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OCR for page 165
Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century
C
Selected Literature on Quantities and Impacts of Marine Debris
The following tables are a review of peer-reviewed published literature only. Only those studies involving numerical data (versus graphical) were used herein; as such, this represents a selected set of data. When replicate data were presented (e.g., by site, by time), they were summarized by the topmost treatment variable to derive means and ranges. Only those studies reporting debris impact (Tables IV and V) with sample size greater than 20 for a given species were included herein.
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Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century
TABLE I Prevalence of Marine Debris in Coastal Environments
Location
Study Period
Number of Items (range)
Per Unit Length of Coastline
items • km–1
NP, Alaska
1972–1974, 1983
390
(193–589)
WP, Indonesia
1985, 1995
6,452
(100–29,000)
NA, Gulf of Maine
1987
MED, Israel
1988–1989
7,354
(5,834–9,176)
MED, N/E
1988–1989
32,420
(6,000–231,000)
MED, Israel
1990–1991
10,247
(5,120–27,774)
CAR, Panama
1990–1991
4
(2–2)
SP, Ducie Atoll
1991
395
CAR, S–E
1991–1992
(1,900–11,200)
IND, Australia
1991–2000
CAR, Curaçao
1992–1993
48,500
(8,220–88,840)
SA, Scotia Arc Isl.
1993–1997
146
(0–285)
IO, South Africa
1994–1995
37,400
(19,600–72,500)
SA, Brazil
1995
7,400
(300–60700)
SP, N Australia, GBR
1996
625
(62–1,715)
IO, N Australia
1996–1997
92
(52 – 132)
NA, Scotland
1996–1998
53
(5–235)
NA, Wales
1998–2000
2,274
(170–16,030)
SA, Brazil
2001–2004
9
(6–12)
IO, Gulf of Oman
2002
1,790
(430–6,010)
NA + SA
2002
1,080
(0–8,800)
MED, Balearic Island
2005
34,640
(30,500–39,750)
Per Unit Area of Shore
items • km–2
SP, Pitcairn Isl.
1991–1993
230,000
(120,000–350,000)
NP, Indonesia
1994
27,1000,000
(700,000–53,400,000)
SP, E Australia
1994
44,800
(29,400–59,100)
Red Sea, Jordan
1994–1995
4,026,100
(2,436,800–6,171,000)
SP, E Australia
2000
133,200
(34,000–298,000)
NP, Sea of Japan
2000
(207,000–3,410,000)
SA, Argentina
2000
62,462
(9,462–150,900)
NP, Mexico
2000
1,525,000
(1,238,800–1,829,700)
SA, Brazil
2001
137,580
(33,700–233,300)
NA, Scotland
2001–2003
989,189
(160,000–3,060,000)
NOTE: Mean values, when replicate sampling is carried out, are given with range in parentheses. Studies were separated according to sampling methods: per unit shoreline (km–1) or unit area (km–2). Region Legend: NA = North Atlantic; SA = South Atlantic, NP = North Pacific; WP = Western Pacific; SP = South Pacific; IO = Indian; CAR = Caribbean; MED = Mediterranean.
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Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century
Weight (range)
Source
g • km–1
219,000
(122,000–255,000)
Merrell, 1984
Willoughby et al., 1997
31,200
(5,500–68,200)
Podolsky, 1989
Golik and Gertner, 1992
871,000
(51,000–3,137,000)
Gabrielides et al., 1991
Bowman et al., 1998
70
(20–140)
Garrity and Levings, 1993
Benton, 1991
(8,200–154,000)
Corbin and Singh, 1993
8,000
(1,870–15,000)
Edyvane et al., 2004
3,832,000
(1,874,000–5,790,000)
Debrot et al., 1999
Convey et al., 2002
101,000
(42,800–164,000)
Madzena and Lasiak, 1997
240,000
(4,000–1,199,000)
Wetzel et al., 2004
Haynes, 1997
Whiting, 1998
Velander and Mocogni, 1999
Williams et al., 2003
Santos et al., 2005
27,000
(7,470–75,400)
Claereboudt, 2004
Barnes and Milner, 2005
31,400
(25,300–41,000)
Martinez-Ribes et al., 2007
g • km–2
Benton, 1991
Uneputty and Evans, 1997
Frost and Cullen, 1997
Abu-Hilal and Al-Najjar, 2004
Cunningham and Wilson, 2003
(13,440,000–21,440,000)
Kusui and Noda, 2003
Acha et al., 2003
Silva-Iñiguez and Fischer, 2003
Oigman-Pszczol and Creed, 2007
Storrier et al., 2007
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Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century
TABLE II Prevalence of Marine Debris in Pelagic Environments
Location
Study Period
Sampling Technique
NP, Sargasso
1971
tow, 330 μm
NP
1972
tow, 150 μm
NA
1972
tow, 947 μm
NA, E USA
1973–1975
tow, 947 μm
NP, Alaska
1974–1975
tow, 363 μm
SA, S Africa
1977–1978
tow, 900 μm
SA, Cape Basin
1979
tow, 320 μm
NP
1985
tow, 330 μm
NA, Canada
1990
tow, 308 μm
NP, Subtropical
1999
tow, 333 μm
NP, Japan
2000–2001
tow, 330 μm
NP, Central
1972
visual, ship
MED, SW Malta
1979
visual (>15 cm), ship
NP
1985
visual (>2 cm), ship
MED, Eastern
1986
visual (>50 cm), ship
NA, Gulf of Mexico
1988–1989
visual, aerial
NA, Canada
1990
visual, ship
NA, Gulf of Mexico
1992–1994
visual, aerial
NP, Japan
2000
visual (>5 cm), ship
MED, Liguria
1997–2000
visual
SP, Chile
2002
visual
NP, SCZ
2005
visual, aerial
NOTE: Mean values, when replicate sampling was carried out, are given with range in parentheses. Studies were separated according to sampling methods: visual surveys or net sampling. Region Legend: NA = North Atlantic; SA = South Atlantic, NP = North Pacific; SP = South Pacific; MED = Mediterranean.
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Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century
Number of Items (range) (km–2)
Weight (range) (g • km–2)
Source
3,537
(47–12,080)
287
(0.61–770)
Carpenter and Smith, 1972
(0–34,000)
300
(0–3,500)
Wong et al., 1974
2,842
(61–5,466)
70
(10–78)
Colton et al., 1974
44
(40–80)
van Dolah et al., 1980
111
Shaw, 1977
3,639
(0–445,860)
42
(0–10,920)
Ryan, 1988
1,874
(0–3,600)
Morris, 1980a
33,183
(80–96,100)
420
(3–1,210)
Day and Shaw, 1987
23,468
(0–108,800)
3.5
(0–23)
Dufault and Whitehead, 1994
332,556
5,114
Moore et al., 2001
174,355
(0–3,520,000)
3,600
(0–153,000)
Yamashita and Tanimura, 2007
4.2
Venrick et al., 1973
2,000
Morris, 1980b
1.0
(0.2–1.8)
Day and Shaw, 1987
12,000
McCoy, 1988
31,500
(7,700–77,200)
Lecke-Mitchell and Mullin, 1992
25
(0–112)
Dufault and Whitehead, 1994
1.2
(0.6–2.4)
Lecke-Mitchell and Mullin, 1992
0.4
(0.1–0.7)
Shiomoto and Kameda, 2005
8.8
(3.4–14.2)
Aliani et al., 2003
11
(0–54)
Thiel et al., 2003
209
(93–291)
Pichel et al., 2007
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Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century
TABLE III Prevalence of Marine Debris in Benthic Environments
Location
Study Period
Sampling Technique
Depth (m)
Number of Items (range) (km–2)
NA, Bay of Biscay
1992–1993
t/55 mm
0–100
204
(26–494)
NP, MED
1992–1998
t/10, 20 mm
373
(72–1,935)
MED, Eastern
1993
t/10 mm
2,330
(0–8,504)
MED, NW
1994
t/10–100 mm
<500
1,935
(35–33,237)
NP, Indonesia
1994–1995
seine
320,000
(50,000–690,000)
MED, FRA
1994–1995
t/10 mm
100–1,630
(23–7,700)
NP, NCL
1994–1995
0–10
363,428
(90,000–660,000)
NP, USA–AK
1994–1996
t/37 mm
38
(34–37)
NP, KOR
1996, 2005
t/60–65 mm
58
(0–256)
MED, GRC
1997–1998
t/150 mm
40–360
165
(89–240)
MED, Eastern
2000–2003
t/150 mm
15–320
180
(72–437)
NP, USA–NWHI
1999
snorkel
<10
31
(3–62)
NP, USA–NWHI
2000–2001
snorkel
<10
67
(16–165)
NA, USA–FL
2001
scuba
1–7
11,825
(9,844–28,750)
SA, BRA
2001
snorkel
subtidal
29,000
MED, GRC
2003
scuba
0–25
14,900
(0–251,300)
NA, USA
2004–2005
scuba
16–20
3,975
(400–9,700)
NOTE: Sampling methods include trawl (t) of various mesh sizes and visual surveys using snorkeler or scuba divers. Materials Legend: f = fishing gear; m = metal; n = nets; p = plastics; r = rubber. Region Legend: NA = North Atlantic; SA = South Atlantic, NP = North Pacific; MED = Mediterranean.
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Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century
Weight (range) (g • km–2)
Debris Types
Source
p
Galgani et al., 1995a
p
Galgani et al., 2000
Galil et al., 1995
p
Galgani et al., 1995b
Uneputty and Evans, 1997
0.5
p
Galgani et al., 1996
133,285
(0–739,000)
m, p
Nagelkerken et al., 2001
m, p
Hess et al., 1999
f
Lee et al., 2006
m, p
Stefatos et al., 1999
18,000
(5,000–47,000)
f, m, p
Koutsodendris et al., 2008
n
Donohue et al., 2001
n
Boland and Donohue, 2003
f
Chiappone et al., 2004
p
Oigman-Pszczol and Creed, 2007
m, p, r
Katsanevakis and Katsarou, 2004
f
Bauer et al., 2008
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Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century
TABLE IV Marine Debris Ingestion
Common Name
Species
Region
Green Turtle
Chelonia mydas
NA, USA
Green Turtle
Chelonia mydas
NA, Gulf of Mexico
Green Turtle
Chelonia mydas
SA, S Brazil
Hawksbill Turtle
Eretmochelys imbricata
CAR, Costa Rica
Leatherback Turtle
Dermochelys coriacea
NA, Peru
Loggerhead Turtle
Carreta caretta
NA, Gulf of Mexico
Loggerhead Turtle
Carreta caretta
MED, Central
Loggerhead Turtle
Carreta carreta
NA, USA–Florida
Loggerhead Turtle
Carreta carreta
NA, NE Spain
Grey-Headed Albatross
Diomedea chrysostoma
SA, Southern Ocean
Wandering Albatross
Diomedea exulans
SA, Southern Ocean
Laysan Albatross
Diomedea immutabilis
NP, INWR
Laysan Albatross
Diomedea immutabilis
NP, Midway
Sooty Albatross
Phoebetria fusca
SA, Southern Ocean
Yellow-Nosed Albatross
Thalassarche chlororhynchos
SA, Southern Ocean
Giant Petrel
Macronectes giganteus
SA, Argentina
Giant Petrel
Macronectes giganteus
SA, Southern Ocean
Northern Giant Petrel
Macronectes halli
SA, Southern Ocean
Northern Fulmar
Fulmarus glacialis
ARC, Canada
Cape Petrel
Daption capense
SP, Antarctic
Northern Fulmar
Fulmarus glacialis
NA, E USA
Northern Fulmar
Fulmarus glacialis
NA, North Sea
Southern Fulmar
Fulmarus glacialoides
SP, Antarctic
Snow Petrel
Pagodroma nivea
SA, Southern Ocean
Snow Petrel
Pagodroma nivea
SP, Antarctic
Antarctic Petrel
Thalassoica antartica
SA, Southern Ocean
Blue Petrel
Halobaena caerulea
SA, Southern Ocean
Thin-Billed Prion
Pachyptila belcheri
SA, Southern Ocean
Antarctic Prion
Pachyptila desolata
SA, Southern Ocean
Salvin’s Prion
Pachyptila salvini
SA, Southern Ocean
Broad-Billed Prion
Pachyptila vittata
SA, Gough Island
Broad-Billed Prion
Pachyptila vittata
SA, Southern Ocean
Bulwer’s Petrel
Bulweria bulwerii
Tropical Pacific
White-Chinned Petrel
Procellaria aequinoctialis
SA, Southern Ocean
Cory’s Shearwater
Calonectris diomedea
NA, E USA
Great Shearwater
Puffinus gravis
NA, E USA
Great Shearwater
Puffinus gravis
SA, Southern Ocean
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Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century
Study Period
Sampling (N)
Prevalence (%)
Debris Type
Source
1988
dead (43)
56
m, r, u
Bjorndal et al., 1994
1995–1999
capture (142)
7
b, u
Seminoff et al., 2002
1997–1998
dead (38)
61
b, c, r
Bugoni et al., 2001
1970–1972
dead (29)
14
Carr and Stancyk, 1975
1980
dead (140)
13
u
Fritt, 1982
1986–1988
dead (82)
51
b
Plotkin et al., 1993
1986
bycatch (99)
8
u
Gramentz, 1988
1997
capture (241)
15
u
Witherington, 2002
NA
bycatch (54)
80
f, n, u
Tomás et al., 2002
1975–1985
capture + dead (170)
0.6
r, t
Ryan, 1987
1975–1985
capture + dead (156)
5
r, t
Ryan, 1987
1966
dead (100)
76
b, p
Kenyon and Kridler, 1969
1982–1983
capture + dead (50)
90
p
Fry et al., 1987
1979–1985
capture + dead (73)
1
r, t
Ryan, 1987
1979–1985
capture + dead (87)
2
r, t
Ryan, 1987
2002
capture (73)
73
p, r
Copello and Quintana, 2003
1979–1985
capture + dead (123)
7
r, t
Ryan, 1987
1979–1985
capture + dead (42)
7
r, t
Ryan, 1987
2002
bycatch (42)
36
u
Mallory et al., 2006
1984–1987
capture (30)
33
van Franeker, 1985a
1975–1989
capture (44)
86
Moser and Lee, 1992
1982–1984
dead (65)
92
van Franeker, 1985b
1984–1987
capture (27)
7
van Franeker and Bell, 1985
1979–1985
capture + dead (22)
5
r, t
Ryan, 1987
1984–1987
capture (27)
4
van Franeker and Bell, 1985
1975–1985
capture + dead (30)
7
r, t
Ryan, 1987
1975–1985
capture + dead (74)
92
p, t
Ryan, 1987
1979–1985
capture + dead (32)
69
p, t
Ryan, 1987
1979–1985
capture + dead (88)
59
p, t
Ryan, 1987
1979–1985
capture + dead (31)
52
p, t
Ryan, 1987
1983
capture + dead (31)
39
p
Furness, 1985a
1979–1985
capture + dead (137)
30
p, r, t
Ryan, 1987
1984–1991
capture (39)
0
p
Spear et al., 1995
1979–1985
capture + dead (201)
57
p, r, t
Ryan, 1987
1975–1989
capture (147)
25
Moser and Lee, 1992
1975–1989
capture (55)
64
Moser and Lee, 1992
1979–1985
capture + dead (50)
90
p, t
Ryan, 1987
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Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century
Common Name
Species
Region
Sooty Shearwater
Puffinus griseus
SA, Southern Ocean
Sooty Shearwater
Puffinus griseus
Tropical Pacific
Sooty Shearwater
Puffinus griseus
NP, US and Canada
Wedge-Tailed Shearwater
Puffinus pacificus
NP, Midway
Wedge-Tailed Shearwater
Puffinus pacificus
Tropical Pacific
Short-Tailed Shearwater
Puffinus tenuirostris
NP, Bering Sea
Audubon Shearwater
Puffinus therminieri
NA, E USA
Kerguelen Petrel
Pterodroma brevirostris
SA, Southern Ocean
Cook’s Petrel
Pterodroma cookii
SP, New Zealand
Juan Fernandez Petrel
Pterodroma externa
Tropical Pacific
Black-Capped Petrel
Pterodroma hasitata
NA, E USA
Herald Petrel
Pterodroma heraldica
SP, Pitcairn Island
White-Winged Petrel
Pterodroma leucoptera
Tropical Pacific
Stejneger’s Petrel
Pterodroma longisrostris
Tropical Pacific
Kermadec Petrel
Pterodroma neglecta
SP, Pitcairn Island
Black-Winged Petrel
Pterodroma nigripennis
Tropical Pacific
Tahiti Petrel
Pterodroma rostrata
Tropical Pacific
Murphy’s Petrel
Pterodroma ultima
SP, Pitcairn Island
Storm Petrel
Hydrobates pelagicus
NA, Scotland
Fork-Tailed Storm Petrel
Oceanodroma furcata
NP, Alaska
Leach’s Storm Petrel
Oceanodroma leucoroha
Tropical Pacific
Leach’s Storm Petrel
Oceanodroma leucoroha
NP, Alaska
Wilson’s Storm Petrel
Oceanodroma oceanicus
NA, E USA
Wedge-Rumped Storm Petrel
Oceanodroma tethys
Tropical Pacific
White-Faced Storm Petrel
Pelagodroma marina
SA, Southern Ocean
Common Diving Petrel
Pelecanoides urinatrix
SA, Southern Ocean
Crested Auklet
Aethia crustatella
NP, Alaska
Parakeet Auklet
Aethia psittacula
NP, Alaska
Whiskered Auklet
Aethia pygmaea
NP, Alaska
Cassin’s Auklet
Ptychoramphus aleuticus
NP, Alaska
Marbled Murrelet
Brachyramphus marmoratus
NP, Alaska
Ancient Murrelet
Synthliboramphus antiquus
NP, Alaska
Pigeon Guillemot
Cepphus columba
NP, Alaska
Common Guillemot
Uria aalge
NP, Alaska
Thick-Billed Guillemot
Uria lomvia
NP, Alaska
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Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century
Study Period
Sampling (N)
Prevalence (%)
Debris Type
Source
1979–1985
capture + dead (63)
51
p, r, t
Ryan, 1987
1984–1991
capture (36)
75
p, t
Spear et al., 1995
1988–1990
by–catch (20)
75
Blight and Burger, 1997
1982–1983
capture (20)
60
p
Fry et al., 1987
1984–1991
capture (85)
20
p, t
Spear et al., 1995
1997–2001
capture (330)
84
p, t
Vlietstra and Parga, 2002
1975–1989
capture (119)
5
Moser and Lee, 1992
1979–1985
capture + dead (63)
24
p, r, t
Ryan, 1987
1972–1977
capture + dead (55)
38
t
Imber, 1996
1984–1991
capture (183)
0.6
t
Spear et al., 1995
1975–1989
capture (57)
2
Moser and Lee, 1992
1991
capture + dead (29)
0
Imber et al., 1995
1984–1991
capture (110)
12
p
Spear et al., 1995
1984–1991
capture (46)
74
p, t
Spear et al., 1995
1991
capture + dead (27)
26
Imber et al., 1995
1984–1991
capture (66)
5
p
Spear et al., 1995
1984–1991
capture (121)
0.8
p
Spear et al., 1995
1991
capture + dead (37)
43
Imber et al., 1995
1983
capture (21)
0
Furness, 1985b
1988–1990
capture (21
86
p, t
Robards et al., 1995
1984–1991
capture (354)
20
p, t
Spear et al., 1995
1988–1990
capture (64)
48
p, t
Robards et al., 1995
1975–1989
capture (133)
38
Moser and Lee, 1992
1984–1991
capture (296)
0.3
p
Spear et al., 1995
1979–1985
capture + dead (24)
88
p, t
Ryan, 1987
1979–1985
capture + dead (53)
2
r, t
Ryan, 1987
1988–1990
capture (40)
3
Robards et al., 1995
1988–1990
capture (208)
94
p, t
Robards et al., 1995
1988–1990
capture (22)
0
Robards et al., 1995
1988–1990
capture (35)
11
Robards et al., 1995
1988–1990
capture (96)
0
Robards et al., 1995
1988–1990
capture (68)
0
Robards et al., 1995
1988–1990
capture (43)
2.3
Robards et al., 1995
1988–1990
capture (134)
0.8
Robards et al., 1995
1988–1990
capture (92)
0
Robards et al., 1995
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Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century
TABLE V Entanglement Rates among Marine Mammals
Common Name
Species Name
Region
Study Period
Antarctic fur seals
Arctocephalus gazella
SA, Bouetoya
1996–2002
Antarctic fur seals
Arctocephalus gazella
SA, Bird Island
1988–1989
Antarctic fur seals
Arctocephalus gazella
SI, Marion Island
1991–1996
Australian fur seal
Arctocephalus pusillus
SP, Tasmania
1989–1993
Cape fur seals
Arctocephalus pusillus
SA, SW Africa
1977–1979
New Zealand fur seals
Arctocephalus forsteri
SP, New Zealand
1995–2005
New Zealand fur seals
Arctocephalus forsteri
SP, New Zealand
1989–2002
Harbor seals
Phoca vitulina
NP, USA
1984–1986
Hawaiian monk seals
Monachus schauinlandi
NP, NWHI
1982–1998
Monk seals
Monachus schauinlandi
NP, subtropical
1998–2004
Elephant seals
Mirounga leonina
SA, Argentina
1995–2005
Northern elephant seals
Mirounga angustirostris
NP, USA
1984–1986
Australian sea lions
Neophoca cinerea
SP, Australia
1988–2002
California sea lions
Zalophus californianus
NP, Mexico
1991–1995
California sea lions
Zalophus californianus
NP, Mexico
1992
California sea lions
Zalophus californianus
NP, USA
1984–1986
NOTE: Entanglement rate given as percentage of population affected. Temporal Trends: (+) increasing; (−) decreasing; (0) no change; (+/−) increase followed by decrease. Materials Legend: n = nets; p = packing plastic straps; r = rope/string/monofilament. Region Legend: SA = South Atlantic; NP = North Pacific; SP = South Pacific; SI = South Indian.
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Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century
Entanglement (percentage of population)
Debris Type
Temporal Trend
Source
0.02–0.06
n, p, r
−
Hofmeyr et al., 2006
0.4–1.0
n, p, r
Croxall et al., 1990
0.01–0.15
n, p, r
+
Hofmeyr and Bester, 2002
1.3–1.9
n, p, r
Pemberton et al., 1992
0.11–0.66
n, p, r
0
Shaughnessy, 1980
0.6–2.84
n, p, r
+/−
Boren et al., 2006
0.4–0.9
n, p, r
+
Page et al., 2004
0–0.11
p
+
Stewart and Yochem, 1987
0.7
n, p, r
+
Henderson, 2001
0.4–0.78
+
Donohue and Foley, 2007
0.001
r
Campagna et al., 2007
0.17–0.2
n, p, r
−
Stewart and Yochem, 1987
0.2–1.3
n, p, r
+
Page et al., 2004
0.21–0.59
n, r
+
Zavala-González and Mellink, 1997
3.9–7.9
n, p, r
Harcourt et al., 1994
0.08–0.14
n, p, r
+
Stewart and Yochem, 1987
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TABLE VI Ghost Fishing Rates: Gill Nets
Region
Gear Type
Depth (m)
Catch Decay Rate (d–1)
Gear Half-Life (d)
Gear Lifea (d)
Source
NA, SW Wales
gillnet
12–14
−0.0190
36
158
Kaiser et al., 1996
NA, SW Wales
trammel net
12–14
−0.0207
33
145
Kaiser et al., 1996
NA, Portugal
gillnet
15–18
−0.0542
13
55
Erzini et al., 1997
NA, Portugal
trammelnet
15–18
−0.0204
34
147
Erzini et al., 1997
NA, UK
bottom gillnets
20–25
−0.0069
101
434
Revill and Dunlin, 2003
Baltic Sea
gillnet
32–40
−0.0198
35
151
Tschernij and Larsson, 2003
NA, Portugal
gillnet
65–78
−0.0402
17
75
Santos et al., 2003
MED, Turkey
gillnet: multifilament
9–14
−0.0224
31
134
Ayaz et al., 2006
MED, Turkey
gillnet: monofilament
9–14
−0.0127
55
236
Ayaz et al., 2006
NP, Japan
gillnet: artificial reef
13
−0.0104
67
288
Akiyama et al., 2007
NP, Japan
gillnet: sandy bed
13
−0.0216
32
139
Akiyama et al., 2007
NOTE: Rates of ghost fishing by experimentally deployed entanglement nets. Region Legend: NA = North Atlantic; NP = North Pacific; MED = Mediterranean.
aGear half-life and life were calculated as when the catch reached 50 percent and 5 percent of peak fishing capacity, respectively.
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TABLE VII Ghost Fishing Rates: Pots
Target Species
Location
Mortality (%)
Source
Dungeness Crab
NP, Canada
53
Breen, 1987
Lobster
NP, NWHI
20
Parrish and Kazama, 1992
Blue Crabs
Gulf of Mexico, USA
55
Guillory, 1998
Brown Crab
NA, Wales
100
Bullimore et al., 2001
Lobster
NA, Wales
100
Bullimore et al., 2001
Snow Crab
Gulf of St. Lawrence
95
Hébert et al., 2001
King Crab
NA, Norway
7
Godoy et al., 2003
NOTE: Rates of ghost fishing by experimentally deployed entanglement nets. Mortality rates indicate percent mortality among those caught in pots. Region Legend: NA = North Atlantic; NP = North Pacific; NWHI = Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
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