National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×

21ST CENTURY INNOVATION SYSTEMS FOR JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES

Lessons from a Decade of Change

Report of a Symposium

Sadao Nagaoka, Masayuki Kondo, Kenneth Flamm, and Charles Wessner, Editors

Committee on Comparative Innovation Policy: Best Practice for the 21st Century

Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

Policy and Global Affairs

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by: Contract/Grant No. SB1341-03-C-0032 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Commerce; Contract/Grant No. OFED-381989 between the National Academy of Sciences and Sandia National Laboratories; OFED-858931 between the National Academy of Sciences and Sandia National Laboratories; and Contract/Grant No. NAVY-N00014-05-G-0288, DO #2, between the National Academy of Sciences and the Office of Naval Research. This material is based upon work also supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Defense Sciences Office, DARPA Order No. K885/00, Program Title: Materials Research and Development Studies, Issued by DARPA/CMD under Contract #MDA972-01-D-0001. Additional funding was provided by Intel Corporation, International Business Machines, the Palo Alto Research Center, and Google. The project was also supported by NISTEP (National Institute of Science and Technology Policy) and IIR (Institute of Innovation Research) of Hitotsubashi University of Japan. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-13662-4

International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-13662-8

Limited copies are available from Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy, National Research Council, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., W547, Washington, DC 20001; 202-334-2200.

Additional copies of this report are available from the

National Academies Press,

500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2009 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine


The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.


The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.


The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.


The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.


www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×

Committee on Comparative Innovation Policy: Best Practice for the 21st Century*

William J. Spencer (NAE), Chair (through August 2007) Chairman Emeritus, retired

SEMATECH

Kenneth S. Flamm, Vice Chair Dean Rusk Chair in International Affairs

Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs University of Texas at Austin and STEP Board

Alice H. Amsden Professor of Political Economy

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Gail H. Cassell (IOM) Vice President,

Scientific Affairs and

Distinguished Lilly Research Scholar for Infectious Diseases

Eli Lilly and Company

Carl J. Dahlman Henry R. Luce Associate Professor

Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service Georgetown University

Alan Wm. Wolff, Chair (August 2007-present) Partner

Dewey & LeBoeuf LLP and STEP Board

Mary L. Good (NAE), Vice Chair Donaghey University Professor Dean,

Donaghey College of Engineering and Information Technology University of Arkansas at Little Rock and STEP Board

Bronwyn Hall Professor of Economics

University of California at Berkeley

Mark B. Myers Senior Vice President, retired

Xerox Corporation

*

As of December 2008.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×

Project Staff*

Charles W. Wessner Study Director

McAlister T. Clabaugh Program Associate (through July 2006)

David E. Dierksheide Program Officer

Sujai J. Shivakumar Senior Program Officer

Adam Gertz Program Associate

Jeffrey C. McCullough Program Associate (through August 2008)

*

As of December 2008.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×

For the National Research Council (NRC), this project was overseen by the Board on Science, Technology and Economic Policy (STEP), a standing board of the NRC established by the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering and the Institute of Medicine in 1991. The mandate of the STEP Board is to integrate understanding of scientific, technological, and economic elements in the formulation of national policies to promote the economic well-being of the United States. A distinctive characteristic of STEP’s approach is its frequent interactions with public and private-sector decision makers. STEP bridges the disciplines of business management, engineering, economics, and the social sciences to bring diverse expertise to bear on pressing public policy questions. The members of the STEP Board* and the NRC staff are listed below:


Lawrence H. Summers (NAS), Chair

Charles W. Eliot Professor

Kennedy School of Government

Harvard University


Lewis W. Coleman

President & CFO

DreamWorks Animation


Kenneth S. Flamm

Dean Rusk Chair in International Affairs

Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs

University of Texas at Austin


Alan M. Garber (IOM)

Henry J. Kaiser, Jr. Professor

Professor of Medicine

Director, Center for Health Policy

Director, Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research

Stanford University


Ralph E. Gomory (NAS/NAE)

Research Professor

Stern School of Business

New York University

& President Emeritus

Alfred P. Sloan Foundation


Edward E. Penhoet (IOM), Vice-Chair

Director

Alta Partners


Mary L. Good (NAE)

Donaghey University Professor

Dean, Donaghey College of Engineering and Information Technology

University of Arkansas at Little Rock


Amory Houghton, Jr.

Former Member of Congress


David T. Morgenthaler

Founding Partner

Morgenthaler Ventures


Joseph P. Newhouse (IOM)

John D. MacArthur Professor of Health Policy and Management

Harvard Medical School


Arati Prabhakar

General Partner

U.S. Venture Partners


William J. Raduchel

Chairman

Opera Software ASA

*

As of December 2008.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×

Jack W. Schuler

Partner

Crabtree Partners


Alan Wm. Wolff

Partner

Dewey & LeBoeuf LLP

STEP Staff*

Stephen A. Merrill

Executive Director


McAlister T. Clabaugh

Program Associate

(through July 2006)


David E. Dierksheide

Program Officer


Adam Gertz

Program Associate


Charles W. Wessner

Program Director


Jeffrey C. McCullough

Program Associate

(through August 2008)


Daniel Mullins

Program Associate


Sujai J. Shivakumar

Senior Program Officer

*

As of December 2008.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×

Contents

PREFACE

 

xiii

I.

 

INTRODUCTION: The Chrysanthemum Meets the Eagle—The Co-evolution of Innovation Policies in Japan and the United States
Sadao Nagaoka, Hitotsubashi University Kenneth Flamm, University of Texas at Austin

 

3

II.

 

OVERVIEW
Sadao Nagaoka, Hitotsubashi University Kenneth Flamm, University of Texas at Austin Masayuki Kondo, Yokohama National University and National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP)

 

21

III. SYMPOSIUM PAPERS

 

 

 

 

Technology Policies in Japan: 1990 to the Present
Akira Goto, University of Tokyo Kazuyuki Motohashi, University of Tokyo and Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI)

 

29

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×

 

 

Reform of University Research System in Japan: Where Do They Stand?
Ryuji Shimoda, Tokyo Institute of Technology

 

40

 

 

Government’s Evolving Role in Supporting Corporate R&D in the United States: Theory, Practice, and Results in the Advanced Technology Program
Stephanie Shipp, National Institute of Standards and Technology Marc Stanley, National Institute of Standards and Technology

 

57

 

 

Government Programs to Encourage Innovation by Startups and SMEs: The Role of Innovation Awards
Charles W. Wessner, National Research Council

 

77

 

 

Programs to Stimulate Startups and Entrepreneurship in Japan: Experiences and Lessons
Takehiko Yasuda, Toyo University and Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI)

 

95

 

 

Economic Impacts of International R&D Coordination: SEMATECH and the International Technology Roadmap
Kenneth Flamm, University of Texas at Austin

 

108

 

 

Semiconductor Consortia in Japan: Experiences and Lessons for the Future
Shuzo Fujimura, Tokyo Institute of Technology and Hitotsubashi University

 

126

 

 

Issues in and Possible Reforms of the U.S. Patent System
Bronwyn H. Hall, University of California at Berkeley

 

138

 

 

Reform of Patent System in Japan and Challenges
Sadao Nagaoka, Hitotsubashi University

 

153

 

 

Industry-University R&D Partnerships in the United States
Irwin Feller, American Association for the Advancement of Science

 

169

 

 

University-Industry Partnerships in Japan
Masayuki Kondo, Yokohama National University and National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP)

 

186

 

 

The Connected Science Model for Innovation: The DARPA Role
William B. Bonvillian, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

 

206

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×

 

 

Public-Private Linkage in Biomedical Research in Japan: Lessons of the 1990s
Yosuke Okada, Hitotsubashi University Kenta Nakamura, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Hitotsubashi University Akira Tohei, Competition Policy Research Center, Fair Trade Commission of Japan

 

238

IV. APPENDIXES

 

 

A.

 

Symposium Agenda

 

253

B.

 

Bibliography

 

260

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×

Preface

Recognizing that a capacity to innovate and commercialize new high-technology products is increasingly a key for the economic growth in the case of tighter environmental and resource constraints, governments around the world have taken active steps to strengthen their national innovation systems. These steps underscore the belief of these governments that the rising costs and risks associated with new potentially high-payoff technologies, their spillover or externality-generating effects and the growing global competition, require national R&D programs to support the innovations by new and existing high-technology firms within their borders.

Innovation can be defined as the transformation of an idea into a marketable product or service, a new or improved manufacturing or distribution process, or even a new method of providing a social service. This transformation involves an adaptive network of institutions that encompass a variety of informal and formal rules and procedures—a national innovation ecosystem—that shape how individuals and corporate entities create knowledge and collaborate to bring new products and services to market. If competitiveness can be defined as the ability to gain market share by adding value better than others in the globalized economic environment, the ability of these actors to collaborate successfully within a given innovation ecosystem gains significance.1 Recognizing this, policymakers around the world are supporting a variety of initiatives to reinforce their national innovation ecosystems as a way of improving their national competitiveness.

1

The issue of whether nations, like businesses, can capture market share has been the subject of debate since Adam Smith. A more recent critique can be seen in Paul Krugman, “Competitiveness: A Dangerous Obsession,” Foreign Affairs March/April 1994.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×

In the United States, the proliferation of national initiatives to support innovation highlights the need for better understanding by U.S. policymakers of the objectives, structure, operation, funding levels, and trends characterizing some of the major programs around the world. These programs and associated policy measures are of great relevance to the United States both for their potential impact on U.S. competitiveness and for the lessons they may hold for U.S. programs.

With these objectives in mind, the National Research Council’s Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) has embarked on a study of selected foreign innovation programs in comparison with major U.S. programs. As such, the premise of this study is not to consider the possibility of a pure laissez-faire approach to fostering innovation, but rather to recognize the importance of targeted government promotional policies relative to innovation.2 The analysis, carried out under the direction of an ad hoc Committee, is to include a review of the goals, concept, structure, operation, funding levels, and evaluation of foreign programs designed to advance the innovation capacity of national economies and enhance their international competitiveness.3

In Japan, there have been significant new developments in Japanese innovation policies since the 1990s. They include the enactment of the Science and Technology Basic Law in 1995 to promote science and technology in a more systematic and coherent way, a significant increase for funding in the science and technology budget, coupled with major institutional reforms in national universities and research laboratories, measures to strengthen industry and academic science partnerships, including the enactment of the Japanese version of the Bayh-Dole Act, and a significant strengthening of intellectual property rights protection. The most important reason for these changes was the recognition of policy makers that Japan needed to strengthen its innovation capability, as an engine of economic growth, given that the catch-up phase of Japanese economic growth was over. The policy priority on innovation increased as the stagnation in Japan’s economy extended over almost a decade.

2

Government programs to promote promising technologies are a well-known and longstanding practice. See, for example, Vernon W. Ruttan, Technology, Growth, and Development: An Induced Innovation Perspective, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2000. For a critique of Ruttan, see Richard Lipsey’s review of this book in the Journal of Economic Literature 5(2):439-442, June 2007.

3

Thus, while cognizant of the role of DARPA, and more broadly the Department of Defense, in the U.S. innovation system, the focus of the conference was on civilian technology programs that operate closer to market than does DARPA. In addition, as Alic and Branscomb et al. have described in Beyond Spin-off, the earlier military driven model of U.S. innovation is no longer as effective as it once was. DARPA funding of advanced technologies, particularly in IT, have had enormous impact, although largely on platform technologies that had wide and profound spillovers. Indeed the emergence of China and certainly India in the global economy attests to the impact of the Internet, to which DARPA made major contributions. See John A. Alic, Lewis M. Branscomb, Harvey Brooks, Ashton B. Carter, and Gerald L. Epstein, Beyond Spin-off: Military and Commercial Technologies in a Changing World, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1992.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×

THE CONTEXT OF THIS REPORT

In the United States, since 1991 the STEP Board has undertaken a program of activities to improve policy makers’ understanding of the interconnections among science, technology, and economic policy and their importance to the American economy and its international competitive position. The Board’s interest in comparative innovation policies derives directly from its mandate.

This mandate has previously been reflected in STEP’s widely cited volume, U.S. Industry in 2000, which assesses the determinants of competitive performance in a wide range of manufacturing and service industries, including those relating to information technology.4 The Board also undertook a major study, chaired by Gordon Moore of Intel, on how government-industry partnerships can support the growth and commercialization of productivity enhancing technologies.5 Reflecting a growing recognition of the importance of the surge in productivity since 1995, the Board also launched a multifaceted assessment, exploring the sources of growth, measurement challenges, and the policy framework required to sustain the New Economy.6

The current study on Comparative Innovation Policy builds on STEP’s experience to develop an international comparative analysis focused on U.S. and foreign innovation programs. The analysis will include a review of the goals, concept, structure, operation, funding levels, and evaluation of foreign programs similar to major U.S. programs. Among other initiatives, this study will convene senior officials and academic analysts engaged in the operation and evaluation of these programs overseas to gain a first-hand understanding of the goals, challenges, and accomplishments of these programs.

In Japan, the research on the innovation process and policy has become very important in the midst of increasing government commitment to the innovation policy. In particular, after reviewing several research proposals made by various institutions, the government asked the National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP), the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, to conduct a comprehensive review to see the effects of the First and Second Science and Technology Basic Plans in 2003. NISTEP spent two years to conduct this review. The staff of NISTEP, cooperating with outside think tanks,

4

National Research Council, U.S. Industry in 2000: Studies in Competitive Performance, David C. Mowery, ed., Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1999.

5

This summary of a multi-volume study provides the Moore Committee’s analysis of best practices among key U.S. public private partnerships. See National Research, Government-Industry Partnerships for the Development of New Technologies: Summary Report, Charles W. Wessner, ed., Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2003. For a list of U.S. partnership programs, see Christopher Coburn and Dan Berglund, Partnerships: A Compendium of State and Federal Cooperative Programs, Columbus, OH: Battelle Press, 1995.

6

National Research Council, Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy, Dale W. Jorgenson and Charles W. Wessner, eds., Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2007.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×

analyzed how public funds were spent, how science and technology systems, such as funding channels, were changed, what outputs, such as research papers and patents, were created, what were the outcomes and impacts of the two Plans in regions and the society, etc. In conducting this exercise, NISTEP employed international comparisons against the United States and European Union countries. The other research institutions, such as Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Institute of Innovation Research of Hitotsubashi University, have also undertaken a number of innovation related studies, including that on the research consortium and on the interaction between innovation and intellectual property rights.

Based on the activities mentioned above both in Japan and the United States, in January 2006, a major international symposium on “21st Century Innovation Systems for the United States and Japan: Lessons from a Decade of Change” was organized by NISTEP and STEP and was held in Tokyo in cooperation with the Institute of Innovation Research of Hitotsubashi University.7 The Symposium was opened by two distinguished addresses. Rep. Donald A. Manzullo, Chairman of Committee on Small Business, U.S. House of Representatives, made a speech titled “Challenges in the U.S. Innovation System.” Professor Taizo Yakushiji, a Member of the Council for Science and Technology Policy, made an address titled “Evolution and Challenges to the Innovation Systems in Japan—Innovation by Emulation.” This Symposium reviewed government programs and initiatives to support the development of small- and medium-sized enterprises, government-university-industry collaboration and consortia, and the impact of the intellectual property regime on innovation. While the symposium could not cover every issue in this complex and changing area, every effort was taken to ensure that the issues selected were significant for the two innovation models being discussed. This book brings together the papers presented at the conference and provides a historical context of the issues discussed at the symposium.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful for the participation and the contributions of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Office of Naval Research, Sandia National Laboratories, the National Institute of Science and Technology Policy, and the Institute of Innovation Research of Hitotsubashi University.

We are grateful for the members of the Planning Committee in Japan, chaired by Masayuki Kondo and including Sadao Nagaoka, Akira Goto (Professor, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo), Hiroyuki Tomizawa, and Masaru Yarime (both of whom are the Senior Research Fellows at the Second Theory-oriented Group, NISTEP) for organizing and imple-

7

The symposium agenda and planning committee can be found in Appendix A. Unless noted. Unless noted otherwise, all affiliations listed in this volume are as of January 2006.

Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×

menting the conference. We are also thankful for the support of the staff of the NISTEP and of the Institute of Innovation Research of Hitotsubashi University for their key role in organizing the conference.

NRC REVIEW

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Academies’ Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for quality and objectivity. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.

We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Arthur Alexander, Georgetown University; William Bonvillian, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Randall Goodall, SEMATECH; Thomas Howell, Dewey & LeBoeuf LLP; and Nicholas Vonortas, The George Washington University.

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the report, nor did they see the final draft before its release. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the author(s) and the institution.


Sadao Nagaoka

Masayuki Kondo

Kenneth Flamm

Charles Wessner

Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×
Page R1
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×
Page R2
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×
Page R3
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×
Page R4
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×
Page R5
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×
Page R6
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×
Page R7
Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×
Page R8
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×
Page R9
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×
Page R10
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×
Page R11
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×
Page R12
Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×
Page R13
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×
Page R14
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×
Page R15
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×
Page R16
Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×
Page R17
Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12194.
×
Page R18
Next: Introduction--The Chrysanthemum Meets the Eagle: The Co-evolution of Innovation Policies in Japan and the United States »
21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change: Report of a Symposium Get This Book
×
Buy Hardback | $85.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Recognizing that a capacity to innovate and commercialize new high-technology products is increasingly a key for the economic growth in the environment of tighter environmental and resource constraints, governments around the world have taken active steps to strengthen their national innovation systems.

These steps underscore the belief of these governments that the rising costs and risks associated with new potentially high-payoff technologies, their spillover or externality-generating effects and the growing global competition, require national R&D programs to support the innovations by new and existing high-technology firms within their borders.

The National Research Council's Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) has embarked on a study of selected foreign innovation programs in comparison with major U.S. programs. The "21st Century Innovation Systems for the United States and Japan: Lessons from a Decade of Change" symposium reviewed government programs and initiatives to support the development of small- and medium-sized enterprises, government-university- industry collaboration and consortia, and the impact of the intellectual property regime on innovation. This book brings together the papers presented at the conference and provides a historical context of the issues discussed at the symposium.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!