Transitions to Alternative Transportation Technologies--A Focus on Hydrogen

TABLE 7.1 Recent R&D Funding by the U.S. Department of Energy for Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Production (millions of constant 2005 dollars)

Program Area	2004	2005	2006	2007	Total
Hydrogen production and delivery	29.9	39.9	31.5	65.9	167.2
Fuel cells and hydrogen storage	52.7	68.2	58.7	89.6	269.2
Technology validation (learning demonstrations)	15.6	26.1	33.3	39.6	114.6
Safety, codes and education	8.2	5.8	5.1	15.8	34.9
System analysis	1.4	3.2	4.8	9.9	19.3
Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative	6.2	8.7	24.1	18.7	57.7
Science	0.0	29.2	32.5	50.0	111.7
Congressionally directed	42.0	40.2	42.5	0.0	124.7
Total	156.0	221.3	232.5	289.5	899.3

TABLE 7.2 Estimated Future Government Funding for RD&D (millions of constant 2005 dollars)

Program Area	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	Total
Distributed H₂ production	12	15	8	8	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	46
Distributed H₂ production demonstrations	0	8	3	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	13
Centralized H₂ production	28	35	45	50	55	55	50	45	35	30	30	20	15	493
Centralized H₂ production demonstrations	0	0	0	15	15	15	15	50	35	20	25	20	0	210
Fuel cells and H₂ storage	112	115	115	115	115	110	110	110	110	110	110	110	110	1,452
Fuel cell demonstrations	30	40	40	50	40	30	30	20	20	20	15	10	10	355
Safety, codes, and education	21	21	25	25	25	25	15	10	10	5	5	5	5	197
Systems analysis	12	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	5	127
Science	60	60	60	60	60	60	60	60	60	60	60	60	60	780
Exploratory H₂ from renewables	34	35	35	30	30	30	30	30	30	30	30	30	30	404
Total, 2008-2020	309	339	341	365	353	335	320	335	310	285	285	265	235	4,077
Additional, 2021-2023														900
Total, 2008-2023														4,977
NOTE: Non-DOE programs are not included here, and some numbers are estimates that might change significantly with further information.

The learning demo for hydrogen from coal gasification is ancillary to a coal gasification plant under consideration by DOE and industry, with areas of responsibility and cost sharing to be determined. The plant, with carbon dioxide (CO₂) sequestration, would have a major goal of clean power production and would proceed independently whether or not it optionally produces pure hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles. Therefore, the cost to demonstrate hydrogen from coal gasification in the budget roadmap of this report is only the cost to demonstrate the incremental hydrogen purification required to meet fuel cell vehicle specifications. A very rough estimate of this cost is $75 million. The biomass gasification demo is sized at 39,000 kg H₂/d, about one-quarter the size of a projected commercial plant. Capital and operating costs are estimated at $135 million (constant 2005 dollars) based on the H2A model. The biomass and coal gasification demo costs are in the centralized production demo line of Table 7.2.

Major R&D efforts continue on the fuel cell to meet cost and durability targets. Hydrogen onboard storage work is

Table of Contents

Front Matter R1-R15

Abstract 1-2

Summary 3-18

1 Introduction 19-21

2 Toward a Substantial and Durable Commitment: The Context of the Study 22-30

3 Hydrogen Technology 31-43

4 Alternative Technologies 44-64

5 Role of the Stationary Electric Power Sector in a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Scenario 65-72

6 Hydrogen and Alternative Technologies for Reduction of U.S. Oil Use and CO2 Emissions 73-92

7 A Budget Roadmap 93-102

8 Actions to Promote Hydrogen Vehicles 103-107

9 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Transition to Hydrogen Vehicles in Accordance with the Time Lines Established by the Budget Roadmap 108-114

Appendix A Committee Biographical Information 115-119

Appendix B Presentations at Committee Meetings 120-120

Appendix C Modeling a Hydrogen Transition 121-124

Appendix D Acronyms and Abbreviations 125-126