Parenting Programs (examples: Incredible Years, Positive Parenting Program [Triple P], Strengthening Families Program: for Parents and Youth [SFP 10-14], Adolescent Transitions Program [ATP])

• Reduced aggressive, disruptive, or antisocial behavior

• Improved parent–child interaction

• Reduced substance abuse

• Improved academic success

Home Visiting Programs (examples: Nurse Family Partnership and Healthy Families New York)

Home visiting programs that start during pregnancy have demonstrated:

• Improved pregnancy outcomes, maternal caregiving, and maternal life course

• Prevention of the development of antisocial behavior

• Reduced physical abuse, aggression, and harsh parenting

Comprehensive Early Education Programs (examples: Perry Preschool Program, Carolina Abecedarian Project, Child-Parent Centers)

• Less child maltreatment

• Less use of special education services, less grade retention, higher grade completion

• Higher rates of high school graduation and college attendance

• Fewer arrests by age 19, higher rates of employment, and higher monthly earnings

Family Disruption Interventions

New Beginnings Program, an intervention for families undergoing divorce:

• Reduced odds of the child reaching diagnostic criteria for any mental disorder

• Increased grade point average for adolescents

• Reduced number of sexual partners reported by adolescents

School-Based Programs

Good Behavior Game, a first grade classroom management intervention:

• Reduced disruptive behavior and increased academic engaged time

• Reduced likelihood that initially aggressive students would receive a diagnosis of conduct disorder by sixth grade

• Significantly reduced likelihood that persistently highly aggressive males would receive a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder as a young adult