,旨 1987 by western countries. It is a regime that aims to restrict the 在防止用于运载大规模杀伤性武器 proliferation of systems (except manned 的投掷系统(有人驾驶飞机除外)及 air vehicles), equipments and 有关设备和技术扩散的控制制度。 technologies intended for the delivery of 该制度由“准则”和“设备与技术 weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The MTCR includes the Guidelines and 附件”两个文件组成,把限制项目 the Equipment and Technology Annex, (导弹、分系统、部件,生产设施和 and it divides controlled items (missiles 有关技术)分成两大类。第一类项目 along with their subsystems and components, production equipments 为“最敏感项目”,一般不得转让。 and related technologies) into two 第二类项目为军民两用项目,出口

37 category. Category I items are the most 时要以许可证方式逐件审批,保证 sensitive items, commonly the transfer 不用于包含第一类项目的系统。 of them will not be authorized. Category II items are dual-use items, which 1993 年成员国对“准则”进行了修 should be examined and approved 改,把原版中控制“核武器运载系 case-by-case subject to export license, 统”的转让改成控制“大规模杀伤 and be guaranteed not to be used in projects including Category I items. In 性武器(即核、生、化武器)运载系 E 1993, member states modified the 统”的转让。截至 2007 年底,该制 C Guidelines. “Control the transfer of 度有 34 个成员国。(改自:参考文献[1], nuclear weapons delivery systems”, in p410) the original version was modified to “control the transfer of weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, biological, chemical weapon) delivery systems”. Up to the end of 2007, the Regime has 34 member states. (Modified from: Reference [1], p410) misuse 滥用【lànyòng】 mixed oxide (MOX) 混合氧化物【hùnhé yǎnghuàwù】 mobile missile 机动导弹【jīdòng dǎodàn】 molecular flow 分子流【fēnzǐliú】 molten salt electrorefining 熔盐电解精炼流程 process 【róngyán diànjiě jīngliàn liúchéng】 monitoring 监测【jiāncè】 The means by which information is 为核查获取信息的途径。(源自:参 obtained for verification purposes. 考文献[16]) (From: Reference [16]) moratorium on nuclear testing 暂停核试验【zàntíng héshìyàn】 multi-fissile body subcritical 多裂变体次临界安全实验 safety experiment 【duōlièbiàntǐ cìlínjiè ānquán shíyàn】 multiple independently 分导式多弹头【fēndǎoshì duōdàntóu】 targetable reentry vehicle (MIRV)

38 multiplicity of technical 技术防护系统的多重性 protection system 【jìshù fánghù xìtǒng de duōchóngxìng】 National Ignition Facility (NIF) 国家点火装置 【guójiā diǎnhuǒ zhuāngzhì】 national interest 国家利益【guójiā lìyì】 E national military strategy 国家军事战略【guójiā jūnshì zhànlüè】 C The deployment and application of 分配和运用军事力量以实现国家安 military power to attain national security 全战略和国防战略目标。(改自:参 strategy and national defense strategy objectives. (Modified from:Reference [9], p365) 考文献[9],p365) national security strategy 国家安全战略 Development, application, and coordi- 【guójiā ānquán zhànlüè】 nation of the instruments of national 发展、运用和协调各种国家力量手 power to achieve objectives that contri- 段以实现有助于维护国家安全的目 bute to national security. In the U.S., it is a formal U.S. government docu- 标。在美国,这是一个正式的官方 ment. (Modified from: Reference [9], p 367) 文件。(改自:参考文献[9],p367) national strategy 国家战略【guójiā zhànlüè】 national technical means 国家技术手段 (NTMs) 【guójiā jìshù shǒuduàn】 1 Verification and monitoring techno- 1 一个国家单方面拥有的核查和监 logies or measures owned by a country alone, and information thus collected 测技术或措施,所获信息独家享用, will be used by itself. NTM is usually 常用于获取其他国家的相关活动的 used to obtain information or intelli- 信息或情报。有时,也可用于军备 gence on relevant activities conducted by other countries. It may also be used 控制条约或协议,以了解和核查其 for understanding and verifying comp- 他参约方的遵约情况。(改自:参考文 liance with treaties or agreements 献[1],p472) related to arms control by other treaty signatories. (Modified from: Reference [1], p472) 2 NTM refers to nationally owned 2 在未侵入协议方领土、领空、领 instruments for surveying a party's 海的前提下,国家拥有的用于核查 compliance with agreement obligations, without intruding onto its territory, 其他协议方是否遵约的手段。来自

39 airspace or national waters. Informa- NTM 的信息可用于国际核查制度, tion derived from NTM may be used in international verification regimes by a 由条约缔约国向另一方质疑是否遵 treaty party to question another party’s 约。(源自:参考文献[19],p198) compliance. (From: Reference [19], p198) natural radionuclides 天然放射性核素 【tiānrán fàngshèxìng hésù】 E natural uranium 天然铀【tiānrányóu】 C naval reactor 海军用反应堆 【hǎijūnyòng fǎnyìngduī】 near-field physical diagnostic 近区物理诊断【jìnqū wùlǐ zhěnduàn】 To judge nuclear weapons’ perform- 直接测量核爆炸过程中伴随着核反 ance parameters by directly measuring 应放出的中子、γ射线、X 射线,以 neutrons, γ-rays, and X-rays released from the nuclear reactions. (Modified from: 判断核武器性能参数。(改自:参考文 Reference [3], p391) 献[3],p391) neutron bomb/enhanced 中子弹/增强辐射武器 radiation weapon 【zhōngzǐdàn zēngqiáng fúshèwǔqì】 A low-yield hydrogen bomb with a 以高能中子为主要毁伤因素,相对 special design utilizing high-energy neutrons as its main destructive 减弱冲击波和光辐射效应的一种特 element and relatively reducing its 殊设计的低威力氢弹。其较确切的 shock wave and thermal radiation effects. In a more accurate sense, it is 名称是增强辐射武器。(改自:参考文 called an “enhanced radiation weapon”. 献[1],p152) (Modified from: Reference [1], p152) neutron generator used in 核武器用中子发生器 nuclear weapon 【héwǔqìyòng zhōngzǐ fāshēngqì】 neutrons 中子【zhōngzǐ】 new facility inspection 新设施视察【xīn shèshī shìchá】 new international economic 国际经济新秩序 order 【guójì jīngjì xīnzhìxù】 new international political order 国际政治新秩序 【guójì zhèngzhì xīnzhìxù】 new strategic triad 新战略三位一体 【xīn zhànlüè sānwèiyītǐ】

40 A new U.S. military strategy revealed in 美国2002年《核态势评估》报告中 the 2002 Nuclear Posture Review, 提出的一种新的军事战略,由三部 consisting of nuclear and non-nuclear 分组成:核与非核打击力量;主动 strike forces; passive and active 的和被动的防御;全新的防御基础 defenses; and a revitalized defense infrastructure. (From: Reference [67]) 设施。(源自:参考文献[67]) Refer to “old nuclear triad”. 参见“旧核三位一体” E new thinking 新思维【xīnsīwéi】 C 1 The former Soviet Union President 1 20 世纪 80 年代中期苏联领导人 Mikhail Gorbachev’s enunciated opinion 戈尔巴乔夫对当时世界的看法以及 on the world situation and Soviet Union foreign policy in the 1980s. The main 关于苏联外交政策的观点,主要内 points are: (1) The world is a unity of 容为:(1)世界是一个多样性的统一 diversity. (2) Respect the choices of 体;(2)充分尊重各国人民按照自己 style of life according to people in each 的选择而生活并独立自主地解决自 country and of the ways of solving their 身的问题;(3)全人类的利益高于阶 own problems independently. (3) The interest of humanity has priority over 级利益;(4)战争威胁着人类的生存 that of a class. (4) Nuclear war is a 与发展;(5)全人类普遍安全的唯一 threat to human life and development. 原则基础是尊重主权。(改自:参考文 And (5) The basis of human common 献[1],p34;[64]) security is respect for independence and sovereignty of other members of the world community. (Modified From: Reference [1], p34; [64]) 2 The term used to characterize 2 该术语用以描述 20 世纪 80 年代 distinctive elements in Soviet foreign 中后期在戈尔巴乔夫总统领导下而 policy thinking developed under the leadership of President Mikhail 发展的苏联外交政策思维的特性。 Gorbachev in the latter half of the 新思维的主要观点包括:(1)资本主 1980s. The main propositions in new 义和社会主义之间不是“零和”关 thinking included: (1) the relationship between capitalist and socialist states 系;(2)共同的人类利益高于阶级利 was not zero-sum; (2) common human 益;(3)与美国的军事均衡对苏联的 interests should take priority over 安全不是必需的,非攻击性的防御 class-based interests; (3) military parity with the U.S. was not necessary for 战略应优于进攻战略;(4)军事力量 Soviet security, and non-offensive 主要用于防止冲突,而不是在战争

41 defensive strategies were preferable to 中打败对手。新思维的某些表现形 offensive strategies; (4) the main 式包括单边裁军措施、削减军事力 purpose of military power was to prevent conflict, rather than to defeat an 量、承诺单边和多边的信任建立及 adversary in a war. Some of the 裁 军 措 施 。 ( 源 自 : 参 考 文 献 [57] , manifestations of new thinking included p117-129;[58]) certain unilateral disarmament measures, reductions in the size of E certain military forces, and a strong C commitment to bilateral and multilateral confidence building and arms control measures. (From: Reference [57], p117-129; [58]) new triad 新三位一体【xīn sānwèiyītǐ】 Refer to “new strategic triad”. 参见“新战略三位一体” no-first-use of nuclear weapons 不首先使用核武器 【bù shǒuxiān shǐyòng héwǔqì】 nonaligned movement 不结盟运动【bùjiéméng yùndòng】 non-application of IAEA 不实施国际原子能机构的保障监督 safeguards 【bùshíshī guójì yuánzǐnéng jīgòu de bǎozhàng jiāndū】 non-compliance 不遵约【bùzūnyuē】 non-nuclear weapon state 无核武器国家【wú héwǔqì guójiā】 (NNWS) non-proliferation 不扩散【bùkuòsàn】 (North South) Joint Declaration 关于朝鲜半岛无核化共同宣言 on the Denuclearization of the 【 guānyú cháoxiǎn bàndǎo wúhéhuà Korean Peninsula gòngtóng xuānyán】 NPT Review Conferences 《不扩散核武器条约》审议会 【bùkuòsàn héwǔqì tiáoyuē shěnyìhuì】 nuclear airburst 空中核爆炸【kōngzhōng hébàozhà】 nuclear artillery projectile 核炮弹【hépàodàn】 nuclear blackmail 核讹诈【hé’ézhà】 nuclear bomb 核炸弹【hézhàdàn】

42 nuclear campaign 核战役【hézhànyì】 A series of related military operations 在一定时间和区域内为实现战役或 using nuclear weapons aimed at 战略目标所采取的一系列使用核武 accomplishing a strategic or operational objective within a given time and space. 器的相关军事行动。(改自:参考文献 (Modified from: Reference [9], p76) [9],p76) nuclear counterattack 核反击【héfǎnjī】 E nuclear decay 核衰变【héshuāibiàn】 C nuclear depth bomb 核深水炸弹【hé shēnshuǐ zhàdàn】 nuclear deterrence 核威慑【héwēishè】 A strategy of preventing a nuclear 以给觉察到的或潜在的敌人造成无 attack by threatening the perceived or 法承受的毁伤的核报复相威胁,从 potential enemy with unacceptable 而防止敌人实施核打击的战略。(源 damage by nuclear retaliation. (From: Reference [6], p177) 自:参考文献[6],p177) Note: In principle, nuclear deterrence 注:原则上,核威慑不仅仅可以用 could be used to deter not only nuclear 来阻止核攻击,而且也可以用来阻 attacks but also attacks with conventional forces, attacks with 止常规力量、化学或生物武器的攻 chemical or biological weapons, or even 击,甚至用来阻止由非军事手段使 assaults on vital national interests by 至关重要的国家利益遭受损害的攻 nonmilitary means. (From: Reference [7], 击。(源自:参考文献[7],p14-15) p14-15) nuclear doctrine 核学说【héxuéshuō】 The fundamental principles governing 为支持国家战略目标而规定在何种 the conditions under which and the modalities of how nuclear weapons are 情形下以何种方式使用核武器的基 to be used in support of national object- 本原则。(改自:参考文献[9]) tives. (Modified from: Reference [9]) nuclear earth penetrator 核钻地弹【hézuāndìdàn】 nuclear electromagnetic pulse 核电磁脉冲【hédiàncí màichōng】 (NEMP) nuclear energy level 核能级【hénéngjí】 nuclear explosion 核爆炸【hébàozhà】 The process of producing explosive 利用能自持进行的原子核裂变或/

43 effects and potentially huge casualties 和聚变反应瞬时释放的巨大能量, and damage by huge energy instan- 产生爆炸作用和可能造成巨大杀伤 taneously released from selfsustaining 破坏效应的过程。(改自:参考文献[3], nuclear fission or/and fusion. (Modified p394) from: Reference [3], p394) Note: A nuclear explosion is a 注:核爆炸指由于在材料中发生自 self-sustaining fission chain reaction (or 持裂变链式反应或裂变-聚变反应 E fission-fusion reaction) in a material that is disrupted in the process, with the 而导致材料解体(从纯粹的核聚变 C exception of inertial-confinement fusion 中获得能量的惯性约束聚变系统除 systems for obtaining energy from pure 外)。核反应堆,即使是裂变过程由 nuclear fusion. A nuclear reactor, even 于固体材料热膨胀而终止的脉冲核 a pulsed nuclear reactor in which the fission process is terminated by thermal 反应堆,也不属于核爆炸。(改自: expansion of solid material, is not a 参考文献[59],p14-15) nuclear explosion. (Modified from: Reference [59], p14-15) nuclear explosion debris 核爆炸碎片的分凝 fractionation 【hébàozhà suìpiàn de fēnníng】 nuclear-explosion-driven 核爆激励高功率微波武器 microwave weapon 【hébào jīlì gāogōnglǜ wēibō wǔqì】 A nuclear explosive with special 一种具有特殊性能的核爆炸装置, characteristics coupled with a special 它通过与微波发生器耦合的方式, microwave generator that can disturb or destroy enemies’ communication 产生以高功率微波干扰或毁坏敌方 system or electronic components of 通信系统或武器的电子部件。又称 weapons by high-power microwaves. It 核爆驱动电磁脉冲弹。它是提议中 is one of the proposed third generation 第三代核武器的一种。(改自:参考文 nuclear weapons. (Modified from: Reference 献[2],p176) [2], p176) nuclear explosion effects 核爆炸效应【hébàozhà xiàoyìng】 nuclear explosion fireball 核爆炸火球【hébàozhà huǒqiú】 nuclear-explosion-level prompt 核爆炸级瞬时辐射模拟源 radiation simulation source 【hébàozhàjí shùnshí fúshè mónǐ yuán】 nuclear explosion shock wave 核爆炸冲击波【hébàozhà chōngjībō】

44 nuclear explosive device 核爆炸装置【hébàozhà zhuāngzhì】 A fission or thermonuclear device 具有核爆炸功能的裂变装置或热核 capable of producing a nuclear explo- 装置。(改自:参考文献[3],p379) sion. (Modified from: Reference [3], p379) nuclear-explosive material 核爆材料【hébào cáiliào】 (NEM) Any mixture of nuclear-explosive and 以适当的数量、纯度和构型存在时, E other nuclides that can be made to 能用以支持链式反应的核炸药和其 C support a chain reaction when present 他核素的混合物。 (源自:参考文献 in suitable quantity, purity, and [11],p221) geometry is called “nuclear-explosive material” (NEM). (From: Reference [11], p221) nuclear export control 核出口控制【héchūkǒu kòngzhì】 Control of commercial export, gifts to 对核材料、核设备和反应堆用非核 and exhibitions in foreign countries or regions, as well as scientific and 材料等物项及其相关技术的贸易性 technological cooperation with and 出口及对外赠送、展览、科技合作 assistance to foreign countries or regions that involve nuclear materials, 和援助进行控制。(改自:参考文献[25]) nuclear equipment, non-nuclear mater- ials used for reactors and other items as well as their related technologies. (Modified from: Reference [25]) nuclear first strike 第一次核打击【dìyīcì hédǎjī】 1 The launching of an initial nuclear 1 在对手能够使用任何战略武器之 attack before one’s opponent is able to use any strategic weapon. First strike is 前率先发动核攻击。首次打击是给 a nuclear attack carried out at such a 对手造成极大的破坏致使其失去发 devastatingly high level of destruction as to nullify an enemy’s capability to 起有效反击能力的核进攻。(源自: launch a major counterstrike. (From: 参考文献[6],p72) Reference [6], p72) 2 An initial attack on an opponent's 2 对敌方战略核力量的首次打击。 strategic nuclear forces. Such an attack 这种打击可用于试图摧毁敌方的报 may be undertaken in an attempt to destroy an enemy's retaliatory 复(第二次打击)能力。(源自:参考文 (second-strike) capability. (From: Reference 献[8]) [8])

45 nuclear fission 核裂变【hélièbiàn】 nuclear football 核黑匣子【hé hēixiázi】 A popular name of a portable briefcase 装有总统用来授权使用战略核武器 or package that contains instructions and codes for the president to 的指令和密码的便携手提箱或手提 authorize the use of strategic nuclear 包的俗称。(改自:参考文献[2],p203) weapons. (Modified from: Reference[2], p203) E nuclear forces 核武装力量【héwǔzhuāng lìliàng】 C nuclear fuel 核燃料【héránliào】 nuclear fuel cycle 核燃料循环【héránliào xúnhuán】 A system of nuclear installations and 由与核材料物流相关的核设施及核 activities interconnected by streams of 活动组成的系统。从由国外提供带 nuclear material. The characteristics of the fuel cycle may vary widely from 燃料的单个反应堆,到一整套完善 State to State, from a single reactor 系统,不同国家之间燃料循环的特 supplied from abroad with fuel, to a fully 点可能存在很大差异。(源自:参考文 developed system. (From: Reference [4], 献[4],4.30) 4.30) nuclear fuel reprocessing 核燃料后处理【héránliào hòuchǔlǐ】 nuclear hardening 抗核加固【kànghé jiāgù】 nuclear heating reactor 供热反应堆【gōngrè fǎnyìngduī】 nuclear high altitude burst 高空核爆炸【gāokōng hébàozhà】 nuclear land (water) surface 地(水)面核爆炸 burst 【dìshuǐmiàn hébàozhà】 nuclear loss 核损耗【hésǔnhào】 Loss of nuclear material due to its 指由于核反应使核材料转变成其他 transformation into other element(s) or 元素或同位素而造成的核材料损 isotope(s) as a result of nuclear reactions. Nuclear loss also includes 耗。核损耗还包括核材料在反应堆 burn up of nuclear material in a reactor 中燃烧所造成的损耗以及存储期间 and decay (e.g. of Pu-241) during 衰变所造成的损耗(例如钚-241 的 storage. (From: Reference [4], 6.22) 衰变)。(源自:参考文献[4],6.22) nuclear material 核材料【hécáiliào】

46 nuclear material accountancy 核材料衡算活动 The practice of nuclear material 【hécáiliào héngsuàn huódòng】 accounting as implemented by the 设施运行者和国家核材料衡算和控 facility operator and the State system of 制系统所采取的衡算核材料的行 accounting for and control of nuclear material (SSAC), inter alia, to satisfy the 动,尤其是为满足 IAEA 和该国(或 requirements in the safeguards agree- 国家集团)之间的保障监督协议的 E ment between the IAEA and the State 要求,也包括 IAEA 所采取的类似 (or group of States); and as implement- C 行动,尤其是为独立核查国家核材 ed by the IAEA, inter alia, to indepen- dently verify the correctness of the 料衡算和控制系统(SSAC)向 IAEA nuclear material accounting information 所提供的设施纪录和报告中核材料 in the facility records and the reports 衡算信息的正确性。(源自:参考文献 provided by the SSAC to the IAEA. [4],6.2) (From: Reference [4], 6.2) nuclear material incident 核材料意外事件 【hécáiliào yìwài shìjiàn】 nuclear matter 核物质【héwùzhì】 nuclear missile reentry vehicle 核导弹弹头【hédǎodàn dàntóu】 1 A missile reentry vehicle equipped 1 装有核战斗部的导弹再入飞行器。 with a nuclear warhead. (From: Reference [3], p96) (源自:参考文献[3],p96) 2 reentry vehicle (RV) — The part of a 2 再入飞行器⎯⎯设计为再入地球 space vehicle designed to re-enter the 大气层的空间飞行器部件。(源自: earth’s atmosphere. (From: Reference [9], p456) 参考文献[9],p456) 3 reentry vehicle (RV) — A nuclear 3 再入飞行器(或(再入)弹头)——在 warhead on a ballistic missile specially 导弹的弹道终端能再入地球大气层 designed to reenter the earth's atmos- phere in the terminal portion of the 的弹道导弹上的核战斗部。(源自: missile's trajectory. (From: Reference [8]) 参考文献[8]) Note: The term “reentry body” is the 注:“再入飞行器”的一种非常用 less-common equivalent of “reentry vehicle”. 名称是“再入体”。 nuclear operation plan 核作战计划【hézuòzhàn jìhuà】 nuclear primacy 核优势【héyōushì】 The condition whereby one state holds 一个核国家的核武器拥有明显的质

47 a clear qualitative and quantitative 量和数量上的优势足以阻止或摧毁 ability to prevent or render ineffective a 对手的报复性(第二次)打击能力的 rival's retaliatory (second) strike 状态。(改自:参考文献[22]) capability. (Modified from: Reference [22]) Note: In another view, “The ability to 注:另一种观点是,“摧毁对手所 destroy all of an adversary's nuclear 有核力量、消除报复性打击可能性 forces, eliminating the possibility of a 的能力,被认为是一种第一次打击 E retaliatory strike, is known as a first- strike capability, or nuclear primacy.” 能力或核优势” (源自: 。 参考文献[22]) C (From: Reference [22]) nuclear reaction 核反应【héfǎnyìng】 nuclear-related dual-use item 核相关两用物项 An item which has a technical use in 【hé xiāngguān liǎngyòng wùxiàng】 both nuclear and non-nuclear applica- 指一种在核和非核领域都有技术用 tions, and may be subject to certain 途的物项,提供这种物项时要遵守 conditions of supply because such 一定条件,因为这种物项可能为核 items could make a major contribution 爆炸活动提供很大的帮助。(改自: to a nuclear explosive activity. (Modified from: Reference [4], 5.34) 参考文献[4],5.34) Nuclear Safety Convention 核安全公约【hé’ānquán gōngyuē】 nuclear second strike 第二次核打击【dì’èrcì hédǎjī】 Retaliatory nuclear attack following an 对敌方第一次核袭击的报复性核打 enemy’s first nuclear attack. (Modified 击。(改自:参考文献[2],p62) from: Reference [2], p62) nuclear strategy 核战略【hézhànlüè】 Strategy of planning and guiding the 筹划和指导核力量发展与运用的方 development and employment of 略。(源自:参考文献[1],p112) nuclear force. (From: Reference [1], p112) nuclear strike 核打击【hédǎjī】 Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) 核供应国集团【hégōngyìngguó jítuán】 A group of nuclear supplier countries 通过执行核(和涉及核)出口准则而 which seeks to contribute to the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons 防止核武器扩散的核供应国家。各 through the implementation of Guide- 参与国通过其国家法律和惯例来执

48 lines for nuclear exports and nuclear 行核供应国集团的准则。出口申请 related exports. The NSG Guidelines are implemented by each Participating 由国家层面决定,并符合国家出口 Government in accordance with its 许可规定。(源自:参考文献[47]) national laws and practices. Decisions on export applications are taken at the national level in accordance with E national export licensing requirements. C (From: Reference [47]) Nuclear Suppliers Group 核供应国集团准则 Guidelines 【hégōngyìngguó jítuán zhǔnzé】 nuclear test 核试验【héshìyàn】 nuclear test site 核试验场【héshìyànchǎng】 nuclear threat 核威胁【héwēixié】 nuclear threshold state (NTS) 核门槛国家【héménkǎn guójiā】 nuclear underground (or 地(水)下核爆炸 underwater) burst 【dìshuǐxià hébàozhà】 nuclear war 核战争【hézhànzhēng】 nuclear warfighting capability 核战能力【hézhàn nénglì】 In nuclear strategy, having the capability 在核战略中,具有使用核武器进行 to use nuclear weapons to fight a war, 战争的能力,而不仅限于慑止核战 and not just to deter the outbreak of nuclear war. (Modified from: Reference [48]) 争爆发的能力。(改自:参考文献[48]) nuclear warhead 核战斗部【hézhàndòubù】 The part of a nuclear weapon whose 核武器中用来毁伤目标的部分。主 function is to destroy or damage targets. It mainly consists of a nuclear 要由核爆炸装置、引爆控制系统、 explosive device, arming, fuzing and 其他功能部件和相应的结构部件等 firing system,and other functional parts 组成。在中国军备控制领域常把核 or relevant structures. In Chinese writings in the arms control field, the 战斗部称为核弹头。(改自:参考文献 nuclear warhead is often called [3],p404) 【hédàntóu】(核弹 头). (Modified from: Reference [3], p404) Note: The warhead is that part of a 注:战斗部——导弹、炮弹、鱼雷、

49 missile, projectile, torpedo, rocket, or 火箭或其他武器的毁伤目标的部 other munition which contains either the 分,它含有核或热核系统、高能炸 nuclear or thermonuclear system, high 药系统、生物或化学制剂、或惰性 explosive system, chemical or biological agents or inert materials intended to 材料。(源自:参考文献[5],p15) inflict damage. (From: Reference [5], p15) nuclear weapon 核武器【héwǔqì】 E 1 Weapon assembly that is capable of 1 利用能自持进行的原子核裂变和 C producing an explosion and massive injury and destruction by the sudden (或)聚变反应瞬时释放的巨大能 release of energy instantaneously 量,产生爆炸作用,并具有大规模 released from self-sustaining nuclear 毁伤破坏效应的武器。从广义上说 fission and/or fusion. From the generalized point of view, it refers to a 它是指包括投掷或发射系统在内的 nuclear weapon system with a 具有作战能力的核武器系统。(改自: warfighting capability including the 参考文献[3],p394) delivery or launch system. (Modified from: Reference [3], p394) 2 NATO definition ⎯⎯ A complete 2 北约 定义⎯⎯ 根 据预期 设 计 构 assembly (i.e. implosion type, gun type 造,在完成指定的引爆控制序列后, or thermonuclear type) in its intended ultimate configuration which, upon 能够产生预期的核反应并释放出核 completion of the prescribed arming, 能的完整装置(如内爆型、枪型或热 fusing and firing sequence, is capable of producing the intended nuclear 核型)。也被称为“原子武器”。(源 reaction and release of energy. Also 自:参考文献[49],p11) called “atomic weapon”. (From: Reference [49], p11) 3 Russian definition ⎯⎯ Nuclear 3 俄罗斯定义——俄罗斯联邦军队 Weapons in the Armed Forces of the 的核武器是指包括核装料、核战斗 Russian Federation include an aggregate of armaments including 部、运载工具和控制系统在内的武 nuclear charges, nuclear ammunition, 器系统。(源自:参考文献[29],p21) means of their delivery to the target and control means. (From: Reference [29], p21) 4 A device that releases nuclear energy 4 使原子核产生裂变或聚变链式反 in an explosive manner as the result of 应(或兼而有之),以爆炸方式释放 nuclear chain reactions involving the

50 fission or fusion, or both, of atomic 核能的装置。(源自:参考文献[8]) nuclei. (From: Reference [8]) nuclear weapon accidents 核武器事故【héwǔqì shìgù】 nuclear weapon miniaturization 核武器小型化【héwǔqì xiǎoxínghuà】 nuclear weapon physics 核武器物理【héwǔqì wùlǐ】 E nuclear weapon safety 核武器安全性【héwǔqì ānquánxìng】 C In maintenance and use of nuclear 在正常的维护或使用核武器中,防 weapons, the capability to avoid an 止因设备或武器的误操作、逐步退 accident involving personnel, facilities and installations due to misuse or from 化或意外故障等原因发生人员、设 gradual deterioration or a sudden fault 备和设施的事故的能力。(改自:参 in equipment or weapons. (Modified from: 考文献[2],p217) Reference [2], p217) nuclear weapon security 核武器保安性【héwǔqì bǎo’ānxìng】 The capability of a nuclear weapon and 核武器及其相关的设备和人员能抵 its surrounding equipment and 制任何非授权的使用的能力。(改自: personnel to prevent any unauthorized use. (Modified from: Reference [2], p217) 参考文献[2],p217) nuclear weapon state (NWS) 核武器国家【héwǔqì guójiā】 nuclear weapons stockpile 核武器库存【héwǔqì kùcún】 nuclear weapons surety 核武器确信性 The materiel, personnel, and 【héwǔqì quèxìnxìng】 procedures that contribute to the safety, 使用能提高核武器安全性、保安性、 security, reliability, and control of 可靠性和可控性的材料、人员和程 nuclear weapons, thus assuring no 序,以确保核武器在使用过程中不 nuclear accidents, incidents, unau- 发生核事故、故障、非授权使用或 thorized use, or degradation in 功能退化。 (源自:参考文献[60]) performance. (From: Reference [60]) nuclear winter 核冬天【hédōngtiān】 nucleon 核子【hézǐ】 nuclide 核素【hésù】 ocean surveillance satellite 海洋监视卫星 【hǎiyáng jiānshì wèixīng】

51 offensive strategy 进攻性战略【jìngōngxìng zhànlüè】 A strategy that aims to carry military 为接近并摧毁敌方军事力量以及夺 operations to the enemy by closing with 取疆土和重要资源而对敌方采取的 and destroying enemy forces, seizing 军事行动。它致力于抢占、保持和 territory and vital resources. Its focus is on seizing, retaining, and exploiting the 发挥主动权。 (源自:参考文献[61], initiative. (From: Reference [61], p3-27) p3-27) off-load refuelled power reactor 停堆换料动力堆 E 【tíngduī huànliào dònglìduī】 C old nuclear triad 旧核三位一体【jiù hé sānweìyītǐ】 The three legs of the U.S. strategic 美国战略核力量的三个支柱:潜射 nuclear force: submarine-launched 弹道导弹(SLBMs);陆基洲际弹道 ballistic missiles (SLBMs), land based intercontinental ballistic missiles 导弹(ICBMs);远程轰炸机。(源自: (ICBMs) and long-range bombers. (From: 参考文献[72]) Reference [72]) 参见“新战略三位一体” Refer to “new strategic triad” once-through nuclear fuel cycle 一次通过式核燃料循环 【yīcì tōngguòshì héránliào xúnhuán】 one-point safety of a nuclear 核武器一点安全 weapon 【héwǔqì yīdiǎn ānquán】 Safety performance of a nuclear 核武器在异常环境(撞击或枪击)下 weapon when any one point of the 武器中炸药任何一点起爆时所具有 high explosive is detonated in abnormal situations (by impact, projectile, etc). 的安全性能。美国军用标准为:在 The U.S. military standard is that the 任何事故中,炸药任何一点起爆时 probability of releasing more than 1.8 kg 所产生的裂变能在 1.8 千克梯恩梯 TNT equivalent fission energy when any 当量以上的概率小于百万分之一。 point of the explosive is ignited is less (改自:参考文献[2],p223) than one per million in any accident. (Modified from: Reference [2], p223) on-load refuelled power reactor 不停堆换料动力堆 【bùtíngduī huànliào dònglìduī】 on-site inspection (OSI) 现场视察【xiànchǎng shìchá】 The verification method carried out by 在被探测现场利用人员或仪器收集 personnel or apparatus on the selected site. The 13 types of inspection are 信息的视察方式。《美苏关于削减

52 defined in the START I treaty. 和限制进攻性战略武器条约》规定 Inspections are carried out by 了 13 种现场视察方式。视察由指派 designated inspectors to verify that particular activities prohibited by an 的视察员执行,旨在核实没有进行 arms limitation agreement are not 军备限制协议所禁止的活动,确认 performed, to check that particular 执行了军备限制协议所规定的活 activities prescribed by an arms E limitation agreement are implemented, 动,或调查可疑事件的真相。(改自: C or to examine the nature of a suspicious 参考文献[16],p231) event. (Modified from:Reference [16], p231) Open Skies Treaty 开放天空条约 【kāifàng tiānkōng tiáoyuē】 operating records 运行记录【yùnxíng jìlù】 operational capability 实战能力【shízhàn nénglì】 operational characteristics of 核武器战术技术性能 nuclear weapon 【héwǔqì zhànshù jìshù xìngnéng】 operationally deployed 实战部署的弹头 warhead 【shízhàn bùshǔ de dàntóu】 operations research and 核武器运用的运筹分析 analysis of nuclear weapon 【héwǔqì yùnyòng de yùnchóu fēnxī】 employment Organization for Security and 欧洲安全与合作组织 Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) 【ōuzhōu ānquán yǔ hézuò zǔzhī】 overall design of nuclear 核武器总体设计 weapon 【héwǔqì zǒngtǐ shèjì】 passive gamma-ray detection 无源γ射线探测 A rapid and non-destructive detection of 【wúyuán γ shèxiàn tàncè】 fissionable materials and equipments 通过测量裂变材料衰变时产生的特 containing fissionable material through 征γ射线,对裂变材料及含裂变材料 detecting characteristic gamma-rays emitted from decay of such fissionable 的装置进行快速、无损探测的方法。 material. (From: Reference [1], p495) (源自:参考文献[1],p495) passive neutron detection 无源中子探测 A method of rapid non-destructive 【wúyuán zhōngzǐ tàncè】 detection of fissionable material or 通过探测裂变材料的自发中子而对 devices containing fissionable materials 裂变材料或含裂变材料的装置进行

53 by detecting neutrons spontaneously 快速无损探测的方法。(源自:参考文 emitted from such fissionable material. 献[1],p495) (From: Reference [1], p496) passive seal 无源封记【wúyuán fēngjì】 Refer to “seal” 参见“封记” passive tag 无源标签【wúyuán biāoqiān】 E Refer to “tag” 参见“标签” C path-length fuze of nuclear 核武器路程长度引信 weapon 【héwǔqì lùchéng chángdù yǐnxìn】 payload 有效载荷【yǒuxiào zàihè】 peaceful nuclear explosions 和平核爆炸【hépíng hébàozhà】 peaceful use of nuclear 和平利用核爆炸 explosion 【hépíng lìyòng hébàozhà】 pellet 芯块【xīnkuài】 penetration ability of nuclear 核武器突防能力 weapon 【héwǔqì tūfáng nénglì】 penetration aids of nuclear 核导弹的突防装置 missiles 【hédǎodàn de tūfáng zhuāngzhì】 perimeter portal continuous 设施周边与进出口连续监测 monitoring 【shèshī zhōubiān yǔ jìnchūkǒu liánxù jiāncè】 permanent radiation damage in 电子系统的永久性辐射损伤 electronics 【diànzǐ xìtǒng de yǒngjiǔxìng fúshè sǔnshāng】 permeability of barrier 分离膜的渗透性 【fēnlímó de shèntòuxìng】 permissive action link (PAL) 密码锁(亦称启动连接装置) A device included in or attached to a 【mìmǎsuǒ yìchēng qǐdòng nuclear weapon system to preclude liánjiē zhuāngzhì】 arming and/or launching until the 一种安装或附加在核武器系统上的 insertion of a prescribed discrete code. 装置,用于在输入预定的离散密码 (From: Reference[9], p412) 前,防止解除保险和(或)发射。(源 Refer to “safing device of nuclear 自:参考文献[9],p412) weapon” 参见“核武器保险装置”

54 physical barrier for protected 保护区实体屏障 sections 【bǎohùqū shítǐ píngzhàng】 physical diagnostic 核试验的物理诊断测量 measurement in nuclear test 【héshìyàn de wùlǐzhěnduàn cèliáng】 physical inventory 实物存量【shíwù cúnliàng】 The sum of all the measured or derived 某一给定时刻,在特定核材料平衡 estimates of batch quantities of nuclear E 区内,按照规定程序测量或估算所 material on hand at a given time within C a material balance area, obtained in 得到的所有批量的核材料总和。(改 accordance with specified procedures. 自:参考文献[15],para113;[4],6.41) (Modified from: Reference [15], para113; [4], 6.41) physical inventory-taking of 核材料实物盘存 nuclear material 【hécáiliào shíwù páncún】 The activities carried out to determine 为确定核材料实物存量而采取的行 physical inventory. (Modified from: Reference 动。(改自:参考文献[15],para113;[4], [15], para113; [4], 6.41) 6.41) physical-protection authoriza- 核材料实体保护授权 tion of nuclear material 【hécáiliào shítǐ bǎohù shòuquán】 physical-protection design 实体保护设计基准威胁 basis threats 【shítǐ bǎohù shèjì jīzhǔn wēixié】 physical-protection emergency 实体保护应急响应 response 【shítǐ bǎohù yìngjí xiǎngyìng】 physical-protection for nuclear 核材料实体保护 material 【hécáiliào shítǐ bǎohù】 Establishing a security protection 对存有核材料的建筑物和车辆(涉 system for extant buildings and vehicles 及储存和运输过程)等建立安全防 (relating to storage or transportation 范系统,以实施对核材料的保障监 processes) with nuclear material, so as to safeguard nuclear material. (From: 督。(源自:参考文献[2],p186) Reference [2], p186) physical-protection levels of 核材料实体保护等级 nuclear material 【hécáiliào shítǐ bǎohù děngjí】 physical-protection 实体保护组织机构 organization 【shítǐ bǎohù zǔzhī jīgòu】 physical-protection 实体保护建议【shítǐ bǎohù jiànyì】 recommendations

55 physical-protection 实体保护系统失效判断准则 system-failure criterion 【shítǐ bǎohù xìtǒng shīxiào pànduàn zhǔnzé】 physical-simulation of nuclear 核爆炸物理模拟 explosion 【hébàozhà wùlǐ mónǐ】 physics package 物理包【wùlǐbāo】 The primary and secondary of a nuclear 核武器中封装在辐射壳内的初级和 E weapon are housed inside a radiation case; the completed assembly is called 次级部件的完整的组装件。(源自: C the “physics package.” (From: Reference 参考文献[11],p91) [11], p91) pit 弹芯【dànxīn】 The sphere or shell of nuclear explosive 安置在内爆装置中心、通常有铍或 material at the center of an implosion 其他金属包层的核炸药材料球体或 device, usually clad with beryllium or another metal. (Modified from: Reference [11], 壳体。(改自:参考文献[11],p90) p90) plutonium 钚【bù】 plutonium alloy 钚合金【bùhéjīn】 plutonium decontamination 钚净化循环【bù jìnghuà xúnhuán】 cycle plutonium dioxide 二氧化钚【èryǎnghuàbù】 plutonium recycling 钚再循环【bù zàixúnhuán】 A process of reusing in nuclear reactors 将从乏燃料中回收得到的钚在反应 the plutonium extracted from spent fuel. 堆内再使用的过程。(源自:参考文献 (From: Reference [2], p22) [2],p22) Note: In the DUPIC process, spent 注:在 DUPIC 过程中,轻水堆的乏 LWR fuel rods are directly used as fuel 燃料棒只需机械处理而不需化学后 for CANDU-type heavy-water power 处理即可直接作为 CANDU 型重水 reactors, with only mechanical modifi- 动力堆的燃料。(源自:参考文献[32], cations and not chemical reprocessing. p25-40) (From: Reference [32], p25-40) point sample 点样品【diǎn yàngpǐn】 An environmental sample taken in one 在一个特定地区环境为确定能够在 particular area to characterize one source of released material which can 接近泄漏点临近地区发现泄漏物质

56 be found in a contiguous area adjacent 的源的特征而采集的样品。(源自: to a release point. (From: Reference [4], 9.5) 参考文献[4],9.5) point target 点目标【diǎn mùbiāo】 post-exercise dispersal 演习后疏散视察 inspection 【yǎnxíhòu shūsàn shìchá】 E power reactor 动力堆【dònglìduī】 C powered phase 主动段【zhǔdòngduàn】 predetonation in fission 裂变爆炸过早点火 explosion 【lièbiàn bàozhà guòzǎo diǎnhuǒ】 preemptive strike 先发制人打击【xiānfāzhìrén dǎjī】 preset burst depth of nuclear 核武器装订爆深 weapon 【héwǔqì zhuāngdìng bàoshēn】 preset burst height of nuclear 核武器装订爆高 weapon 【héwǔqì zhuāngdìng bàogāo】 pressurized water reactor 压水堆【yāshuǐduī】 (PWR) principal nuclear facility 重要核设施【zhòngyào héshèshī】 Principled Declaration on 关于国际关系中不得进行武力威胁 Refraining from the Threat or 或使用武力的原则宣言 Use of Force in Their 【guānyú guójìguānxì zhōng bùdé International Relations jìnxíng wǔlì wēixié huò shǐyòng wǔlì de yuánzé xuānyán】 processing of radioactive liquid 放射性废液处理 waste 【fàngshèxìng fèiyè chǔlǐ】 production of uranium 四氟化铀氟化生产六氟化铀 hexafluoride by fluorination of 【sìfúhuàyóu fúhuà uranium tetrafluoride shēngchǎn liùfúhuàyóu】 production reactor 生产堆【shēngchǎnduī】 prohibition of the production of 禁止为核武器生产易裂变材料 fissile material for nuclear 【jìnzhǐ wèi héwǔqì shēngchǎn weapon yìlièbiàn cáiliào】 project and supply agreement 项目和供应协定 【xiàngmù hé gōngyìng xiédìng】

57 projection of nuclear weapon 核武器投射【héwǔqì tóushè】 propagation of nuclear 核电磁脉冲的传播 electromagnetic pulse 【hédiàncímàichōng de chuánbō】 protection from nuclear 核电磁脉冲的防护 electromagnetic pulse 【hédiàncí màichōng de fánghù】 protection of nuclear weapon 核武器的防护 【héwǔqì de fánghù】 E protocol 议定书【yìdìngshū】 C Protocol to the Treaty Between 美苏关于削减和限制进攻性战略武 the United States of America 器条约议定书 and the Union of Soviet 【měi sū guānyú xuējiǎn hé xiànzhì Socialist Republics on the jìngōngxìng zhànlüèwǔqì tiáoyuē Reduction and Limitation of yìdìngshū】 Strategic Offensive Arms proton 质子【zhìzǐ】 PUREX (Plutonium Uranium 普雷克斯流程【pǔléikèsī liúchéng】 Recovery by Extraction) (钚铀的萃取回收流程) process pyrochemical processing 高温化学处理【gāowēn huàxué chǔlǐ】 pyrometallurgical processing 高温冶金处理【gāowēn yějīn chǔlǐ】 radar fuze of nuclear weapon 核武器雷达引信【héwǔqì léidá yǐnxìn】 radiation 辐射【fúshè】 radiation-hardened electronic 辐射加固的电子器件 components 【fúshè jiāgù de diànzǐ qìjiàn】 radioactive aerosol of nuclear 核爆炸产生的放射性气溶胶 explosion 【hébàozhà chǎnshēng de fàngshèxìng qìróngjiāo】 radioactive cloud 放射性烟云【fàngshèxìng yānyún】 radioactive contamination 放射性沾染【fàngshèxìng zhānrǎn】 radioactive fallout 放射性沉降【fàngshèxìng chénjiàng】 radioactive gas sampling and 放射性气体取样与探测 detecting 【fàngshèxìng qìtǐ qǔyàng yǔ tàncè】

58 radioactive nuclide from 核爆炸产生的放射性核素 nuclear explosion 【hébàozhà chǎnshēng de fàngshèxìng hésù】 radioactive waste 放射性废物【fàngshèxìng fèiwù】 radioactive waste disposal 放射性废物处置 【fàngshèxìng fèiwù chǔzhì】 E radioactivity 放射性活度【fàngshèxìng huódù】 C radiochemical diagnostic of 核试验放射化学诊断 nuclear test 【héshìyàn fàngshèhuàxué zhěnduàn】 radioisotope 放射性同位素 【fàngshèxìng tóngwèisù】 radiological dispersal device 放射性物质散布装置 【fàngshèxìng (RDD) wùzhì sànbù zhuāngzhì】 Refer to “dirty bomb” 参见“脏弹” radionuclide monitoring 放射性核素监测 A method for monitoring nuclear relat- 【fàngshèxìng hésù jiāncè】 ed activity through collecting, analyzing, 通过收集、分析、测量各种放射性 and measuring different kinds of radio- 核素,以达到监测相关核活动目的 nuclides. (Modified from: Reference [1], p486) 的方法。(改自:参考文献[1],p486) random inspection 随机视察【suíjī shìchá】 An inspection performed at a facility or a 在一个随机选定的日期对一处设施 location outside facilities on a date 或设施外的一处场地进行的视察。 chosen randomly. (From: Reference [4], 11.8) (源自:参考文献[4],11.8) random sampling 随机取样【suíjī qǔyàng】 The process of selecting samples in 所涉群体内的所有物项有相同被选 such a manner that all items in a population have the same probability of 概率的取样方式。(源自:参考文献[4], being selected. (From: Reference [4], 7.8) 7.8) range of nuclear missiles 核导弹射程【hédǎodàn shèchéng】 reactor 反应堆【fǎnyìngduī】 reactor-grade plutonium 反应堆级钚【fǎnyìngduījí bù】 Plutonium containing more than 18% 通常指钚-240 含量大于 18%的钚。 Pu-240. (Modified from: Reference [2], p93) (改自:参考文献[2],p93)

59 real cascade 实际级联【shíjì jílián】 real-time monitoring 实时监测【shíshí jiāncè】 Monitoring information which has been 除了电子通信所必需的时间外,没 delayed only by the time required for electronic communication, implying that 有显著延迟地对数据或信息进行的 there are no noticeable delays. (Modified 及时的监测。(改自:参考文献[9],p451) from: Reference [9], p451) E redox process 雷道克斯流程【léidàokèsī liúchéng】 C reduced residual radioactivity 弱剩余放射性武器(3R 弹) weapon (RRRW) 【ruò shèngyú fàngshèxìng wǔqì 3Rdàn】 reduced yield nuclear test 减威力核试验【jiǎnwēilì héshìyàn】 reduction 削减【xuējiǎn】 reentry phase 再入段【zàirùduàn】 reentry telemetry for nuclear 核弹头再入遥测 reentry vehicle 【hédàntóu zàirù yáocè】 reference material 参考物质【cānkǎo wùzhì】 reflector (tamper) layer 原子弹反射层(惰层) in atomic bomb 【yuánzǐdàn fǎnshècéng duòcéng】 regional system of accounting 地区核材料衡算和控制系统 for and control of nuclear 【dìqū hécáiliào héngsuàn hé kòngzhì material (RSAC) xìtǒng】 Regulations of the People's 中华人民共和国核两用品及相关技 Republic of China on Export 术出口管制条例 Control of Dual-Use Nuclear 【zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó hé Goods and the Related liǎngyòngpǐn jí xiāngguān jìshù chūkǒu Technologies guǎnzhì tiáolì】 The chinese government promulgated 中国政府于 1998 年 6 月 10 日公布 the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Export Control of 《中华人民共和国核两用品及相关 Dual-use Nuclear Goods and the 技术出口管制条例》,条例从公布 Related Technologies on June 10, 之日起生效。条例由 23 条正文和附 1998. The Regulations took effect as of the date of promulgation. They consist 件《核两用品及相关技术管制清单》 of 23 articles and the Annex named the 组成。(源自:参考文献[1],p415) Nuclear Dual-Use Items and Related

60 Technologies Export Control List. (From: Reference [1], p415) [73] Note: this set of regulations was revised 注:该条例在 2007 年被修订了 。 [73] in 2007 . Regulations of the People's 中华人民共和国核出口管制条例 Republic of China on Nuclear 【zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó Export Control hé chūkǒu guǎnzhì tiáolì】 E The chinese government promulgated 中国政府于 1997 年 9 月 10 日公布 C the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Nuclear Export 《中华人民共和国核出口管制条 Control of on Sep.10, 1997, and 例》,并宣布立即生效。条例共 22 declared that it took effect immediately. 条。(源自:参考文献[1],p414) It has 22 articles. (From: Reference [1], p414) [74] Note: this set of regulations was revised 注:该条例在 2006 年被修订了 。 [74] in 2006 . reliability of nuclear missiles 核导弹可靠性【hédǎodàn kěkàoxìng】 reliability of nuclear weapon 核武器可靠性【héwǔqì kěkàoxìng】 Throughout the nuclear weapon’s life- 核武器在使用寿命期间,在规定的 time, the capability to the achieve nuclear explosion within the designed 正常环境条件下,以设计性能指标 performance under the defined normal 实现核爆炸的能力。(改自:参考文献, environment. (Modified from: Reference [2], [2] p221) p221) Note 1: The probability of achieving the 注 1:在核武器的整个设计寿命期 specified yield, at the target, across the 间,经受从库存至打击目标的各种 Stockpile-To-Target Sequence of environments, throughout the weapon’s 外部环境,在正确输入指令后,能 lifetime, assuming proper inputs. In this 在打击目标上实现指定威力的概 definition, the specified yield is generally understood to mean within ten 率。在此定义中,“指定威力”通常 percent; the Stockpile-To-Target 被理解成与设计威力相差 10%以内 Sequence of environments is the range 的意思;“从库存至打击目标的环 of conditions the warhead is expected to experience in its service life in 境”指核弹头在其服役期内的储存、 storage, transit, or use, such as 转运和使用过程中会经历的外部环 temperature extremes, radiation from 境,如极端温度、核导弹防御拦截 any nuclear-armed missile defense interceptors, and acceleration; lifetime 器的辐射、过载;“寿命”指在设 is the “original lifetime objective as 计时指定的初始寿命目标;“正确

61 specified at the time of design”; and 输入”指引爆控制信号。(源自:参 proper inputs are arming, fuzing, and firing signals. (From: Reference[10], p8.) 考文献[10],p8) Note 2: In this definition from Sandia 注 2:圣地亚国家实验室的定义中, National Laboratories, “weapon” has “武器”有“核弹头”的意思;如 the meaning of “warhead”; if “weapon” 果“武器”有包含导弹或飞行器的 had the meaning of “weapon system” including the missile or aircraft, the “武器系统”的意思,那么可靠性 E reliability would be much lower. 将更低。 C reliability of stockpile nuclear 库存核武器可靠性 weapon 【kùcún héwǔqì kěkàoxìng】 remote sensing technology 遥感技术【yáogǎn jìshù】 Technology for detecting objects and/or 用传感器远距离探测与条约有关的 activities at a distance by means of 物项和(或)活动的技术。(改自:参考 sensors. (Modified from: Reference [19], p235) 文献[19],p235) representative sample 代表性样品【dàibiǎoxìng yàngpǐn】 reprocessing 后处理【hòuchǔlǐ】 reprocessing plant 后处理厂【hòuchǔlǐ chǎng】 research reactor 研究堆【yánjiūduī】 response time of nuclear 核导弹反应时间 missiles 【hédǎodàn fǎnyìng shíjiān】 The time elapsed from receiving launch 核导弹从接到发射命令到导弹起飞 orders to the launch of nuclear missiles. (From: Reference [2], p50) 所需的时间。(源自:参考文献[2],p50) responsive force 响应力量【xiǎngyìng lìliàng】 The responsive force is intended to 意指在遭遇潜在的意外事故时能增 provide a capability to augment the operationally deployed force to meet 加作战部署力量的能力。它使领导 potential contingencies. It retains the 层能握有根据危机发展的程度而增 option for leadership to increase the 加作战部署力量数量的选择权。 number of operationally deployed (改自:参考文献[66]) forces in proportion to the severity of an evolving crisis. (Modified from: Reference [66]) retained waste 存留废物【cúnliú fèiwù】

62 retargeting capability 重新瞄准能力 【chóngxīn miáozhǔn nénglì】 revised supplementary agree- 有关保障监督的修订补充协定 ment relevant to safeguards 【yǒuguān bǎozhàng jiāndū de xiūdìng bǔchōng xiédìng】 revisit period 重访周期 【chóngfǎng zhōuqī】 E revolution in military affairs 军事变革【jūnshì biàngé】 C (RMA) Fundamental reforms that thoroughly 将先进的技术和武器系统,与创新 change the characteristics and patterns 的军事学说和组织体制结合在一 of military operations so as to greatly 起,使军事作战的特点和方式发生 enhance operational effectiveness of the military through advanced 根本性的变化,军队的作战效能达 technology and weapons systems 到极大提高的根本性改革。(改自: combined with innovative military doctrines and organizational mechani- 参考文献[1],p47) sms. (Modified from: Reference [1], p47) rotor of a gas centrifuge 气体离心机转筒 【qìtǐ líxīnjī zhuàntǒng】 routine inspection 例行视察【lìxíng shìchá】 Safeguards Agreement 保障监督协定 【bǎozhàng jiāndū xiédìng】 safeguards conclusion 保障监督结论 【bǎozhàng jiāndū jiélùn】 safeguards criteria 保障监督标准 【bǎozhàng jiāndū biāozhǔn】 Safeguards of International 国际原子能机构保障监督制度 Atomic Energy Agency 【guójì yuánzǐnéng jīgòu IAEA safeguards are a set of activities bǎozhàng jiāndū zhìdù】 by which the IAEA seeks to verify that a IAEA 的保障监督制度是 IAEA 为 State is living up to its international undertakings not to use peaceful 核实某国家履行未将民用核计划转 nuclear programs for nuclear weapons 用于核武器目的的国际承诺的一整 purposes. The safeguards system is 套行动。保障监督体系是基于某国 based on assessment of the correctness and completeness of the 就其核材料和相关核活动向 IAEA

63 State’s declarations to the IAEA 申报的准确性和完整性的评估。迄 concerning nuclear material and nuclear-related activities. To date, 145 今为止,已有 145 个国家加入 IAEA States have entered into such 的保障监督协议,将核材料、核设 agreements with the IAEA, submitting 施和核活动呈交 IAEA 保障监督视 nuclear materials, facilities and activities to the scrutiny of IAEA’s 查员进行详细审查。IAEA 的核查 safeguards inspectors. IAEA verification 有助于确认上述项目未转用或滥用 E helps to provide assurance that such C items are not diverted or misused in 于制造核武器,以及保障监督所要 order to assemble nuclear weapons and 求申报的项目已全部申报。(源自: that no items required to be declared under safeguards are undeclared. (From: 参考文献[51]) Reference[51]) safeguards quality assurance 保障监督的质量保证 In the context of IAEA safeguards, a 【bǎozhàng jiāndū de zhìliàng bǎozhèng】 management tool for ensuring a systematic approach to all of the 在国际原子能机构保障监督体系 activities affecting the quality of the 下,确保对所有会影响保障监督实 safeguards implementation. (From: 施质量的活动进行系统化监控的一 Reference [4], 3.36) 种管理手段。(源自:参考文献[4],3.36) safety problems of atmospheric 大气层核试验的安全问题 nuclear test 【dàqìcéng héshìyàn de ānquán wèntí】 safety problems of under- 地下核试验的安全问题 ground nuclear test 【dìxià héshìyàn de ānquán wèntí】 safing device of nuclear 核武器保险装置 weapon 【héwǔqì bǎoxiǎn zhuāngzhì】 Refer to “permissive action link (PAL)” 参见“密码锁(亦称启动连接装置)” sample 样品【yàngpǐn】 sample size 样品量【yàngpǐnliàng】 sampling technology of 大气层核爆炸取样技术 atmospheric nuclear explosion 【dàqìcéng hébàozhà qǔyàng jìshù】 sampling technology of 地下核爆炸取样技术 underground nuclear explosion 【dìxià hébàozhà qǔyàng jìshù】 scaled depth of burst 比例爆深【bǐlì bàoshēn】

64 scaled height of burst 比例爆高【bǐlì bàogāo】 scrap 切削(碎)料【qiēxuē suì liào】 scrap recovery plant 切削(碎)料回收厂 【qiēxuē suì liào huíshōuchǎng】 seal 封记【fēngjì】 Anything that tightly or completely 用以紧紧地或完全地封闭或保护某 E closes or secures a thing. A seal with 物,俗称封条或封签。利用做特殊 C special markers is usually applied to those inspected equipments or compo- 标记的方法在被核查设备或部件加 nents in order to prevent weapons and 封条,以防止武器及武器部件被转 related components from being trans- 移和改动的措施。封记必须具有防 ferred and modified. A seal must be tamper-proof and counterfeit-proof and 止篡改和防伪造的特性,具有唯一 it must be unique and hard to duplicate 性,不能复制,有很强的置信度, with high confidence. It also should 同时又要保证被核查设备或部件不 guarantee that inspected equipments or 受影响或不被改变,不揭示被核查 components remain unaffected or un- changed and that sensitive information 设施的敏感信息。应用中的封记有 related to the inspected facilities would 光纤封记、焊缝封记、电子封记和 not be revealed. Seals currently in 超声封记等。(源自:参考文献[1],p496) application include fiber seal, welding seal, electric seal and ultrasonic seal etc. (From: Reference [1], p496) Note: An active seal requires electrical 注:有源封记工作时需要电源,但 power, while a passive seal works 无源封记不需要电源。 without a power supply. second-generation nuclear 第二代核武器【dì’èrdài héwǔqì】 weapon seismic monitoring 地震监测【dìzhèn jiāncè】 seismic monitoring system 地震监测系统【dìzhèn jiāncè xìtǒng】 self-defensive nuclear 自卫核反击【zìwèi héfǎnjī】 counterattack 在遭受第一次核打击后进行核反 A nuclear counterattack launched after absorbing an opponent’s first nuclear 击。(改自:参考文献[34]) attack. (Modified from: Reference [34]) self-defensive nuclear strategy 自卫防御核战略 Term used officially by China to 【zìwèi fángyù hézhànlüè】

65 describe its nuclear strategy. The 中国官方描述其核战略所用的术 strategy takes as its fundamental goal 语。该战略的根本目标是遏制他国 deterring other countries from using or threatening to use nuclear weapons 对中国使用或威胁使用核武器。该 against China. It includes an official 战略正式承诺在任何时候、任何情 commitment to a policy of no first use of 况下都不首先使用核武器的政策, nuclear weapons at any time and under any circumstances. It unconditionally 无条件地承诺不对无核国家和无核 E undertakes not to use or threaten to use 地区使用或威胁使用核武器,主张 C nuclear weapons against non-nuclear- 全面禁止和彻底销毁核武器。该战 weapon states or nuclear-weapon-free zones, and stands for the comprehen- 略坚持自卫反击和有限发展的原 sive prohibition and complete elimina- 则,着眼于建设一支满足国家安全 tion of nuclear weapons. The strategy 需要的精干有效的核力量,确保核 upholds the principles of counterattack in self-defense and limited development 武器的安全性、可靠性,保持核力 of nuclear weapons, and aims at build- 量的战略威慑作用。(改自:参考文献 ing a lean and effective nuclear force [34]) capable of meeting national security needs. It endeavors to ensure the security and reliability of its nuclear weapons and maintains a credible nuclear deterrent force. (Modified from: Reference [34]) self-destruct device of nuclear 核武器自毁装置 weapon 【héwǔqì zìhuǐ zhuāngzhì】 self-sustaining thermonuclear 自持热核燃烧【zìchí rèhé ránshāo】 burn separation efficiency of a 逆流气体离心机的分离效率 countercurrent gas centrifuge 【nìliú qìtǐ líxīnjī de fēnlí xiàolǜ】 separation stage 分离级【fēnlíjí】 separative element 分离单元【fēnlí dānyuán】 separative power 分离功率【fēnlí gōnglǜ】 A unit for measuring separative work 一个分离单元或一个分离级联在单 per unit time provided by a separating unit or a separating cascade. (Modified 位时间所能提供的分离功。(改自: from: Reference [2], p125) 参考文献[2],p125)

66 separative work 分离功【fēnlígōng】 The required work to enrich uranium to 把一定量的铀浓缩到一定的铀-235 a certain level of U-235 concentration. It 丰度所需要投入的工作量,表达为 is described in terms of kg Separative 千克分离功单位(kgSWU)或吨分离 Work Unit (kgSWU) or ton Separative Work Unit (tSWU). (From:Reference [26], 功单位(tSWU)。 p213) (源自:参考文献[26],p213) E C separative work unit 分离功单位【fēnlígōng dānwèi】 service safety 勤务保险【qínwù bǎoxiǎn】 shaft nuclear test 竖井地下核试验 【shùjǐng dìxià héshìyàn】 shipper/receiver difference 发方/收方差额 (SRD) 【fāfāng shōufāng chā’é】 shock wave load 冲击载荷【chōngjī zàihè】 shock wave weapon 冲击波弹【chōngjībō dàn】 short-notice inspection 临时通知视察【línshí tōngzhī shìchá】 An inspection performed at a facility or a IAEA 对一个国家的一处设施或设 location outside facilities for which less 施外的一处场地进行视察时,提前 advance notice is provided by the IAEA 通报时间比 INFIRCIR/153 协议的 to the State than that provided for under paragraph 83 of [IAEA INFIRCIR 153]. 第 83 段规定的通报时间短的视察。 (From: Reference [4], 11.7) (源自:参考文献[4],11.7) significant quantity (SQ) 重要量【zhòngyàoliàng】 The approximate amount of nuclear 不能排除制造一枚核爆炸装置可能 material for which the possibility of 性的核材料的大致数量。(源自:参 manufacturing a nuclear explosive device cannot be excluded. (From: 考文献[4],3.14) Reference [4], 3.14) silo 地下发射井【dìxià fāshèjǐng】 silo cold launch 地下井冷发射【dìxiàjǐng lěngfāshè】 silo hot launch 地下井热发射【dìxiàjǐng rèfāshè】 simulation of nuclear explosion 核爆炸模拟【hébàozhà mónǐ】

67 simulation of nuclear explosion 核爆炸效应模拟 effects 【hébàozhà xiàoyìng mónǐ】 Using various simulating measures to 利用各种模拟手段研究核爆炸破坏 research the destructive mechanisms and protective measures against the 机理以及对核爆炸效应的保护措 effects of a nuclear explosion. (Modified 施。(改自:参考文献[3],p377) from: Reference [3], p377) simultaneous inspections 同时视察【tóngshí shìchá】 E Inspections performed by IAEA C IAEA 视察员同时或在短时间内对 inspectors simultaneously or within a short period of time at two or more 一个国家的两处或多处设施进行视 facilities in a State in order to detect 察,以发现设施之间可能进行的串 possible diversions arranged in 通行为,例如设施之间相互临时转 collusion between facilities by, for example, the temporary transfer 移(借用)核材料,从而使同一份核 (“borrowing”) of nuclear material 材料被 IAEA 核查两次,即在两个 between facilities so that the same 被视察的设施中各被核查一次。(源 material would be verified twice by the IAEA, once in each of the two facilities 自:参考文献[4],11.11) inspected. (From: Reference [4], 11.11) single-cycle process 单循环流程【dānxúnhuán liúchéng】 slow neutrons 慢中子【màn zhōngzǐ】 small quantities protocol (SQP) 小数量议定书 【xiǎoshùliàng yìdìngshū】 source data 原始数据【yuánshǐ shùjù】 source material 源材料【yuáncáiliào】 Uranium containing the mixture of 含有天然形成的同位素混合体的 isotopes occurring in nature; uranium depleted in the isotope 235; thorium; 铀;铀-235 被贫化的铀;钍;金属、 any of the foregoing in the form of 合金、化合物或浓缩物状态的上述 metal, alloy, chemical compound, or concentrate; any other material 任何材料;任何含有一种或多种上 containing one or more of the foregoing 述的物质并达到 IAEA 理事会随时 in such concentration as the IAEA 确定的浓度的材料;以及理事会可 Board of Governors shall from time to time determine; and such other material 随时确定的此类其他材料。根据 as the Board of Governors shall from [INFIRCIR/153]保障协定的 112 段:

68 time to time determine. According to “源材料这一名词不适用于矿石或 paragraph 112 of [IAEA INFCIRC/153], “the term source material shall not be 矿渣。”(源自:参考文献[4],4.4) interpreted as applying to ore or ore residue.” (From: Reference [4], 4.4) South Pacific Nuclear Free 南太平洋无核区条约(拉罗汤加岛 Zone Treaty (Treaty of 条约) E Rarotonga) 【 nántàipíngyáng wúhéqū tiáoyuē C lāluótāngjiādǎo tiáoyuē】 spare warhead 备用弹头【bèiyòng dàntóu】 special fissionable material 特种可裂变材料 Plutonium-239; uranium-233; uranium 【tèzhǒng kělièbiàn cáiliào】 enriched in the isotopes 235 or 233; any 钚 -239 ; 铀 -233 ; 浓 缩 了 同 位 素 material containing one or more of the 铀-235 或铀-233 的铀;任何含上述 foregoing; and such other fissionable material as the IAEA Board of 一种或多种物质的材料; 以及 IAEA Governors shall from time to time 理事会随时确定的其他可裂变材 determine; but the term “special 料;但“特种可裂变材料”不包括 fissionable material” does not include source material. (From: Reference [4], 4.5) 源材料。(源自:参考文献[4],4.5) special inspection 专门视察【zhuānmén shìchá】 An inspection is deemed to be special: 一种在以下情况下进行的、被认为 when it either is additional to the routine 是很特殊的视察:在 INFIRCIR/153 inspection effort provided for in paragraphs 78–82 of [IAEA 协议中第 78-82 段规定的常规视察 INFCIRC/153], or involves access to 要求之外进行的视察;或者是想通 information or locations in addition to 过获取或进入除 INFIRCIR/153 协 the access specified in paragraph 76 议中第 76 段特别指明的可以进入 of [IAEA INFCIRC/153] for ad hoc and 的信息或场地之外的信息或场地进 routine inspections, or both. (From: 行的特别的和常规的视察;或者以 Reference [4], 11.13; [15]) 上两种情况都包括的视察。(源自: 参考文献[4] 11.13;[15]) Special Session of the General 联大裁军特别会议 Assembly Devoted to Disarma- 【liándà cáijūn tèbié huìyì】 ment

69 specified equipment 规定的设备【guīdìng de shèbèi】 spectral resolution 谱分辨率【pǔ fēnbiànlǜ】 spent fuel 乏燃料【fáránliào】 Spent Fuel Management Safety 乏燃料管理安全和放射性废物管理 and Radioactive Waste 安全联合公约 Management Safety Joint 【fáránliào guǎnlǐ ānquán hé fàngshè Convention xìng fèiwù guǎnlǐ ānquán liánhé E gōngyuē】 C spent fuel storage 乏燃料贮存【fáránliào zhùcún】 spontaneous fission 自发裂变【zìfā lièbiàn】 stage separation efficiency of 气体扩散分离级的分离效率 gaseous diffusion process 【qìtǐ kuòsàn fēnlíjí de fēnlí xiàolǜ】 standard event screening 标准事件筛选判据 criteria 【biāozhǔn shìjiàn shāixuǎn pànjù】 standby facility 停产的设施【tíngchǎn de shèshī】 starting point of IAEA safe- 国际原子能机构保障监督的起点 guards 【guójì yuánzǐnéng jīgòu bǎozhàng jiāndū de qǐdiǎn】 state-level safeguards approach 国家级保障监督方案 A safeguards approach developed for a 【guójiājí bǎozhàng jiāndū fāng'àn】 specific State, encompassing all 为具体国家制定的保障监督方案, nuclear material, nuclear installations 方案涵盖该国所有与核材料、核设 and nuclear fuel cycle related activities 施以及与核燃料循环相关的活动。 in that State. (From: Reference [4], 3.4) (源自:参考文献[4],3.4) state system of accounting for 国家核材料衡算和控制系统 and control of nuclear material 【guójiā hécáiliào héngsuàn hé kòngzhì (SSAC) xìtǒng】 statement 声明【shēngmíng】 statute 规约【guīyuē】 Statute of the International 国际原子能机构规约 Atomic Energy Agency 【guójì yuánzǐnéng jīgòu guīyuē】 Stockpile Stewardship and 核武库维护与管理计划 Management Program 【héwǔkù wéihù yǔ guǎnlǐ jìhuà】

70 storage and custody of nuclear 核武器贮存与保管 weapon 【héwǔqì zhùcún yǔ bǎoguǎn】 storage environment of nuclear 核武器贮存环境 weapon 【héwǔqì zhùcún huánjìng】 storage facility 贮存设施【zhùcún shèshī】 storage life of nuclear weapon 核武器贮存期【héwǔqì zhùcúnqī】 E strategic defense 战略防御【zhànlüè fángyù】 C 1 The defense against an offensive 1 战争全局上对进攻之敌的防御。 enemy in the overall situation of war. It is one of the basic types of strategic 它是战争中战略行动的基本类型之 operations and usually becomes a 一,往往成为战争进程的一个阶段。 stage in the course of war. The aim of strategic defense is to prevent and 战略防御的目的是阻止和挫败敌人 frustrate the enemy’s strategic offense, 的战略进攻,保存和积蓄自己的力 preserve and save one’s own strength, 量,消耗和消灭敌人,改变战场形 wear down and wipe out the enemy, change the battle situation and relative 势和力量对比,为转入战略进攻创 strength, and create conditions for 造条件。(源自:参考文献[18],p219) shifting to strategic offense. (From: Reference [18], p219) 2 The capability to defeat an enemy’s 2 挫伤敌人使用战略军事设施(主 use of its strategic military assets, 要是远程核运载系统)的能力。 (改 primarily long-range nuclear delivery 自:参考文献[71] ) systems. (Modified from: Reference [71]) strategic defense initiative (SDI) 战略防御倡议 The plan for a space-based ballistic 【zhànlüè fángyù chàngyì】 missile defense system announced by 罗纳德·里根总统在 1983 年 3 月 23 U.S. president Ronald Reagan on 日声明的《战略防御倡议》指为拦 March 23, 1983, aimed at defending 截苏联射向美国的大规模战略导弹 against a mass attack of strategic nuclear missiles from the Soviet Union. 力量而建立的天基弹道导弹防御系 It is also commonly called “Star Wars”. 统研制计划,俗称“星球大战”计 (Modified from: Reference [1], p274;[17]) 划。(改自:参考文献[1],p274;[17]) strategic missile 战略导弹【zhànlüè dǎodàn】 strategic nuclear weapon 战略核武器【zhànlüè héwǔqì】 1 Nuclear weapons that are used to 1 用于打击战略目标,执行战略任

71 strike strategic targets for strategic 务的核武器。(改自:参考文献[3],p1105) missions. (Modified from: Reference [3], p1105) 2 Strategic nuclear weapons are 2 战略核武器是指能打击远距离地 designed to engage objects in 域的战略目标(超过 5 500 公里)完 geographically remote strategic regions (over 5 500 km) to accomplish strategic 成战略任务的武器。特殊情况下战 missions. In exceptional situations, 略核武器可用于完成战役任务。战 E strategic nuclear weapons may be used to accomplish campaign missions. 略核武器服役于战略核部队。(源自: C Strategic nuclear weapons are in 参考文献[5],p24) service with the strategic nuclear forces. (From: Reference [5], p24) Note: Strategic refers to missions 注:战略担负对敌方及其军事力量 designed to have a long-term rather 产生长期的而非短期影响的使命。 than immediate effect on the enemy and its military forces. (Modified from: (改自:参考文献[9],p516-517) Reference [9], p516-517) Refer to “tactical nuclear weapon” 参见“战术核武器” strategic point 战略要点【zhànlüè yàodiǎn】 strategic stability 战略稳定性【zhànlüè wěndìngxìng】 strategy of flexible response 灵活反应战略 【línghuó fǎnyìng zhànlüè】 strategy of going beyond 超越遏制战略 containment 【chāoyuè èzhì zhànlüè】 strategy of massive retaliation 大规模报复战略 【dàguīmó bàofù zhànlüè】 strategy of mutual assured 相互确保摧毁战略 destruction (MAD) 【xiānghù quèbǎocuīhuǐ zhànlüè】 strategy of realistic deterrence 现实威慑战略 【xiànshí wēishè zhànlüè】 subcritical assembly 次临界装置【cìlínjiè zhuāngzhì】 subcritical experiment 次临界实验【cìlínjiè shíyàn】 Hydrodynamic detonation experiment in 实验中裂变系统处于次临界状态的 which the fission system remains subcritical, the material used would not 爆轰流体动力学实验,裂变材料的

72 exceed the amount that may produce a 用量以不会发生自持链式裂变核反 self-sustaining chain reaction. (Modified from: Reference [1], p214) 应为限。(改自:参考文献[1],p214) subcritical gas centrifuge 亚临界气体离心机【yàlínjiè qìtǐ líxīnjī】 subcritical safety simulation 次临界安全模拟实验系统 experiment system 【cìlínjiè ānquán mónǐ shíyàn xìtǒng】 E subcriticality 次临界度【cìlínjiè dù】 C submarine-launched ballistic 潜射弹道导弹 missile 【qiánshè dàndàodǎodàn】 supercritical gas centrifuge 超临界气体离心机 【chāolínjiè qìtǐ líxīnjī】 surveillance of nuclear material 核材料监视【hécáiliào jiānshì】 survivability of nuclear weapon 核武器生存能力 Capability for nuclear weapons on 【héwǔqì shēngcún nénglì】 active service to remain intact after 一方的现役核武器在对方进行第一 another country launches a first nuclear 次核打击后保持完好的能力。(源自: strike. (From: Reference [2], p222) 参考文献[2],p222) suspect-site inspection 可疑场地视察【kěyí chǎngdì shìchá】 suspension of IAEA safeguards 国际原子能机构保障监督的中止 【guójì yuánzǐnéng jīgòu bǎozhàng jiāndū de zhōngzhǐ】 suspension protocol 暂停实施议定书 【zàntíng shíshī yìdìngshū】 swipe samples of nuclear 核材料擦拭样品 material 【hécáiliào cāshì yàngpǐn】 swipe sampling 擦拭取样【cāshì qǔyàng】 The collection of environmental sam- 一种环境样品的收集方法,它通过 ples by swiping a surface with a piece of 用一块超洁净介质(例如布)擦拭物 ultraclean medium (such as cloth) to remove from the surface traces of the 体表面以获取物体表面残留的材料 materials present. (From: Reference [4], 9.4) 痕迹。(源自:参考文献[4],9.4) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) 合成孔径雷达 【héchéng kǒngjìng léidá】

73 systematic sampling 系统取样【xìtǒng qǔyàng】 The process of selecting samples in a 在一个连续的过程中以重复的方式 repeated pattern, such as every 11th 进行取样,如每隔 10 个物项取样或 item or at fixed time intervals, from a 每隔一定的时间间隔取样。(源自: continuing process. (From: Reference [4], 7.9) 参考文献[4],7.9) system-generated 系统电磁脉冲 electromagnetic pulse 【xìtǒng diàncí màichōng】 E C tactical missile 战术导弹【zhànshù dǎodàn】 tactical nuclear weapon 战术核武器【zhànshù héwǔqì】 1 Nuclear weapons used to attack 1 用于打击战役、战术纵深内重要 in-depth key targets at the campaign 目标的核武器。(改自:参考文献[3], and tactical level. (Modified from: Reference [3], p1107) p1107) 2 Nuclear weapons, such as artillery 2 用于战场作战的核武器,诸如核 shells, bombs, and short-range 炮弹、核炸弹和短程核导弹等。(改 missiles, for use in battlefield 自:参考文献[8]) operations. (Modified from: Reference [8]) 3 Tactical nuclear weapons are 3 战术核武器是指能打击敌方部署 designed to engage objects in the 的战术纵深目标(最远 300 公里)完 tactical depth of enemy deployment (up 成战术任务的武器。在某些情况下, to 300 km) to accomplish a tactical mission. Under certain conditions, 战术核武器可用于作战和战略任 tactical nuclear weapons may be 务,战略核炸弹也可用于战术目的。 involved in operational and strategic (改自:参考文献[5],p24) missions. A strategic bomb can be used for tactical purposes. (Modified from: Reference [5], p24) Notes 1: Activities at a tactical level 注 1:战术层面的活动是为完成战 focus on the ordered arrangement and 斗目的而关注涉及己方和敌方的作 maneuver of combat elements in relation to each other and to the enemy 战要素的部署和调遣。(改自:参考文 to achieve combat objectives. (Modified 献[9],p532) from: Reference [9], p532) Note 2: A campaign is a series of 注 2:战役是指军团为达成战争的 combat operations carried out by 局部目的或全局性目的,在统一指

74 corps-level military forces under 挥下进行的由一系列战斗组成的作 uniformed command to achieve partial 战行动。(源自:参考文献[33],p9) or overall objectives. (From: Reference [33], p9) Refer to “strategic nuclear weapon” 参见“战略核武器” tag 标签【biāoqiān】 E A unique identifier set up for facilitating 在军备控制条约的限制对象上,为 verification of items restricted by arms C 便于核查而设置的某种独特标志。 control treaties. A tag must have intrinsic characteristic which make it 标签必须具有固有的特征,不能复 difficult to be duplicated, transferred, 制、转移、篡改或探测,同时要稳 tampered or detected. A tag should also 定、可靠、便宜。(源自:参考文献[1], be stable, credible and inexpensive. (From: Reference [1], p496) p496) Note: An active tag requires electrical 注:有源标签工作时需要电源,但 power, while a passive tag works 无源标签不需要电源。 without a power supply. tailored deterrence 针对性威慑【zhēnduìxìng wēishè】 Flexible deterrence capabilities and 根据目标国具体的心理、政治、意 operational doctrines specifically de- signed according to the specific 识形态,及经济状况而特别制订的 psychological, political, ideological, and 灵活的威摄能力与实战原则。(源自: economic characteristics of the targeted 参考文献[21],p49-51) actor. (From: Reference[21], p49-51) tailored effects nuclear weapon 特殊效应核武器 【tèshū xiàoyìng héwǔqì】 tamper resistance 抗干扰【kàng gānrǎo】 tampering 干扰【gānrǎo】 target-changing capability 变换打击目标能力 【biànhuàn dǎjī mùbiāo nénglì】 target of nuclear strike 核打击目标【hédǎjī mùbiāo】 target positioning 目标定位【mùbiāo dìngwèi】 technical characteristics 技术特性展示和视察 exhibition and inspection 【jìshù tèxìng zhǎnshì hé shìchá】

75 technologies for on-site 核爆炸现场视察技术 inspection of nuclear explosion 【hébàozhà xiànchǎng shìchá jìshù】 telemetry data packet 遥测数据打包和加密 encryption 【yáocè shùjù dǎbāo hé jiāmì】 telemetry signal for missiles 导弹遥测信号【dǎodàn yáocè xìnhào】 telemetry system for nuclear 核武器遥测系统 weapon 【héwǔqì yáocè xìtǒng】 E template approach 模板法【móbǎnfǎ】 C The template approach to identify 模板法是通过测量物体的某些特 treaty-limited objects works by measur- 征,并与从某个参照物(如经认证的 ing certain characteristics of an object 一件特定类型的武器)测得的同样 and comparing them with the same set 一组特征(即模板)相比较。如果这 of measurements taken from a refer- 两组数据测量相符,就可以判定该 ence object (e.g., an authentic weapon 物体就是这种类型的武器。(源自: of a particular type): the template. (From: 参考文献[11],p99) Reference [11], p99) temporal resolution 时间分辨率 【shíjiān fēnbiànlǜ】 Ten Principles of the Bandung 万隆会议十项原则 Conference 【wànlóng huìyì shíxiàng yuánzé】 Ten-Nation Committee on 十国裁军委员会 Disarmament (TNCD) 【shíguó cáijūn wěiyuánhuì】 termination of IAEA safeguards 国际原子能机构保障监督的终止 【guójì yuánzǐnéng jīgòu bǎozhàng jiāndū de zhōngzhǐ】 theater nuclear weapon 战区核武器【zhànqū héwǔqì】 theoretical maximum 气体离心机的最大理论分离功率 separative power of a gas 【qìtǐ líxīnjī de zuìdà lǐlùn fēnlí gōnglǜ】 centrifuge theory of cascade 级联理论【jílián lǐlùn】 theory of escalation 逐步升级论【zhúbù shēngjílùn】 theory of low intensity conflict 低强度冲突理论 【dīqiángdù chōngtū lǐlùn】

76 theory of peaceful settlement 和平解决理论【hépíng jiějué lǐlùn】 theory of victory decided by 核武器制胜论【héwǔqì zhìshènglùn】 nuclear weapons thermal neutrons 热中子【rèzhōngzǐ】 thermal radiation of nuclear 核爆炸光(热)辐射 explosion 【hébàozhà guāngrèfúshè】 E thermonuclear ignition 热核点火【rèhé diǎnhuǒ】 C thermonuclear weapon 热核武器【rèhéwǔqì】 third-generation nuclear 第三代核武器【dìsāndài héwǔqì】 weapon THOREX (thorium extraction) 梭雷克斯流程【suōléikèsī liúchéng】 process (钍萃取流程) thorium-uranium nuclear fuel 钍-铀核燃料循环 cycle 【tǔ yóu héránliào xúnhuán】 Three Principles on Nuclear 中国核出口三项原则 Export Control of China 【zhōngguó héchūkǒu sānxiàng China's three principles of nuclear ex- yuánzé】 ports: guarantee for peaceful purposes 中国核出口三项原则:第一,只用 only; acceptance of IAEA safeguards; 于和平目的;第二,接受国际原子 and no retransfer to any third party 能机构的保障和监督;第三,未经 without prior approval of the Chinese 中国同意,接受国不得转让给第三 side. (From: Reference [1], p414) 国。(源自:参考文献[1],p414) throw weight of nuclear missile 核导弹投掷重量 【hédǎodàn tóuzhì zhòngliàng】 TNT equivalent 梯恩梯当量【tī’ēntī dāngliàng】 transfer guideline 转让准则【zhuǎnràng zhǔnzé】 transient radiation effects on 电子系统的瞬态辐射效应 electronics 【diànzǐ xìtǒng de shùntài fúshè xiàoyìng】 transmutation 嬗变【shànbiàn】 transparency 透明度【tòumíngdù】 Openness of information. In the verifica- 信息公开。在核查领域可指国家军 tion field it may refer to openness about 事活动和可能带有军事意味的和平

77 a state’s military activities and about 活动(如军民两用技术)的公开。(源 any peaceful activities that may have military implications (such as dual-use 自:参考文献[54]) technology). (From: Reference [54]) treatment of radioactive solid 放射性固体废物处理 waste 【fàngshèxìng gùtǐ fèiwù chǔlǐ】 Treaty Banning Nuclear 禁止在大气层、外层空间和水下进 E Weapon Tests in the 行核武器试验条约 Atmosphere, in Outer Space 【jìnzhǐ zài dàqìcéng wàicéng kōngjiān C and Under Water (PTBT) hé shuǐxià jìnxíng héwǔqì shìyàn tiáoyuē】 Treaty Between the United 美俄关于进一步削减和限制进攻性 States of America and the 战略武器条约 Russian Federation on Further 【měi é guānyú jìnyībù xuējiǎn hé Reduction and Limitation of xiànzhì jìngōngxìng zhànlüè wǔqì Strategic Offensive Arms tiáoyuē】 (START II) Treaty Between the United 美俄削减进攻性战略武器条约(莫 States of America and the 斯科条约) Russian Federation on 【měi é xuējiǎn jìngōngxìng zhànlüè Strategic Offensive Reductions wǔqì tiáoyuē mòsīkē tiáoyuē】 (Moscow/SORT) Treaty Between the United 美苏关于消除两国中程及中短程导 States of America and the 弹条约(中导条约) Union of Soviet Socialist 【měi sū guānyú xiāochú liǎngguó Republics on the Elimination of zhōngchéng jí zhōngduǎnchéng Their Intermediate-Range and dǎodàn tiáoyuē zhōngdǎo tiáoyuē】 Shorter-Range Missiles (INF Treaty) Treaty Between the United 美苏关于限制反弹道导弹系统条约 States of America and the (反导条约) Union of Soviet Socialist 【měi sū guānyú xiànzhì fǎn Republics on the Limitation of dàndàodǎodàn xìtǒng tiáoyuē fǎndǎo Anti-ballistic Missile Systems tiáoyuē】 (ABM Treaty) Treaty Between the United 美苏限制进攻性战略武器条约 States of America and the 【měi sū xiànzhì jìngōngxìng zhànlüè Union of Soviet Socialist wǔqì tiáoyuē】 Republics on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT II Treaty)

78 Treaty Between the United 美苏限制地下核武器试验条约(限 States of America and the 当量条约) Union of Soviet Socialist 【měi sū xiànzhì dìxià héwǔqì shìyàn Republics on the Limitation of tiáoyuē xiàndāngliàng tiáoyuē】 Underground Nuclear Weapon Tests (TTBT) Treaty Between the United 美苏关于削减和限制进攻性战略武 States of America and the 器条约 E Union of Soviet Socialist 【měi sū guānyú xuējiǎn hé xiànzhì C Republics on the Reduction jìngōngxìng zhànlüèwǔqì tiáoyuē】 and Limitation of Offensive Strategic Arms (START I) Treaty Between the United 美苏和平利用地下核爆炸条约 States of America and the 【měi sū hépíng lìyòng dìxià hébàozhà Union of Soviet Socialist tiáoyuē】 Republics on Underground Nuclear Explosion for Peaceful Purposes (PNE) Treaty for the Prohibition of 拉丁美洲和加勒比海禁止 Nuclear Weapons in Latin 核武器条约 America and the Caribbean 【lādīngměizhōu hé jiālèbǐhǎi (Treaty of Tlatelolco) jìnzhǐ héwǔqì tiáoyuē】 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation 不扩散核武器条约 of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) 【bùkuòsàn héwǔqì tiáoyuē】 Treaty on the Southeast Asia 东南亚无核武器区条约(曼谷条约) Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone 【 dōngnányà wúhéwǔqìqū tiáoyuē (Treaty of Bangkok) màngǔ tiáoyuē】 triad strategic nuclear force 三位一体战略核力量 Refer to “old nuclear triad” 【sānwèiyītǐ zhànlüè hélìliàng】 参见“旧核三位一体” trigger list 触发清单【chùfā qīngdān】 The NSG prescribes that items on the 核供应国集团规定,向无核武器国 list exported to non-nuclear-weapon 家出口“清单”上的项目,要“触 states should trigger the IAEA safe- 发”国际原子能机构的保障监督。 guards. (From: Reference [1], p407) (源自:参考文献[1],p407) tri-phase bomb 三相弹【sānxiàngdàn】 A type of hydrogen bomb whose energy 放能过程经历由裂变到聚变再到裂 release process consists of three

79 phases: fission, fusion, and then fission. 变三个阶段的一种氢弹,其最后的 The final fission phase is achieved by the use of natural uranium, depleted 裂变阶段由临近于热核燃料的天然 uranium, or enriched uranium in 铀、贫铀或浓缩铀来完成。世界上 proximity to the thermonuclear fuel. 大多数战略核武器都属于这种类 Most strategic nuclear weapons in the world belong to this type. (Modified from: 型。(改自:参考文献[3],p802) Reference [3], p802) E tritium 氚【chuān】 C tritium production reactor 产氚堆【chǎn chuān duī】 tunnel nuclear test 平洞地下核试验 【píngdòng dìxià héshìyàn】 two cycle process 双循环流程 【shuāngxúnhuán liúchéng】 type (environment) of nuclear 核爆炸方式(环境) explosion 【hébàozhà fāngshì huánjìng】 Nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive 核武器或核爆炸装置在不同介质、 devices can be exploded in different 不同高度或深度的爆炸,包括大气 media or at different heights/depths, in 层核爆炸、高空核爆炸、水下核爆 the atmosphere, in space, underwater and underground. (Modified from: Reference 炸和地下核爆炸等。(改自:参考文献 [1], p191) [1],p191) UN General Assembly 联合国大会【liánhéguó dàhuì】 UN resolution concerning the 联合国关于侵略定义的决议 definition of aggression 【liánhéguó guānyú qīnlüè dìngyì de juéyì】 unannounced inspection 不通知视察【bùtōngzhī shìchá】 undeclared facility or location 未申报设施或设施外场所 outside facilities (LOF) 【wèi shēnbào shèshī huò shèshīwài chǎngsuǒ】 underground nuclear test 地下核试验【dìxià héshìyàn】 unified uranium 合计铀【héjì yóu】 United Nations Advisory Board 联合国裁军事务咨询委员会 on Disarmament Affairs 【liánhéguó cáijūn shìwù zīxún wěiyuánhuì】

80 United Nations Charter 联合国宪章【liánhéguó xiànzhāng】 United Nations Commission for 联合国常规军备委员会 Conventional Armaments 【liánhéguó chángguī jūnbèi wěiyuánhuì】 United Nations Disarmament 联合国裁军审议委员会 Commission (UNDC) 【liánhéguó cáijūn shěnyì wěiyuánhuì】 E United Nations Institute for 联合国裁军研究所 Disarmament Research 【liánhéguó cáijūn yánjiūsuǒ】 C (UNIDIR) United Nations Office 联合国裁军事务部 (Department) for Disarmament 【liánhéguó cáijūn shìwùbù】 Affairs United Nations Register of 联合国常规武器转让登记册 Conventional Weapons 【liánhéguó chángguī wǔqì zhuǎnràng dēngjìcè】 uranium 铀【yóu】 uranium alloy 铀合金【yóu héjīn】 uranium chemical concentrate 铀化学浓缩物 【yóu huàxué nóngsuōwù】 uranium decontamination cycle 铀净化循环 【yóu jìnghuà xúnhuán】 uranium dioxide 二氧化铀【èryǎnghuàyóu】 uranium hexafluoride 六氟化铀【liùfúhuàyóu】 uranium hexafluoride 六氟化铀水解【liùfúhuàyóu shuǐjiě】 hydrolysis uranium isotope separation 铀同位素分离【yóu tóngwèisù fēnlí】 uranium mine and ore 铀矿开采和水冶 processing 【yóukuàng kāicǎi hé shuǐyě】 uranium purification plant 铀纯化厂【yóu chúnhuàchǎng】 uranium recycling 铀再循环【yóu zàixúnhuán】 A process of reusing the uranium 将从乏燃料中回收得到的铀在反应 extracted from spent fuel in nuclear 堆内再循环使用的过程。(源自:参 reactors. (From: Reference [2], p457) 考文献[2],p457)

81 uranium spectrum 铀光谱【yóu guāngpǔ】 uranium-233 铀-233【yóu 233】 uranium-plutonium cycle 铀钚循环【yóu bù xúnhuán】 uranium-plutonium mixed 铀钚混合氧化物 dioxide 【yóu bù hùnhé yǎnghuàwù】 uranium-plutonium partition 铀钚分离循环 E cycle 【yóu bù fēnlí xúnhuán】 C U.S. Nuclear Non-Proliferation 美国 1978 年核不扩散法 Act of 1978 【měiguó 1978 nián hébùkuòsàn fǎ】 The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act 核不扩散法声明了美国的政策:(1) declares it United States policy: (1) to pursue the establishment of inter- 寻求建立核设备、核材料和核技术 national controls of nuclear equipment, 的国际控制;(2)提高美国作为核反 material, and technology, (2) to enhance the reliability of the United 应堆和核燃料供应国的可靠性;(3) States as a supplier of nuclear reactors 鼓励批准《不扩散核武器条约》 (4) ; and fuels, (3) to encourage ratification 帮助其他国家核实和调整适当的能 of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and (4) to aid other 源生产技术。(改自:参考文献[35]) nations in identification and adaptation of appropriate energy production technology. (Modified from: Reference [35]) value function 价值函数【jiàzhí hánshù】 variable frequency power for 离心机专用变频电源 special purpose of a centrifuge 【líxīnjī zhuānyòng biànpín diànyuán】 variance σ2 方差 σ2【fāngchā σ2】 verification 核查【héchá】 In the arms control field, it refers to the 在军控中是指确认缔约国是否遵守 process of establishing whether state parties are complying with the provision 协议条款的过程。它必须监测各缔 of an agreement. It entails monitoring 约国有关条约承诺的活动,分析从 the activities of the parties relevant to their treaty commitments, analysing the 监测收集的信息,并确定各缔约国 information collected from monitoring, 是否遵守其对条约承诺的义务。 and determining whether the parties are complying with their agreement obliga- (改自:参考文献[19],p237) tions. (Modified from: Reference [19], p237)

82 verification and validation 验证与确认【yànzhèng yǔ quèrèn】 (V&V) 验证:是一个确定过程,即验证计 Verification is the process of confirming 算程序正确地求解了数学方程的过 that a computer code correctly implements the algorithms that were 程。 intended. Validation is the process of confirming 确认:也是一个确定过程,即确认 E that the predictions of a code 计算程序的计算结果恰当地描述了 adequately represent measured physi- C 相关物理现象的过程。(改自:参考文 cal phenomena. (Modified from: Reference 献[63]) [63]) verification of the fissile 禁止生产易裂变材料核查 material production cutoff 【jìnzhǐ shēngchǎn yìlièbiàn cáiliào héchá】 virtual nuclear test 虚拟核试验【xū’nǐ héshìyàn】 The numerical simulation of a nuclear 用先进的计算机程序和高性能计算 explosion test done by advanced com- 机对核爆试验进行数值模拟。(改自: puter programs and high performance computers. (Modified from: Reference [2], 参考文献[2],p430) p430) visual observation 目视观察【mùshì guānchá】 voluntary offer agreement 自愿提交协定【zìyuàn tíjiāo xiédìng】 voluntary reporting scheme on 关于核材料、规定设备和非核材料 nuclear material and specified 自愿报告机制 equipment and non-nuclear 【guānyú hécáiliào guīdìngshèbèi hé material fēihécáiliào zìyuàn bàogào jīzhì】 vulnerability assessment 易损性评定【yìsǔnxìng píngdìng】 waste from nuclear fuel cycle 核燃料循环废物 【héránliào xúnhuán fèiwù】 waste from nuclear power plant 核电厂废物【hédiànchǎng fèiwù】 waste solidification 废物固化【fèiwù gùhuà】 waste storage 废物贮存【fèiwù zhùcún】 weapon-grade plutonium 武器级钚【wǔqìjí bù】 Plutonium containing no more than 7% 含小于或等于 7%以下钚-240 的钚。 Pu-240. (From: Reference [1], p233) (源自:参考文献[1],p233)

83 Note: Pu containing much more than 注:含远大于 7%以上钚-240 的钚 7% Pu-240 can actually be used in a 事实上亦可用于核武器。(源自:参 nuclear weapon. (From: Reference [13], 考文献[13],p32-33) p32-33) weapon-grade uranium 武器级铀【wǔqìjí yóu】 Enriched uranium containing no less 含大于或等于 90%以上铀-235 的 than 90% U-235. (From: Reference [1], p233) E 铀。(源自:参考文献[1],p233) C weaponization 武器化【wǔqìhuà】 weaponization of space 外空武器化【wàikōng wǔqìhuà】 To deploy systems or components 部署专门设计用于在/从外空作战 specifically designed to fight a war in or 的系统或部件,或部署专门设计用 from space, or military capabilities on the earth specifically designed to 于在地球上攻击外空中目标的军事 destroy or disable targets in space. 能力。(改自:参考文献[56],p29) (Modified From: Reference [56], p29) Refer to “militarization of space” 参见“外空军事化” weapon-usable material 可用于武器的材料 【kěyòngyú wǔqì de cáiliào】 Western Group 西方国家集团 【xīfāng guójiā jítuán】 wet storage 湿法贮存【shīfǎ zhùcún】 X-ray laser pumped by nuclear 核爆激励 X 射线激光器 explosion 【hébào jīlì X shèxiàn jīguāngqì】 yellow cake 黄饼【huángbǐng】 A concentrate produced during the 铀水冶过程中的中间产物,含有大 uranium milling process that contains about 80% U3O8 with small amounts of 约 80%带着少量铀酰盐的八氧化三 uranyl salts. In preparation for uranium 铀(U3O8)。用于铀浓缩的黄饼被转 enrichment, the yellowcake is converted 化成六氟化铀气体(UF6),用于天然 to uranium hexafluoride gas (UF6). In the preparation of natural uranium 铀反应堆燃料的黄饼被加工成纯净 reactor fuel, yellowcake is processed 的二氧化铀。(源自:参考文献[12]) into purified uranium dioxide. (From: Reference [12])

84 yield 威力【wēilì】 yield-to-weight ratio 比威力【bǐwēilì】 Zangger Committee 桑戈委员会【sānggē wěiyuánhuì】 The Zangger Committee, also known as 一些有核出口能力的《不扩散核武 the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty Exporters Committee, is a nuclear 器条约》(NPT)缔约国组成的核出口 E export group, which consists of parties 控制集团,又称 NPT 出口国委员 of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty C 会。该委员会于 1971 年成立,宗旨 (NPT) who have the capability of nuclear export. The committee was 是控制《不扩散核武器条约》成员 formed in 1971. It aims to prevent the 国对没有核武器的非条约成员国的 prohibition of nuclear weapons by 核材料和核设备的出口,以防止核 controlling the export of nuclear materials and equipment from parties of 武器扩散。委员会的主要出口控制 the NPT to non-nuclear-weapon states. 机制是“触发清单”,即向无核武 The main export control mechanism of 器国家出口触发清单上的项目,接 the committee is the “Trigger List”. Items on this List exported to 收国必须接受“国际原子能机构” non-nuclear- weapon states must be 的保障监督。目前该委员会有 36 个 subject to IAEA safeguards. The 成员国。(改自:参考文献[1],p374) committee now has 36 member states. (Modified from: Reference [1], p374) Zangger Committee Export 桑戈委员会出口准则 Guidelines 【sānggē wěiyuánhuì chūkǒu zhǔnzé】 zero-yield experiment 零威力实验【língwēilì shíyàn】 Refer to “subcritical experiment” 参见“次临界实验”

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The U.S. National Academies Committee on International Security and Arms Control (CISAC) and the Chinese Scientists Group on Arms Control (CSGAC) of the Chinese People's Association for Peace and Disarmament have jointly produced a Chinese - English English - Chinese Nuclear Security Glossary. This glossary of approximately 1000 terms is built on 20 years of joint discussions on nuclear arms control, nuclear nonproliferation, nuclear energy, and regional security issues and is intended to remove barriers to progress in exchanges and diplomatic, cooperative, or other activities where unambiguous understanding is essential.

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