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Assessment of Solar System Exploration Programs 1991
Assessment of Solar System
Exploration Programs
1991
NOTICE
MEMBERSHIP
FOREWORD
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration
CHAPTER 5
Space Studies Board
CHAPTER 6
Commission on Physical Sciences,
CHAPTER 7
Mathematics, and Applications
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9 National Research Council
REFERENCES
NOTICE
MEMBERSHIP
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Assessment of Solar System Exploration Programs 1991
FOREWORD
SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
2. EXPLORATION OF THE INNER PLANETS
Science Objectives
Current Status of NASA's Exploration of the Inner Planets
3. EXPLORATION OF THE OUTER PLANETS
Science Objectives
Current Status of NASA's Exploration of the Outer Planets
4. EXPLORATION OF PRIMITIVE SOLAR-SYSTEM BODIES
Science Objectives
Current Status of NASA's Exploration of Primitive Bodies
5. DETECTION AND STUDY OF OTHER SOLAR SYSTEMS
6. EXOBIOLOGY PROGRAMS
Science Objectives
Current Status of NASA's Exobiology Programs
7. DATA MANAGEMENT AND COMPUTATION ISSUES IN PLANETARY
SCIENCE
8. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN PLANETARY EXPLORATION
PROGRAMS
U.S.-European Cooperation in Planetary Exploration
International Cooperation for Mars Exploration
Concluding Remarks
9. GENERAL PROGRAMMATIC ISSUES
Planetary Flight Programs
Research and Analysis Programs
Ground-Based and Earth-Orbital Astronomy
10. REFERENCES
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Assessment of Solar System Exploration Programs 1991 (Notice)
Assessment of Solar System Exploration Programs
1991
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the
Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn
from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of
Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee
responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with
regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors
according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of
members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of
Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-
perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and
engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology
and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted
to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to
advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank
Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
REPORT MENU
NOTICE
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the
MEMBERSHIP
charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of
FOREWORD
outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection
SUMMARY
of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility
CHAPTER 1
for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also
CHAPTER 2
sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages
CHAPTER 3
education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers.
CHAPTER 4
Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National
CHAPTER 8
Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate
CHAPTER 9
professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the
REFERENCES
public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy
of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal
government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care,
research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of
Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy
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Assessment of Solar System Exploration Programs 1991 (Notice)
of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology
with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal
government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the
Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in
providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and
engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies
and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are
chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Support for this project was provided through Contract NASW-4102
between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration.
Copies of this report are available from
Space Studies Board
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20418
Printed in the United States of America
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Assessment of Solar System Exploration Programs 1991 (Membership)
Assessment of Solar System Exploration Programs
1991
Membership
COMMITTEE ON PLANETARY AND LUNAR EXPLORATION
Larry W. Esposito, University of Colorado, Chairman
Alan P. Boss, Carnegie Institution of Washington
*Andrew F. Cheng, Johns Hopkins University
Anita L. Cochran, University of Texas at Austin
Peter J. Gierasch, Cornell University
*Jonathan I. Lunine, University of Arizona
Lucy-Ann McFadden, University of California, San Diego
Christopher P. McKay, NASA Ames Research Center
Duane O. Muhleman, California Institute of Technology
Norman R. Pace, Indiana University
Graham Ryder, Lunar and Planetary Institute
*Gerald Schubert, University of California, Los Angeles
REPORT MENU
*Peter H. Schultz, Brown University
NOTICE
Paul D. Spudis, Lunar and Planetary Institute
MEMBERSHIP
Peter H. Stone, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
FOREWORD
*G. Jeffrey Taylor, University of Hawaii
SUMMARY
Richard W. Zurek, California Institute of Technology
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
Invited Participant
CHAPTER 3
Fred W. Taylor, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
Staff
CHAPTER 7
Paul F. Uhlir, Senior Program Officer
CHAPTER 8
Mary Ellen Mack, Secretary
CHAPTER 9
Altoria L. Bell, Secretary
REFERENCES
______________________
*COMPLEX members who participated in the writing of this report, but whose
terms expired in 1990.
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Assessment of Solar System Exploration Programs 1991 (Membership)
SPACE STUDIES BOARD
Louis J. Lanzerotti, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Chairman
Philip Abelson, American Association for the Advancement of Science
Joseph A. Burns, Cornell University
John R. Carruthers, INTEL
Andrea K. Dupree, Harvard-Smithsonian Institution
John A. Dutton, Pennsylvania State University
Larry Esposito, University of Colorado
James P. Ferris, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Herbert Friedman, Naval Research Laboratory
Richard L. Garwin, IBM Corporation
Riccardo Giacconi, Space Telescope Science Institute
Noel W. Hinners, Martin Marietta Civil Space & Communication Company
James R. Houck, Cornell University
David A. Landgrebe, Purdue University
Elliott C. Levinthal, Stanford University
William J. Merrell, Jr., Texas A&M University at Galveston
Richard K. Moore, University of Kansas
Robert H. Moser, The NutraSweet Company
Norman F. Ness, University of Delaware
Marcia Neugebauer, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Sally K. Ride, University of California at San Diego
Robert F. Sekerka, Carnegie Mellon University
Mark Settle, ARCO Oil and Gas Company
L. Dennis Smith, University of California at Irvine
Byron D. Tapley, University of Texas at Austin
Arthur B.C. Walker, Jr., Stanford University
Marc S. Allen, Staff Director
COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES,
MATHEMATICS, AND APPLICATIONS
Norman Hackerman, Robert A. Welch Foundation, Chairman
Peter J. Bickel, University of California, Berkeley
George F. Carrier, Harvard University
Herbert D. Doan, The Dow Chemical Company (retired)
Dean E. Eastman, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
Marye Anne Fox, University of Texas
Phillip A. Griffiths, Duke University
Neal F. Lane, Rice University
Robert W. Lucky, AT&T Bell Laboratories
Christopher F. McKee, University of California, Berkeley
Richard S. Nicholson, American Association for the Advancement
of Science
Jeremiah P. Ostriker, Princeton University Observatory
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Assessment of Solar System Exploration Programs 1991 (Membership)
Alan Schriesheim, Argonne National Laboratory
Roy F. Schwitters, Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory
Kenneth G. Wilson, Ohio State University
Norman Metzger, Executive Director
Last update 12/7/00 at 10:53 am
Site managed by Anne Simmons, Space Studies Board
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Assessment of Solar System Exploration Programs 1991 (Foreword)
Assessment of Solar System Exploration Programs
1991
Foreword
This report is one in a series written by the standing discipline committees
of the Space Studies Board. The purpose of this new series is to assess the
status of our nation's space science and applications research programs and to
review the responses of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and
other relevant federal agencies to the Board's past recommendations.
It is important, periodically, to take stock of where research disciplines
stand. As an advisory body to government, the Space Studies Board should
regularly examine the advice it has provided in order to determine its relevance
and effectiveness. As a representative of the community of individuals actively
engaged in space research and its many applications, the Board has an abiding
interest in evaluating the nation's accomplishments and setbacks in space.
In some cases, recurring budget problems and unexpected hardware
REPORT MENU
failures have delayed or otherwise hindered the attainment of recommended
NOTICE
objectives. In other cases, space scientists and engineers have achieved
MEMBERSHIP
outstanding discoveries and new understandings of the Earth, the solar system,
FOREWORD
and the universe. Although the recent past has seen substantial progress in the
SUMMARY
nation's civil space program, much remains to be done.
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3 These reports cover the areas of earth science and applications, solar
CHAPTER 4
system exploration (and the origins of life), solar and space physics, and space
CHAPTER 5
biology and medicine. Where appropriate, these reports also include the status of
CHAPTER 6
data management recommendations set forth in the reports of the Space Studies
CHAPTER 7
Board's former Committee on Data Management and Computation. The Board
CHAPTER 8
has chosen not to assess two major space research disciplines—astronomy and
CHAPTER 9
astrophysics, and microgravity research—at this time. Astronomy and
REFERENCES
astrophysics was recently surveyed in a report under the aegis of the Board on
Physics and astronomy, The Decade of Discovery in Astronomy and
Astrophysics (National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1991); the Space
Studies Board is currently developing a strategy for the new area of microgravity
research.
On completion of the four reports, the Board will summarize the contents
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Assessment of Solar System Exploration Programs 1991 (Foreword)
of each volume and produce an overview. The Space Studies Board expects to
repeat this assessment process approximately every three years, not only for the
general benefit of our nation's space research program, but also to assist the
Board in determining the need for updating or revising its research strategies and
recommendations.
Louis J. Lanzerotti
Chairman, Space Studies Board
Last update 12/7/00 at 11:35 am
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Assessment of Solar System Exploration Programs 1991 (Summary)
Assessment of Solar System Exploration Programs
1991
Summary
The advisory base for the Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration
(COMPLEX) is made up of a series of documents published over the last 15
years. These documents provide a rationale for planetary exploration, a strategy
for carrying out scientific study of the solar system, and a series of
recommendations to NASA for implementation of this strategy. This report
reviews the recommendations of the committee and the status of the field of
planetary exploration relative to those recommendations.
NASA's planetary exploration program has made great strides in the past
few years. Much of the strategy for exploration of the planets proposed by
COMPLEX has been implemented. Other areas await the arrival of planned or
approved space missions at their targets. The rate at which the proposed
scientific objectives would be achieved was in some cases overestimated by
COMPLEX; these objectives still await fulfillment.
REPORT MENU
NOTICE
Significant scientific objectives have been achieved in exploration of the
MEMBERSHIP
outer planets and comets. U.S.-European cooperation is proceeding well. Further
FOREWORD
exploration of Venus is under way and of Mars is imminent. In contrast, little
SUMMARY
progress has been made in more intensive study of the Moon and Mercury and in
CHAPTER 1
preliminary reconnaissance of asteroids and Pluto. Exploration on the surface of
CHAPTER 2
Venus, in the inner Jupiter magnetosphere, and in the deep atmospheres of the
CHAPTER 3
outer planets requires significant technical developments that should be
CHAPTER 4
undertaken. These developments include high-temperature and high-pressure
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6 instruments, radiation-hardened spacecraft, and development of low-thrust
CHAPTER 7 propulsion. The recommendations in the areas of detection and study of other
CHAPTER 8 solar systems and in exobiology research are so recent that it is premature to
CHAPTER 9 evaluate the status of current activities.
REFERENCES
Areas of concern to the planetary science community include the absence
of a plan to carry out the extended mission for Magellan, the lack of reserves in
approved flight missions, and the inappropriate use of research and analysis
funds as a reserve for mission overruns. The committee views positively the
proposed planetary Discovery mission line and NASA's efforts to encourage
interdisciplinary research.
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