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(continued from previous page) blood pressure and, 415, 420, 442-443, 452 cancer and, 10, 16, 334, 437-442, 444, 452, 660, 673 CHD and, 16, 444-446, 533, 660, 673, 695 cigarette smoking and, 10, 444, 660 cirrhosis and, 10, 33, 92; see also Alcoholic cirrhosis clinical studies of, 436 coronary occlusion score and, 445 cultural aspects of, 433-435 data sources on, 47 diabetes mellitus and, 446 epidemiologic evidence on, 436, 437-439 ethnographic review of, 433-434 flushing of the skin and, 88, 93 gallbladder disease and. 127 glucose tolerance and, 446 historical perspective on, 433-435 hyperlipidemia and, 443-444 hypertension and, 10, 16, 108, 415, 442-443, 660 hyperuricemia and, 447 hypoglycemia and, 446-447 insulin resistance and, 446 liver injury and, 10, 16, 33, 124-125, 447-449, 452, 673; see also Alcoholic cirrhosis for medicinal purposes, 434 metabolic disorders from, 446-449 neurological impairment and disorders and, 16, 431, 449-451, 452, 673 in nonliterate societies, 435 in non-Western literate societies, 435 nutritional disorders and, 10, 16, 434, 441-442, 448-449, 450-451, 634, 673 osteoporosis and, 10, 619, 660 policy implications of, 451 during pregnancy, 10, 16, 452-453, 673, 681 recommended levels of, 16, 18, 451, 673, 675, 678-680, 682-683, 686-688 renal disease (chronic) and, 447, 452 reporting of, 25, 27, 60, 61, 81, 436, 442 sex differences in, 432-433, 452 stroke and, 105, 442-443, 452, 660 trace element intake from, 376 transcultural anthropological perspective on, 434 vitamin deficiencies and, 335, 450-451, 452 in Western societies, 434-435 see also Ethanol Alcohol dehydrogenase, 88, 93, 440, 448 Alcoholic beverages ale, 61 amount of ethanol in, 432 beer, 10, 16, 60, 61, 432-439, 441, 444, 445, 447, 451, 475, 660, 673 calories supplied by, 62, 140, 435-436 carbohydrate content of, 436 carcinogens in, 441, 452, 475, 480, 486 cognac, 436 86 proof, 443 gin, 434 rum, 434 vermouth, 441 vodka, 436 whiskey, 62, 393, 432, 434, 436, 437 wine, 16, 60, 61, 391, 392, 432-434, 436, 438, 439, 441, 444, 445, 673 see also Alcohol consumption: Ethanol: and specific alcoholic beverages Alcoholic cardiomyopathy, 446 Alcoholic cirrhosis age and, 125 animal studies of, 33 diagnosis of, 124 epidemiology of, 447-448 ethnic correlates of, 125 genetic and familial factors in, 92, 634 liver cancer and, 438-439 megaloblastic anemia and, 338 in migrants, 125 mortality rates, 125-126, 435, 447 nutritional factors in, 335, 336, 338, 448-449, 451, 634 population differences in frequency of, 125 relation to alcoholism, 447-448, 660 socioeconomic status and, 125 time trends in morbidity and mortality, 125-126 see also Liver disease Alcoholic dementia, 449 Alcoholic peripheral neuropathy, 449 Alcoholic polyneuritis, 334 Alcoholism and alcohol abuse carcinogenic effects of dietary deficiencies associated with, 334, 441-442 defined, 431 electroencephalographic activity and, 93 genetic and environmental factors in, 92-93, 433 liver damage from, 124-125, 334, 336, 338-340, 452, 660 male-limited susceptibility to, 93 markers of genetic susceptibility, 93 milieu-limited susceptibility to, 93 nutrient deficiencies from, 284, 334, 337-340, 357, 434, 450-452, 660 organ damage from, 92 prevalence of, 16, 433, 451, 673 racial and ethnic differences in, 443, 452 research needs on. 95, 453, 542, 556 symptoms of drunkenness, 431 Aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, 88, 93 Alginates, 74 Alkaline phosphatase, 302 Alkyl benzenes, 488 Allergic reactions, 478 Allyl isothiocyanate, 490 Aluminum Alzheimer's disease and, 387-388, 395 cancer and, 387 clinical studies of, 387-388 dietary sources of, 387 epidemiologic studies of, 387-388 intake trends, 387 short-term tests of, 387 Alzheimer's disease manganese and, 386 treatment of, 216 American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, 17, 674 American Academy of Pediatrics, 17, 226, 674, 684-685 American Cancer Society, 676 American Dental Association, 17, 674 American Diabetes Association, 667, 676, 681 American Health Foundation, 685, 686 American Heart Association dietary recommendations, 226, 667, 676, 677, 685, 686 risk calculations for coronary disease events, 108-109 American Indians, see Native Americans, and specific tribes American Medical Association, 676 Ames test, see Mutagenicity tests Amino acids classification of, 259 data sources on availability of, 47 deficiencies, 262 glucogenesis from, 446 metabolism of, 337 requirement changes, 259 substitutions in apolipoproteins, 168 sulfur-containing, 423 see also Essential amino acids; and specific amino acids 4-Aminobiphenyl, 478 2-Aminofluorene, 264, 381, 384, 440 Aminoimidazoquinoline, 485 Aminomethylimidazoquinoline, 485 Aminopolysaccharides, 291 Ammonia, 86 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 387 Anagyrine, 490 Analytical methods b-carotene, 313 dietary cholesterol, 199 fiber, 292-293 folacin in foods, 67 Anemia copper deficiency and, 381, 517 iron deficiency, 77, 88, 369-370, 395 megaloblastic, 338 microcytic, 373 monitoring children and pregnant women for, 44, 51 pernicious, 88
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