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A Review of the DOE Plan for U.S. Fusion Community Participation in the ITER Program
A Review of the DOE Plan for U.S. Fusion Community Participation in the ITER Program
Committee to Review the U.S. ITER Science Participation Planning Process
Plasma Science Committee
Board on Physics and Astronomy
Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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A Review of the DOE Plan for U.S. Fusion Community Participation in the ITER Program
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Grant No. DE-FG02-07ER54924 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Department of Energy. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
Cover: Computer-generated image of the ITER magnet system, including the plasma-facing internal components. For scale, note the size of the person represented at bottom-center. Image available at http://www.iter.org/ and reprinted with permission of the ITER Organization. Cover design by Steven Coleman.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-12475-1
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-12475-1
Copies of this report are available from the Board on Physics and Astronomy, National Research Council, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001; Internet, http://www.national-academies.org/bpa.
Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055 or (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2009 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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A Review of the DOE Plan for U.S. Fusion Community Participation in the ITER Program
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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A Review of the DOE Plan for U.S. Fusion Community Participation in the ITER Program
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A Review of the DOE Plan for U.S. Fusion Community Participation in the ITER Program
COMMITTEE TO REVIEW THE U.S. ITER SCIENCE PARTICIPATION PLANNING PROCESS
PATRICK L. COLESTOCK,
Los Alamos National Laboratory,
Chair
ROGER D. BENGTSON,
University of Texas at Austin
JAMES E. BRAU,
University of Oregon
CARY B. FOREST,
University of Wisconsin
STEPHEN HOLMES,
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
GEORGE J. MORALES,
University of California at Los Angeles
THOMAS M. O’NEIL,
University of California at San Diego
TONY S. TAYLOR,
General Atomics
DENNIS G. WHYTE,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MICHAEL C. ZARNSTORFF,
Princeton University
Staff
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
TIMOTHY I. MEYER, Senior Program Officer (August 2006–September 2007)
DAVID LANG, Program Officer (from October 2007)
MERCEDES ILAGAN, Administrative Assistant (October 2007–February 2008)
CARYN KNUTSEN, Program Associate (from March 2008)
BETH C. DOLAN, Financial Associate
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A Review of the DOE Plan for U.S. Fusion Community Participation in the ITER Program
PLASMA SCIENCE COMMITTEE
RICCARDO BETTI,
University of Rochester,
Chair
MICHAEL R. BROWN,
Swarthmore College
LINDA M. CECCHI,
Sandia National Laboratories
PATRICK L. COLESTOCK,
Los Alamos National Laboratory
S. GAIL GLENDINNING,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
VALERY GODYAK,
OSRAM Sylvania, Inc.
IAN H. HUTCHINSON,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
CHADRASHEKHAR JOSHI,
University of California at Los Angeles
ELIOT QUATAERT,
University of California at Berkeley
EDWARD THOMAS, JR.,
Auburn University
MICHAEL C. ZARNSTORFF,
Princeton University
THOMAS H. ZURBUCHEN,
University of Michigan
Staff
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
DAVID B. LANG, Program Officer
CARYN J. KNUTSEN, Program Associate
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A Review of the DOE Plan for U.S. Fusion Community Participation in the ITER Program
BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
MARC A. KASTNER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Chair
ADAM S. BURROWS,
University of Arizona,
Vice Chair
JOANNA AIZENBERG,
Harvard University
JAMES E. BRAU,
University of Oregon
PHILIP H. BUCKSBAUM,
Stanford University
PATRICK L. COLESTOCK,
Los Alamos National Laboratory
RONALD C. DAVIDSON,
Princeton University
ANDREA M. GHEZ,
University of California at Los Angeles
PETER F. GREEN,
University of Michigan
LAURA H. GREENE,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
MARTHA P. HAYNES,
Cornell University
JOSEPH HEZIR,
EOP Group, Inc.
MARK B. KETCHEN,
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
ALLAN H. MacDONALD,
University of Texas at Austin
PIERRE MEYSTRE,
University of Arizona
HOMER A. NEAL,
University of Michigan
JOSE N. ONUCHIC,
University of California at San Diego
LISA J. RANDALL,
Harvard University
CHARLES V. SHANK,
Janelia Farm, Howard Hughes Medical Institute
THOMAS N. THEIS,
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
MICHAEL S. TURNER,
University of Chicago
MICHAEL C.F. WIESCHER,
University of Notre Dame
Staff
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director
MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Associate Director
ROBERT L. RIEMER, Senior Program Officer
JAMES LANCASTER, Program Officer
DAVID B. LANG, Program Officer
CARYN J. KNUTSEN, Program Associate
ALLISON M. McFALL, Senior Program Assistant
BETH C. DOLAN, Financial Associate
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A Review of the DOE Plan for U.S. Fusion Community Participation in the ITER Program
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A Review of the DOE Plan for U.S. Fusion Community Participation in the ITER Program
Preface
The development of a plan for the participation of the U.S. fusion community in the ITER program was mandated by the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct; Public Law 109-58, August 8, 2005). The EPAct, in Section 972 (c)(4)(B), also directed that, after completion of the plan, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) request an external review of its content. Accordingly, on August 10, 2006, the DOE under secretary for science submitted the completed plan to the National Academy of Sciences for review (see Appendix A). In response, the National Research Council (NRC) organized a committee to review the DOE plan with the following charge:
The committee will prepare a short report addressing the following tasks:
Review the document “Planning for U.S. Fusion Community Participation in the ITER Program.” Determine whether the plan provides a good initial outline for effective participation of U.S. plasma scientists in research at ITER.
Evaluate the following required elements of the plan: (1) an agenda for U.S. research at ITER, (2) methodologies to evaluate ITER’s contribution to progress toward a power source, (3) description of the anticipated relationship between the U.S. ITER research program and the overall U.S. fusion program.
The committee will recommend next steps in the development of the plan, including: (a) appropriate elements and/or goals for the
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A Review of the DOE Plan for U.S. Fusion Community Participation in the ITER Program
plan; (b) procedures to facilitate further development of the plan; and (c) metrics for measuring progress in establishing robust U.S. participation in the ITER research program.
The Committee to Review the U.S. ITER Science Participation Planning Process was appointed on October 1, 2007, and met in Washington, D.C., on December 14–15, 2007. Soon after, the FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act (Public Law 110-161, December 26, 2007) became law, under which U.S. contributions for ITER were unexpectedly eliminated. Although this committee was not specifically asked to assess the implications of the FY2008 budget, it believes that the budget will necessarily affect U.S. researchers’ ability to participate fully in the ITER program, and it therefore felt obliged to address this issue.
This report reviews and evaluates the DOE plan and the status of DOE planning based on the above criteria, and recommends next steps in the development of the plan. The committee observes that domestic planning activities have been effective thus far. However, as the ITER project progresses, the organizational landscape will likely change, as will the developing international research agenda. The committee therefore presents a snapshot of the ITER program as it exists at the present time. The full value of the committee’s guidance lies in its recommended elements and procedures to help position the United States to maximize its participation in and reward from the important international scientific and technical endeavor embodied in ITER.
The committee thanks the guest speakers at its December 14, 2007, meeting, including Kathryn Beers, Office of Science and Technology Policy; Earl Marmar, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Stanley Milora, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Erol Oktay, Department of Energy; Ned Sauthoff, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; and James Van Dam, University of Texas at Austin and U.S. Burning Plasma Organization. Special thanks are due to our foreign colleagues who participated in the meeting despite the long distances, namely, David Campbell, ITER Organization; Shinzaburu Matsuda, Japan Atomic Energy Agency; and Jerome Pamela, European Fusion Development Agreement. The committee greatly appreciates the time and effort that all of these individuals put into preparing their remarks and participating in discussions.
Patrick L. Colestock, Chair
Committee to Review the U.S. ITER Science Participation Planning Process
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A Review of the DOE Plan for U.S. Fusion Community Participation in the ITER Program
Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Gordon Baym, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Michael R. Brown, Swarthmore College,
Steven C. Cowley, University of California at Los Angeles,
Ronald C. Davidson, Princeton University,
Joseph Hezir, EOP Group, Inc.,
Charles F. Kennel, University of California at San Diego,
Christopher Llewellyn-Smith, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority–Culham Division,
David Meyerhofer, University of Rochester,
John Peoples, Jr., Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, and
Clifford Surko, University of California at Berkeley.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the con-
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A Review of the DOE Plan for U.S. Fusion Community Participation in the ITER Program
clusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by John F. Ahearne of Sigma Xi and Duke University. Appointed by the National Research Council, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
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A Review of the DOE Plan for U.S. Fusion Community Participation in the ITER Program
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1
1
INTRODUCTION
5
History of the ITER Project,
5
The Present ITER Project,
7
Recent U.S. Developments,
8
Origin of This Study,
10
2
EVALUATION OF THE CURRENT DOE PLAN FOR U.S. PLASMA SCIENCE COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN ITER
11
Assessment of Organization and Planning of the U.S. ITER Effort,
11
Key Structural Elements of U.S. Participation in ITER,
13
Comparison to Analogous Efforts of Other ITER Partners,
15
Assessment of the U.S. Research Agenda at ITER,
16
Alignment with DOE/OFES Goals and Previous NRC and FESAC Advice,
19
Areas of Concern,
20
Assessment of Methodologies to Evaluate ITER’s Contribution to Progress Toward a Power Source,
23
Relationship of the U.S. Fusion Program to the U.S. ITER Research Program,
24
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3
RECOMMENDED ELEMENTS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOE PLAN FOR U.S. PLASMA SCIENCE COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN ITER
26
Recommended Goals of U.S. ITER Planning Activities,
26
Recommended Procedures to Facilitate Further Development of the DOE Plan,
27
Recommended Metrics for Measuring Robust U.S. Participation in the ITER Research Program,
29
Metrics Included in the DOE Plan,
29
Recommended Additional Metrics,
31
APPENDIXES
A Letter of Request from the U.S. Department of Energy
37
B Meeting Agenda
39
