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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Hydrologic Effects of a Changing Forest Landscape. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12223.
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References Aber, J.D. 1992. Nitrogen cycling and nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7(7):220-224. Aber, J.D., S.V. Ollinger, C.A. Federer, P.B. Reich, M.L. Goulden, D.W. Kick- lighter, J.M. Melillo, and R.G. Lathrop, Jr. 1995. Predicting the effects of climate change on water yield and forest production in the northeastern United States. Climate Research 5: 207-222. Adams, M.B., P.J. Edwards, F. Wood, and J.N. Kochenderfer. 1993. Artificial watershed acidification on the Fernow Experimental Forest, USA. Journal of Hydrology 150:505-519. Alig, R. 2006. Society’s choices: land use changes, forest fragmentation, and conservation. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Findings 88. Alig, R., and A. Plantinga. 2004. Future forest land area: Impacts from popula- tion growth and other factors affecting land values. Journal of Forestry 102(8):19-24 Alig, R.J., A.J. Plantinga, S. Ahn, and J.D. Kline. 2003. Land use changes in- volving forestry in the US: 1952 to 1997, with projections to 2050. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-587. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Alila, Y., and J. Beckers. 2001. Using numerical modeling to address hydro- logic forest management issues in British Columbia, Hydrological Proc- esses 15(SI): 3371-3387. Anderson, C. W. 2002. Ecological effects on streams from forest fertilization- Literature review and conceptual framework for future study in the western Cascades. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 01-4047. Anderson, H.W. 1974. Sediment deposition in reservoirs associated with rural roads, forest fires, and catchment attributes. Pp. 13:87-95 In Proceedings symposium on man’s effect on erosion and sedimentation, UNESCO, 9-12 September, Paris, IAHS. Anderson, H.W., M.D. Hoover, and K.G. Reinhart. 1976. Forests and Water: Effects of Forest Management on Floods, Sedimentation, and Water Sup- ply. General Technical Report PSW-018. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experi- ment Station. Aplet, G. H., N. Johnson, J.T. Olson, and V.A. Sample. 1993. Prospects for a Sustainable Future. Defining Sustainable Forestry. Washington, DC: Island Press. Armour, C., D. Duff, and W. Elmore. 1994. The effects of livestock grazing on western riparian and stream ecosystems. Fisheries 19(9):9-12. Arno, S. F., and J. K. Brown. 1991. Overcoming the paradox in managing 113

114 HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF A CHANGING FOREST LANDSCAPE wildland fire. Western Wildlands 17:40-46. Arthur, M.A., G.B. Coltharp, and D.L. Brown. 1998. Effects of best manage- ment practices on forest streamwater quality in eastern Kentucky. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34 (3):481–495. Auch, R., J. Taylor, and W. Acevedo. 2004. Urban growth in American cities: Glimpses of U.S. urbanization. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1252. Aust, W.M. and C.R. Blinn. 2004. Forestry best management practices for tim- ber harvesting and site preparation in the Eastern United States: An over- view of water quality and productivity research during the past 20 years (1982-2002). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus 4:5-36. Austin, S. A. 1999. Streamflow response to forest management: a meta-analysis using published data and flow duration curves. M. S. Thesis, Department of Earth Resources, Colorado State University. Baker, J.P., and D.H. Landers. 2003. Alternative futures analysis for the Wil- lamette River- basin, Oregon. Ecological Applications 14(2):311–400. Baker, M.B., Jr., and P.F. Ffolliott. 1998. Multiple resource evaluations on the Beaver Creek watershed: An annotated bibliography of 40 years of investi- gations. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-GTR-13. Baker, S., A. Richardson, and L. Barmuta. 2004. Site effects outweigh riparian influences on ground-dwelling beetles adjacent to first order streams in wet eucalypt forest. Biodiversity and Conservation 16:1999-2014. Baker, W.L. 1992. Effects of settlement and fire suppression on landscape struc- ture. Ecology 73(5):1879-1887 Baldigo, B.P., and G.B. Lawrence. 2001. Effects of stream acidification and habitat on fish populations of a North American river. Aquatic Science 63:196–222. Barnett, T., R. Malone, W. Pennell, D. Stammer, B. Semtner, and W. Washing- ton. 2004. The effects of climate change on water resources in the West: Introduction and overview. Climatic Change 62(1-3):1-11. Barnett, T .P., D.W. Pierce, G.H. Hidalgo, C.Bonfils, D. B. Santer, T. Das, G. Bala, A. Wood, T. Nozawa, A. Mirin, D.R. Cayan, and M.D. Dettinger. 2008. Human-induced changes in the hydrology of the western United States. Science 319: 1080-1083. Barten, P.K., and C.E. Ernst. 2004. Land conservation and watershed manage- ment for source protection. Journal of the American Water Works Associa- tion 96(4):121-135. Barton, D.R., W.D. Taylor, and R.M Biette. 1985. Dimensions of riparian buffer strips required to maintain trout habitat in southern Ontario streams. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 5:364–378. Bates, C.G., and A.J. Henry. 1928. Forest and stream-flow experiment at Wagon Wheel Gap, Colorado. U.S. Weather Bureau Monthly Weather Review, Supplement No. 30. Bates, D., K. Willis, F. Swanson, J.R. Glasmann, D. Halemeier, and H. Wujcik. 1998. North Santiam River turbidity study, 1996–1997. Berkeley, CA: Wa-

REFERENCES 115 tershed Management Council, University of California. Watershed Man- agement Council Networker 1998:1-17. Bebi, P., D. Kulakowski, and T. T. Veblen. 2003. Interactions between fire and spruce beetles in a subalpine Rocky Mountain forest landscape. Ecology 84:362-371. Bebi, P., D. Kulakowski, and T.T. Veblen. 2003. Interactions between fire and spruce beetles in a subalpine Rocky Mountain forest landscape. Ecology 84(2):362–371. Beebe, G. S., and P. H. Omi. 1993. Wildland burning. Journal of Forestry 91(9):19-24. Bell, J. W. 2000. The National Forest road system: A policy issue for the 21st century. In: Flag, M., and D. Revert (Eds.) Watershed management 2000: Proceedings. (CD-ROM) Belsky, A.J., and D.M. Blumenthal. 1997. Effects of livestock grazing on stand dynamics and soils in upland forests of the interior west. Conservation Bi- ology 11(2):315-327. Benavides-Solorio, J.D., and L.H. MacDonald. 2005. Measurement and predic- tion of post-fire erosion at the hillslope scale, Colorado Front Range. Inter- national Journal of Wildland Fire 14:457-474. Benda, L. D. Miller, K. Anras, P. Bigelow, G. Reeves, and D. Michael 2007. NetMap: A new tool in support of watershed science and resource manage- ment. Forest Science 53(2):206-219. Bergeron, Y., and A. Leduc. 1998. Relationships between Change in fire fre- quency and mortality due to spruce budworm outbreak in the southeastern Canadian boreal forest. Journal of Vegetation Science 9(4): 493-500. Bergeron, Y., and P.-R. Dansereau. 1993. Predicting the composition of Cana- dian southern boreal forest in different fire cycles. Journal of Vegetation Science 4(6):827-832. Berndt, H.W. 1971. Early Effects of Forest Fire on Streamflow Characteristics. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Research Note PNW-148. Beschta, R.L., and R.L. Taylor. 1988. Stream temperature increases and land use in a forested Oregon watershed. Journal of the American Water Re- sources Association 24 (1):19–25. Beschta, R.L., M.R. Pyles, A.E. Skaugset, and C.G. Surfleet. 2000. Peakflow responses to forest practices in the western cascades of Oregon, USA. Journal of Hydrology 233: 102-120. Bethlahmy, N. 1974. More streamflow afer a bark beetle epidemic. Journal of Hydrology 23:185-189. Bilby, R.E. 1985. Contributions of road surface sediment to a western Washing- ton stream. Forest Science 31(4):827-838. Binkley, D. 2001. Patterns and processes of variation in nitrogen and phospho- rus concentrations in forested streams, Technical Bulletin 836. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Council for Air and Stream Improvement.

116 HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF A CHANGING FOREST LANDSCAPE Binkley, D., and T. C. Brown. 1993a. Forest practices as nonpoint sources of pollution in North America. Water Resources Bulletin 29(5):729–740. Binkley, D., and T.C. Brown. 1993b. Management Impacts on Water Quality of Forests and Rangelands. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM–239. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Binkley, D., D.H. Burnham, and H.L. Allen. 1999. Water quality impacts of forest fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus. Forest Ecology and Man- agement 121: 191–213. Binkley, D., G.G. Ice, J. Kaye, and C.A. Williams. 2004. Nitrogen and phos- phorus concentrations in forest streams of the United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 40(5):1277-1291. Bisson, P.A., T.P. Quinn, G.H. Reeves, and S.V. Gregory. 1992. Best manage- ment practices, cumulative effects, and long-term trends in fish abundance in Pacific Northwest river systems. Pp. 189-232 in R. Naiman (ed.) Water- shed management: balancing sustainability and environmental change. New York, Springer. Blinn, C.R., and M.A Kilgore. 2001. Riparian Management Practices: A Sum- mary of State Guidelines. Journal of Forestry 99(8): 11-17(7). Blomquist, W., E. Schlager, and T. Heikkila. 2004. Common waters, diverging streams: linking institutions and water management in Arizona, California and Colorado. Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C. Bolin, S.B., and T.J. Ward. 1987. Recovery of a New Mexico drainage basin from a forest fire. In Proceedings of the symposium on forest hydrology and watershed management. IAHS 167:191-198. Boomer, K.E., D.E. Weller, and T.E. Jordan. 2008. Empirical models based on the Universal Soil Loss Equation fail to predict sediment discharges from Chesapeake Bay catchments. Journal of Environmental Quality37(1):79-89. Bosch, J. M., and J. D. Hewlett. 1982. A review of catchment studies to deter- mine the effect of vegetative changes on water yield and evapotranspiration. Journal of Hydrology 55:3-23. Bowling, L.C. and D.P. Lettenmaier 2001. The effects of forest roads and har- vest on catchment hydrology in a mountainous maritime environment. Wa- ter Science and Application 2: 145-164. Briggs, R.D., J. Cormier, and A. Kimball. 1998. Compliance with Forestry Best Management Practices in Maine. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 15(2): 57-68(12). Broadmeadow, S., and T.R. Nisbet. 2004. The effects of forest management on the freshwater environment: a literature review of best management prac- tice. Hydrology and Earth System Science 8(3): 286-305. Brockway, D.G., and C.E. Lewis. 1997. Long-term effects of dormant-season prescribed fire on plant community diversity, structure and productivity in a longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management 96: 167-183.

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Of all the outputs of forests, water may be the most important. Streamflow from forests provides two-thirds of the nation's clean water supply. Removing forest cover accelerates the rate that precipitation becomes streamflow; therefore, in some areas, cutting trees causes a temporary increase in the volume of water flowing downstream. This effect has spurred political pressure to cut trees to increase water supply, especially in western states where population is rising. However, cutting trees for water gains is not sustainable: increases in flow rate and volume are typically short-lived, and the practice can ultimately degrade water quality and increase vulnerability to flooding. Forest hydrology, the study of how water flows through forests, can help illuminate the connections between forests and water, but it must advance if it is to deal with today's complexities, including climate change, wildfires, and changing patterns of development and ownership. This book identifies actions that scientists, forest and water managers, and citizens can take to help sustain water resources from forests.

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