|
S.1
|
|
(Left) Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in the U.S. light-duty fleet and (right) fraction of new hydrogen vehicles sold each year for the Hydrogen Success case,
|
|
8
|
|
S.2
|
|
(Left) Annual gasoline consumption, and (right) annual well-to-wheels greenhouse gas emissions for the Hydrogen Success Case relative to a reference case with no hydrogen vehicles,
|
|
8
|
|
S.3
|
|
Total annual expenditures for vehicles and hydrogen supply for transition to the breakeven year for the Hydrogen Success case,
|
|
10
|
|
S.4
|
|
Annual government expenditures through the transition to 2023,
|
|
12
|
|
S.5
|
|
Comparison of (left) annual gasoline use and (right) annual greenhouse gas emissions,
|
|
16
|
|
S.6
|
|
Impact of combined cases: (Left) annual gasoline use and (right) annual greenhouse gas emissions,
|
|
17
|
|
2.1
|
|
U.S. wind power capacity additions, 1999-2006,
|
|
27
|
|
3.1
|
|
ZEV panel vehicle market penetration estimates,
|
|
40
|
|
3.2
|
|
BMW assessment of on-board liquid hydrogen storage,
|
|
41
|
|
4.1
|
|
U.S. light-duty vehicle fuel efficiency and performance trends from 1975 to 2005,
|
|
45
|
|
4.2
|
|
U.S. hybrid electric vehicle sales through 2006,
|
|
46
|
|
4.3
|
|
Fuel consumption of light-duty vehicles with different power trains using projected 2030 technology compared to a typical 2005 gasoline-powered vehicle,
|
|
48
|
|
4.4
|
|
Projected sustainable biomass technically available in the United States by 2050, with aggressive energy crops,
|
|
53
|
|
4.5
|
|
Transesterification of vegetable oils,
|
|
57
|
|
4.6
|
|
Published estimates of range of impacts on net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and oil inputs for grain-based ethanol,
|
|
60
|
|
4.7
|
|
Primary energy inputs and net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for gasoline and ethanol,
|
|
60
|
|
4.8
|
|
Growth in production of corn-based ethanol in the United States,
|
|
61
|
|
5.1
|
|
Stationary power and the transportation system,
|
|
65
|
|
5.2
|
|
Energy source consumption for electricity generation,
|
|
66
|
|
5.3
|
|
Nationwide NOx and SO2 emissions from the power sector,
|
|
66
|
|
5.4
|
|
FutureGen concept for co-production of power and hydrogen,
|
|
68
|
|
5.5
|
|
Schematic of high-temperature fuel cell hybrid system,
|
|
70
|
|
5.6
|
|
Fueling capacity for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in the U.S. power sector,
|
|
71
|
|
5.7
|
|
Advanced vehicle market penetration,
|
|
71
|
|
6.1
|
|
Hydrogen cases: Number of gasoline and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in the fleet over time for three hydrogen cases,
|
|
74
|
|
6.2
|
|
Hydrogen cases: Fraction of new gasoline and hydrogen vehicles sold each year,
|
|
74
|
|
6.3
|
|
Reference case: Number of light-duty vehicles in the fleet,
|
|
77
|
|
6.4
|
|
Reference case: Assumed fuel economies for gasoline ICEVs and gasoline hybrid vehicles (HEVs),
|
|
77
|
|
6.5
|
|
Reference case: Assumed biofuel use,
|
|
77
|
|
6.6
|
|
Assumed retail prices for hydrogen and gasoline vehicles over time for Cases 1 and 1a (left) and Case 1b (right),
|
|
78
|
|
6.7
|
|
DOE plan for introduction of light-duty hydrogen vehicles into 27 “lighthouse” cities,
|
|
79
|
|
6.8
|
|
Fraction of gasoline stations offering hydrogen, 2000-2050,
|
|
79
|
|
6.9
|
|
Capacity of new hydrogen stations by year, 2000-2050,
|
|
79
|
|
6.10
|
|
Early infrastructure capital costs for Case 1,
|
|
80
|
|
6.11
|
|
Capital costs for hydrogen infrastructure,
|
|
80
|
|
6.12
|
|
Estimated average cost of delivered hydrogen in the United States and the assumed gasoline price,
|
|
80
|
