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Developmental Stage
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In the Absence of Interventions
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Illustrative Intervention Opportunities
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Middle school
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Early adolescent engages in risky behaviors, such as smoking, using alcohol or other drugs, delinquency, or risky sexual behavior
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Families and schools provide high-level reinforcement for prosocial behavior
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Early adolescent experiences few academic successes and bonds with deviant peers
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Young people at risk due to academic or peer-interaction problems are identified and provided with individual or family intervention options
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High school
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Adolescent lacks self-esteem, has limited academic success, engages in antisocial behaviors, and does not develop positive health habits
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Family- and school-focused programs shape attitudes and behaviors around substance abuse, delinquency, and sexual behaviors and provide self-identity and coping skills
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Depression, conduct disorder, and substance abuse increase
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Adolescents are routinely screened for early signs of depression and other MEB disorders, with appropriate interventions provided
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Young adulthood
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Young adult flounders in transition to independence, including continued education, employment, marriage, and childrearing
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Community programs support decisions about education, work and relationships, and model parenting skills, including constructive parent–child communication
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Young adults struggle with readiness to have and to parent children
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Interventions are available in college, the workplace, and community settings as needed to reduce obstacles to raising a family, including academic, job-related, and marital difficulties
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