Middle childhood

Dysregulated growth hormone process^2,3

Left frontal lobe hypoactivation^2,5

Temperament: apathy²

Negative cognitions about self and negative explanatory and inferential style^1,2,3

Anxiety²

Dysthymia⁴

Insecure attachment¹

Disengagement, involuntary, and emotion-focused coping²

Poor social skills: impulsive, aggressive, passive, withdrawal, poor social problems solving^2,3

Parental depression^1,2,3

Poor parenting: rejection, lack of parental warmth, high hostility, harsh discipline, high maternal negative affect³

Child abuse/maltreatment¹

Loss¹

Marital conflict^3,4,5

or divorce¹

Aversive family environment³

Peer rejection^2,3,5 and poor-quality peer relationships³

Stressful life events^2,5

Self-generated stressors^4,5

Poor grades/achievement^1,3

Poverty⁴

Community stressful events such as interpersonal conflict, separation, and loss^1,4,5