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Transitioning to Sustainability Through Research and Development on Ecosystem Services and Biofuels: Workshop Summary
TRANSITIONING TO SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND BIOFUELS
WORKSHOP SUMMARY
PATRICIA KOSHEL AND KATHLEEN MCALLISTER, Rapporteurs
Science and Technology for Sustainability Program
Policy and Global Affairs
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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Transitioning to Sustainability Through Research and Development on Ecosystem Services and Biofuels: Workshop Summary
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This workshop was supported by the George and Cynthia Mitchell Endowment for Sustainability Science, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the USGS, USFS, NOAA, NASA, USDA, and USEPA. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-11982-5
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-11982-0
If you would like to request a copy of this report, please call the Science and Technology for Sustainability Program Unit at 202-334-2047 or Email Sustainability@nas.edu.
Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.
Cover: Photo credit: U.S. Department of Energy. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, PIX13531.
Copyright 2008 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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Transitioning to Sustainability Through Research and Development on Ecosystem Services and Biofuels: Workshop Summary
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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Transitioning to Sustainability Through Research and Development on Ecosystem Services and Biofuels: Workshop Summary
STEERING COMMITTEE ON TRANSITIONING TO SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND BIOFUELS
Pamela Matson (NAS) (Co-Chair), Dean,
School of Earth Sciences, Stanford University
James Mahoney (Co-Chair), Former Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere,
US Department of Commerce (retired),
Co-Chair of the Roundtable on Science and Technology for Sustainability (until 7/1/2007)
Ann Bartuska, Deputy Chief for Research and Development,
US Forest Service
William Clark (NAS), Harvey Brooks Professor of International Science,
Public Policy and Human Development Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Gregory Crosby, National Program Leader for Sustainable Development,
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, US Department of Agriculture
Linda Gundersen, Chief Scientist for Geology,
US Geological Survey
Alan Hecht, Director of Sustainable Development,
Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency
Kai Lee, Program Officer,
Conservation and Science Program, Packard Foundation
Steve Murawski, Director of Scientific Programs and Chief Science Advisor,
National Oceans and Atmospheric Administration
Staff
Patricia Koshel, Senior Program Officer,
Science and Technology for Sustainability, The National Academies
Julia Kregenow, Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Graduate Fellow,
The National Academies
Kathleen McAllister, Senior Program Assistant,
Science and Technology for Sustainability, The National Academies
Gregory Symmes, Deputy Executive Director,
Division on Earth and Life Studies, The National Academies,
Director,
Roundtable on Science and Technology for Sustainability (until 8/31/ 2007)
Derek Vollmer, Senior Program Associate,
Science and Technology for Sustainability, The National Academies
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Transitioning to Sustainability Through Research and Development on Ecosystem Services and Biofuels: Workshop Summary
ROUNDTABLE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABILITY
Pamela Matson (Co-Chair), Dean of the School of Earth Sciences and Goldman Professor of Environmental Studies,
Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University
Emmy Simmons (Co-Chair), Former Assistant Administrator for Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade,
US Agency for International
Matt Arnold, Co-founder and Managing Director,
Sustainable Finance Ltd.
Arden Bement, Director,
National Science Foundation*
Michael Bertolucci, President,
Interface Research Corporation
John Carberry, Director of Environmental Technology,
DuPont
Leslie Carothers, President,
Environmental Law Institute
William Clark, Harvey Brooks Professor of International Science, Public Policy, and Human Development,
Harvard University
John Dernbach, Professor of Law,
Widener University
Sam Dryden, Managing Director,
Wolfensohn & Company
Kathryn Fuller, Chair of the Board of Trustees,
Ford Foundation
George Gray, Assistant Administrator,
Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency*
Hank Habicht, Vice Chairman,
Global Environment and Technology Foundation (GETF) and
Managing Partner of SAIL Venture Partners
Jeremy Harris, Former Mayor of Honolulu
Rosalyn Hobson, Associate Dean for Graduate Studies,
School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University
Jack Kaye, Director,
Research and Analysis Program of the Earth-Sun System Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration*
Gerald Keusch, Assistant Provost,
Medical Campus and
Associate Dean,
School of Public Health, Boston University
Kai Lee, Program Officer,
Conservation & Science Program, Packard Foundation
J. Todd Mitchell, Chairman,
Board of Directors, Houston Advanced Research Center
Mark Myers, Director,
US Geological Survey*
Raymond Orbach, Director,
Office of Science, US Department of Energy*
Larry Papay, Former Senior Vice President,
Integrated Solutions Sector, SAIC and
Senior Vice President and General Manager,
Bechtel Technology and Consulting
*
Denotes Ex-Officio Membership
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Transitioning to Sustainability Through Research and Development on Ecosystem Services and Biofuels: Workshop Summary
Merle Pierson, Acting Under Secretary for Research, Education, and Economics,
US Department of Agriculture*
Prabhu Pingali, Director,
Division of Agricultural and Development Economics, UN Food and Agriculture Organization
Peter Raven, Director,
Missouri Botanical Garden and
Chair,
Division on Earth and Life Studies*
Robert Stephens, International Chair,
Multi-State Working Group on Environmental Performance
Staff
Marty Perreault, Director,
Roundtable on Science and Technology for Sustainability (As of 9/1/07)
Greg Symmes, Director,
Roundtable on Science and Technology for Sustainability (Until 9/1/07)
Pat Koshel, Senior Program Officer
Derek Vollmer, Senior Program Associate
Kathleen McAllister, Senior Program Assistant
*
Denotes Ex-Officio Membership
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Transitioning to Sustainability Through Research and Development on Ecosystem Services and Biofuels: Workshop Summary
Acknowledgments
This workshop report is the result of efforts by many organizations and people. The workshop steering committee was ably chaired by Roundtable members, Pamela Matson and James Mahoney. Other members of the steering committee included: Ann Bartuska (USFS); Gregory Crosby (USDA); Linda Gundersen (USGS); Alan Hecht (USEPA); Steve Murawski (NOAA); and Roundtable Members, Bill Clark and Kai Lee. Jack Kaye and Woody Turner of NASA, William Chernicoff of the Department of Transportation, and Ann Russell of the NSF also provided valuable support to the workshop.
Gregory Symmes, the former staff director of the Academies’ Science and Technology for Sustainability Roundtable, offered valuable guidance to the Academies staff and to the steering committee. We would also like to recognize the contributions made by Julia Kregenow, a Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Graduate Fellow, Derek Vollmer, and Marty Perreault.
Financial support for the workshop was provided by the US Geological Survey (USGS), the US Forest Service (USFS), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the US Environmental Protection Administration (EPA), the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, and the George and Cynthia Mitchell Endowment for Sustainability Science.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Academies’ Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to
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ensure that the report meets institutional standards for quality and objectivity. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.
We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Diana Bauer, US Department of Transportation; Kenneth Cassman, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Thomas Lovejoy, The H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment; and Bruce Rodan, US Office of Science and Technology Policy.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the report, nor did they see the final draft before its release. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authors and the institution.
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Transitioning to Sustainability Through Research and Development on Ecosystem Services and Biofuels: Workshop Summary
Contents
1
Introduction and Overview
1
2
Ecosystem Services R&D
7
3
Biofuels R&D
19
4
Common Themes
29
APPENDIXES
A Workshop Agenda
37
B List of Organizers and Panelists
43
C Descriptions of Agency Activities Presented at the Forum on Ecosystem Services and Sustainability
47
D Descriptions of Agency Activities Presented at the Forum on Biofuels and Sustainability
69
E Biographical Information: Roundtable on Science and Technology for Sustainability
87
F Federal Sustainability R&D Forum Workshop Participants
103
G Biographical Information: Federal Sustainability R&D Forum Speakers and Panelists
107
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