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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Combined Exposures to Hydrogen Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide in Army Operations: Final Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12467.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Combined Exposures to Hydrogen Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide in Army Operations: Final Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12467.
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Page 26
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Combined Exposures to Hydrogen Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide in Army Operations: Final Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12467.
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Page 27
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Combined Exposures to Hydrogen Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide in Army Operations: Final Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12467.
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References ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). 2001. Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanide Salts. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 7th Ed. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH. ACGIH (American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists). 2002. TLVs and BEIs: Based on the Docu- mentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Expo- sure Indices. American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH. Adams, K.F., G. Koch, B. Chatterjee, G.M. Goldstein, J.J. O’Neil, P.A. Bromberg, and D.S. Sheps. 1988. Acute elevation of blood carboxyhemoglobin to 6% impairs exercise performance and aggravates symptoms in patients with ischemic heart disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 12(4):900-909. Alistair, W.M., S. Jaffer, and D. Davis. 2000. Chronic carbon monoxide exposure: The CO support study. Pp. 419- 437 in Carbon Monoxide Toxicity, D.G. Penney, ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Allred, E.N., E.R. Bleecker, B.R. Chaitman, T.E. Dahms, S.O. Gottlieb, J.D. Hackney, D. Hayes, M. Pagano, R.H. Selvester, S.M. Walden, and J. Warren. 1989a. Acute Effects of Carbon Monoxide Exposure on Individuals with Coronary Artery Disease. Research Report No. 25. Cambridge, MA: Health Effects Institute Allred, E.N., E.R. Bleecker, B.R. Chaitman, T.E. Dahms, S.O. Gottlieb, J.D. Hackney, M. Pagano, R.H. Selvester, S.M. Walden, and J. Warren. 1989b. Short-term effects of carbon monoxide exposure on the exercise per- formance of subjects with coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 321(21):1426-1432. Allred, E.N., E.R. Bleecker, B.R. Chaitman, T.E. Dahms, S.O. Gottlieb, J.D. Hackney, M. Pagano, R.H. Selvester, S.M. Walden, and J. Warren. 1991. Effects of carbon monoxide on myocardial ischemia. Environ. Health Perspect. 91:89-132. Aronow, W.S., and J. Cassidy. 1975. Effects of carbon monoxide on maximal treadmill exercise. A study in normal persons. Ann. Intern. Med. 83(4):496-499. Bazar, M.A. 2006. Assessment of Combined Health Effect of Hydrogen Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide at Low Levels for Military Unique Occupational Exposure. Toxicology Study No. 8685-06. U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. February 2006. Bazar, M.A., and T.A. Klutchinsky. 2008. Assessment of Combined Effects of HCN and CO at Low-Levels for Military Unique Occupational Exposures. Presentation at the Second Meeting on Combined Exposures to Hydrogen Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide in Army Operations, April 14, 2008, Belcamp, MD. Beard, R.R., and G.A. Wertheim. 1967. Behavioral impairment associated with small doses of carbon monoxide. Am. J. Public Health 57(11):2012-2022. Beck, H.G. 1936. Carbon monoxide asphyxiation: A neglected clinical problem. JAMA 107: 1025-1028. Benignus, V.A. 1994. Behavioral effects of carbon monoxide: Meta analysis and extrapolations. J. Appl. Physiol. 76(3):1310-1316. Benignus, V.A., and D.A. Otto. 1977. Lack of effects of carbon monoxide on human vigilance. Percept. Mot. Skills 45(3 Pt.1):1007-1014. Benignus, V.A., E.R. Kafer, K.E. Muller, and M.W. Case. 1987. Absence of symptoms with carboxyhemoglobin levels of 16-23%. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 9(5):345-348. Benignus, V.A., K.E. Muller, and C.M. Malott. 1990. Dose-effect functions for carboxyhemoglobin and behavior. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 12(2):111-118. Blanc, P., M. Hogan, K. Mallin, D. Hryhorczuk, S. Hessl, and B. Bernard. 1985. Cyanide intoxication among silver- reclaiming workers. JAMA 253(3):367-371. Bunnell, D.E., and S.M. Horvath. 1989. Interactive effects of heat, physical work and CO exposure on metabolism and cognitive task performance. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 60(5):428-432. 25

Combined Exposures to HCG and CO in Army Operations: Final Report Chaitman, B.R., T.E. Dahms, S. Byers, L.W. Carroll, L.T. Younis, and R.D. Wiens. 1992. Carbon Monoxide Expo- sure of Subjects with Documented Cardiac Arrhythmias. Research Report No. 52. Boston, MA: Health Ef- fects Institute. Chaturvedi, A.K., D.C. Sanders, B.R. Endecott, and R.M. Ritter. 1995. Exposures to carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and their mixtures: Interrelationship between gas exposure concentration, time to incapacitation, carboxyhemoglobin, and blood cyanide in rats. J. Appl. Toxicol. 15(5):357-363. Dahms, T.E., L.T. Younis, R.D. Wiens, S. Zarnegar, S.L. Byers, and B.R. Chaitman. 1993. Effects of carbon mon- oxide exposure in patients with documented cardiac arrhythmias. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 21(2):442-450. DOD (U.S. Department of Defense). 1972. Draft Criteria Documents (Carbon Monoxide and Beryllium). Memoran- dum for Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Environmental Quality), from H.B. Jennings, Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of the Army, Washington, DC. June 21, 1972. Draeger Safety, Inc. 2002. Draeger Sensor XS-R CO. Draeger Safety, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA. November 2002 [online]. Available: http://www.draeger.com/ST/internet/pdf/US/detection/sensors/Xs_r_co.pdf [accessed Sept. 24, 2008]. Ekblom, B., and R. Huot. 1972. Response to submaximal and maximal exercise at different levels of carboxyhemo- globin. Acta Physiol. Scand. 86(4):474-482. El-Ghawabi, S.H., M.A. Gaafar, A.A. El-Saharti, S.H. Ahmed, K.K. Malash, and R. Fares. 1975. Chronic cyanide exposure: A clinical, radioisotope, and laboratory study. Br. J. Ind. Med. 32(3):215-219. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2000. Air Quality Criteria for Carbon Monoxide. EPA 600/P- 99/001F. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. June 2000 [online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov/NCEA/pdfs/coaqcd.pdf [accessed Sept. 24, 2008]. Gliner, J.A., S.M. Horvath, and P.M. Mihevic. 1983. Carbon monoxide and human performance in a single and dual task methodology. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 54(8):714-717. Hinderliter, A.L., K.F. Adams, C.J. Price, M.C. Herbst, G. Koch, and D.S. Sheps. 1989. Effects of low-level carbon monoxide exposure on resting and exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with coronary ar- tery disease and no baseline ectopy. Arch. Environ. Health 44(2):89-93. Horvath, S.M., J.F. Bedi, J.A. Wagner, and J. Agnew. 1988. Maximal aerobic capacity at several ambient concentra- tions of CO at several altitudes. J. Appl. Physiol. 65(6):2696-2708. Hudnell, H.K., and V.A. Benignus. 1989. Carbon monoxide exposure and human visual detection thresholds. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 11(4):363-371. Kapoor, R.K., A. Kumar, M. Chandra, P.K. Misra, B. Sharma, and S. Awasthi. 1997. Cardiovascular responses to treadmill exercise testing in anemia. Indian Pediatr. 34(7): 607-612. Kleinman, M.T., D.M. Davidson, R.B. Vandagriff, V.J. Caiozzo, and J.L. Whittenberger. 1989. Effects of short- term exposure to carbon monoxide in subjects with coronary artery disease. Arch. Environ. Health 44(6):361-369. Kleinman, M.T., D.A. Leaf, E. Kelly, V. Caiozzo, K. Osann, and T. O'Niell. 1998. Urban angina in the mountains: Effects of carbon monoxide and mild hypoxemia on subjects with chronic stable angina. Arch. Environ. Health 53(6):388-397. Levin, B.C., M. Paabo, J.L. Gurman, and S.E. Harris. 1987. Effects of exposure to single or multiple combinations of the predominant toxic gases and low oxygen atmospheres produced in fires. Toxicol. Sci. 9(2):236-250. Levin, B.C., J.L. Gurman, M. Paabo, L. Baier, and T. Holt. 1988. Toxicological effects of different exposure times to the fire gases: Carbon monoxide or hydrogen cyanide or to carbon monoxide combined with hydrogen cyanide or carbon dioxide. Pp. 368-383 in 9th Joint Panel Meeting of the UJNR Panel on Fire Research and Safety, May 1987, Boston, MA, N.H. Jason and B.A. Houston, eds. NBSIR 88-3753. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, Center for Fire Research. McGrath, J.J. 2000. The Interacting effects of altitude and carbon monoxide. Pp.135-156 in Carbon Monoxide Tox- icity, D.G. Penney, ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). 1994a. Cyanides, Aerosol and Gas- Method 7904, Issue 2 in NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), 4th Ed., P.C. Schlecht, and P.F. O'Connor, eds. DHHS(NIOSH) 94-113. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. August 15, 1994 [online]. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/NIOSH/nmam/pdfs/7904.pdf [accessed Sept. 16, 2008]. NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). 1994b. Hydrogen Cyanide Method 6010, Issue 2 in NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), 4th Ed., P.C. Schlecht, and P.F. O'Connor, eds. DHHS(NIOSH) 94-113. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. August 15, 1994 [online]. 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References NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), 4th Ed., P.C. Schlecht, and P.F. O'Connor, eds. DHHS(NIOSH) 96-135. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. May 15, 1996 [online]. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/NIOSH/nmam/pdfs/6604.pdf [accessed Sept. 16, 2008]. NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). 2003. Hydrogen Cyanide Method 6017, Issue 1 in NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), 4th Ed., P.C. Schlecht, and P.F. O'Connor, eds. DHHS(NIOSH) 2003-154. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. August 15, 2003 [online]. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/NIOSH/nmam/pdfs/6017.pdf [accessed Sept. 16, 2008]. NRC (National Research Council). 2008. Combined Exposures to Hydrogen Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide in Army Operations: Initial Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). 1988. Sampling and Analytical Methods: Cyanide in Workplace Atmospheres-Method No. ID-120. Occupational Safety and Health Administration [online]. Available: http://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/validated/id120/id120.html [accessed Sept. 16, 2008]. OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). 1991. Sampling and Analytical Methods: Carbon Monox- ide in Workplace Atmospheres-Method No. ID-210. Occupational Safety and Health Administration [online]. Available: http://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/inorganic/id210/id210.html [accessed Sept. 16, 2008]. OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). 1993. Sampling and Analytical Methods: Carbon Monox- ide in Workplace Atmospheres (Direct-Reading Monitor)-Method No. ID-209. Occupational Safety and Health Administration [online]. Available: http://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/inorganic/id209/id209. html [accessed Sept. 16, 2008]. Penney, D.G. 2000. Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. Pp. 393-418 in Carbon Monoxide Toxicity, D.G. Penney, ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Peterson, J.E., and R.D. Stewart. 1975. Predicting the carboxyhemoglobin levels resulting from carbon monoxide exposures. J. Appl. Physiol. 39(4):633-638. Purser, D.A., P. Grimshaw, and K.R. Berrill. 1984. Intoxication by cyanide in fires: A study in monkeys using poly- acrylonitrile. Arch. Environ. Health 39(6):394-400. Putz, V.R. 1979. The effect of carbon monoxide on dual task performance. Hum Factors 21(1): 13-24. Radojicić, B. 1973. Determining thiocyanate in urine workers exposed to cyanide [in Croatian]. Arh. Hig. Rada. Toksikol. 24(3):227-232. Sheps, D.S., K.F. Adams, P.A. Bromberg, G.M. Goldstein, J.J. O'Neil, D. Horstman, and G. Koch. 1987. Lack of effect of low levels of carboxyhemoglobin on cardiovascular function in patients with ischemic heart dis- ease. Arch. Environ. Health 42(2):108-116. Sheps, D.S., M.C. Herbst, A.L. Hinderliter, K.F. Adams, L.G. Ekelund, J.J. O’Neil, G.M. Goldstein, P.A. Bromberg, J.L. Dalton, M.N. Ballenger, et al. 1990. Production of arrhythmias by elevated carboxyhemoglobin in pa- tients with coronary artery disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 113(5):343-351. Sheps, D.S., M.C. Herbst, A.L. Hinderliter, K.F. Adams, L.G. Ekelund, J.J. O’Neil, G.M. Goldstein, P.A. Bromberg, M. Ballenger, S.M. Davis, and G. Koch. 1991. Effects of 4 Percent and 6 Percent Carboxyhemoglobin on Arrhythmia Production in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Research Report No. 41. Boston, MA: Health Effects Institute. Smith, S.R., S. Steinberg, and J.C. Gaydos. 1996. Errors in derivations of the Coburn-Forster-Kane equation for predicting carboxyhemoglobin. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 57(7):621-625. Stern, F.B., W.E. Halperin, R.W. Hornung, V.L. Ringenburg, and C.S. McCammon. 1988. Heart disease mortality among bridge and tunnel officers exposed to carbon monoxide. Am. J. Epidemiol. 128(6):1276-1288. Stewart, R.D., P.E. Newton, M.J. Hosko, and J.E. Peterson. 1973. Effect of carbon monoxide on time perception. Arch. Environ. Health 27(3):155-160. Stuhmiller, J.H., D.W. Long, and L.M. Stuhmiller. 2006. An internal dose model of incapacitation and lethality risk from inhalation of fire gases. Inhal. Toxicol. 18(5):347-364. Tikuisis, P., F. Buick, and D.M. Kane. 1987a. Percent carboxyhemoglobin in resting humans exposed repeatedly to 1,500 and 7,500 ppm CO. J. Appl. Physiol.63(2):820-827. Tikuisis, P., M.D. Madill, B.J. Gill, W.F. Lewis, K.M. Cox, and D.M. Kane. 1987b. A critical analysis of the use of the CFK equation in predicting COHb formation. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 48(3):208-213. Tikuisis, P., D.M. Kane, T.M. McLellan, F. Buick, and S.M. Fairburn. 1992. Rate of formation of carboxyhemoglo- bin in exercising humans exposed to carbon monoxide. J. Appl. Physiol. 72(4):1311-1319. Todd, L.A. 2003. Direct-reading instruments for determining concentrations of gases, vapors, and aerosols. Pp. 275- 277 in Occupational Environment: Its Evaluation, Control, and Management, 2nd Ed., S.R. DiNardi, ed. Fairfax, VA: American Industrial Hygiene Association Press. 27

Combined Exposures to HCG and CO in Army Operations: Final Report Wong, KL. 1994. Carbon monoxide. Pp. 61-90 in Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Air- borne Contaminants, Vol. 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Wright, G., P. Randell, and R.J. Shephard. 1973. Carbon monoxide and driving skills. Arch. Environ. Health 27(6):349-354. 28

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 Combined Exposures to Hydrogen Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide in Army Operations: Final Report
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To determine whether the air quality inside armored-vehicle cabins can meet exposure guidelines under deployment conditions, the Army assessed possible synergistic toxic effects from potentially harmful substances. This book, the final of two reports on the subject from the National Research Council, addresses whether the approach discussed in the technical context section of the Army's proposed guidance is appropriate, or whether an alternative assessment method should be developed.

Combined Exposures to Hydrogen Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide in Army Operations provides several conclusions and recommendations, including the use of alternative instrumentation for monitoring gas, conducting experiments on human subjects, and seeking advice from additional groups involved with personnel training and field deployment.

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