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Changes in the Sheep Industry in the United States: Making the Transition from Tradition
Changes in the Sheep Industry IN THE UNITED STATES
MAKING THE TRANSITION FROM TRADITION
Committee on the Economic Development and Current Status of the Sheep Industry in the United States
Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources
Division on Earth and Life Studies
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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Changes in the Sheep Industry in the United States: Making the Transition from Tradition
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was conducted in response to a Congressional request to the National Academies in the Agriculture Appropriations Bill (P.L. 109-97). Financial support was provided by Contract No. AG-3K06-C-06-0002 between the National Academies and the Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-12161-3 (Book)
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Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 2008 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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Changes in the Sheep Industry in the United States: Making the Transition from Tradition
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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Changes in the Sheep Industry in the United States: Making the Transition from Tradition
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Changes in the Sheep Industry in the United States: Making the Transition from Tradition
COMMITTEE ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT STATUS OF THE SHEEP INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES
GARY W. WILLIAMS, Chair,
Texas A&M University, College Station
DEEVON BAILEY,
Utah State University, Logan
ORAL CAPPS, Jr.,
Texas A&M University, College Station
LINDA A. DETWILER,
Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Red Bank, NJ
HUDSON A. GLIMP,
University of Nevada, Reno (Emeritus)
TIMOTHY HAMMONDS,
Food Marketing Institute, Washington, DC
DOUGLAS D. HEDLEY,
Canadian Faculties of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Ottawa
HELEN H. JENSEN,
Iowa State University, Ames
PAUL S. KUBER,
The Ohio State University, Columbus
DAVID L. THOMAS,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Staff
AUSTIN J. LEWIS, Study Director
RUTH S. ARIETI, Research Associate
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Changes in the Sheep Industry in the United States: Making the Transition from Tradition
BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
W. REG GOMES, Chair,
University of California (Emeritus), Oakland
ROGER N. BEACHY,
Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri
H. H. CHENG,
University of Minnesota (Emeritus), St. Paul
DANIEL M. DOOLEY,
University of California, Oakland
JOAN H. EISEMANN,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh
KIRK C. KLASING,
University of California, Davis
VICTOR L. LECHTENBERG,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
ROBERT PAARLBERG,
Wellesley College, Watertown, Massachusetts
KEITH PITTS,
Curragh Oaks Consulting, Fair Oaks, California
PEDRO A. SANCHEZ,
The Earth Institute, Columbia University, Palisades, New York
HAL SALWASSER,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
NORMAN R. SCOTT,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
Staff
ROBIN A. SCHOEN, Director
KAREN L. IMHOF, Administrative Assistant
EVONNE P. Y. TANG, Senior Program Officer
AUSTIN J. LEWIS, Senior Program Officer
PEGGY TSAI, Program Officer
CAMILLA YANDOC ABLES, Associate Program Officer
KARA N. LANEY, Associate Program Officer
RUTH S. ARIETI, Research Associate
KAMWETI MUTU, Research Associate
JANET M. MULLIGAN, Research Associate
ERIN MULCAHY, Program Assistant
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Changes in the Sheep Industry in the United States: Making the Transition from Tradition
Acknowledgments
This report has been reviewed in draft form by persons chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s (NRC’s) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following for their review of this report:
Walter J. Armbruster, Farm Foundation, Oak Brook, IL
Keith E. Belk, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
Neil L. First, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State (retired)
Kreg A. Leymaster, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
Christopher J. Lupton, Texas A&M University, San Angelo
Larry R. Miller, Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, Washington, DC (retired)
Charles F. Parker, The Ohio State University (retired)
Timothy A. Petry, North Dakota State University, Fargo
James G. Robb, Livestock Marketing Information Center, Lakewood, CO
Susan Schoenian, Western Maryland Research and Education Center, Keedysville
Dawn D. Thilmany, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
Clement E. Ward, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
Cynthia Wolf, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
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Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Dale E. Bauman, Cornell University, coordinator, appointed by the Division of Earth and Life Studies, and Harley W. Moon, Iowa State University (emeritus), monitor, appointed by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The coordinator and monitor were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the author committee and the institution.
The committee was assisted in its task by the invaluable contributions of a number of people. Fitzhugh Elder, IV, U.S. Senate Appropriations Committee; Janet Perry and Demcey Johnson, Economic Research Service, USDA; Tosha Clark, Foreign Agricultural Service, USDA; Peter Orwick, Glen Fisher, Paul Rogers, and Tom McDonnell, American Sheep Industry Association; Jim Hodges, American Meat Institute Foundation; Bo Donegan, American Lamb Board; Maurice Shelton, Texas A&M University (emeritus); Jim Robb and Erica Rosa, Livestock Marketing Information Center; Gary Brester, Montana State University; David Gage, Bob Harlan, and Brad Bonner, Mountain States Rosen; Tony Catelli, Catelli Brothers Veal and Lamb; Bill Brennan, Iowa Lamb Corporation; Eran Wajswol, Valley Shepherd Creamery; Jean Walsh, Mohawk Valley Suffolks; Greg Nunn, Hackettstown Livestock Auction; Susie and Omar Mady, American Halal Fresh Meats; Sam Ferrara, SMF Enterprises; Michael Anthony, Gramercy Tavern; Katherine Marshall, Ann Seitzinger, and Diane Sutton, USDA, APHIS, Veterinary Services; and William Shulaw, The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine all provided important insights into the U.S. sheep industry. In addition, representatives of wool marketing warehouses and other wool experts responded to surveys about the U.S. wool industries. Those who participated in these surveys are listed in Footnotes 1 and 4 of Chapter 5. The committee appreciates the contributions of all these individuals and organizations.
Finally, the committee expresses deep appreciation to the staff of the NRC Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources who worked closely with the committee to facilitate every step in the process of bringing this project to fruition. We owe a particular debt of gratitude to Austin J. Lewis, Program Officer, and Ruth S. Arieti, Senior Program Assistant, for their unrelenting efforts to keep the committee on schedule and moving forward. Their highly professional management of the committee and the creative process was an indispensible component of the work of the committee. They arranged for meetings, facilitated conference calls, formatted
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Changes in the Sheep Industry in the United States: Making the Transition from Tradition
drafts, managed the committee website, assisted with committee meetings, and, in general, made the committee’s work easier and more effective. The committee is also grateful for the oversight of Robin A. Schoen, Director of the NRC Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources. Her support, guidance, and gentle encouragements were an important contribution. Laurian J. Unnevehr, professor at the University of Illinois, served as the NRC Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources liaison to the committee.
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Changes in the Sheep Industry in the United States: Making the Transition from Tradition
Contents
SUMMARY
1
The Committee’s Task,
2
Key Findings,
2
Conclusions,
13
1
DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF THE U.S. SHEEP INDUSTRY
15
Historical Development of the U.S. Sheep Industry,
16
The U.S. Sheep Industry Value Chain,
24
The U.S. Sheep and Lamb Industry in Transition,
33
References,
33
2
THE U.S. LIVE SHEEP INDUSTRY
37
U.S. Sheep Production,
38
Sheep and Lamb Feeding,
65
Live Sheep Pricing,
80
Live Sheep Trade,
89
Sheep Research, Instruction, and Extension/Outreach,
89
National Sheep Organizations,
97
Policies and Regulations Related to the Live Sheep Industry,
100
Major Accomplishments, Opportunities, and Challenges of the U.S. Live Sheep Industry,
108
References,
115
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Changes in the Sheep Industry in the United States: Making the Transition from Tradition
3
SHEEP HEALTH ISSUES
121
Management Practices Regarding Health,
122
Diseases of Economic Impact or Concern,
135
Threat of Emerging or Existing Diseases,
153
Major Accomplishments, Opportunities, and Challenges in Sheep Health,
156
References,
158
Appendix: A Chronology of Scrapie Control in the United States,
164
4
THE U.S. LAMB INDUSTRY
169
Lamb Slaughter and Production,
170
Lamb Marketing,
188
National Lamb Demand,
200
Lamb and Mutton Trade,
214
Lamb Byproduct Markets,
224
Policies and Regulations Related to the Lamb Industry,
229
Major Accomplishments, Opportunities, and Challenges of the U.S. Lamb Industry,
232
References,
239
5
THE U.S. WOOL INDUSTRY
247
Wool Production,
247
Wool Marketing,
249
Wool Processing,
255
Wool Demand,
257
Wool Policies and Regulations,
279
Major Accomplishments, Opportunities, and Challenges of the U.S. Wool Industry,
283
References,
288
Appendix,
290
6
THE U.S. DAIRY SHEEP INDUSTRY
295
Dairy Sheep Milk Production,
296
Dairy Sheep Management Systems,
298
Dairy Sheep Milk Quality,
299
Dairy Sheep Milk Marketing, Transportation, and Pricing,
300
Dairy Sheep Milk Processing,
302
Domestic and Imported Dairy Sheep Milk Supply,
303
Major Accomplishments, Opportunities, and Challenges of the U.S. Dairy Sheep Industry,
304
References,
307
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Changes in the Sheep Industry in the United States: Making the Transition from Tradition
7
ALTERNATIVE AND EMERGING MARKETS
309
Ethnic Markets,
310
Additional Alternative Markets,
315
Major Accomplishments, Opportunities, and Challenges of Alternative and Emerging Markets,
319
References,
324
Appendix,
326
APPENDIXES
A
COMMITTEE STATEMENT OF TASK
333
B
ABBREVIATONS AND ACRONYMS
335
C
COMMITTEE MEMBER BIOGRAPHIES
341
D
RECENT PUBLICATIONS OF THE BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
345
TABLES AND FIGURES
Tables
2-1
U.S. Sheep Inventories, Productivity, and Operations by Region, January 1, 2006,
39
2-2
U.S. Sheep Inventories and Operations by Flock Size, January 1, 2006,
40
2-3
Enterprise Budget for Public Land Range Sheep Operation: 2006 Expense and Income Analysis for a 3,000-ewe Range Production System,
45
2-4
Enterprise Budget for a 50-ewe Farm Flock Sheep Enterprise: 2006/2007 Operating Costs and Income,
46
2-5
Top 10 Sheep Breeds with Annual Number of Purebred Registrations at 20-year Intervals, 1965–1966, 1985–1986, and 2005–2006,
54
2-6
Sheep and Lamb Death Losses Due to Predation, 2004,
63
2-7
Major Lamb Processing Plants and Feedlots in the United States,
67
2-8
Performance of Pasture-fed and Drylot-fed Lamb,
71
2-9
Mountain States Lamb Cooperative Quality Grid,
84
2-10
Average Annual Public Funding of Livestock Research by Type of Livestock, 1998–2005,
95
4-1
U.S. Federally Inspected Sheep Slaughter by Region, 2006,
172
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4-2
Lamb Quality Grading,
174
4-3
Comparison of Yield Grade Criteria for Beef, Pork, and Lamb Carcasses,
175
4-4
Top-Selling Lamb Subprimals, 2003–2005,
186
4-5
Top-Selling Lamb Cuts, 2003–2005,
186
4-6
Nutritional Comparison of Animal Protein Sources, 3-oz. Cooked Serving Trimmed of Visible Fat,
187
4-7
Estimated Elasticities of U.S. Per Capita Lamb Demand,
206
4-8
Lamb Demand Index with Alternative Elasticities, 1980 = 100 (Base),
213
4-9
Uses for Sheep and Lamb Byproducts,
225
5-1
Percentage of Wool Prepared by Growers for Sale to Major Wool Warehouses Using One of the Three Major Preparation Methods, 2007 Wool Clip,
252
5-2
U.S. Raw Wool Exports (Thousands of Pounds) by Country of Destination, Clean Yield, 2002–2005,
263
5-3
U.S. Raw Wool Imports (Thousands of Pounds) by Country of Origin, Clean Yield, 2002–2005,
265
5-4
Average Prices of U.S. Wool And Imported Australian Wool, Cleaned and Delivered to Charleston, SC, by Micron Grade, 2005,
268
5-5
Number of Wool Lots Processed by Warehouses and Pools Surveyed by Region, Year, Level of Preparation, and Wool Types, January 1992 to January 2002,
271
5A-1
Estimated Coefficients and P-values in the Hedonic Price Model,
292
6-1
Estimated Number of U.S. Dairy Sheep Producers and Number of Milking Ewes Per Flock, 2003,
297
6-2
Milk Production per Ewe in Flocks of Survey Respondents, 2003,
298
6-3
Estimated Number of Ewes Milked and Milk Production in the United States, 2003,
298
6-4
Proportion of Survey Respondents That Process Milk on Farm, Purchase Milk from Other Producers for Processing, or Wish to Start Processing Milk, 2003,
303
6-5
U.S. Sheep Milk Cheese Imports by Exporting Country, Quantity, and Value, 2005,
304
7A-1
Regression Results of Religious Holidays on Lamb Disappearance,
330
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Figures
1-1
U.S. sheep and lamb inventories (January 1), 1867–2007,
16
1-2
Volume and value of wool production, 1909–2006,
18
1-3
Australian and USA total sheep numbers, 1986–2007 (million head),
22
1-4
New Zealand and USA total sheep numbers 1981–2006 (million head),
23
1-5
Sheep and lamb value chain diagram,
25
1-6
Farm-to-market linkages for lamb,
26
2-1
Geographic distribution of U.S. sheep and lamb inventories, 2002,
40
2-2
Breeding stock as a percent of total sheep and lamb inventories, 1867–2007,
41
2-3
Rates of change in sheep and lamb inventories by state, 1989–2000 and 2001–2007,
43
2-4
Expected progeny differences (EPD) for 60-day weight and 120-day weight of Polypay lambs in flocks enrolled in the National Sheep Improvement Program and born between 1986 and 2005,
57
2-5
The sheep-lamb annual production cycle,
60
2-6
Lamb crop, lambs on feed, and percent on feed, 1960–1994,
66
2-7
Weekly average USDA lamb cutout value, October 2001–March 2007,
82
2-8
Feeder and slaughter lamb monthly live prices, January 2001–February 2007,
82
2-9
Monthly relative indexes for lamb, beef, and pork retail prices, January 2001–August 2005,
83
2-10
Average yield grade for mutton and lamb, 1992–2006,
84
2-11
Western direct carcass price minus imported carcass price, April 2001–May 2003,
85
2-12
Average pelt price for fall clips, January 2003–March 2007,
85
2-13
U.S. average feed costs, corn and hay, 1990/1991–2006/2007,
86
2-14
U.S. weekly sheep and lamb slaughter, January 2003–March 2007,
87
2-15
Percentage of lambs procured by packers by method of procurement, 2006,
89
2-16
Weekly U.S. live sheep exports to Mexico, August 1999–March 2007,
90
2-17
Public funding for all agricultural and livestock research, 1998–2005,
95
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Changes in the Sheep Industry in the United States: Making the Transition from Tradition
3-1
Percent of operations that reported moderate or high concern for the top 15 conditions of concern,
136
3-2
Percent of operations on which the top 15 conditions of concern were known to be present in last 5 years,
136
3-3
Percent of operations where diseases were present (suspected or confirmed) during the last 3 years,
137
3-4
Percent of sheep that tested positive for scrapie by region,
146
4-1
Lamb slaughter, production, and average liveweight, 1970–2004,
171
4-2
Number of lamb packers and plants by market type,
172
4-3
Marketing arrangements for sale or transfer of feeder and fed lambs by producers,
193
4-4
Marketing arrangements for sale or transfer of lamb meat products by packers,
194
4-5
U.S. annual per capita consumption of lamb, 1909–2005,
201
4-6
U.S. lamb production, consumption, and imports, 1909–2005,
202
4-7
Comparing beef and lamb demand indices, 1980–2006,
214
4-8
Monthly lamb imports, January 2005–January 2007,
215
4-9
Lamb imports from Australia and New Zealand, January 2003–January 2007,
216
4-10
Imported lamb as a share of total lamb availability, January 2002–January 2007,
216
4-11
Relationship between imports and U.S. wholesale values, January 2005–January 2007,
218
4-12
Quarterly nominal unit values of lamb imports, January 2005–January 2007,
218
4-13
Wholesale prices of domestic and imported loins and leg, January 2005–January 2007,
219
4-14
Exchanges rates between the United States and Oceania over the period January 2004–March 2007,
221
4-15
U.S. lamb and mutton exports from 1981 to January 2007,
222
4-16
Pelt prices, average of fall clips (No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, and No. 4),
228
5-1
U.S. fiber demand at the mill and retail levels, 1995 to 2005,
258
5-2
Mill use of cotton, flax and silk, synthetic fibers, and wool, 1995–2005,
259
5-3
U.S. wool demand at the mill and retail levels, 1995–2005,
261
5-4
Percentage difference in U.S. clean wool price by month relative to the base month of September,
273
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Changes in the Sheep Industry in the United States: Making the Transition from Tradition
5-5
Percentage difference in U.S. clean wool price by year relative to the base year of 1997,
274
5-6
Percentage difference in U.S. clean wool prices by U.S. region relative to the base region of the Central United States,
274
5-7
Percentage difference in U.S. clean wool price by level of preparation relative to the base preparation of original bag (OB),
275
5-8
Percentage difference in U.S. clean wool price by wool types relative to the base OB-wool breed,
276
5-9
Percentage difference in U.S. clean wool price by wool breed types relative to the base OB-wool breed,
276
5-10
Relationship between U.S. clean wool price and average fiber diameter based on the sample of 8,533 observations,
277
5-11
Relationship between lot size as measured by grease weight and U.S. clean wool price based on the sample of 8,533 observations,
278
5-12
U.S. farm price of wool, 1965 to 2005,
283
6-1
Location of dairy sheep farms in the United States and Canada in 2003,
296
6-2
Annual dairy sheep and lamb cycle,
299
6-3
Milk sales by the Wisconsin Sheep Dairy Cooperative, 1996–2007,
301
7-1
Inventory of certified organic sheep and lambs in the United States, 1992–2005,
316
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