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Space Studies Board Annual Report-1992 (Activities and Membership)
Space Studies Board
Annual Report—1992
2
Activities and Membership
During 1992, the Space Studies Board and its twelve committees and
task groups gathered for a total of 33 meetings. Three full-length, formal reports
were issued, and status assessments were carried out for a number of approved
or proposed planetary exploration missions. Letter reports were released on
planning for NOAA long-term operational satellites and for DOE facilities used for
space radiation research. Since a number of long-term discipline research
strategies are becoming obsolete, several committees began work on new
strategies. Updated strategies were initiated for solar and space physics and for
planetary exploration. After release of its first formal report, a discipline status
survey, the Board's new microgravity sciences committee began work on an
inaugural research strategy of its own.
The following sections present highlights of the meetings of the Board and
REPORT MENU
its committees during 1992. Formal reports and letter reports developed,
NOTICE
approved, and released during these meetings are referenced by the section
FROM THE CHAIR
number of this annual report where their summaries are reprinted (in the case of
CHAPTER 1
full-length reports) or they are reproduced in full (in the case of letter reports).
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
SPACE STUDIES BOARD
The Space Studies Board met four times during 1992, in February, June,
August, and November. Between meetings, the Executive Committee of the
Board, composed of members of the Board, met several times by teleconference
and in person.
In the first meeting of the year, the Executive Committee met on January
13 to act on a number of issues. These included Board appointments; an agenda
for the forthcoming February Board meeting; and planning for activities of the
Committee on Human Exploration, the Joint Committee on Technology, and the
new Committee on International Programs.
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Space Studies Board Annual Report-1992 (Activities and Membership)
The full Board held its 105th meeting, the first during 1992, on February
26-28 in Washington, D.C. Members heard about research results of the previous
year's Space Life Sciences (SLS-1) shuttle mission and were briefed by officials
of the Space Station Freedom office on station program progress, including
current plans for the life sciences centrifuge and associated equipment. A major
portion of the meeting was devoted to a series of briefings by NASA's Office of
Space Science and Applications (OSSA), NASA Legislative Affairs, and the
Congressional Budget Office on the budget outlook for space research. This
outlook was far from encouraging. NASA was seeking a 4.7% increase for FY93,
but contemporary remarks by Congressman Robert Traxler, chair of the House
appropriations subcommittee with jurisdiction over NASA, had indicated that this
would be hard to attain. The likelihood was (correctly) foreseen that the $500
million (in FY93 alone) shuttle Advanced Solid Rocket Motor might be reinstated
without a corresponding increase in the total NASA budget. In the meantime, it
was clear that orderly progress on the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility
(AXAF), Cassini, and Earth Observation System (EOS) programs would require
significant increases by mid-decade.
At the meeting, the Board approved the final report of its Task Group on
Planetary Protection (summarized in Section 3.3). Board members also approved
a scientific assessment of the Comet Rendezvous/Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) and
Cassini missions prepared by a special subpanel of the Committee on Planetary
and Lunar Exploration (COMPLEX), chaired by Prof. Peter Stone of the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The Board drafted an accompanying
letter to the Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications, Dr.
Lennard Fisk, based on the COMPLEX assessment (both reproduced in Section
4.4). Based on the status briefing by Mr. Richard Kohrs, Director of the Space
Station Freedom Program, the Board also prepared a statement on this program
for the Associate Administrator for Space Systems Development, Mr. Arnold
Aldrich (4.3).
An additional letter (4.5) summarizing past Board and committee
recommendations on AXAF was later approved by the Executive Committee of
the Board and released with these other reports; the whole package was
forwarded to NASA Administrator Richard Truly under a general cover letter (4.2).
Many of the Board's committees met during the second quarter of 1992,
against the backdrop of a very unsettled space research world. Authorizing
subcommittees of both houses of Congress marked up their bills, which were
very different in structure and funding. An amendment on the floor of the House
to delete the space station was defeated after a passionate debate. Interest in
acquiring or sharing capabilities of the space program of the former Soviet Union
grew both there and in the United States, and the European space program
evolved significantly. The appropriations outlook for the U.S. space program
remained poor, as the Congress faced more financing needs than it could fully
meet. In the meantime, a new NASA administrator was appointed, Mr. Daniel
Goldin, who established agency-wide blue and red team reviews directed at
improving the quality and efficiency of programs under way. Restructuring of the
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Space Studies Board Annual Report-1992 (Activities and Membership)
Cassini and AXAF missions, begun in 1991 to reduce their funding requirements,
continued.
The second 1992 meeting of the Board (its 106th) took place on June 1-3
at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama. Most of the
first day was spent on committee business, including review and provisional
approval of a number of submitted reports. The Board discussed and approved,
pending revisions, a number of letter reports. Two of these, prepared by
COMPLEX, assessed the scientific merit of the NASA Office of Exploration
robotic lunar precursor missions (4.8) and of SDIO's Clementine Moon/asteroid
mission (4.9). A third letter report (4.7), submitted by the Committee on Space
Biology and Medicine, discussed the importance of continued operation of the
Department of Energy's BEVALAC facility to space radiation biology research.
These letter reports were discussed by the Board and received tentative
approval, subject to indicated revisions. On the second day of the meeting, NASA
officials briefed members on preliminary results of the AXAF restructuring
exercise nearing completion, and on the status of the microgravity research
program. These briefings were followed by tours of the MSFC AXAF calibration
facility and Space Science Laboratory.
The Space Studies Board met for its 107th meeting on August 28-29 at
the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. This one-and-a-half-day
meeting was chiefly devoted to committee business, including discussion of plans
for initiation of the new Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics, to be
operated jointly with the NRC's Board on Physics and Astronomy. The Board
reviewed its international program, with several members planning to attend the
September 1992 meeting of the European Space Science Committee (ESSC).
During lunch on the first day of the meeting, the Board heard luncheon remarks
by NASA Administrator Goldin on the red and blue team reviews in progress and
on his goals for the agency. This talk was followed by a briefing by Dr. Fisk of
OSSA on the status of the space science and applications program. The Board
later reviewed a second COMPLEX letter report (4.10) on the Cassini program,
this time considering the capabilities of the restructured mission (CRAF canceled
and Cassini redesigned), and returned the report to the committee with
provisional approval and directions for revision and augmentation.
Several significant events occurred between the August and late
November Board meetings: the conference appropriation bill for NASA and
related agencies was passed by the Congress and signed by the President on
October 5, and Administrator Goldin announced sweeping changes in NASA's
organization on October 15.
The final appropriation for NASA conformed largely to expectations from
the debate and legislative activity earlier during the year. In the end, NASA
received a total of $14,330 million, which was $663 million less than the
President's FY93 request, but only $4 million less than the FY92 appropriation.
OSSA, on the other hand, experienced funding growth of $127 million over the
FY92 level (about a 4.7% increase). While less than hoped for in the President's
request, OSSA's appropriated amount was expected to enable forward progress
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Space Studies Board Annual Report-1992 (Activities and Membership)
on major research missions such as Cassini, AXAF, and EOS, with some
reductions in scope and capability to each of these programs. The CRAF mission
remained terminated, as provided in the President's budget request.
While the implications of the FY93 appropriation could be fairly well
understood in October, the consequences of Administrator Goldin's
reorganization were less apparent. The major provision of the reorganization
affecting space research was the fragmentation of OSSA and the reassignment
of Dr. Fisk, its director, to the position of NASA Chief Scientist. The Earth Science
and Applications Division was elevated to become the Office of Mission to Planet
Earth; the Solar System Exploration Division, Astrophysics Division, and Space
Physics Division were gathered into a new Office of Planetary Science and
Astrophysics; and the Life Sciences Division and the Microgravity Science and
Applications Division remained unassigned for the moment. In view of its charter
to provide long-term strategic research advice to the whole of NASA's science
and applications portfolio, the Board had a keen interest in both the
administrator's reasons for these sweeping changes and the effects they were
likely to have on initiation and execution of space research missions.
In response to these developments, the Executive Committee of the
Board held a teleconference on November 5 to set the agenda for the Board
meeting planned for mid-November. The Executive Committee resolved to invite
Mr. Goldin to present the reorganization and his views at the meeting, and also to
solicit Dr. Fisk's perspectives as well. The committee met again informally on
November 17 to review what had become known about the reorganization and to
assemble specific issues for discussion with the administrator at the Board
meeting the following day.
The Space Studies Board held its last meeting of 1992, its 108th, at the
Beckman Center in Irvine, California, on November 18-20. The agenda for the
meeting included committee reports and approvals, consideration of broad policy
issues, and discussion of Board plans for 1993. Highlights of the meeting were
briefings by Administrator Goldin (in person) and a teleconference with Dr. Fisk.
Mr. Goldin gave a broad perspective on his motivations for the reorganization and
fielded questions from the members on a variety of space research-related
concerns. Dr. Fisk added clarifications in a number of areas the following day via
teleconference.
In other activities at the meeting, the Board was briefed by Committee on
Solar-Terrestrial Research Chair Donald Williams about the results of the joint
study by that committee and the Board's Committee on Solar and Space Physics
on trends in research support. In subsequent discussion, the Board approved
both a new charge for the Committee on Earth Studies and the Phase 2 report of
the Committee on Human Exploration, which describes science objectives that
could be enabled or materially enhanced by a human exploration program. The
Board was privileged to hear from three members of the ESSC, Drs. Heinrich
Všlk, Herb Schnopper, and Fran•ois Becker, who discussed their committee's
status and plans, with emphasis on their recent report on satellite Earth
observation. The Board viewed several videos on NASA spinoffs into medical
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Space Studies Board Annual Report-1992 (Activities and Membership)
technology, heard an analysis of last summer's workshop by the Task Group on
Priorities in Space Research, and approved the Board's 1993 Operating Plan.
Membership of the Space Studies Board
Louis J. Lanzerotti,§ AT&T Bell Laboratories (chair)
Joseph A. Burns, Cornell University
Andrea K. Dupree,* Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
John A. Dutton, Pennsylvania State University
Anthony W. England, University of Michigan
Larry W. Esposito,* University of Colorado
James P. Ferris, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Herbert Friedman, Naval Research Laboratory
Richard L. Garwin,* IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
Riccardo Giacconi, European Southern Observatory
Noel W. Hinners,§ Martin Marietta Civil Space and Communications Company
James R. Houck,* Cornell University
David A. Landgrebe, Purdue University
Robert A. Laudise, AT&T Bell Laboratories
Richard S. Lindzen,§ Massachusetts Institute of Technology
John H. McElroy, University of Texas at Arlington
William J. Merrell, Jr., Texas A&M University
Richard K. Moore,* University of Kansas
Robert H. Moser, University of New Mexico
Norman F. Ness,§ University of Delaware
Marcia Neugebauer, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Simon Ostrach, Case Western Reserve University
Carle M. Pieters,§ Brown University
Mark Settle, ARCO Oil and Gas Company
William A. Sirignano, University of California at Irvine
John W. Townsend, Jr., NASA (retired)
Fred Turek, Northwestern University
Arthur B.C. Walker, Stanford University
Duane T. McRuer, Systems Technology, Inc. (ex officio)
Donald J. Williams, Johns Hopkins University (ex officio)
Marc S. Allen, Director Betty C. Guyot, Administrative Officer
___________________________
*term expired during 1992
§member of the Executive Committee
COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS
Committee on International Programs (CIP) Chair William Merrell led a
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Space Studies Board Annual Report-1992 (Activities and Membership)
delegation consisting of Committee on Earth Studies Chair John McElroy and
Board Director Marc Allen to the European Space Science Committee (ESSC)
meeting in Budapest on September 23-24. Among other actions, the ESSC heard
a briefing on the European Space Agency (ESA) science program and approved
a draft report by its subpanel, the European Earth Observation Panel. This report
was subsequently published as A Strategy for Earth Observation from Space
(European Science Foundation, September 1992). Board attendees at the
Budapest meeting discussed ways to better coordinate advisory work between
the U.S. and European committees.
Through the efforts of Board member and U.S. COSPAR Vice President
Herbert Friedman, and staff member and U.S. COSPAR Executive Secretary
Richard Hart, the Board continued its active participation in international
COSPAR activities. The Cospar Bureau met on August 27 and September 4; the
COSPAR Executive Council met on August 28 and September 5. Most of the
activities during the year were dedicated to organizing the 1992 plenary meeting
that was held in Washington, D.C., from August 28 to September 5 in conjunction
with the meeting of the International Astronautical Federation. This joint meeting
was known as the World Space Congress—a major event of the International
Space Year. The congress was attended by over 5000 participants, representing
65 countries. In addition, 135 organizations participated in the exhibit—the largest
ever for a COSPAR meeting.
At the congress, a new COSPAR charter and bylaws were approved by
COSPAR. If approved by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU),
they will go into effect in 1994. The most important change is that, beginning in
1994, all officers will be elected from a slate prepared by a nominating
committee.
While COSPAR appears to be in a sound state at present, there are
uncertainties for the near future given recent changes in the world. It is not clear
that all of the member nations will be able to continue to pay their national
contributions. On the other hand, there may be several new members of
COSPAR in the near future: both the People's Republic of China and China
Taipei seem to be seriously interested; Korea has recently launched a satellite;
and a number of the new independent republics of the former Soviet Union are
considering joining.
CIP Membership
William J. Merrell, Jr., Texas A&M University (chair)
Herbert Friedman, Naval Research Laboratory
James R. Houck,* Cornell University
Richard C. Hart, Executive Secretary
__________________________
*term expired during 1992
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Space Studies Board Annual Report-1992 (Activities and Membership)
JOINT COMMITTEE ON TECHNOLOGY
FOR SPACE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS
The Joint Committee on Technology (JCT) for Space Science and
Applications, a collaborative effort between the Board and the NRC's Aeronautics
and Space Engineering Board, held a week-long workshop in June in Annapolis,
Maryland. The workshop, which was chaired by Dr. John McElroy, reviewed
NASA plans for developing new space technologies in support of future science
and applications programs. Twenty-six scientists and engineers met to receive
briefings from representatives of NASA's Office of Aeronautics and Space
Technology (OAST) and OSSA. A report summarizing the findings of the
workshop was prepared and is expected to be released in early 1993. The
committee also considered candidate topics for future workshops.
JCT Membership
David A. Landgrebe, Purdue University (co-chair)
John M. Hedgepeth,§ consultant, Santa Barbara (co-chair)
John H. McElroy,* University of Texas at Arlington (workshop chair)
Andrea K. Dupree,* Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Duane T. McRuer,§ Systems Technology, Inc.
Franklin K. Moore,§ Cornell University
Richard K. Moore,* University of Kansas
Richard C. Hart, Executive Secretary
Noel E. Eldridge, Executive Secretary
__________________________
*term expired during 1992
§member, Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board
COMMITTEE ON ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
and TASK GROUP ON AXAF
After a hiatus of over four years, astronomy and astrophysics returned to
committee status within the Space Studies Board. The NRC determined that a
unified space and ground astronomy committee is the best approach to
continuing advisory oversight of these disciplines. Establishment of the
Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics (CAA), a new joint activity of the
Board and the NRC's Board on Physics and Astronomy (BPA), was formally
approved by the NRC Governing Board in May 1992. The CAA will cover ground-
and space-based astronomy and astrophysics and will be the NRC's advisory
body for these disciplines. A letter signed by Board Chair Louis Lanzerotti and
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Space Studies Board Annual Report-1992 (Activities and Membership)
BPA Chair Frank Drake was sent out to solicit suggestions for CAA nominees,
and returned over 100 nominations. Prof. Marc Davis agreed to chair the
committee. Other appointments were finalized, and the committee will meet in
January 1993. Additional support and sponsorship for the joint committee are
being sought from the National Science Foundation.
Simultaneously, the Space Studies Board initiated a Task Group on AXAF
(TGA), chaired by Prof. Arthur Davidsen. Anticipating a need for rapid NRC
review of the science responsiveness of the restructured AXAF, task group
members were appointed and a meeting planned to prepare a letter report. The
TGA solicited and received comments from the x-ray astronomy community and
held several planning teleconferences. The committee subsequently met on
December 10-11, 1992, to review and evaluate the restructured AXAF mission.
Participants included NASA managers and head scientists, as well as a number
of principal investigators for the mission. The TGA considered whether the
restructuring met the scientific rationale as envisioned in previous reports from
the Space Studies Board and from NRC astronomy survey committees. The final
TGA-approved draft is expected to be ready for Board and NRC review in
February 1993. The target delivery date for the letter report is early 1993.
CAA Membership
Marc Davis, University of California at Berkeley (chair)
Arthur F. Davidsen, Johns Hopkins University
Sandra M. Faber, Lick Observatory
Holland C. Ford, Space Telescope Science Institute
Jonathan E. Grindlay, Harvard University
Doyal A. Harper, Jr., Yerkes Observatory
Kenneth I. Kellermann, National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Richard A. McCray, Joint Institute Laboratory for Astrophysics
Jeremiah P. Ostriker, Princeton University Observatory
Bernard Sadoulet, University of California at Berkeley
Robert L. Riemer, Executive Secretary
TGA Membership
Arthur F. Davidsen, Johns Hopkins University (chair)
David W. Arnett, University of Arizona
Hale Bradt, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Anne P. Cowley, Arizona State University
Paul Gorenstein, Smithsonian Institution
Steven M. Kahn, University of California at Berkeley
James D. Kurfess, Naval Research Laboratory
Robert L. Riemer, Executive Secretary
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Space Studies Board Annual Report-1992 (Activities and Membership)
COMMITTEE ON EARTH STUDIES
The Committee on Earth Studies (CES) met on February 10-12 to
consider NOAA's requirements for future polar-orbiting operational environmental
satellites. Based on briefings by NOAA managers and committee deliberations,
CES prepared a letter report (4.6) containing recommendations for strengthening
this planning document. The committee was also updated on NASA earth studies
programs, including EOS.
On June 17-19, CES met in Washington, primarily to consider the role of
satellite measurements in numerical modeling. A number of briefers from
research and operational centers described the use of these data and the impact
of improvements in collected data on model outputs. Members heard about the
status of NOAA programs from Mr. Russell Koffler and about NASA Earth
observing programs from Dr. Shelby Tilford, and witnessed a demonstration of
microcomputer-based ground station technology. Members of the committee also
discussed the Landsat program.
The committee's final meeting of the year was held November 16-17 at
the Beckman Center. In preparation for defining its next major task, briefings
were heard about a wide range of Earth remote sensing proposals and programs
of the U.S. Air Force, Sandia National Laboratories, DOE, NOAA, and NASA.
Recent management changes at NASA Headquarters and their effects on the
earth science and applications program were discussed. The committee heard a
presentation on the purpose, status, and goals of the congressionally mandated
Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) and
discussed various options for its next major task. The resulting proposal, which
was submitted to the Board and approved at its November meeting, provides for
the committee to update its report, Assessment of Satellite Earth Observation
Programs—1991, and to conduct a study identifying critical issues in U.S. earth
sciences and applications programs.
CES Membership
John H. McElroy, University of Texas at Arlington (chair)
George Born, University of Colorado
Janet Campbell, Bigelow Laboratories
Dudley Chelton, Jr., Oregon State University
Charles Elachi,* Jet Propulsion Laboratory
William J. Emery,* University of Colorado
Diana Freckman, University of California at Riverside
Richard E. Hallgren,* American Meteorological Society
Kenneth Jezek, Ohio State University
Edward Kanemasu, University of Georgia
Vytautas (Victor) Klemas,* University of Delaware
Richard Kott, consultant, Fort Washington, Maryland
Conway Leovy, University of Washington
John MacDonald, MacDonald-Dettwiler Associates
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Alfredo E. Prelat,* Texaco Corporation
Clark Wilson, University of Texas at Austin
Joyce M. Purcell, Executive Secretary
David H. Smith, Executive Secretary
__________________________
*term expired during 1992
COMMITTEE ON HUMAN EXPLORATION
The Committee on Human Exploration (CHEX) met on January 21-22 in
Denver to discuss plans for a study on alternative approaches to science
management within human spaceflight programs. At this meeting, the committee
was briefed on current planning by representatives from NASA's Space Station
Freedom and Exploration offices. The committee met again for a summer
workshop at the Academy's Woods Hole Center on July 6-10. Members
continued work on the science management report, making good progress.
CHEX met at the Academy's Foundry facility in Washington on October
22-23 to complete its second report, Scientific Opportunities in the Human
Exploration of Space, and to continue work on the science management report.
The major action taken to finish the science opportunities report was to ensure
that the scientific activities singled out by the Board's collaborating discipline
committees as those especially enabled by a human exploration program were
consistent with a series of general guidelines for scientific participation in human
exploration developed in the committee's first, and completed, report on the
science that must be done to enable a program of extended human spaceflight. A
draft of the Opportunities report was submitted to the Board for approval at its
November meeting in Irvine, on November 18-20, and was approved pending
minor changes. The report was revised by the committee and forwarded to the
Board's Executive Committee, which gave final approval in December.
The committee's first report, Scientific Prerequisites for the Human
Exploration of Space, is expected to go to the printer in February. The science
management report should be completed early in 1993.
CHEX Membership
Noel W. Hinners, Martin Marietta Civil Space and Communications Company
(chair)
Richard L. Garwin,* IBM Corporation
Louis J. Lanzerotti, AT&T Bell Laboratories
Elliott C. Levinthal, Stanford University
William J. Merrell, Jr., Texas A&M University
Robert H. Moser, University of New Mexico
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John E. Naugle, consultant, North Falmouth, Massachusetts
George D. Nelson,* University of Washington
Marcia S. Smith, Congressional Research Service
Gerald J. Wasserburg, California Institute of Technology
David H. Smith, Executive Secretary
__________________________
*term expired during 1992
COMMITTEE ON MICROGRAVITY RESEARCH
The Committee on Microgravity Research (CMGR) met February 24-25 to
continue work on its new strategy for microgravity science. The strategy will be a
long-range, comprehensive science road map to help guide NASA's future
research in the field. The CMGR intends to make an initial presentation of the
strategy report to the Board in February 1993. The committee also reviewed
microgravity applications activities of NASA's Office of Commercial Programs.
At a subsequent meeting at the Lewis Research Center in Cleveland,
Ohio, on May 20-21, members reviewed the microgravity activities and facilities
at the center and continued work on their strategy for microgravity research.
The committee met again on July 21-22, September 21-22, and
November 16-17, 1992, to work on the strategy report. In addition, at the
November meeting, the committee considered NASA's plans for the space
station centrifuge facility.
CMGR Membership
William A. Sirignano, University of California at Irvine (chair)
Robert A. Brown,* Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Howard M. Einspahr, The Upjohn Company
Martin E. Glicksman, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Franklin D. Lemkey, United Technologies Research Center
Ronald E. Loehman, Sandia National Laboratories
Alexander McPherson, University of California at Riverside
Simon Ostrach, Case Western Reserve University
Morton B. Panish, AT&T Bell Laboratories
John D. Reppy, Cornell University
Thomas A. Steitz,* Yale University
Warren C. Strahle, Georgia Institute of Technology
Julia R. Weertman, Northwestern University
Richard C. Hart, Executive Secretary
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__________________________
*term expired during 1992
COMMITTEE ON PLANETARY AND LUNAR EXPLORATION
The Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration (COMPLEX) held a
major meeting on February 18-21 at the Beckman Center. The first two days
were devoted to briefings on, and a scientific review of, the baseline (pre-
restructure, but after deletion of the penetrator) CRAF and Cassini missions. The
results of this review were documented in an assessment letter report (4.4) and
later released by the Board. The second part of the meeting was devoted to
planning for an integrated solar system research strategy to be developed by the
committee over the next two years.
The committee met again in Washington on April 27-28. Members were
briefed by SDIO and NASA officials on the joint Clementine Moon/asteroid
mission. Members of Clementine's science working group described progress in
selecting the filters for the mission instrumentation, enabling COMPLEX
members to assess the potential science return in a letter report (4.9). NASA
Associate Administrator for Exploration Michael Griffin described payload
characteristics of the Office of Exploration's proposed lunar precursor missions,
which were also compared to previous COMPLEX measurement objectives.
These assessments (4.8) were submitted for Board and NRC approval and
released.
COMPLEX members gathered again at the Beckman Center on July 13-
17 to begin work on their new project—developing a unified set of scientific
priorities for the planetary sciences over the next 10-15 years. This new strategy
will replace COMPLEX's existing separate strategies for the inner planets, outer
planets, primitive bodies, and search for other solar systems. Rather than dividing
the solar system into general regions and examining them separately, this new
study will take a comprehensive look at the solar system and divide it into
scientific disciplines such as planetary atmospheres, surfaces and interiors,
magnetospheres, rings, dust and primitive bodies, and the formation of the solar
system and the origins of life. During this July meeting, COMPLEX members also
conducted a reassessment of the reconfigured Cassini mission, including the
effects of the termination of CRAF, and submitted a draft report to the Space
Studies Board at its August meeting.
At a fourth meeting on September 21-23 at NASA's Goddard Space Flight
Center, COMPLEX continued work on its integrated research strategy.
COMPLEX received briefings on planetary magnetospheres that were omitted
from the July meeting agenda because of schedule conflicts. The committee was
also briefed on the status of the parallel priority-setting exercise being undertaken
by the CSSP/CSTR. In addition to working on its integrated strategy, the
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committee also tackled a number of other tasks at the September meeting. Other
topics included future missions to Mercury, the use of the Hubble Space
Telescope (HST) for planetary observations, and the results of a recent study on
the mitigation of asteroid hazards. COMPLEX members toured Goddard
instrument laboratories, viewed hardware being constructed for the HST repair
mission, and visited the control room of the International Ultraviolet Explorer. A
portion of the meeting was devoted to minor revisions to the letter report drafted
in July on the restructuring of the Cassini mission; the letter (4.10) was
subsequently approved and released to NASA on October 19.
As part of the outreach activities for its priority-setting study, members of
COMPLEX gave progress reports at a number of international scientific
conferences. Prime among these was the October 13-17 meeting of the
American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences in Munich,
Germany. In an evening session on October 15th, COMPLEX Chair Joseph
Burns briefed the conference participants on the charge given to COMPLEX by
the Board. He outlined events at the summer workshop in Irvine and progress the
committee had made so far. Participation of a representative of the ESSC at the
July meeting and the desire for additional European participation in the priority-
setting study were emphasized. Following a description of the committee's plans
for future meetings, Prof. Burns took questions from the audience during the
limited additional time available.
COMPLEX made a second progress report (similar in format to the one
given in Munich) at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San
Francisco in December. The presentation was made by COMPLEX member Prof.
William Kurth. The next major outreach activity is scheduled to take place at the
Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Houston, Texas, in March 1993.
COMPLEX Membership
Joseph A. Burns, Cornell University (chair)
Reta F. Beebe, New Mexico State University
Alan P. Boss, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Geoffrey A. Briggs, NASA Ames Research Center
Michael H. Carr, U.S. Geological Survey
Anita L. Cochran, University of Texas at Austin
Thomas M. Donahue, University of Michigan
James L. Elliot, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Larry W. Esposito,* University of Colorado (former chair)
Peter J. Gierasch, Cornell University
John F. Kerridge, University of California at Los Angeles
William S. Kurth, University of Iowa
Barry H. Mauk, Applied Physics Laboratory
Lucy-Ann A. McFadden,* University of California at San Diego
Christopher P. McKay,* NASA Ames Research Center
William B. McKinnon, Washington University
Duane O. Muhleman,* California Institute of Technology
Norman R. Pace, Indiana University
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Graham Ryder, Lunar and Planetary Institute
Paul D. Spudis,* Lunar and Planetary Institute
Peter H. Stone,* Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Darrell F. Strobel, Johns Hopkins University
George W. Wetherill, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Richard W. Zurek,* California Institute of Technology
David H. Smith, Executive Secretary
__________________________
*term expired during 1992
COMMITTEE ON SPACE BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
The Committee on Space Biology and Medicine (CSBM) met on February
13-14 and heard presentations on results from the first Space Life Sciences (SLS-
1) mission, the first International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-1) mission, and
plans for SLS-2. Committee members discussed current life sciences research
issues with congressional staff and NIH officials.
The committee met again on May 14-15 in Washington. In an effort to
broaden its understanding of the capabilities and research potential of various
former Soviet Union space facilities, such as the space station Mir and the
Cosmos biosatellite series, the committee devoted a significant amount of the
meeting to discussing these topics. Other items discussed were cooperative
activities between NASA and NIH and long-term planning for NASA's radiation
research program. The committee drafted a letter report (4.7) on the importance
of continued operation of the BEVALAC facility for space radiation biology. The
letter was later approved by the Board and the NRC and released.
The CSBM met for a third time on September 30 and October 1, at the
Beckman Center, and discussed a number of fundamental issues pertinent to the
Life Sciences Division's research program, particularly peer review and the status
and plans for the division's Discipline Working Groups (DWGs). More results
derived from the IML-1 mission were presented and plans for SLS-2 were
discussed. A substantial portion of the meeting was devoted to further discussion
about use of Russian space facilities such as Mir and the Cosmos biosatellites for
U.S. life sciences research. The committee also viewed and evaluated two videos
describing NASA life sciences research facilities and claimed terrestrial benefits.
CSBM Membership
Fred W. Turek, Northwestern University (chair)
Robert M. Berne,* University of Virginia at Charlottesville
Robert E. Cleland, University of Washington
Mary F. Dallman, University of California
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Space Studies Board Annual Report-1992 (Activities and Membership)
John R. David, Harvard School of Public Health
Peter Dews,* Harvard Medical School
R.J. Michael Fry,* Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Francis (Drew) Gaffney, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center
Edward J. Goetzl,* University of California Medical School at San Francisco
Marc D. Grynpas, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto
Robert Helmreich, University of Texas at Austin
James Lackner, Brandeis University
Robert W. Mann, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Clinton T. Rubin, State University of New York at Stony Brook
Fred D. Sack, Ohio State University
Alan L. Schiller,* Mt. Sinai Medical Center
Tom Scott,* University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Warren Sinclair, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
William Thompson,* North Carolina State University
Fred Wilt, University of California at Berkeley
Joyce M. Purcell, Executive Secretary
__________________________
*term expired during 1992
COMMITTEE ON SOLAR AND SPACE PHYSICS
The Committee on Solar and Space Physics (CSSP), which operates in a
"federated" structure with the Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Research (CSTR)
of the NRC's Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, met on March 16-18
at the Beckman Center to continue its study on the balance between "big" and
"little" research programs within the committees' disciplines. The resulting Report
on a Space Physics Paradox will address the question: Why has increased
funding been accompanied by increased dissatisfaction in the research
community? The federated committee planned for its new research strategy
project and reviewed the status of its study on atmospheric electricity. At this
meeting, the committees also prepared inputs to the CHEX science opportunities
study and to the summer workshop of the Task Group on Priorities in Space
Research.
The federated committees met for a week in July (26-31) to finish writing
the Paradox report and to begin work on the new strategy. About a dozen outside
scientists were invited to attend as guests to help formulate an approach to the
strategy.
At a third meeting, held on October 19-21, the committees approved the
Paradox report, continued work on the strategy study, reviewed relevant agency
activities (NASA, NSF, NOAA, DOD), reviewed a draft report by the Panel on
Solar Influences of the NRC's Committee on Global Change Research, reviewed
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Space Studies Board Annual Report-1992 (Activities and Membership)
the activities of the U.S. Coordination Office for the Solar-Terrestrial Energy
Program (STEP), and discussed the recent reorganizations of the National Space
Science Data Center and of NASA. The Paradox report was presented to the
Board at its November meeting.
Subsequently, CSSP/CSTR organized a special session during the
December meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) in San Francisco
to solicit suggestions for the new research strategy. Approximately 250-300
members of the AGU Space Physics and Aeronomy Section attended the
session, and a number of contributions were received.
CSSP Membership
Marcia Neugebauer, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (chair)
Thomas E. Cravens, University of Kansas
Jonathan F. Ormes, Goddard Space Flight Center
George K. Parks, University of Washington
Douglas M. Rabin, National Optical Astronomy Observatory
David M. Rust, Johns Hopkins University
Raymond J. Walker, University of California at Los Angeles
Yuk L. Yung, California Institute of Technology
Ronald D. Zwickl, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Richard C. Hart, Executive Secretary
TASK GROUP ON PLANETARY PROTECTION
The Task Group on Planetary Protection (TGPP) published its report,
Biological Contamination of Mars: Issues and Recommendations, in time for use
at the World Space Congress' meeting of COSPAR held in Washington in late
August. COSPAR has the responsibility for monitoring and updating planetary
protection policy for all space-faring nations. Upon publication of its report, the
task group was disbanded.
TGPP Membership*
Kenneth H. Nealson, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (chair)
John Baross, University of Washington
Michael Carr, U.S. Geological Survey
Robert Pepin, University of Minnesota
Thomas Schmidt, Miami University
Jodi Shann, University of Cincinnati
J. Robie Vestal, University of Cincinnati
David White, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Richard Young, consultant, Kennedy Space Center
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Space Studies Board Annual Report-1992 (Activities and Membership)
Joyce M. Purcell, Executive Secretary
___________________________
*task group disbanded during 1992
TASK GROUP ON PRIORITIES IN SPACE RESEARCH
Early in 1992, the Board published the first report from its Task Group on
Priorities in Space Research (TGPSR), chaired by Board member Dr. John
Dutton. This report, entitled Setting Priorities for Space Research: Opportunities
and Imperatives, was released at a half-day symposium held in the National
Academy of Sciences (NAS) Auditorium on January 24. NAS President Frank
Press opened the symposium and commented on the desirability of addressing
priority issues in science: "One has to do this not simply because there are
budgetary constraints, but also as a means of self-examination . . . it gives the
public confidence that we're going about our job right if we say to the public, who,
after all pays for all of this, that we have examined and ranked our needs and
opportunities." Mr. George E. Brown, Jr., chair of the House Committee on
Science, Space, and Technology, gave the keynote address. Applauding the
endeavors of the task group and the Board, Mr. Brown encouraged them and the
scientific community at large to provide policymakers with a best assessment of
priority ordering based on "unadulterated peer-reviewed judgment of scientific
merit." Board Chair Louis Lanzerotti discussed how and why the Board and the
space research community should be involved in recommending priorities. These
remarks were followed by an open forum in which members of the audience were
asked for their views and reactions to plans for a follow-on study—development
of a priority-setting methodology and evaluation criteria.
In February, the Board sponsored a session on the topic of priority setting
in research at the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting
in Chicago.
Congressional interest in the topic continued, with Dr. Dutton being asked
to testify in April on priorities in space research before the House Science,
Space, and Technology Committee's Subcommittee on Science.
During a July 27-30 workshop at Woods Hole, the task group tested and
validated its model space research proposal and evaluation instrument. Outside
guests, representing some of the major disciplines of space research, evaluated
representative projects using the prototype proposal and evaluation instruments
to gauge how effective and valid their application to actual projects would be. The
task group began work on a first draft of a follow-on report, which will describe
possible methods for setting priorities in space research fields and will discuss
the committee's prototype instruments.
The task group held a meeting on October 22-23 to discuss further the
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Space Studies Board Annual Report-1992 (Activities and Membership)
results and implications of the Woods Hole experiment. Both the proposal
questionnaire and evaluation method were modified as a result of the experiment.
The group continued working on its follow-on report with the aim of completing
the activity by June 1993.
TGPSR Membership
John A. Dutton, Pennsylvania State University (chair)
Philip Abelson, American Association for the Advancement of Science
William P. Bishop, Desert Research Institute
Lawson Crowe, University of Colorado
Peter Dews, Harvard Medical School
Angelo Guastaferro, Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc.
Molly K. Macauley, Resources for the Future
Buddy MacKay,* Lt. Governor of Florida
Thomas A. Potemra, Johns Hopkins University
Arthur B.C. Walker, Stanford University
Joyce M. Purcell, Executive Secretary
__________________________
*term expired during 1992
Last update 8/22/00 at 10:29 am
Site managed by Anne Simmons, Space Studies Board
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