National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: 18 Where Does Biodiversity Go from Here? A Grim Business-as-Usual Forecast and a Hopeful Portfolio of Partial Solutions--PAUL R. EHRLICH and ROBERT M. PRINGLE
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 347
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 348
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 349
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 350
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 351
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 352
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 353
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 354
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 355
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 356
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 357
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 358
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 359
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 360
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 361
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 362
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 363
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 364
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 365
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 366
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 367
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 368
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 369
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 370
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 371
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 372
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 373
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 374
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 375
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 376
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 377
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 378
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 379
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 380
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 381
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 382
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 383
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 384
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 385
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 386
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 387
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 388
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 389
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 390
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 391
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 392
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 393
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academy of Sciences. 2008. In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12501.
×
Page 394

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

References Achenbach LA, Coates JD (2000) Disparity between bacterial phylogeny and physiology. ASM News 66:714–715. Ackerly DD (2003) Community assembly, niche conservatism, and adaptive evolution in changing environments. Int J Plant Sci 164:S165–S184. Ackerly DD (2004) Adaptation, niche conservatism, and convergence: Comparative studies of leaf evolution in the California chaparral. Am Nat 163:654–671. Ackerly D, Schwilk W, Webb CO (2006) Niche evolution and adaptive radiation: Testing the order of trait divergence. Ecology 87:S50–S61. Agrawal A, Redford J (2006) Poverty, Development and Biodiversity: Shooting in the Dark? (Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY), Working Paper No 26. Ahyong ST (2001) Revision of the Australian stomatopod Crustacea. Rec Aust Mus (Suppl) 26:1–326. Alcamo J, et al. (2005) Methodology for developing the MA scenarios. In Scenarios, Ecosys- tems and Human Well-Being, eds Carpenter SR, et al. (Island, Washington, DC), Vol 2, pp 145–172. Aldhous P, Holmes B (2007) Innovate or watch them die. New Scientist 195:6–8. Allen AP, Gillooly JF (2006) Assessing latitudinal gradients in speciation rates and biodiver- sity at the global scale. Ecol Lett 9:947–954. Allen AP, Brown JH, Gillooly JF (2002) Global biodiversity, biochemical kinetics, and the energetic-equivalence rule. Science 297:1545–1548. Allen AP, Gillooly JF, Savage VM, Brown JH (2006) Kinetic effects of temperature on rates of genetic divergence and speciation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:9130–9135. Allen-Wardell G, et al. (1998) The potential consequences of pollinator declines in the conser- vation of biodiversity and the stability of food crop yields. Conserv Biol 12:8–17. Allesina S, Pascual M (2008) Network structure, predator-prey modules, and stability in large food webs. Theor Ecol 1:55–64. Allison PA, Briggs DEG (1993) Paleolatitudinal sampling bias, Phanerozoic species diversity, and the end-Permian extinction. Geology 21:65–68. 347

348  /  References Alroy J (1996) Constant extinction, constrained diversification, and uncoordinated stasis in North American mammals. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 127:285–311. Alroy J (1998) Equilibrial diversity dynamics in North American mammals. In Biodiversity Dynamics: Turnover of Populations, Taxa, and Communities, eds McKinney ML, Drake JA (Columbia Univ Press, New York), pp 232–287. Alroy J (1999) The fossil record of North American mammals: Evidence for a Paleocene evolutionary radiation. Syst Biol 48:107–118. Alroy J (2000) New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26:707–733. Alroy J (2001) A multispecies overkill simulation of the end-Pleistocene megafaunal mass extinction. Science 292:1893–1896. Alroy J (2004) Are Sepkoski’s evolutionary faunas dynamically coherent? Evol Ecol Res 6:1–32. Alroy J (in press) Speciation and extinction in the fossil record of North American mammals. In Ecology and Speciation, eds Butlin R, Bridle J, Schluter D (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK). Alroy J, et al. (2001) Effects of sampling standardization on estimates of Phanerozoic marine diversification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:6261–6266. Alroy J, et al. (2008) Phanerozoic trends in the global diversity of marine invertebrates. Sci- ence 321:97–100. Altizer S, et al. (2003) Social organization and parasite risk in mammals: Integrating theory and empirical studies. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 34:517–547. Altschul SF, et al. (1990) Basic local aligment search tool. J Mol Biol 215:403–410. American Museum of Natural History (1998) Biodiversity and the Next Millennium: A Nation- wide Survey (Harris, Nichols Hills, OK). AmphibiaWeb (2007) Information on Amphibian Biology and Conservation. Available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. Accessed December 16, 2007. Anderson RM, May RM (1986) The invasion persistence and spread of infectious diseases within animal and plant communities. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 314:533–570. Andren O, Balandreau J (1999) Biodiversity and soil functioning—from black box to can of worms? Appl Soil Ecol 13:105–108. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II (2003) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Bot J Linn Soc 141:399–436. Anonymous (2006) Ecosystems and Human Well-Being. The Millennium Ecosystems Assessment (United Nations Development Programme, New York). Anstey RL (1978) Taxonomic survivorship and morphologic complexity in Paleozoic bryo- zoan genera. Paleobiology 4:407–418. Anstey RL (1986) Bryozoan provinces and patterns of generic evolution and extinction in the Late Ordovician of North America. Lethaia 19:33–51. Arndt SK (2006) Integrated research of plant functional traits is important for the under- standing of ecosystem processes. Plant Soil 285:1–3. Arnold MJ (1997) Natural Hybridization and Evolution (Oxford Univ Press, New York). Arnold MJ (2006) Evolution Through Genetic Exchange (Oxford Univ Press, New York). Aronson RB, Precht WF (2001) White-band disease and the changing face of Caribbean coral reefs. Hydrobiologia 25:460:25–38. Aronson RB, Macintyre IG, Wapnick CM, O’Neill MW (2004) Phase shifts, alternative states, and the unprecedented convergence of two reef systems. Ecology 85:1876–1891. Asner GP, et al. (2005) Selective logging in the Brazilian Amazon. Science 310:480–482. Auster PJ (1998) A conceptual model of the impacts of fishing gear on the integrity of fish habitats. Conserv Biol 12:1198–1203.

References  /  349 Austin AT, Sala OE, Jackson RB (2006) Inhibition of nitrification alters carbon turnover in the Patagonian steppe. Ecosystems 9:1257–1265. Avise JC (1992) Molecular population structure and the biogeographic history of a regional fauna: A case history with lessons for conservation biology. Oikos 63:62–76. Avise JC (2000) Phylogeography: The History and Formation of Species (Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, MA). Avise JC (2001) Evolving genomic metaphors: A new look at the language of DNA. Science 294:86–87. Avise JC (2002) Genetics in the Wild (Smithsonian Inst Press, Washington, DC). Avise JC (2004) Molecular Markers, Natural History, and Evolution (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA), 2nd Ed. Avise JC (2005) Phylogenetic units and currencies above and below the species level. In Phylogeny and Conservation, eds Purvis A, Gittleman JL, Brooks TM (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK), pp 76–100. Avise JC (2006) Evolutionary Pathways in Nature: A Phylogenetic Approach (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK). Avise JC (in press) The history, purview, and future of conservation genetics. In Conservation Biology: Evolution in Action, eds Carroll SP, Fox CW (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford). Avise JC, Ayala FJ, eds (2007). In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design (Natl Acad Press, Washington, DC). Avise JC, Hamrick JL, eds (1996) Conservation Genetics: Case Histories from Nature (Chapman & Hall, New York). Avise JC, Johns GC (1999) Proposal for a standardized temporal scheme of biological clas- sification for extant species. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:7358–7363. Avise JC, Mitchell D (2007) Time to standardize taxonomies. Syst Biol 56:130–133. Avise JC, Robinson TJ (2008) Hemiplasy: A new term in the lexicon of phylogenetics. Syst Biol 57:503–507. Avise JC, Walker DW (1998) Pleistocene phylogeographic effects on avian populations and the speciation process. Proc R Soc London Ser B 265:457–463. Avise JC, Walker DW (1999) Species realities and numbers in sexual vertebrates: Perspectives from an asexually transmitted genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:992–995. Avise JC, Walker DW, Johns GC (1998) Speciation durations and Pleistocene effects on ver- tebrate phylogeography. Proc R Soc London Ser B 265:1707–1712. Axelrod DI (1975) Evolution and biogeography of Madrean-Tethyan sclerophyll vegetation. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 62:280–334. Azam F, Malfatti F (2007) Microbial structuring of marine ecosystems. Nat Rev Microbiol 5:782–791. Baillie JEM, Hilton-Taylor C, Stuart SN (2004) A Global Species Assessment (International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland). Baird AH, et al. (2002) Coral reef biodiversity and conservation. Science 296:1026–1028. Baldwin BG, Sanderson MJ (1998) Age and rate of diversification of the Hawaiian silver- sword alliance (Compositae). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:9402–9406. Balmford A (1996) Extinction filters and current resilience: The significance of past selection pressures for conservation biology. Trends Ecol Evol 11:193–196. Balmford A, et al. (2001) Conservation conflicts across Africa. Science 291:2616–2619. Balmford A, Gaston KJ, Blyth S, James A, Kapos V (2003a) Global variation in terrestrial conservation costs, conservation benefits, and unmet conservation needs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:1046–1050. Balmford A, Green RE, Jenkins M (2003b) Measuring the changing state of nature. Trends Ecol Evol 18:326–330. Balser TC, Firestone MK (2005) Linking microbial community composition and soil processes in a California annual grassland and mixed-conifer forest. Biogeochemistry 73:395–415.

350  /  References Balser TC, Kinzig AP, Firestone MK (2002) Linking soil microbial communities and ecosys- tem functioning. In The Functional Consequence of Biodiversity: Empirical Progress and Theoretical Extensions, eds Kinzig A, Pacala S, Tilman D (Princeton Univ Press, Princ- eton, NJ), pp 265–293. Balvanera P, et al. (2006) Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services. Annu Rev Ecol System 9:1146–1156. Bambach RK (1983) Ecospace utilization and guilds in marine communities through the Phanerozoic. In Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities, eds Tevesz MJS, McCall PL (Plenum, New York), pp 719–746. Bambach RK, Knoll AH, Sepkoski JJ, Jr (2002) Anatomical and ecological constraints on Pha- nerozoic animal diversity in the marine realm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:6854–6859. Bambach RK, Knoll AH, Wang SC (2004) Origination, extinction, and mass depletions of marine diversity. Paleobiology 30:522–542. Bambach RK, Bush AM, Erwin DH (2007) Autecology and the filling of ecospace: Key meta- zoan radiations. Palaeontology 50:1–22. Barber PH, Bellwood DR (2005) Biodiversity hotspots: Evolutionary origins of biodiversity in wrasses (Halichoeres: Labridae) in the Indo-Pacific and New World tropics. Mol Phy- logenet Evol 35:235–253. Barber PH, Palumbi SR, Erdmann MV, Moosa MK (2000) A marine Wallace’s line? Nature 406:692–693. Barber PH, Palumbi SR, Erdmann MV, Moosa MK (2002) Sharp genetic breaks among populations of a benthic marine crustaceans indicate limited oceanic larval transport: Patterns, causes, and consequences. Mol Ecol 11:659–674. Barber PH, Erdmann MV, Palumbi SR (2006) Comparative phylogeography of three codis- tributed stomatopods: Origins and timing of regional lineage diversification in the coral triangle. Evolution 60:1825–1839. Barlow, Z (2008) Plight of the butterflies. Ventura County Star, January 3 (Scripps Interactive Newspaper Group, Cincinnati, OH). Barinaga M (2004) California Academy starts on the museum of its dreams. Science 304:669–670. Barnosky AD (1986) ‘‘Big game’’ extinction caused by Late Pleistocene climatic change: Irish elk (Megaloceros giganteus) in Ireland. Quatern Res 25:128–135. Barnosky AD, Koch PL, Feranec RS, Wing SL, Shabel AB (2004) Assessing the causes of Late Pleistocene extinctions on the continents. Science 306:70–75. Barns SM, Takala SL, Kuske CR (1999) Wide distribution and diversity of members of the bacterial kingdom Acidobacterium in the environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:1731–1737. Barraclough TG, Davies TJ (2005) Predicting future speciation. In Phylogeny and Conserva- tion, eds Purvis A, Gittleman JL, Brooks TM (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK), pp 400–418. Bartlett T (2007) Bugguide. Available at http://bugguide.net/node/view/15740. Bascompte J, Melian CJ, Sala E (2005) Interaction strength motifs and the overfishing of marine food webs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:5443–5447. Baum JK, Myers RA (2004) Shifting baselines and the decline of pelagic sharks in the Gulf of Mexico. Ecol Lett 7:135–145. Baum JK, et al. (2003) Collapse and conservation of shark populations in the northwest Atlantic. Science 299:389–392. Beddington JR, Agnew DJ, Clark CW (2007) Current problems in the management of marine fisheries. Science 316:1713–1716. Beja-Pereira A, et al. (2006) The origin of European cattle: Evidence from modern and ancient DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:8113–8118.

References  /  351 Bell CD, Donoghue MJ (2005) Phylogeny and biogeography of Valerianaceae (Dipsacales) with special reference to the South American valerians. Org Divers Evol 5:147–159. Bell T, Newman JA, Silverman BW, Turner SL, Lilley AK (2005) The contribution of species richness and composition to bacterial services. Nature 436:1157–1160. Bellwood DR, Hughes TP (2001) Regional-scale assembly rules and biodiversity of coral reefs. Science 292:1532–1534. Bellwood DR, Hughes TP, Folk C, Nystrom M (2004) Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature 429:827–833. Bellwood DR, Hughes TP, Connolly SR, Tanner J (2005) Environmental and geometric con- straints on Indo-Pacific coral reef biodiversity. Ecol Lett 8:643–651. Benton MJ (1989) Patterns of evolution and extinction in vertebrates. In Evolution and the Fossil Record, eds Allen KC, Briggs DEG (Belhaven, London), pp 218–241. Benton MJ (1993) The Fossil Record 2 (Chapman & Hall, London). Benton MJ (1995) Diversification and extinction in the history of life. Science 268:52–58. Benton MJ (1997) Models for the diversification of life. Trends Ecol Evol 12:490–495. Benton MJ, Emerson BC (2007) How did life become so diverse? The dynamics of diver- sification according to the fossil record and molecular phylogenetics. Palaeontology 50:23–40. Berger L, et al. (1998) Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with popu- lation declines in the rain forest of Australia and Central America. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:9031–9036. Berkes F (2007) Community-based conservation in a globalized world. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:15188–15193. Bermingham E, Moritz CC, eds (1998) Comparative phylogeography. Mol Ecol (Special Is- sue) 7:367–545. Bernardo J, Spotila JR (2006) Physiological constraints on organismal response to global warming: Mechanistic insights from clinally varying populations and implications for assessing endangerment. Biol Lett 2:135–139. Biju SD, Bossuyt F (2003) New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the Seychelles. Nature 425:711–713. Bininda-Emonds ORP (2004) The evolution of supertrees. Trends Ecol Evol 19:316–322. Bininda-Emonds ORP, et al. (2007) The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Nature 446: 507–512. Bininda-Emonds ORP, et al. (2008) Corrigendum: Delayed rise of present-day mammals. In press. Biodiversity Project (1996) Human Values and Nature Future: Americans’ Attitudes on Biological Diversity: An Analysis of Findings from a National Survey (Beldon, Russonello and Stuart, Washington, DC). Biodiversity Project (1998) Engaging the Public on Biodiversity: A Roadmap for Education and Communication Strategies (The Biodiversity Project, Madison, WI). Biodiversity Project (2002) Americans and Biodiversity: New Perspectives in 2002 (Beldon, Rus- sonello and Stuart, Washington, DC). Birkeland C (1982) Terrestrial runoff as a cause of outbreaks of Acanthaster planci (Echino- dermata: Asteroidea). Mar Biol 69:175–185. Black GA, Dobzhansky TH, Pavan C (1950) Some attempts to estimate species diversity and population density of trees in Amazonian forests. Bot Gaz 111:413–425. Blackburn TM, Cassey P, Duncan RP, Evans KL, Gaston KJ (2004) Avian extinction and mam- malian introductions on oceanic islands. Science 305:1955–1958. Blackmore S (2002) Biodiversity update—progress in taxonomy. Science 298:365. Blanc JJ, et al. (2003) African Elephant Status Report 2002: An Update from the African Elephant Database (World Conservation Union/Species Survival Commission, African Elephant Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland).

352  /  References Blaustein AR (1994) Chicken Little or Nero’s fiddle? A perspective on declining amphibian populations. Herpetologica 50:85–97. Blomberg SP, Garland T, Ives AR (2003) Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: Behavioral traits are more labile. Evolution 57:717–745. Böhning-Gaese K, Caprano T, van Ewijk K, Veith M (2006) Range size: Disentangling current traits and phylogenetic and biogeographic factors. Am Nat 167:555–567. Bonn A, Rodriguez ASL, Gaston KJ (2002) Threatened and endemic species: Are they good indicators of patterns of biodiversity on a national scale? Ecol Lett 5:733–741. Bonuso N, Bottjer DJ (2008) A test of biogeographical, environmental, and ecological ef- fect on Middle and Late Triassic brachiopod and bivalve abundance patterns. Palaios 23:43–54. Borgerhoff Mulder M, Coppolillo P (2005) Conservation: Linking Ecology, Economics and Cul- ture (Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, NJ). Bouchet P, Lozouet P, Maestrati P, Heros V (2002) Assessing the magnitude of species rich- ness in tropical marine environments: Exceptionally high numbers of molluscs at a New Caledonia site. Biol J Linn Soc 75:421–436. Bowman K (2007) Global warming: Not so hot. Washington Post, August 31. Available at www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/30/AR2007083001440. html. Accessed 6/28/08. Bradford DF (1989) Allotopic distribution of native frogs and introduced fishes in high Sierra Nevada lakes of California: Implication of the negative effect of fish introductions. Copeia 1989:775–778. Bradshaw WE, Holzapfel CM (2006) Evolutionary response to rapid climate change. Science 312:1477–1478. Brashares JS, et al. (2004) Bushmeat hunting, wildlife declines, and fish supply in West Africa. Science 306:1180–1183. Brayard A, et al. (2006) The Early Triassic ammonoid recovery: Paleoclimatic significance of diversity gradients. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 239:374–395. Brehm G, Homeir J, Fiedler K (2003) Beta diversity of geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geo- metridae) in an Andean montane rainforest. Divers Distrib 9:351–366. Bride I (2002) As dead as a dodo? Public understanding and support vis-à-vis biodiversity and biodiversity loss. PhD thesis (University of Kent, Canterbury, UK). Bride I (2006) The conundrum of conservation education and conservation mission. Conserv Biol 20:1337–1339. Briggs H (2006) UK butterflies: “Glimmer of hope.” Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/ hi/science/nature/4766917.stm. Briggs JC (1995) Global Biogeography (Elsevier, Amsterdam). Briggs JC (1999a) Coincident biogeographic patterns: Indo-West Pacific Ocean. Evolution 53:326–335. Briggs JC (1999b) Extinction and replacement in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean. J Biogeogr 26:777–783. Briggs JC (2000) Centrifugal speciation and centres of origin. J Biogeogr 27:1183–1188. Briggs JC (2002) Coral reef biodiversity and conservation. Science 296:1026–1028. Briggs JC (2003) Marine centres of origin as evolutionary engines. J Biogeogr 30:1–18. Briggs JC (2007) Marine longitudinal biodiversity: Causes and conservation. Diversity Distrib 13:544–555. Briggs J, Humphries C (2004) Early Classics. In Foundations of Biogeography, eds Lomolino MV, Sax DF, Brown JH (Univ of Chicago Press, Chicago), pp 5–266. Brodie J, Fabricius K, De’ath G, Okaji K (2005) Are increased nutrient inputs responsible for more outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish? An appraisal of the evidence. Mar Poll Bull 51:266–278.

References  /  353 Brooks DR, Hoberg EP (2000) Triage for the biosphere: The need and rationale for taxonomic inventories and phylogenetic studies of parasites. Comp Parasitol 67:1–25. Brooks DR, Hoberg EP (2007) How will global climate change affect parasite-host assem- blages? Trends Parasitol 23:571–574. Brooks TM, Pimm SL, Oyugi JO (1999) Time lag between deforestation and bird extinction in tropical forest fragments. Conserv Biol 13:1140–1150. Brooks TM, et al. (2002) Habitat loss and extinction in the hotspots of biodiversity. Conserv Biol 16:909–923. Brossard D, Lewenstein B, Bonney R (2005) Scientific knowledge and attitude change: The impact of a citizen science project. Int J Sci Edu 27:1099–1121. Brown JH (1995) Macroecology (Univ of Chicago Press, Chicago). Brown JH (2001) Mammals on mountainsides: Elevational patterns of diversity. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 10:101–109. Bruno JF, Selig ER (2007) Regional decline of coral cover in the Indo-Pacific: Timing, extent, and subregional comparisons. PLoS One 2:e711. Bryant D, Burke L, McManus J, Spalding M (1998) Reefs at Risk, A Map-Based Indicator of Threats to the World’s Coral Reefs (World Resources Institute, Washington, DC), pp 1–56. Bryant PJ (2007a) Arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans and their relatives) of Orange County, California. Available at http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/Arthropods.htm. Bryant PJ (2007b) Intertidal life of Orange County, California. Available at http://nathistoc. bio.uci.edu/Intertidal.htm. Buckley LB, Jetz W (2007) Environmental and historical constrains on global patterns of amphibian richness. Proc R Soc London Ser B 274:1167–1173. Budd AF (2000) Diversity and extinction in the Cenozoic history of Caribbean reefs. Coral Reefs 19:25–35. Burke L, Maidens J (2004) Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean (World Resources Institute, Wash- ington, DC), pp 1–80. Burke L, Selig E, Spalding M (2002) Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia (World Resources Institute, Washington, DC), pp 1–72. Burney GS, Burney LP, Burney DA (2005) Landscape paleoecology and megafaunal extinc- tion in southeastern New York state. Ecol Monogr 75:295–315. Burnham K, Anderson D (2002) Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Informa- tion-Theoretic Approach (Springer, New York). Bush AM, Bambach RK (2004) Did alpha diversity increase during the Phanerozoic? Lifting the veils of taphonomic, latitudinal, and environmental biases. J Geol 112:625–642. Bush AM, Markey MJ, Marshall CR (2004) Removing bias from diversity curves: The ef- fects of spatially organized biodiversity on sampling standardization. Paleobiology 30: 666–686. Bush AM, Bambach RK, Daley GM (2007) Changes in theoretical ecospace utilization in marine fossil assemblages between the mid-Paleozoic and late Cenozoic. Paleobiology 33:76–97. Bush AO, Kennedy CR (1994) Host fragmentation and helminth parasites: Hedging your bets against extinction. Int J Parasitol 24:1333–1343. Butterfly Conservation (2007a). Butterflies are extremely valuable indicators of the state of the environment. Available at http://www.butterfly-conservation.org/text/36/ recording_monitoring.html. Butterfly Conservation (2007b). Moths. Available at http://www.butterfly-conservation. org/text/5/moths.html. Caldeira K, Wickett ME (2005) Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean. J Geophys Res 110:C09S04.

354  /  References Caldwell RL, Dingle H (1975) Ecology and evolution of agonistic behavior in stomatopods. Naturwissenschaften 62:214–222. Callaway RM, et al. (2002) Positive interactions among alpine plants increase with stress. Nature 417:844–848. Calosi P, Bilton DT, Spicer JI (2008) Thermal tolerance, acclimatory capacity and vulnerability to global climate change. Biol Lett 4:99–102. Campbell CA, Valentine JW (1977) Comparability of modern and ancient marine faunal provinces. Paleobiology 3:49–57. Cannatella DC, Vieites DR, Zhang P, Wake MH, Wake DB (in press) In The Timetree of Life, eds Hedges B, Kumar S (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford). Cardena CD, Ricklefs RR, Jimenez I, Bermingham E (2005) Is speciation driven by species diversity? Nature 438:E1–E2. Cardillo M, et al. (2004) Human population density and extinction risk in the world’s carni- vores. PLoS Biol 2:909–914. Cardillo M, et al. (2005) Multiple causes of high extinction risk in large mammal species. Science 309:1239–1241. Cardillo M, Mace GM, Gittleman JL, Purvis A (2006) Latent risk and the future battlegrounds of mammal conservation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:4157–4161. Cardillo M, et al. (2008) The predictability of extinction: Biological and external correlates of decline in mammals. Proc R Soc London Ser B 275:1441–1448. Cardinale BJ, et al. (2006) Effects of biodiversity on the functioning of trophic groups and ecosystems. Nature 443:989–992. Carlquist SJ (1974) Island Biology (Columbia Univ Press, New York). Carney KM, Hungate BA, Drake BG, Megonigal JP (2007) Altered soil microbial community at elevated CO2 leads to loss of soil carbon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:4990–4995. Carpenter RC, Edmunds PJ (2006) Local and regional scale recovery of Diadema promotes recruitment of scleractinian corals. Ecol Lett 9:268–277. Carpenter SR, et al. (1998) Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and ni- trogen. Ecol Appl 8:559–568. Carpenter SR, et al., eds (2005) Scenarios, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being. (Island, Wash- ington, DC), Vol 2, p 560. Carr TR, Kitchell JA (1980) Dynamics of taxonomic diversity. Paleobiology 6:427–443. Carroll SB, Grenier JK, Weatherbee SD (2004) From DNA to Diversity: Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design (Blackwell, Malden, MA), 2nd Ed. Cassey P, Blackburn TM, Sol S, Duncan RP, Lockwood JL (2004) Global patterns of introduc- tion effort and establishment success in birds. Proc R Soc London Ser B 271:S405–S408. Cavender-Bares J, Wilczek A (2003) Integrating micro- and macroevolutionary processes in community ecology. Ecology 84:592–597. Cavender-Bares J, Ackerly DD, Baum DA, Bazzaz FA (2004) Phylogenetic overdispersion in Floridian oak communities. Am Nat 163:823–843. Cavender-Bares J, Keen A, Miles B (2006) Phylogenetic structure of Floridian plant commu- nities depends on taxonomic and spatial scale. Ecology 87:109–122. Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR (2002) Mammal population losses and the extinction crisis. Science 296:904–907. Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Centro Internacional de Agri- cultura Tropical (2005) Gridded Population of the World Version 3 (GPWv3) [Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC), (Columbia Univ, Palisades, NY)]. Center for International Earth Science Information Network, International Food Policy Re- search Institute, The World Bank, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (2004) Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP), Alpha Version: Urban Extents [Socioeco- nomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) (Columbia Univ, Palisades, NY)].

References  /  355 Chan KMA, Moore BR (2005) SYMMETREE: Whole-tree analysis of differential diversifica- tion rates. Bioinformatics 21:1709–1710. Chan KMA, Shaw MR, Cameron DR, Underwood EC, Daily GC (2006) Conservation plan- ning for ecosystem services. PLoS Biol 4:2138–2152. Chan KMA, et al. (2007) When agendas collide: Human welfare and biological conservation. Conserv Biol 21:59–68. Chanderbali AS, van der Werff H, Renner SS (2001) Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Lauraceae: Evidence from the chloroplast and nuclear genomes. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 88:104–134. Chao A, Chazdon RL, Colwell RK, Shen T (2005) A new statistical approach for assess- ing similarity of species composition with incidence and abundance data. Ecol Lett 8:148–159. Chapin M (2004) A challenge to conservationists. World Watch Mag 2004:17–31. Chave J, Chust G, Thébaud C (2007) The importance of phylogenetic structure in biodiver- sity studies. In Scaling Biodiversity, eds Storch D, Marquet P, Brown JH (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK), pp 151–167. Chen S-Y, et al. (2006) Origin, genetic diversity, and population structure of Chinese domestic sheep. Gene 376:216–223. Chen ZQ, Kaiho K, George AD (2005) Early Triassic recovery of the brachiopod faunas from the end-Permian mass extinction: A global review. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 224:270–290. Choudary A, Dick TA (2000) Richness and diversity of helminth communities in tropical freshwater fishes: Empirical evidence. J Biogeogr 27:935–956. Chown SL (1997) Speciation and rarity: Separating cause from consequence. In The Biology of Rarity, eds Kunin WE, Gaston KJ (Chapman & Hall, London), pp 91–109. Chown SL, Gremmen NJM, Gaston KJ (1998) Ecological biogeography of Southern Ocean islands: Species-area relationships, human impacts, and conservation. Am Nat 152: 562–575. Christensen V, et al. (2003) Hundred-year decline of North Atlantic predatory fishes. Fish Fisheries 4:1–24. Ciampaglio CN (2002) Determining the role that ecological and developmental constraints play in controlling disparity: Examples from the crinoid and blastozoan fossil record. Evol Dev 4:170–188. Ciampaglio CN (2004) Measuring changes in articulate brachiopod morphology before and after the Permian mass extinction event: Do developmental constraints limit morpho- logical innovation? Evol Dev 6:260–274. Cifelli RL, Gordon CL (2007) Recrowning mammals. Nature 447:918–920. Clack JA (2002) Gaining Ground (Indiana Univ Press, Bloomington, IN). Clark JA, May RM (2002) Taxonomic bias in conservation research. Science 297:191–192. Clark KR, Ainsworth M (1993) A method of linking multivariate community structure to environmental variables. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 92:205–219. Clavero M, Garcia-Berthou E (2005) Invasive species are a leading cause of animal extinc- tions. Trends Ecol Evol 20:110. Clay J (2004) World Agriculture and the Environment: A Commodity-by-Commodity Guide to Impacts and Practices (Island, Washington, DC). Clifford P, Richardson S, Hémon D (1989) Assessing the significance of the correlation be- tween two spatial processes. Biometrics 45:123–134. Cohan F, Perry L (2007) A systematics for discovering the fundamental units of bacterial diversity. Curr Biol 17:R373–R386. Cohen KC, ed (1997) Internet Links for Science Education: Student–Science Partnerships (Plenum, New York).

356  /  References Colman SM, Bratton JF (2003) Anthropogenically induced changes in sediment and biogenic silica fluxes in Chesapeake Bay. Geology 31:71–44. Condit R, et al. (2000) Spatial patterns in the distribution of tropical tree species. Science 288:1414–1418. Condit R, et al. (2002) Beta diversity in tropical forest trees. Science 295:666–669. Connolly SR, Miller AI (2002) Global Ordovician faunal transitions in the marine benthos: Ultimate causes. Paleobiology 28:26–40. Connolly SR, Bellwood DR, Hughes TP (2003) Indo-Pacific biodiversity of coral reefs: Devia- tions from a mid-domain model. Ecology 84:2178–2190. Cordeiro NJ, Howe HF (2003) Forest fragmentation severs mutualism between seed dispers- ers and an endemic African tree. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:14052–14056. Cork S, et al. (2005) Four scenarios. Scenarios, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being, eds Carpen- ter SR, et al. (Island, Washington, DC), Vol 2, pp 223–296. Cowling RM, Pressey RL (2001) Rapid plant diversification: Planning for an evolutionary future. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:5452–5457. Cox PM, Betts RA, Jones CD, Spall SA, Totterdell IJ (2000) Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 408:184–187. Coyne JA, Orr HA (2004) Speciation (Sinauer, Sunderland MA). Cracraft J, Donoghue MJ, eds (2004) Assembling the Tree of Life (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford). Crame JA (2000) Evolution of taxonomic diversity gradients in the marine realm: Evidence from the composition of recent bivalve faunas. Paleobiology 26:188–214. Crame JA (2002) Evolution of taxonomic diversity gradients in the marine realm: A compari- son of Late Jurassic and recent bivalve faunas. Paleobiology 28:184–207. Crampton JS, et al. (2003) Estimating the rock volume bias in paleobiodiversity studies. Sci- ence 301:358–360. Crawford JW, Harris JA, Ritz K, Young IM (2005) Towards an evolutionary ecology of life in soil. Trends Ecol Evol 20:81–87. Cribb TH, et al. (2002) The trematodes of groupers (Serranidae: Epinephelinae): Knowledge, nature and evolution. Parasitology 124:S3–S42. Cronquist A (1968) The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants (Houghton Mifflin, Boston). Crozier RH (1997) Preserving the information content of species: Genetic diversity, phylog- eny, and conservation worth. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 28:243–268. Crutzen PJ (2002) Geology of mankind. Nature 415:23. Cunningham AA, Daszak P, Patel NG (2006) Emerging infectious-disease threats to tropical forest ecosystems. In Emerging Threats to Tropical Forests, eds Laurence WF, Peres CA (Univ of Chicago Press, Chicago), pp 149–164. Cunningham B (2003) Re-thinking objectivity. Columbia J Rev 7–8:1–13. Currie DJ, et al. (2004) Predictions and tests of climate-based hypotheses of broad-scale varia- tion in taxonomic richness. Ecol Lett 7:1121–1134. Curry TE (2004) Public Awareness of Carbon Capture and Storage: A Survey of Attitudes Toward Climate Change Mitigation. MS thesis (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cam- bridge, MA). Curry TE, Ansolabehere S, Herzog HJ (2007) A Survey of Public Attitudes Towards Climate Change and Climate Change Mitigation Technologies in the United States: Analyses of 2006 Results (Laboratory for Energy and the Environment, Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology, Cambridge, MA). Cuthbert R, Parry-Jones J, Green RE, Pain DJ (2007) NSAIDs and scavenging birds: Potential impacts beyond Asia’s critically endangered vultures. Biol Lett 3:90–93. D’Hondt S, Donaghay P, Zachos JC, Luttenberg D, Lindinger M (1998) Organic carbon fluxes and ecological recovery from the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction. Science 282:276–279.

References  /  357 Daily GC (1997) Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems (Island, Wash- ington, DC). Daily GC, Ehrlich PR, Sanchez-Azofeifa GA (2001) Countryside biogeography: Use of human-dominated habitats by the avifauna of southern Costa Rica. Ecol Appl 11:1–13. Dale VH, Polasky S (2007) Measures of the effects of agricultural practices on ecosystem services. Ecol Econ 64:286–296. Dalton R (2006) Biodiversity: Cashing in on the rich coast. Nature 441:567–569. Dalton R (2007) Endangered collections. Nature 446:605–606. Damuth J (1993) Cope’s rule, the island rule and scaling of mammalian population density. Nature 365:748–750. Danielsen F, et al. (2005) The Asian tsunami: A protective role for coastal vegetation. Science 310:643–643. Darwin C (1859) On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (John Murray, London). Dasgupta P, Levin S, Lubchenco J (2000) Economic pathways to ecological sustainability. BioScience 50:339–345. Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD (2003) Infectious disease and amphibian population decline. Diversity Distributions 9:141–150. Davidson C (2004) Declining downwind: Amphibian population declines in California and historical pesticide use. Ecol Appl 14:1892–1902. Davidson C, Shaffer HB, Jennings MR (2001) Declines of the California red-legged frog: Climate, UV-B, habitat, and pesticides hypotheses. Ecol Appl 11:464–479. Davidson EH (2006) The Regulatory Genome (Academic, San Diego). Davidson EH, Erwin DH (2006) Gene regulatory networks and the evolution of animal body plans. Science 311:796–800. Davis CC, Bell CD, Mathews S, Donoghue MJ (2002) Laurasian migration explains Gondwa- nan disjunctions: Evidence from Malpighiaceae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:6833–6837. Davis CC, Fritsch PW, Bell CD, Mathews S (2004) High-latitude Tertiary migrations of an ex- clusively tropical clade: Evidence from Malpighiaceae. Int J Plant Sci 165:S107–S121. Davis CC, et al. (2005) Explosive radiation of Malpighiales suggests a mid-Cretaceous origin of rain forests. Am Nat 165:E36–E65. Davis MA (2003) Biotic globalization: Does competition from introduced species threaten biodiversity? Bioscience 53:481–489. Dayton PK, Thrush SF, Agardy MT, Hofman RJ (1995) Environmental effects of marine fish- ing. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 5:205–232. de Queiroz A (2002) Contingent predictability in evolution: Key traits and diversification. Syst Biol 56:917–929. de Queiroz K, Gauthier J (1992) Phylogenetic taxonomy. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 23:449–480. Dean C (2006) In the deep, deep sea, the ‘‘Yeti crab.’’ NY Times Science Times, March 14, F1. del Monte-Luna P, Brook BW, Zetina-Rejon MJ, Cruz-Escaloa VH (2004) The carrying capac- ity of ecosystems. Global Ecol Biogeog 13:485–495. DeSantis TZ, et al. (2006a) Greengenes, a chimera-checked 16S rRNA gene database and workbench compatible with ARB. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:5069–5072. DeSantis TZ, et al. (2006b) NAST: A multiple sequence alignment server for comparative analysis of 16S rRNA genes. Nucleic Acids Res 34:394–399. Diamond JM (1972) Biogeographic kinetics: Estimation of relaxation times for avifaunas of Southwest Pacific islands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 69:3199–3203. Diaz RJ (2001) Overview of hypoxia around the world. J Environ Qual 30:275–281. Diaz S, et al. (2004) The plant traits that drive ecosystems: Evidence from three continents. J Veg Sci 15:295–304.

358  /  References Dingwall R, Aldridge M (2006) Television wildlife programming as a source of popular scientific information: A case study of evolution. Public Understand Sci 15:131–152. Doak DF, et al. (1998) The statistical inevitability of stability-diversity relationships in com- munity ecology. Am Nat 151:264–276. Dobson AP (1988) The population biology of parasite-induced changes in host behavior. Q Rev Biol 63:139–165. Dobson AP (2004) Population dynamics of pathogens with multiple hosts. Am Nat 164(Sup- pl):S64–S78. Dobzhansky T (1937) Genetics and the Origin of Species (Columbia Univ Press, New York). Dobzhansky, T (1973) Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Amer Biol Teacher 35:125–129. Donlan CJ, et al. (2006) Pleistocene rewilding: An optimistic agenda for twenty-first century conservation. Am Nat 168:660–681. Donoghue MJ (2005) Key innovations, convergence, and success: Macroevolutionary lessons from plant phylogeny. Paleobiology 31:77–93. Donoghue MJ, Moore BR (2003) Toward an integrative historical biogeography. Integ Comp Biol 43:261–270. Donoghue MJ, Ree RH (2000) Homoplasy and developmental constraint: A model and an example from plants. Am Zool 40:759–769. Donoghue MJ, Sanderson MJ (1994) Complexity and homology in plants. In Homology: The Hierarchical Basis of Comparative Biology, ed Hall B (Academic, San Diego), pp 393–421. Donoghue MJ, Smith SA (2004) Patterns in the assembly of temperate forests around the Northern Hemisphere. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 359:1633–1644. Donoghue MJ, Bell CD, Winkworth RC (2003) The evolution of reproductive characters in Dipsacales. Int J Plant Sci 164:S453–S464. Doolittle WF (1999) Phylogenetic classification and the universal tree. Science 284:2124–2128. Droser ML, Bottjer DJ, Sheehan PM, McGhee GR, Jr (2000). Decoupling of taxonomic and ecological severity of Phanerozoic marine mass extinctions. Geology 28:675–678. Drost CA, Fellers GM (1996) Collapse of a regional frog fauna in the Yosemite area of the California Sierra Nevada, USA. Conserv Biol 10:414–425. Dudgeon D, et al. (2005) Freshwater biodiversity: Importance, threats, status and conserva- tion challenges. Biol Rev 81:163–182. Dulvy NK, Mitchell RE, Watson D, Sweeting CJ, Polunin NVC (2002) Scale-dependent con- trol of motile epifaunal community structure along a coral reef fishing gradient. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 278:1–29. Duncan JR, Lockwood JL (2001) Extinction in a field of bullets: A search for causes in the decline of the world’s freshwater fishes. Biol Conserv 102:97–105. Duncan RP, Williams PA (2002) Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis challenged. Nature 417: 608–609. Dunne JA, Williams RJ, Martinez ND, Wood RA, Erwin DH (2008) Compilation and network analysis of Cambrian food webs. PLoS Biol 6:e102. Edwards EJ, Still CJ, Donoghue MJ (2007) The relevance of phylogeny to studies of global change. Trends Ecol Evol 22:243–249. Ehrlich P, Ehrlich A (1981) Extinction (Ballantine Books, New York). Ehrlich PR, Ehrlich AH (1992) The value of biodiversity. Ambio 21:219–226. Ehrlich PR, Goulder LH (2007) Is current consumption excessive? A general framework and some indications for the United States. Conserv Biol 21:1145–1154. Ehrlich PR, Holdren JP (1971) Impact of population growth. Science 171:1212–1217. Ehrlich PR, Mooney HA (1983) Extinction, substitution, and ecosystem services. Bio-Science 33:248–254. Ehrlich PR, Wilson EO (1991) Biodiversity studies: Science and policy. Science 253:758–762.

References  /  359 Eichorst SA, Breznak JA, Schmidt TM (2007) Isolation and characterization of soil bacteria that define Terriglobus gen. nov., in the phylum Acidobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:2708–2717. Eisen JA (2007) Environmental shotgun sequencing: Its potential and challenges for studying the hidden world of microbes. PLoS Biol 5:0384–0388. Eldredge LG, Miller SE (1995) How many species are there in Hawaii? Bishop Mus Occasional Pap 41:3–18. Eldredge N (2000) Life in the Balance: Humanity and the Biodiversity Crisis (Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, NJ). Elton CS (1958) The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants (Methuen, London). Emerson BC, Kolm N (2005) Species diversity can drive speciation. Nature 434:1015–1017. Enquist BJ, et al. (2003) Scaling metabolism from organisms to ecosystems. Nature 423:639–642. Enquist BJ, Tiffney BH, Niklas KJ (2007) Metabolic scaling and the evolutionary dynamics of plant size, form, and diversity: Toward a synthesis of ecology, evolution, and paleontol- ogy. Int J Plant Sci 168:729–749. Enwall K, et al. (2007) Long-term impact of fertilization on activity and composition of bacterial communities and metabolic guilds in agricultural soil. Soil Biol Biochem 39:106–115. Erwin DH (1993) The Great Paleozoic Crisis (Columbia Univ Press, New York). Erwin DH (2001) Lessons from the past: Biotic recoveries from mass extinctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:5399–5403. Erwin DH (2006a) Extinction: How Life Nearly Died 250 Million Years Ago (Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, NJ). Erwin DH (2006b) The developmental origins of animal body plans. Neoproterozoic Geobiol- ogy and Paleobiology, eds Xiao SH, Kaufman AJ (Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands), pp 157–197. Erwin DH (2007a) Disparity: Morphological pattern and developmental context. Palaeontol- ogy 50:57–73. Erwin DH (2007b) Increasing returns, ecological feedback, and the Early Triassic recovery. Palaeoworld 16:9–15. Erwin DH (2008) Macroevolution of ecosystem engineering, niche construction, and diver- sity. Trends Ecol Evol 23:304–310. Erwin TL (1982) Tropical forests: their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species. Coleoptera Bull 36:74–82. Erwin TL (2004) The biodiversity question: How many species of terrestrial arthropods are there? Forest Canopies, eds Lowman MD, Rinker HB (Elsevier, Amsterdam), pp 259–269. Essington TE, Beaudreau AH, Wiedenmann J (2006) Fishing through marine food webs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:3171–3175. Estes JA, Duggins DO (1995) Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: Generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm. Ecol Monogr 65:75–100. European Commission, Joint Research Centre (2003) Global Land Cover 2000 Database (Euro- pean Commission, Joint Research Centre). Evans KL, Warren PH, Gaston KJ (2005) Species-energy relationships at the macroecological scale: A review of the mechanisms. Biol Rev 80:1–25. Fa JE, Currie D, Meeuwig J (2003) Bushmeat and food security in the Congo Basin: Linkages between wildlife and people’s future. Environ Conserv 30:71–78. Faith DP (1992a) Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity. Biol Conserv 61:1–10. Faith DP (1992b) Systematics and conservation: On predicting the feature diversity of sub- sets of taxa. Cladistics 8:361–373.

360  /  References Faith DP (1994) Phylogenetic pattern and the quantification of organismal biodiversity. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 345:45–58. Faith DP, Baker AM (2006) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Evol Bioinform Online 2:70–77. Falk JH, Storksdieck M, Dierking LD (2007) Investigating public science interest and un- derstanding: Evidence for the importance of free-choice learning. Public Understand Sci 16:455–469. Farrell BD, Mitter C, Futuyma DJ (1992) Diversification at the insect–plant interface. Biosci- ence 42:34–42. Farrier D (1995) Conserving biodiversity on private land: Incentives for management or compensation for lost expectations? Harvard Environ Law Rev 19:303–408. Fearnside PM (2001) Soybean cultivation as a threat to the environment in Brazil. Environ Conserv 28:23–38. Fedorov AV, et al. (2006) The Pliocene paradox (mechanisms for a permanent El Niño. Sci- ence 312:1485–1489. Feely RA, et al. (2004) Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans. Science 305:362–366. Fellers GM, Green DE, Longcore JE (2001) Oral chytridiomycosis in the mountain yellow- legged frog (Rana muscosa). Copeia 2001:945–953. Fellers GM, Bradford DF, Pratt D, Wood LL (2007) Demise of repatriated populations of mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) in the Sierra Nevada of California. Her- petol Conserv Biol 2:5–21. Felsenstein J (1989) PHYLIP: Phylogeny inference package (version 3.2). Cladistics 5:164–166. Fenchel T, Finlay BJ (2004) The ubiquity of small species: Patterns of local and global diver- sity. Bioscience 54:777–784. Fernandez AS, et al. (2000) Flexible community structure correlates with stable community function in methanogenic bioreactor communities perturbed by glucose. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:4058–4067. Fernandez H, Hughes S, Vigne J-D, Helmer D (2006) Divergent mtDNA lineages of goats in an Early Neolithic site, far from the initial domestication areas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:15375–15379. Ferrier S, Manion G, Elith J, Richardson K (2007) Using generalized dissimilarity modelling to analyse and predict patterns of beta diversity in regional biodiversity assessment. Divers Distrib 13:252–264. Field DB, Baumgartner TR, Charles CD, Ferreira-Bartrina V, Ohman MD (2006) Plank- tonic Foraminifera of the California Current reflect 20th-century warming. Science 311:63–66. Fierer N, Jackson RB (2006) The diversity and biogeography of soil bacterial communities. Proc Natl Acad of Sci USA 103:626–631. Fierer N, Craine JM, McLauchlan K, Schimel JP (2005a) Litter quality and the temperature sensitivity of decomposition. Ecology 86:320–326. Fierer N, Jackson JA, Vilgalys R, Jackson RB (2005b) Assessment of soil microbial commu- nity structure by use of taxon-specific quantitative PCR assays. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:4117–4120. Fierer N, Bradford MA, Jackson RB (2007) Toward an ecological classification of soil bacteria. Ecology 88:1354–1364. Fine M, Tchernov D (2007) Scleractinian coral species survive and recover from decalcifica- tion. Science 315:1811. Fine PVA, Ree RH (2006) Evidence for a time-integrated species–area effect on the latitudinal gradient in tree diversity. Am Nat 168:796–804.

References  /  361 Finlay BJ, Maberly SC, Cooper JI (1997) Microbial diversity and ecosystem function. Oikos 80:209–213. Firestone RB, et al. (2007) Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact 12,900 years ago that con- tributed to the megafaunal extinctions and the Younger Dryas cooling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:16016–16021. Fisher DO, Owens IPF (2004) The comparative method in conservation biology. Trends Ecol Evol 19:391–398. Fisher DO, Blomberg SP, Owens IPF (2003) Extrinsic versus intrinsic factors in the decline and extinction of Australian marsupials. Proc R Soc London Ser B 270:1801–1808. Fisher RA, Corbet AS, Williams C (1943) The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population. J Anim Ecol 12:42–58. Fleischner TL (1990) Integrating science and passion in conservation education. Conserv Biol 4:452–453. Flessa KW, Jablonski D (1985) Declining Phanerozoic background extinction rates: Effect of taxonomic structure? Nature 313:216–218. Flessa KW, Levinton JS (1975) Phanerozoic diversity patterns: Tests for randomness. J Geol 83:239–248. Flügel E, Kiessling W (2002) Patterns of Phanerozoic reef crises. In Phanerozoic Reef Patterns, eds Kiessling W, Flügel E (Society for Sedimentary Geology, Tulsa, OK), Special Pub- lication 72, pp 691–733. Flynn R (2006) Not just any cat . . . Tracks (June-August):2. Foley JA, et al. (1996) An integrated biosphere model of land surface processes, terrestrial carbon balance, and vegetation dynamics. Global Biogeochem Cycles 10:603–628. Foley JA, et al. (2005) Global consequences of land use. Science 309:570–574. Folke C, et al. (2004) Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 35:557–581. Foote M (1991) Morphologic patterns of diversification: Examples from trilobites. Palaeontol- ogy 34:461–486. Foote M (1992) Paleozoic record of morphological diversity in blastozoan Echinodermata. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:7325–7329. Foote M (1993) Discordance and concordance between morphological and taxonomic diver- sity. Paleobiology 19:185–204. Foote M (1994a) Morphological disparity in Ordovician-Devonian crinoids and the early saturation of morphological space. Paleobiology 20:320–344. Foote M (1994b) Temporal variation in extinction risk and temporal scaling of extinction metrics. Paleobiology 20:424–444. Foote M (1997) Evolution of morphological diversity. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 28:129–152. Foote M (1999) Morphological diversity in the evolutionary radiation of Paleozoic and post- Paleozoic crinoids. Paleobiology 25(Suppl):1–115. Foote M (2000a) Origination and extinction components of taxonomic diversity: General problems. Paleobiology 26(Suppl):74a–102a. Foote M (2000b) Origination and extinction components of taxonomic diversity: Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic dynamics. Paleobiology 26:578b–605b. Foote M (2003) Origination and extinction through the Phanerozoic: A new approach. J Geol 111:125–148. Foote M (2005) Pulsed origination and extinction in the marine realm. Paleobiology 31:6–20. Foote M (2007) Symmetric waxing and waning of marine invertebrate genera. Science 33:517–529. Foote M, et al. (2007) Rise and fall of species occupancy in Cenozoic fossil mollusks. Science 318:1131–1134.

362  /  References Forero J (2007) Venezuela’s Chavez attempts new city. Morning Edition. November 12 (Na- tional Public Radio, Washington, DC). Forest F, et al. (2007) Preserving the evolutionary potential of floras in biodiversity hotspots. Nature 445:757–760. Fox R, Warren MS, Asher J, Brereton TM, Roy DB (2007) The state of Britain’s butterflies 2007. Available at http://www.butterfly-conservation.org/uploads/State%20of%20B ritain’s%20Butterflies%202007.pdf. Frank KT, Petrie B, Choi JS, Leggett WC (2005) Trophic cascades in a formerly cod-dominated ecosystem. Science 308:1621–1623. Frankham R, Ballou JD, Briscoe DA (2002) Introduction to Conservation Genetics (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK). Freckleton RP, Harvey PH, Page lM (2002) Phylogenetic analysis and comparative data: A test and review of evidence. Am Nat 160:712–726. Freckleton RP, Watkinson AR, Green RE, Sutherland WJ (2006) Census error and the detec- tion of density dependence. J Anim Ecol 75:837–851. Fréville H, McConway K, Dodd M, Silvertown J (2007) Prediction of extinction in plants: Interaction of extrinsic threats and life history traits. Ecology 88:2662–2672. Fridley JD, et al. (2007) The invasion paradox: Reconciling pattern and process in species invasions. Ecology 88:3–17. Friedlander AM, DeMartini EE (2002) Contrasts in density, size, and biomass of reef fishes between the northwestern and the main Hawaiian Islands: The effects of fishing down apex predators. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 230:253–264. Friedman SM, Dunwoody S, Rogers CL (1999) Communicating Uncertainty: Media Coverage of New and Controversial Science (Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ). Frost D (1985) Amphibian Species of the World (Allen Press, Lawrence, KS). Futuyma DJ (1998) Evolutionary Biology (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA). Galloway GN, et al. (2004) Nitrogen cycles: Past, present and future. Biogeochemistry 70:153–226. Galoppini E (2006) Artificial photosynthesis/alternative energy sources. Eighteenth Annual Kavli Frontiers of Science Symposium, National Academy of Sciences, November 2–4, 2006, Irvine, CA. Gamarra JGP, Montoya JM, Alonso D, Solé RV (2007) Competition and introduction regime shape exotic bird communities in Hawaii. Biol Invasions 7:297–307. Gans J, Wolinsky M, Dunbar J (2005) Computational improvements reveal great bacterial diversity and high metal toxicity in soil. Science 309:1387–1390. Gardner TA, Cote IM, Gill JA, Grant A, Watkinson AR (2003) Long-term region-wide de- clines in Caribbean corals. Science 301:958–960. Gastner MT, Newman MEJ (2004) Diffusion-based method for producing density-equalizing maps. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:7499–7504. Gaston KJ (1994) Rarity (Chapman and Hall, London). Gaston KJ (1998) Species-range size distributions: Products of speciation, extinction and transformation. Philos Trans R Soc London B 353:219–230. Gaston KJ (2003) The Structure and Dynamics of Geographic Ranges (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford). Gaston KJ, Blackburn TM (1996) Conservation implications of geographic range size–body size relationships. Conserv Biol 10:638–646. Gaston KJ, Blackburn TM (2000) Pattern and Process in Macroecology (Blackwell, Oxford). Gaston KJ, Chown SL (1999) Geographic range size and speciation. In Evolution of Biological Diversity, eds Magurran AE, May RM (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford), pp 236–259. Georgiadis NJ, Olwero JGN, Ojwang G, Romanach SS (2007) Savanna herbivore dynamics in a livestock-dominated landscape: I. Dependence on land use, rainfall, density, and time. Biol Conserv 137:461–472.

References  /  363 Gewin V (2008) Riders of a modern-day ark. PLoS Biol 6:e24. Gilinsky NL (1994) Volatility and the Phanerozoic decline of background extinction rates. Paleobiology 20:445–458. Gilinsky NL, Bambach RK (1987) Asymmetrical patterns of origination and extinction in higher taxa. Paleobiology 13:427–445. Glavin T (2007) The Sixth Extinction: Journeys Among the Lost and Left Behind (Thomas Dunne Books, New York). Global Amphibian Assessment (2007) Available at www.globalamphibians.org. Accessed December 16, 2007. Godfray HCJ (2007) Linnaeus in the information age. Nature 446:259–260. Goldberg EE, Roy K, Lande R, Jablonski D (2005) Diversity, endemism, and age distributions in macroevolutionary sources and sinks. Am Nat 165:623–633. Goldberg R, Naylor R (2005) Future seascapes, fishing, and fish farming. Front Ecol Environ 3:21–28. Gore A (2006) An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It (Rodale Books, Emmaus, PA). Goreau TF (1959) The ecology of Jamaican coral reefs. I. Species composition and zonation. Ecology 40:67–90. Gould SJ (1991) Unenchanted evening. Nat Hist 100(5):7–14. Gould SJ, Lewontin RC (1979) The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist program. Proc R Soc London Ser B 205:581–598. Grayson DK, Meltzer DJ (2003) A requiem for North American overkill. J Archaeol Sci 30:585–593. Green JL, Bohannan BJM (2006) Spatial scaling of microbial biodiversity. Trends Ecol Evol 21:501–507. Green JL, Plotkin JB (2007) A statistical theory for sampling species abundances. Ecol Lett 10:1037–1045. Grenyer R, et al. (2006) Global distribution and conservation of rare and threatened verte- brates. Nature 444:93–96. Griffiths BS, et al. (2000) Ecosystem response of pasture soil communities to fumigation- induced microbial diversity reductions: An examination of the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship. Oikos 90:279–294. Grinnell J, Storer TI (1924) Animal Life in the Yosemite (Univ of California Press, Berkeley, CA). Guernier V, Hochberg ME, Guegan JFO (2004) Ecology drives the worldwide distribution of human diseases. PLoS Biol 2:740–746. Guindon S, Gascuel O (2003) A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phy- logenies by maximum likelihood. Syst Biol 52:696–704. Gulledge J, Doyle AP, Schimel JP (1997) Low-concentration kinetics of atmospheric CH4 oxida- tion in soil and mechanism of NH4+ inhibition. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:4291–4298. Gurevitch J, Padilla DK (2004) Are invasive species a major cause of extinctions? Trends Ecol Evol 19:470–474. Guthrie RD (2004) Radiocarbon evidence of mid-Holocene mammoths stranded on an Alas- kan Bering Sea island. Nature 429:746–749. Guzman HM (1991) Restoration of coral reefs in Pacific Costa Rica. Conserv Biol 5:189–195. Haberl H, et al. (2007) Quantifying and mapping the human appropriation of net primary production in Earth’s terrestrial ecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:12942–12945. Haeckel E (1866) Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (Georg Reimer, Berlin). Hajdas I, Bonani G, Moreno PI, Arizteguic D (2003) Precise radiocarbon dating of Late- Glacial cooling in mid-latitude South America. Q Res 59:70–78. Halpern BS, et al. (2006) Gaps and mismatches between global conservation priorities and spending. Cons Biol 20:56–64.

364  /  References Hansen TA (1988) Early Tertiary radiation of marine molluscs and the long-term effects of the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Paleobiology 14:37–51. Harris RN, James TY, Lauer A, Simon MA, Patel A (2006) The amphibian pathogen Batra- chochytrium dendrobatidis is inhibited by the cutaneous bacteria of amphibian species. EcoHealth 3:53–56. Harte J, Kinzig A (1993) Mutualism and competition between plants and decomposers: Implications for nutrient allocation in ecosystems. Am Nat 141:829–846. Harte J, et al. (1999) Estimating species-area relationships from plot to landscape scale using species spatial-turnover data. Oikos 86:45–54. Hartman Report (1996) Food and the Environment: A Consumer’s Perspective, Phase One (The Hartman Group, Bellevue, WA). Harvey PH, Pagel MD (1991) The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford). Harvey PH, Leigh Brown AJ, Maynard Smith J, Nee S (1996) New Uses for New Phylogenies (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford). Hastings A, et al. (2005) The spatial spread of invasions: New developments in theory and evidence. Ecol Lett 8:91–101. Haukisalmi V, et al. (2004) Molecular and morphological evidence for multiple species within Paranoplocephala omphalodes (Cestoda, Anoplocephalidae) in Microtus voles (Arvicoli- nae). Zool Scripta 33:277–290. Hawkins BA, et al. (2003) Energy, water and broad-scale geographic patterns of species rich- ness. Ecology 84:3105–3117. Hawkins BA, et al. (2007a) A global evaluation of metabolic theory as an explanation for terrestrial species richness gradients. Ecology 88:1877–1888. Hawkins BA, Diniz-Filho JAF, Jaramillo CA, Soeller SA (2007b) Climate, niche conservatism, and the global bird diversity gradient. Am Nat 170(Suppl):S16–S27. Haxeltine A, Prentice IC (1996) A general model for the light-use efficiency of primary pro- duction. Funct Ecol 10:551–561. Hayes TB, et al. (2002) Hermaphroditic, demasculinized frogs after exposure to the herbicide atrazine at low ecologically relevant doses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:5476–5480. Hector A, Bagchi R (2007) Biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality. Nature 448:188–190. Hector A, et al. (1999) Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands. Science 286:1123–1127. Hedges B, Kumar S, eds (in press) Timetrees of Life (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford). Hemberger R (2006). Hoverfly, Eristalinus taeniops. Available at http://nathistoc.bio.uci. edu/diptera/Eristalinus.htm. Hendriks IE, Duarte CM, Heip CHR (2007) Biodiversity research still grounded. Science 312:1715. Hennig W (1966) Phylogenetic Systematics (Univ of Illinois Press, Urbana). Hern WM (1999) How many times has the human population doubled? Comparisons with cancer. Popul Environ 21:59–80. Herrera CM (1992) Historical effects and sorting processes as explanations for contemporary ecological patterns: Character syndromes in Mediterranean woody plants. Am Nat 140:421–446. Hewitt GM (1996) Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation. Biol J Linn Soc 58:247–276. Heywood VH, Watson RT, eds (1995) Global Biodiversity Assessment (Cambridge Univ Press, New York). Higgins PAT, Schneider SH (2005) Long-term potential ecosystem responses to greenhouse gas-induced thermohaline circulation collapse. Glob Change Biol 11:699–709.

References  /  365 Hilborn R (2007) Moving to sustainability by learning from successful fisheries. Ambio 36:296–303. Hillebrand H (2004) On the generality of the latitudinal diversity gradient. Am Nat 163:192–211. Hillis DM, Moritz C, Mable BK, eds (1996) Molecular Systematics (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA), 2nd Ed. Hoberg EP, Adams AM (1992) Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and ecology of Anophry- cephalus spp. (Eucestoda: Tetrabothriidae) among pinnipeds of the Holarctic during the late Tertiary and Pleistocene. Can J Zool 70:703–719. Hoberg EP, Klassen GJ (2002) Revealing the faunal tapestry: Co-evolution and historical biogeography of hosts and parasites in marine systems. Parasitology 124:S2–S22. Hoegh-Guldberg O, et al. (2007) Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidifica- tion. Science 318:1737–1742. Hoekstra JM, Boucher TM, Ricketts TH, Roberts C (2005) Confronting a biome crisis: Global disparities of habitat loss and protection. Ecol Lett 8:23–29. Holling CS (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 4:1–23. Holt RD, Lawton JH (1994) The ecological consequences of shared natural enemies. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 25:495–520. Horner-Devine MC, Bohannan BJM (2006) Phylogenetic clustering and overdispersion in bacterial communities. Ecology 87:S100–S108. Horner-Devine MC, Carney KM, Bohannan BJM (2004a) An ecological perspective on bacte- rial biodiversity. Proc R Soc London Ser B 271:113–122. Horner-Devine MC, Lage M, Hughes J, Bohannan B (2004b) A taxa-area relationship for bacteria. Nature 432:750–753. Horz HP, Rich V, Avrahami S, Bohannan BJM (2005) Methane-oxidizing bacteria in a Cali- fornia upland grassland soil: Diversity and response to simulated global change. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:2642–2652. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S (2000) Applied Logistic Regression (Wiley, New York), 2nd Ed. Houk P, Bograd S, van Woesik R (2007) The transition zone chlorophyll front can trigger Acanthaster planci outbreaks in the Pacific Ocean: Historical confirmation. J Oceanogr 63:149–154. Houlahan JE, Findlay CS, Schmidt BR, Meyer AH, Kuzmin SL (2000) Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines. Nature 404:752–755. Howarth RW (2004) Human acceleration of the nitrogen cycle: Drivers, consequences, and steps towards solutions. Water Sci Technol 49:7–13. Hsieh C, Glaser SM, Lucas AJ, Sugihara G (2005) Distinguishing random environmental fluc- tuations from ecological catastrophes for the North Pacific Ocean. Nature 435:336–340. Hubbe A, Hubbe M, Neves W (2007) Early Holocene survival of megafauna in South America. J Biogeogr 34:1642–1646. Hubbell SP (1979) Tree dispersion, abundance and diversity in a tropical dry forest. Science 203:1299–1309. Hubbell SP (2001) The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography (Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, NJ). Huber T, Faulkner G, Hugenholtz P (2004) Bellerophon: A program to detect chimeric se- quences in multiple sequence alignments. Bioinformatics 20:2317–2319. Hudson PJ, Dobson AP, Lafferty KD (2006) Is a healthy ecosystem one that is rich in para- sites? Trends Ecol Evol 21:381–385. Huey RB, Ward PD (2005) Hypoxia, global warming and terrestrial Late Permian extinctions. Science 5720:398–401. Hughes C, Eastwood R (2006) Island radiation on a continental scale: Exceptional rates of plant diversification after uplift of the Andes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:10334–10339.

366  /  References Hughes JB, Daily GC, Ehrlich PR (1997) Population diversity: Its extent and extinction. Sci- ence 278:689–692. Hughes JB, Hellmann JJ, Ricketts TH, Bohannan BJM (2001) Counting the uncount- able: Statistical approaches to estimating microbial diversity. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:4399–4406. Hughes NC (2007) The evolution of trilobite body patterning. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 35:401–434. Hughes TP (1994) Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef. Science 265:1547–1551. Hughes TP, Bellwood DR, Connolly SR (2002) Biodiversity hotspots, centers of endemicity, and the conservation of coral reefs. Ecol Lett 5:775–784. Hughes TP, et al. (2003) Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. Science 301:929–933. Hughes TP, et al. (2007) Phase shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate change. Curr Biol 17:360–365. Humphries CJ, Williams PH, Vane-Wright RI (1995) Measuring biodiversity for conserva- tion. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 26:93–111. Hung GC, et al. (1999) Molecular evidence for cryptic species within Cylicostephanus minutus (Nematoda: Strongylidae). Int J Parasitol 29:285–291. Hunt G, Roy K, Jablonski D (2005) Heritability of geographic range sizes revisited. Am Nat 166:129–135. Huntley B (2005) North temperate responses. In Climate Change and Biodiversity, eds Lovejoy TE, Hannah L (Yale Univ Press, New Haven, CT), pp 109–124. Hutchinson GE (1965) The Ecological Theater and the Evolutionary Play (Yale Univ Press, New Haven, CT), pp 26–77. Image_Team, ed (2001) The IMAGE 2.2 Implementation of the SRES Scenarios: A Comprehensive Analysis of Emissions, Climate Change, and Impacts in the 21st Century (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu/National Institute of Public Health and Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands), Vol CD-ROM 481508018 (CD-ROM). Inoue T (2005) Causes of butterfly decline in Japan. Jap J Entomol 8:43–64. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) Climate Change 2007: A Synthesis Report (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Washington, DC), Fourth Assessment Report. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (2007) 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at www.iucnredlist.org (International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland). Isaac NJB, Cowlishaw G (2004) How species respond to multiple extinction threats. Proc R Soc London Ser B 271:1135–1141. Isaac NJB, Jones KE, Gittleman JL, Purvis A (2005) Correlates of species richness in mam- mals: Body size, life-history and ecology. Am Nat 165:600–607. Isaac NJB, Turvey ST, Collen B, Waterman C, Baillie JEM (2007) Mammals on the EDGE: Conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PLoS One 2:e296. Jablonski D (1986a) Background and mass extinctions: The alternation of macroevolutionary regimes. Science 231:129–133. Jablonski D (1986b) Larval ecology and macroevolution of marine invertebrates. Bull Mar Sci 39:565–587. Jablonski D (1987) Heritability at the species level: Analysis of geographic ranges of Creta- ceous molluscs. Science 238:360–363. Jablonski D (1991) Extinctions: A paleontological perspective. Science 253:754–757. Jablonski D (1993) The tropics as a source of evolutionary novelty through geological time. Nature 364:142–144. Jablonski D (1994) Extinctions in the fossil record. Phil Trans R Soc London Ser B 344:11–16.

References  /  367 Jablonski D (1995) Extinction in the fossil record. In Extinction Rates, eds May RM, Lawton JH (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford), pp 25–44. Jablonski D (1996) Body size and macroevolution. In Evolutionary Paleobiology, eds Jablonski D, Erwin DH, Lipps JH (Univ of Chicago Press, Chicago), pp 256–289. Jablonski D (1998) Geographic variation in the molluscan recovery from the end-Cretaceous extinction. Science 279:1327–1330. Jablonski D (2000) Micro- and macroevolution: Scale and hierarchy in evolutionary biology and paleobiology. Paleobiology 26(Suppl):15–52. Jablonski D (2001) Lessons from the past: Evolutionary impacts of mass extinctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:5393–5398. Jablonski D (2002) Survival without recovery after mass extinctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:8139–8144. Jablonski D (2005) Mass extinctions and macroevolution. Paleobiology 31(Suppl):92–210. Jablonski D (2007) Scale and hierarchy in macroevolution. Palaeontology 50:87–109. Jablonski D (2008) Biotic interactions and macroevolution: Extensions and mismatches across scales and levels. Evolution 62:715–739. Jablonski D, Hunt E (2006) Larval ecology, geographic range, and species survivorship in Cretaceous mollusks: Organismic vs. species-level explanations. Am Nat 168:556–564. Jablonski D, Lutz RA (1983) Larval ecology of marine benthic invertebrates: Paleobiological implications. Biol Rev 58:21–89. Jablonski D, Raup DM (1995) Selectivity of end-Cretaceous marine bivalve extinctions. Sci- ence 268:389–391. Jablonski D, Roy K (2003) Geographic range and speciation in fossil and living molluscs. Proc R Soc London Ser B 270:401–406. Jablonski D, Roy K, Valentine JW (2003a) Evolutionary macroecology and the fossil record. In Macroecology: Concepts and Consequences, eds Blackburn TM, Gaston KJ (Blackwell, Oxford), pp 368–390. Jablonski D, Roy K, Valentine JW, Price RM, Anderson PS (2003b) The impact of the pull of the recent on the history of bivalve diversity. Science 300:1133–1135. Jablonski D, Roy K, Valentine JW (2006) Out of the tropics: Evolutionary dynamics of the latitudinal diversity gradient. Science 314:102–106. Jaccard P (1912) The distribution of the flora in the Alpine zone. New Phytol 11:37–50. Jackson JBC (1991) Adaptation and diversity of reef corals. BioScience 41:475–482. Jackson JBC (1992) Pleistocene perspectives on coral reef community structure. Am Zool 32:719–731. Jackson JBC (1997) Reefs since Columbus. Coral Reefs 16:S23–S32. Jackson JBC (2001) What was natural in the coastal oceans? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:5411–5418. Jackson JBC (2006) When ecological pyramids were upside down. Whales, Whaling, and Ocean Ecosystems, ed Estes JA (Univ of California Press, Berkeley), pp 27–37. Jackson JBC (2007) Economic incentives, social norms, and the crisis of fisheries. Ecol Res 22:16–18. Jackson JBC, Johnson KG (2000) Life in the last few million years. Paleobiology 26:221–235. Jackson JBC, Johnson KG (2001) Measuring past biodiversity. Science 293:2401–2404. Jackson JBC, Budd AF, Coates AG, eds (1996) Evolution and Environment in Tropical America (Univ of Chicago Press, Chicago). Jackson JBC, et al. (2001) Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293:629–638. James A, Gaston KJ, Balmford A (2001) Can we afford to conserve biodiversity? BioScience 51:43–52.

368  /  References James HF (1995) Prehistoric extinctions and ecological changes on oceanic islands. In Islands: Biological Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning, eds Vitousek PM, Loope LL, Adsersen H (Springer, Heidelberg), pp 88–102. Janssen PH (2006) Identifying the dominant soil bacterial taxa in libraries of 16S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:1719–1728. Jansson R, Dynesius M (2002) The fate of clades in a world of recurrent climatic change: Milankovitch oscillations and evolution. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 33:741–777. Janzen DH (1967) Why mountain passes are higher in the tropics. Am Nat 101:233–249. Janzen DH (1986) The future of tropical ecology. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 17:305–324. Janzen DH (1994) Priorities in tropical biology. Trends Ecol Evol 9:365–367. Janzen DH (2000) Costa Rica’s Area de Conservación Guanacaste: A long march to survival through non-damaging biodiversity and ecosystem development. In Norway/UN Con- ference on the Ecosystem Approach for Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity (Norwegian Directorate for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway), pp 122–132. Janzen DH (2002) Tropical dry forest: Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica. In Handbook of Ecological Restoration, Volume 2: Restoration in Practice, eds Perrow MR, Davy AJ (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK), pp 559–583. Janzen DH (2004a) Now is the time. Phil Trans R Soc London B 359:731–732. Janzen DH (2004b) Setting up tropical biodiversity for conservation through nondamaging use: Participation by parataxonomists. J Appl Ecol 41:181–187. Janzen DH (2005) How to conserve wild plants? Give the world the power to read them. In Plant Conservation: A Natural History Approach, eds Krupnick G, Kress J (Univ of Chicago Press, Chicago), pp ix–xiii. Janzen DH, et al. (2005) Wedding biodiversity inventory of a large and complex Lepidoptera fauna with DNA barcoding. Philos Trans R Soc London B 360:1835–1845. Jennings S, Blanchard JL (2004) Fish abundance with no fishing: Predictions based on mac- roecological theory. J Anim Ecol 73:632–642. Jetz W, Wilcove D, Dobson AP (2007) Projected impacts of climate and land-use change on the global diversity of birds. PLoS Biol 5:1–8. Jin YG, et al. (2000) Pattern of marine mass extinction near the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China. Science 289:432–436. Johnson CN (2002) Determinants of loss of mammal species during the Late Quaternary “megafauna” extinctions: Life history and ecology, but not body size. Proc R Soc London Ser B 269:2221–2227. Johnson E, McPhearson T (2006) Protecting Nature in Your Community (Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC). Jokiel P, Martinelli FJ (1992) The vortex model of coral reef biogeography. J Biogeogr 19:449–458. Jones CG, Lawton JH, Shachak M (1997) Positive and negative effects of organisms as physi- cal ecosystem engineers. Ecology 78:1946–1957. Jones GP, Planes S, Thorrold SR (2005) Coral reef fish larvae settle close to home. Curr Biol 15:1314–1318. Jones KE, Sechrest W, Gittleman JL (2005) Age and area revisited: Identifying global patterns and implications for conservation. In Phylogeny and Conservation, eds Purvis A, Gittle- man JL, Brooks TM (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK), pp 141–165. Jousson O, Bartoli P, Pawlowski J (2000) Cryptic speciation among intestinal parasites (Trem- atoda: Digenea) infecting sympatric host fishes (Sparidae). J Evol Biol 13:778–785. Judd WS, Sanders RW, Donoghue MJ (1994) Angiosperm family pairs: Preliminary phylo- genetic analyses. Harvard Papers Bot 5:1–51. Kaiser FG, Fuhrer U (2003) Ecological behavior’s dependency on different forms of knowl- edge. Appl Psychol 54:598–613.

References  /  369 Kaiser FG, Wollfing S, Fuhrer U (1999) Environmental attitude and ecological behavior. J Environ Psychol 19:1–19. Kammer TW, Baumiller TK, Ausich WI (1998) Evolutionary significance of differential species longevity in Osagean-Meramecian (Mississippian) crinoid clades. Paleobiology 24:155–176. Kareiva P (2006) Conservation biology: Beyond marine protected areas. Curr Biol 16:533–535. Kay J (2006) Where have all the butterflies gone? San Francisco Chronicle. May 9, A-1. Kellert SR (2005) Perspectives on an ethic toward the sea. In Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing, eds. Barnes PW, Thomas JP (American Fisheries Society, Symposium 41, Bethesda, MD), pp 703-712. Kembel SW, Hubbell SPH (2006) The phylogenetic structure of a neotropical forest tree com- munity. Ecology 87:S86–S99. Kerp HAAH, Vörding B, Bandel K (2006) Typical Triassic Gondwanan floral elements in the Upper Permian of the paleotropics. Geology 34:265–268. Kerr JT, Packer L (1997) Habitat heterogeneity as a determinant of mammal species richness in high-energy regions. Nature 385:252–254. Khanna D (2005). Where have all the butterflies gone? Available at http://timesofindi. indiatimes.com/articleshow/1113443.cms. Kidwell SM (2005) Shell composition has no net impact on large-scale evolutionary patterns in mollusks. Science 307:914–917. Kiessling W (2002) Secular variations in the Phanerozoic reef ecosystem. Phanerozoic Reef Pat- terns, eds Kiessling W, Flügel E (Society for Sedimentary Geology, Tulsa, OK), Special Publication 72, pp 625–690. Kiessling W (2005) Long-term relationships between ecological stability and biodiversity in Phanerozoic reefs. Nature 433:410–413. Kiessling W, Baron-Szabo RC (2004) Extinction and recovery patterns of scleractinian corals at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 214:195–223. Kintisch E (2006) A climate of change? Science 312:1293. Kirby MX (2004) Fishing down the coast: Historical expansion and collapse of oyster fisher- ies along continental margins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:13096–13099. Kirchner JW (2002) Evolutionary speed limits inferred from the fossil record. Nature 415:65–68. Kirchner JW, Weil A (1998) No fractals in fossil extinction statistics. Nature 395:337–338. Kirchner JW, Weil A (2000a) Correlations in fossil extinction and origination rates through geological time. Proc R Soc London Ser B 267:1301–1309. Kirchner JW, Weil A (2000b) Delayed biological recovery from extinctions throughout the fossil record. Nature 404:177a–180a. Kitamura A, Omote H, Oda M (2000) Molluscan response to early Pleistocene rapid warming in the Sea of Japan. Geology 28:723–726. Kleypas JA, et al. (2006) Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers. A Guide for Future Research. National Science Foundation–National Oceanic and At- mospheric Administration–U.S. Geological Survey Workshop (NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle). Klicka J, Zink RM (1997) The importance of recent ice ages in speciation: A failed paradigm. Science 277:1666–1669. Kline DI, Kuntz NM, Breitbart M, Knowlton N, Rohwer F (2006) Role of elevated organic carbon levels and microbial activity in coral mortality. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 314:119–125. Klink CA, Machado RB (2005) Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado. Conserv Biol 19:707–713. Knapp RA, Matthews KR (2000) Non-native fish introductions and the decline of the moun- tain yellow-legged frog from within protected areas. Conserv Biol 14:428–438.

370  /  References Knoll AH (2003) Life on a Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth (Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, NJ). Knoll AH, Bambach RK, Payne JL, Pruss S, Fischer WW (2007) Paleophysiology and end- Permian mass extinction. Earth Planet Sci Let 256:295–313. Knowlton N (1992) Thresholds and multiple stable states in coral reef community dynamics. Am Zool 32:674–682. Knowlton N (2001) The future of coral reefs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:5419–5425. Knowlton N, Jackson JBC (2008) Shifting baselines, local impacts, and climate change on coral reefs. PLoS Biol 6:e54. Koch PL, Barnosky AD (2006) Late Quaternary extinctions: State of the debate. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37:215–250. Koh LP, et al. (2004) Species coextinctions and the biodiversity crisis. Science 305:1632–1634. Konstantinidis KT, Tiedje JM (2005) Towards a genome-based taxonomy for prokaryotes. J Bacteriol 187:6258–6264. Körner C (2003) Alpine Plant Life: Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems (Springer, Berlin), 2nd Ed. Körner C (2007) The use of ‘‘altitude’’ in ecological research. Trends Ecol Evol 22:569–574. Koslow JA (2007) The Silent Deep: The Discovery, Ecology, and Conservation of the Deep Sea (Univ of Chicago Press, Chicago). Kozinn A (2006) Check the numbers: Rumors of classical music’s demise are dead wrong. NY Times, May 28, Arts Section. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/28/ arts/music/28kozi.html. Kraft NJB, Cornwell WK, Webb CO, Ackerly DD (2007) Trait evolution, community assem- bly, and the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities. Am Nat 170:271–283. Krajewski C (1994) Phylogenetic measures of biodiversity: A comparison and critique. Biol Conserv 69:33–39. Krebs CJ (1998) Ecologial Methodology (Harper Collins, New York). Kremen C, et al. (1999) Designing the Masoala National Park in Madagascar based on bio- logical and socioeconomic data. Conserv Biol 13:1055–1068. Kremen C, Williams NM, Thorp RW (2002) Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:16812–16816. Krkosek M, et al. (2007) Declining wild salmon populations in relation to parasites from farm salmon. Science 318:1772–1775. Kroes I, Lepp PW, Relman DA (1999) Bacterial diversity within the human subgingival crevice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:14547–14552. Krug AZ, Patzkowsky ME (2004) Rapid recovery from the Late Ordovician mass extinction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:17605–17610. Krug AZ, Patzkowsky ME (2007) Geographic variation in turnover and recovery from the Late Ordovician mass extinction. Paleobiology 33:435–454. Krug AZ, Jablonski D, Valentine JW (2007) Contrarian clade confirms the ubiquity of spatial origination patterns in the production of latitudinal diversity gradients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:18129–18134. Krutzsch W (1989) Paleogeography and historical phytogeography (paleochorology) in the Neophyticum. Plant Syst Evol 162:5–61. Kumar S (2005) Molecular clocks: Four decades of evolution. Nat Rev Genet 6:654–662. Kumar S, Hedges SB (1998) A molecular timescale for vertebrate evolution. Nature 392:917–920. Kuris AM, Blaustein AR, Alio JJ (1980) Hosts as islands. Am Nat 116:570–586. Kuris AM, et al. (2008) Ecosystem energetic implications of parasites and free-living biomass in three estuaries. Nature 454:515–518. Labandeira CC (2006) The four phases of plant-arthropod associations in deep time. Geol Acta 4:409–438.

References  /  371 Ladd HS (1960) Origin of the Pacific island molluscan fauna. Am J Sci 258A:137–150. Lafferty K (1992) Foraging on prey that are modified by parasites. Am Nat 140:854–867. Lafferty KD, et al. (2006a) Food webs and parasites in a salt marsh ecosystem. In Disease Ecology: Community Structure and Pathogen Dynamics, eds Collinge SK, Ray C (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford), pp 119–134. Lafferty KD, Dobson AP, Kuris AM (2006b) Parasites dominate food web links. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:11211–11216. Lafferty KD, et al. (2008) Parasites in food webs: The ultimate missing links. Ecol Lett 11:533–546. Lake Snell Perry and Associates (2001) Americans Identify a Source of Information They Can Really Trust (American Association of Museums, Washington, DC). Lakoff G (2002) Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think (Univ of Chicago Press, Chicago). Lakoff G, Johnson M (1980) Metaphors We Live By (Univ of Chicago Press, Chicago). Lane A, Janis CM, Sepkoski JJ, Jr (2005) Estimating paleodiversities: A test of the taxic and phylogenetic methods. Paleobiology 31:21–34. Larson G, et al. (2007) Ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic into Europe. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:15276–15281. Latham RE, Ricklefs RE (1993) Continental comparisons of temperate-zone tree species diversity. In Species Diversity in Ecological Communities, eds Ricklefs RE, Schulter DE (Univ of Chicago Press, Chicago), pp 294–314. Laurance WF, et al. (2001) The future of the Brazilian Amazon. Science 291:438–439. Laurance WF, et al. (2002) Issues in Amazonian development. Science 295:1643–1644. Laurance WF, Albernaz AK, Fearnside PM, Vasconcelos HL, Ferreira LV (2004) Deforestation in Amazonia. Science 304:1110. Lavin M, Luckow M (1993) Origins and relationships of tropical North America in the con- text of the boreotropics hypothesis. Am J Bot 80:1–14. Le Quéré C, et al. (2005) Ecosystem dynamics based on plankton functional types for global ocean biogeochemistry models. Glob Change Biol 11:2016–2040. Leakey RE, Lewin R (1995) The Sixth Extinction: Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind (Doubleday, New York). Legendre P, Legendre L (1998) Numerical Ecology (Elsevier, Boston). Legendre P, Borcard D, Peres-Neto PR (2005) Analyzing beta diversity: Partitioning the spatial variation of community composition data. Ecol Monogr 75:435–450. Lempinen EW, ed (2006) Ayala’s passion for knowledge shines at AAAS event. Science 312:542. Lenihan HL, Peterson CH (1998) How habitat degradation through fishery disturbance enhances impacts of hypoxia on oyster reefs. Ecol Appl 8:128. Leopold A (1949) A Sand County Almanac (Oxford Univ Press, New York). Lessios HA, Robertson DR, Cubit JD (1984) Spread of Diadema mass mortality through the Caribbean. Science 226:335–337. Letcher AJ, Harvey PH (1994) Variation in geographical range size among mammals of the Palearctic. Am Nat 144:30–42. Lewis JB (1984) The Acropora inheritance: A reinterpretation of the development of fringing reefs in Barbados, West Indies. Coral Reefs 3:117–122. Lewis JB (2002) Evidence from aerial photography of structural loss of coral reefs at Barba- dos, West Indies. Coral Reefs 21:49–56. Lewontin RC (1974) The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change (Columbia Univ Press, New York). Li W-H (1997) Molecular Evolution (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA). Lindeman RL (1942) The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology 23:399–418. Linder HP (2005) Evolution of diversity: The Cape flora. Trends Plants Sci 10:536–541.

372  /  References Ling S, Milner-Gulland EJ (2006) Assessment of the sustainability of bushmeat hunting based on dynamic bioeconomic models. Conserv Biol 20:1294–1299. Linnaeus C (1735) Systema Naturae: Sive Regna Tria Naturae Systematice Proposita per Classes, Ordines, Genera, and Species (Theodorum Haak, Leiden, The Netherlands). Linnaeus C (1759) Systema Naturae, reprinted (1964) (Wheldon and Wesley, New York). Linnaeus C (1781) On the increase of the habitable Earth. Amoenitates Academicae 2:17–27. Lips KR, et al. (2006) Emerging infectious disease and the loss of biodiversity in a Neotropical amphibian community. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:3165–3170. Lockwood JL, Cassey P, Blackburn T (2005) The role of propagule pressure in explaining species invasions. Trends Ecol Evol 20:221–228. Lodge DM, et al. (2006) Biological invasions: Recommendations for U.S. policy and manage- ment. Ecol Appl 16:2035–2054. Loeschcke V, Tomiuk J, Jain SK, eds (1994) Conservation Genetics (Birkhãuser, Basel, Switzerland). Lomolino MV (2001) Elevation gradients of species density: Historical and prospective views. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 10:3–13. Lomolino MV, Riddle BR, Brown JH (2006) Biogeography (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA), 3rd Ed. Loreau M, et al. (2001) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Current knowledge and future challenges. Science 294:804–808. Loreau M, Naeem S, Inchausti P (2002) Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Synthesis and Perspectives (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford). Lortie CJ (2007) An ecological tardis: The implications of facilitation through evolutionary time. Trends Ecol Evol 22:627–630. Losos JB, Schluter D (2000) Analysis of an evolutionary species–area relationship. Nature 408:847–850. Losos JB, et al. (2003) Niche lability in the evolution of Caribbean lizard communities. Nature 424:542–545. Lötze HK (2005) Radical changes in the Wadden Sea fauna and flora over the last 2,000 years. Helgol Mar Res 59:71–83. Lötze HK, Milewski I (2004) Two centuries of multiple human impacts and successive changes in a North Atlantic food web. Ecol Appl 14:1428–1437. Lötze HK, et al. (2005) Human transformations of the Wadden Sea ecosystem through time: A synthesis. Helgol Mar Res 59:84–95. Lötze HK, et al. (2006) Depletion, degradation, and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas worldwide. Science 312:1806–1809. Lovejoy TE, Hannah L (2005) Global greenhouse gas levels and the future of biodiversity. In Climate Change and Biodiversity, Lovejoy TE, Hannah L, eds (Yale Univ Press, New Haven, CT), pp 387–395. Low BS (1990) Marriage systems and pathogen stress in human societies. Am Zool 30:325–339. Lozupone C, Knight R (2005) UniFrac: A new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:8228–8235. Luck GW (2007) A review of the relationships between human population density and biodiversity. Biol Rev 82:607–645. Luck GW, Daily GC (2003) Tropical countryside bird assemblages: Richness, composition, and foraging differ by landscape context. Ecol Appl 13:235–247. Ludwig W, et al. (2004) ARB: A software environment for sequence data. Nucleic Acids Res 32:1363–1371. Lyle MW, et al. (2008) The Pacific Ocean and Cenozoic evolution of climate. Rev Geophys, 10.1029/2005RG000190.

References  /  373 Lyren K, Crooks K, Boydston E (2006) San Joaquin Hills Bobcat Study, Orange County, California (Quarterly Report September 2006, The Nature Conservancy, Sacramento, CA). Lyons SK, Smith FA, Brown JH (2004) Of mice, mastodons, and men: Human mediated extinctions on four continents. Evol Ecol Res 6:339–358. MacArthur RH (1969) Patterns of communities in the tropics. Biol J Linn Soc 1:19–30. MacArthur RH, Wilson EO (1963) Equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. Evolution 17:373–387. MacArthur RH, Wilson EO (1967) The Theory of Island Biogeography (Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, NJ). Mace GM, Balmford A (2000) Patterns and processes in contemporary mammalian extinc- tion. In Future Priorities for the Conservation of Mammalian Diversity, eds Entwhistle A, Dunstone N (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK), pp 27–52. Mace GM, Purvis A (2008) Evolutionary biology and practical conservation: Bridging a widening gap. Mol Ecol 17:9–17. Mace GM, Gittleman JL, Purvis A (2003) Preserving the Tree of Life. Science 300:1707–1709. Mace GM, et al. (2005) Biodiversity. In The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Current Status and Trends: Findings of the Conditions and Trends Working Group. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being (Island, Washington DC), pp 53–98. Mack RN, Lonsdale WM (2001) Humans as global plant dispersers: Getting more than we bargained for. BioScience 51:95–102. MacPhee RDE, ed (1999) Extinctions in Near Time: Causes, Contexts, and Consequences (Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York). MacPhee RD, Marx PA (1997) The 40,000-year plague: Humans, hyper-disease, and first- contact extinctions. In Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar, eds Goodman SM, Patterson BD (Smithsonian Inst Press, Washington, DC), pp 169–217. MacPhee RDE, Flemming C (1999) Requiem aeternum: The last five hundred years of mammalian species extinctions. In Extinctions in Near Time: Causes, Contexts, and Con- sequences, ed MacPhee RDE (Plenum, New York), pp 333–372. Malhi YJ, Roberts T, Betts RA, Killeen TJ, Li W, Nobre CA (2008) Climate change, deforesta- tion, and the fate of the Amazon. Science 319:169–172. Mallett R (2006) The new Back Bay Science Center. Tracks (June–August):1, 4. Margulis L, Sagan D (2002) Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Origin of Species (Basic Books, New York). Marjanovic D, Laurin M (2007) Fossils, molecules, divergence times, and the origin of liss- amphibians. Syst Biol 56:369–388. Mark GA, Flessa KW (1977) A test for evolutionary equilibria: Phanerozoic brachiopods and Late Cenozoic New World mammals. Paleobiology 3:17–22. Marris E (2007) What to let go. Nature 450:152–155. Martin PS (1967) Pleistocene overkill. Nat Hist 76:32–38. Martin PS (2005) Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinction and the Rewilding of America (Univ of California Press, Berkeley). Martin PS, Klein RG, eds (1984) Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution (University of Arizona Press, Tucson). Martin PS, Wright HE, Jr, eds (1967) Pleistocene Extinctions: The Search for a Cause, Proceedings of the VII Congress of the International Association for Quaternary Research (Yale Univ Press, New Haven, CT), Vol 6. Martin RD (1993) Primate origins: Plugging the gaps. Nature 363:223–234. Martinez ND, Dunne JA (2000) Time, space, and beyond: Scale issues in food-web research. Ecological Scale, eds Petersen DL, Parker VT (Columbia Univ Press, New York), pp 207–225. Maurer BA (1996) Relating human population growth to the loss of biodiversity. Biodivers Lett 3:1–5.

374  /  References May RM (1973) Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems (Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, NJ). May RM (1978) The dynamics and diversity of insect faunas. In Diversity of Insect Faunas, eds Mound LA, Waloff N (Blackwell, Oxford), pp 188–204. May RM (1986) The search for patterns in the balance of nature: Advances and retreats. Ecology 67:1115–1126. May RM (1988) How many species are there on Earth? Science 241:1441–1449. May RM (1990a) How many species? Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 330:293–304. May RM (1990b) Taxonomy as destiny. Nature 347:129–130. May RM (1992) How many species inhabit the Earth? Sci Am 267:42–48. May RM (1994) Conceptual aspects of the quantification of the extent of biological diversity. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 345:13–20. May RM, Lawton JH, Stork NE (1995) Assessing extinction rates. In Extinction Rates, eds Lawton JH, May RM (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford), pp 1–24. Mayfield MM, Daily GC (2005) Countryside biogeography of neotropical herbaceous and shrubby plants. Ecol Appl 15:423–439. Mayr E (1942) Systematics and Origin of Species (Columbia Univ Press, New York). Mayr E (1963) Animal Species and Evolution (Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, MA). Mayr E (1969) Principles of Systematic Zoology (McGraw–Hill, New York). Mayr E (1982) The Growth of Biological Thought (Belknap, Cambridge, MA). Mayr E, Ashlock PA (1991) Principles of Systematic Zoology (McGraw–Hill, New York). McCain CM (2005) Elevation gradients in diversity of small mammals. Ecology 86:366–372. McCallum ML (2007) Amphibian decline or extinction? Current declines dwarf background extinction rate. J Herpetology 41:483–491. McCann KS (2000) The diversity-stability debate. Nature 405:228–233. McCarthy EM (2008) On the Origin of New Life Forms. Available at http://www.macro evolution. net/index/html. McCarthy M (2006). Revealed: How nation’s countryside is losing hundreds of its species. Avail- able at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060624/ai_n16506984. McCarthy M (2007). Early arrival of butterflies demonstrates impact of climate change. http://environment.independent.co.uk/climate_change/article2567979.ece. McClanahan TR, Muthiga NA, Mangi S (2001) Coral and algal changes after the 1998 coral bleaching: Interaction with reef management and herbivores on Kenyan reefs. Coral Reefs 19:380–391. McClanahan TR, Marnane MJ, Cinner JE, Kiene WE (2006) A comparison of marine protected areas and alternative approaches to coral-reef management. Curr Biol 16:1408–1413. McClanahan TR, Graham NAJ, Calnan JM, MacNeil MA (2007) Towards pristine bio- mass: Reef fish recovery in coral reef marine protected areas in Kenya. Ecol Appl 17:1055–1067. McClenachan L (2008) Social conflict, overfishing and disease in the Florida sponge fishery, 1849–1939. In Oceans Past: Management Insights from the History of Marine Animal Popula- tions, ed Starky D (Earthscan, London), pp 25–46. McClenachan L, Cooper A (2008) Extinction rate, historical population structure and ecologi- cal role of the Caribbean monk seal. Proc R Soc London Ser B 275:1351–1358. McClenachan L, Jackson JBC, Newman MJH (2006) Conservation implications of historic sea turtle nesting beach loss. Front Ecol Environ 4:290–296. McClenachan L, Newman MJ, Paredes G (2007) Florida Keys coral reef fish communities, then and now. Proc Gulf Carib Fish Inst 59:1–8. McDaniel CN, Borton DN (2002) Increased human energy use causes biological diversity loss and undermines prospects for sustainability. Bioscience 52:929–936. McDonald KA, Brown JH (1992) Using motane mammals to model extinctions due to global change. Conserv Biol 6:409–415.

References  /  375 McDonald KR (1990) Rheobatrachus Liem and Taudactylus Straughan & Lee (Anura: Lepto- dactylidae) in Eungella National Park, Queensland: Distribution and decline. Trans R Soc South Australia 114:187–194. McElwain JC, Punyasena SW (2007) Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record. Trends Ecol Evol 22:548–557. McGhee GR, Jr (1996) The Late Devonian Mass Extinction (Columbia Univ Press, New York). McGill BJ, Enquist BJ, Weiher E, Westoby M (2006) Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits. Trends Ecol Evol 21:178–185. McGowan AJ (2004) The effect of the Permo-Triassic bottleneck on Triassic ammonoid mor- phological evolution. Paleobiology 30:369–395. McGowan AJ (2005) Ammonoid recovery from the Late Permian mass extinction event. Comptes Rendus Palevol 4:517–530. McGowan JA, Bogard SJ, Lynn RJ, Miller AJ (2003) Long-term variability in the Southern California Current System. Deep-Sea Res II 50:2567–2582. McGregor SE (1976) Insect Pollination of Cultivated Crop Plants (US Dept of Agriculture, Ag- ricultural Research Service, Washington, DC). McGuire AD, et al. (1993) Productivity response of climax temperate forests to elevated temperature and carbon dioxide: A North American comparison between two global models. Clim Change 24:287–310. McKibben B (2007) Deep Economy: The Wealth of Communities and the Durable Future (Times Books, New York). McKinney ML (1997) Extinction vulnerability and selectivity: Combining ecological and paleontological views. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 28:495–516. McKinney ML (1998) On predicting biotic homogenization: Species-area patterns in marine biota. Global Ecol Biogeogr Lett 7:297–301. McKinney ML (2001) Role of human population size in raising bird and mammal threat among nations. Anim Conserv 4:45–57. McKinney ML, Lockwood JL (1999) Biotic homogenization: A few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction. Trends Ecol Evol 14:450–453. Mena JL, Vazequez-Dominguez E (2005) Species turnover on elevational gradients in small rodents. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 14:539–547. Menge BA (1975) Brood or broadcast? The adaptive significance of different reproductive strategies in two intertidal sea stars Leptasterias hexactis and Pisaster ochraceus. Mar Biol 31:87–100. Meyer AF, Lipson DA, Martin AP, Schadt CW, Schmidt SK (2004) Molecular and metabolic characterization of cold-tolerant alpine soil Pseudomonas sensu stricto. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:483–489. Meyer CP (2003) Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversifi- cation patterns in the tropics. Biol J Linn Soc 79:401–459. Meyer CP, Geller JP, Paulay G (2005) Fine-scale endemism on coral reefs: Archipelagic dif- ferentiation in turbinid gastropods. Evolution 59:113–125. Meyer O (1994) Functional groups of microorganisms. In Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function, eds Schultze ED, Mooney HA (Springer, Berlin), pp 67–96. Meyers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858. Midgley GF, Miller D (2005) Case study: Modeling species range shifts in two biodiversity hotspots. In Climate Change and Biodiversity, eds Lovejoy TE, Hannah L (Yale Univ Press, New Haven, CT), pp 229–231. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005a) Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Biodiversity Synthesis (World Resources Institute, Washington DC). Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005b) Synthesis (World Resources Institute, Washing- ton, DC).

376  /  References Miller GH, et al. (2005) Ecosystem collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a human role in megafaunal extinction. Science 309:287–290. Milne RJ, Abbott RJ (2002) The origin and evolution of Tertiary relict floras. Adv Bot Res 38:281–314. Min M-S, et al. (2005) Discovery of the first Asian plethodontid salamander. Nature 435:87–90. Mitchell KM, Churcher TS, Garner TWJ, Fisher MC (2008) Persistence of the emerging pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis outside the amphibian host greatly increases the probability of host extinction. Proc R Soc London Ser B 275:329–334. Mitsch WJ, Wilson RF (1996) Improving the success of wetland creation and restoration with know-how, time, and self-design. Ecol Appl 6:77–83. Mittelbach GG, et al. (2007) Evolution and the latitudinal diversity gradient: Speciation, extinction, and biogeography. Ecol Lett 10:315–331. Mittermeier RA, et al. (2004) Hotspots Revisited: Earth’s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions (CEMEX/Agrupación Sierra Madre, Mexico City, Mexico). Miura O, et al. (2005) Molecular-genetic analyses reveal cryptic species of trematodes in the intertidal gastropod, Batillaria cumingi (Crosse). Int J Parasitol 35:793–801. Monegatti P, Raffi S (2001) Taxonomic diversity and stratigraphic distribution of Mediter- ranean Pliocene bivalves. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 165:171–193. Monson RK, et al. (2006) Winter forest soil respiration controlled by climate and microbial community composition. Nature 439:711–714. Montoya JM, Pimm SL, Solé RV (2006) Ecological networks and their fragility. Nature 442: 259–264. Mooers AØ, Atkins RA (2003) Indonesia’s threatened birds: Over 500 million years of evo- lutionary heritage at risk. Anim Conserv 7:183–188. Mooers AØ, Heard SB (1997) Inferring evolutionary process from phylogenetic tree shape. Q Rev Biol 72:31–54. Mooney HA, Hobbs RJ (2000) Invasive Species in a Changing World (Island, Washington, DC). Moorcroft PR, Hurtt GC, Pacala SW (2001) A method for scaling vegetation dynamics: The ecosystem demography model (ED). Ecol Monogr 71:557–585. Moore BR, Donoghue MJ (2007) Correlates of diversification in the plant clade Dipsacales: Geographic movement and evolutionary innovations. Am Nat 170:S28–S55. Moore JK, Doney SC, Glover DM, Fung IY (2002) Iron cycling and nutrient limitation pat- terns in surface waters of the world ocean. Deep Sea Res II 49:463–508. Mora C, Chittaro PM, Sale PF, Kritzer JP, Ludsin SA (2003) Patterns and processes in reef fish diversity. Nature 421:933–936. Mora C, et al. (2006) Coral reefs and the global network of marine protected areas. Science 312:1750–1751. Moreno PI (2000) Climate, fire, and vegetation between about 13,000 and 9200 14C yr B.P. in the Chilean Lake District. Quatern Res 54:81–89. Morgan JAT, et al. (2007) Enigmatic amphibian declines and emerging infectious disease: Population genetics of the frog killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13845–13850. Moritz C (1994) Comparative phylogeography and the identification of genetically divergent areas for conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 9:373–375. Moritz C, Faith DP (1998) Comparative phylogeography and the identification of genetically divergent areas for conservation. Mol Ecol 7:419–429. Morlon H, et al. (2008) A general framework for the distance-decay of similarity in ecological communities. Ecol Lett 11:904–917. Mumby PJ, et al. (2007) Trophic cascade facilitates coral recruitment in a marine reserve. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8362–8367.

References  /  377 Murray BR, Dickman CR (2000) Relationships between body size and geographical range size among Australian mammals: Has human impact distorted macroecological pat- terns? Ecography 23:92–100. Myers N (1980) Conversion of Tropical Moist Forests (National Academy of Sciences, Wash- ington, DC). Myers N (1988) Threatened biotas: ‘‘Hotspots’’ in tropical forests. Environmentalist 8:187–208. Myers N (1990) The biodiversity challenge: Expanded hot-spots analysis. Environmentalist 10:243–256. Myers N, Knoll AH (2001) The biotic crisis and the future of evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:5389–5392. Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca G, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858. Myers RA, Worm B (2003) Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities. Nature 423:280–283. Myers RA, Baum JK, Shepherd TD, Powers SP, Peterson CH (2007) Cascading effects of the loss of apex predatory sharks from a coastal ocean. Science 315:1846–1850. Mygatt E (2006) World’s Forests Continue to Shrink. Available at www.earthpolicy. org/Indica- tors/Forest/index.htm. Accessed 6/28/08. Naeem S, Hahn DR, Schuurman G (2000) Producer-decomposer co-dependency influences biodiversity effects. Nature 403:762–764. Naegele J (2007). Second Sundays at Upper Newport Bay. Available at http://www.ocparks. com/AdoptAPark/default.asp?Show=events_12&SubShow#1011617. Nannipieri P, et al. (2003) Microbial diversity and soil functions. Eur J Soil Sci 54:655–670. National Science Board (2004) Science and Engineering Indicators 2004 (National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA). National Science Foundation (2001) Trend Dataset—Surveys of Public Understanding of Science and Technology. Available at www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/data/datasets/ nsf.html. Accessed 12/15/07. Nee S (2005) Phylogenetic futures after the latest mass extinction. In Phylogeny and Conserva- tion, eds Purvis A, Gittleman JL, Brooks T (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK), pp 387–399. Nee S (2006) Birth–death models in macroevolution. Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37:1–17. Nee S, May RM (1997) Extinction and the loss of evolutionary history. Science 278:692–694. Neutel A-M, Heesterbeek JAP, de Ruiter PC (2002) Stability in real food webs: Weak links in long loops. Science 296:1120–1123. New Zealand Herald (2007). Where have all the butterflies gone? March 5. Available at http:// www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=82&objectid=10427057. Newman MEJ, Eble GJ (1999) Power spectra of extinction in the fossil record. Proc R Soc London Ser B 266:1267–1270. Newman MJ, Paredes GA, Sala E, Jackson JBC (2006) Structure of Caribbean coral reef com- munities across a large gradient of fish biomass. Ecol Lett 9:1216–1227. Newport F (2008) Little increase in Americans’ global warming worries. April 21. Available at www.gallup.com/poll/106660/Little-Increase-Americans-Global-Warming-worries. aspx. Accessed 6/28/08. Newton K, Cote IM, Pilling IM, Jennings S, Dulvy NK (2007) Current and future sustain- ability of island coral reef fisheries. Curr Biol 17:655–658. Niklas KJ (1997) The Evolutionary Biology of Plants (Univ of Chicago Press, Chicago). Norell MA (1993) Tree-based approaches to understanding history: Comments on ranks, rules, and the quality of the fossil record. Am J Sci 293:407–417. Normile D (2004) Expanding trade with China creates ecological backlash. Science 306:968–969.

378  /  References Noss RF, Cooperrider AY (1994) Saving Nature’s Legacy: Protecting and Restoring Biodiversity (Island, Washington, DC). Novacek MJ (1991) Scholarship in natural history museums: The need for commitment. R Soc Arts J 139(5415):180–184. Novacek MJ, ed (2001a) The Biodiversity Crisis: Losing What Counts (American Museum of Natural History and New Press, New York). Novacek MJ (2001b) The role of natural history museums in the stewardship of biodiversity. In A University Natural History Museum for the New Millennium, ed Mares MM (Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman, OK), pp 47–55. Novacek MJ (2007) Terra: Our 100 Million-Year-Old Ecosystem and the Threats That Now Put It at Risk (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, New York). NRC (National Research Council) (2002) Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat (Natl Acad Press, Washington, DC). NRC (National Research Council) (2006) Dynamic Changes in Marine Ecosystems: Fishing, Food Webs, and Future Options (Natl Acad Press, Washington, DC). Nugues MM, Smith GW, Hooidonk RJ, Seabra MI, Bak RPM (2004) Algal contact as a trigger for coral disease. Ecol Lett 7:919–923. Oaks JL, et al. (2004) Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Paki- stan. Nature 427:630–633. O’Brien S, et al. (2003) Decline of the Madagascar radiated tortoise Geochelone radiata due to overexploitation. Oryx 37:338–343. Odling-Smee FJ, Laland KN, Feldman MW (2003) Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution (Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, NJ). Oldroyd BP (2007) What’s killing American honey bees? PLoS Biol 5:1195–1199. Oliveira PJC, et al. (2007) Land-use allocation protects the Peruvian Amazon. Science 317: 1233–1236. Orme CDL, et al. (2005) Global hotspots of species richness are not congruent with endemism or threat. Nature 436:1016–1019. Orme CDL, et al. (2006) Global patterns of geographic range size in birds. PLoS Biol 4:1276–1283. Orr JC, et al. (2005) Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437:681–686. Ostrom E, Janssen MA, Anderies JM (2007) Going beyond panaceas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:15176–15178. Oullet M, Mikaelian L, Pauli BD, Rodrigue J, Green DM (2005) Historical evidence of widespread chytrid infection in North American amphibian populations. Conserv Biol 19:1431–1440. Owens IPF, Bennett PM (2000) Ecological basis of extinction risk in birds: Habitat loss versus human persecution and introduced predators. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:12144–12148. Oyama MD, Nobre CA (2003) A new climate-vegetation equilibrium state for tropical South America. Geophys Res Lett 30:2199. Pacala S, Socolow R (2004) Stabilization wedges: Solving the climate problem for the next 50 years with current technologies. Science 305:968–972. Palmer TM, et al. (2008) Breakdown of an ant-plant mutualism follows the loss of large mam- mals from an African savanna. Science 319:192–195. Pandolfi JM, Jackson JBC (2001) Community structure of Pleistocene coral reefs of Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles. Ecol Monogr 71:49–67. Pandolfi JM, Jackson JBC (2006) Ecological persistence interrupted in Caribbean coral reefs. Ecol Lett 9:818–826. Pandolfi JM, et al. (2003) Global trajectories of the long-term decline of coral reef ecosystems. Science 301:955–958.

References  /  379 Pandolfi JM, et al. (2005) Are US coral reefs on the slippery slope to slime? Science 307:1725–1726. Paradis E (2004) Can extinction rates be estimated without fossils? J Theor Biol 229:19–30. Paradis E (2005) Statistical analysis of diversification with species traits. Evolution 59:1–12. Paredes GA (2007) Degradation and recovery of Caribbean coral reefs. PhD dissertation (Univ of California at San Diego, La Jolla). Parker JM, Mikaelian I, Hahn N, Diggs H (2002) Clinical diagnosis and treatment of epi- dermal chytridiomycosis in African clawed frogs (Xenopus tropicalis). Comp Med 52:265–268. Parmesan C (2006) Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37:637–669. Parmesan C, Yohe G (2003) A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421:37–42. Parra-Olea G, Garcia-Paris M, Hanken J, Wake DB (2005) Two new species of Pseudoeurycea (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from the mountain of northern Oaxaca, Mexico. Copeia 2005:461–469. Parry ML, et al. (2007) Cross-chapter case study. In Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, eds Parry OF, Canziani JP, van den Linden PJ, Hanson CE (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK). Parton WJ, Schimel DS, Cole CV, Ojima DS (1987) Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains grasslands. Soil Sci Soc Am J 51:1173–1179. Pascual MM, Dunne JA (2005) Ecological Networks: Linking Structure to Dynamics (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford). Patterson TE (2007) Creative Destruction: An Exploratory Look at News on the Internet (Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Boston). Paulay G (1997) Diversity and distribution of reef organisms. In Life and Death of Coral Reefs, ed Birkeland C (Chapman & Hall, New York), pp 298–353. Paulay G, Meyer C (2006) Dispersal and divergence across the greatest ocean region: Do larvae matter? Integr Comp Biol 46:269–281. Pauly D (1995) Anecdotes and the shifting baseline syndrome of fisheries. Trends Ecol Evol 10:430. Pauly D, Christensen V, Dalsgaard J, Froese R, Torres F (1998) Fishing down marine food webs. Science 279:860–863. Payne JL (2005) Evolutionary dynamics of gastropod size across the end-Permian extinction and through the Triassic recovery interval. Paleobiology 31:269–290. Payne JL, Finnegan S (2007) The effect of geographic range on extinction risk during back- ground and mass extinction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:10506–10511. Payne JL, et al. (2004) Large perturbations of the carbon cycle during recovery from the end- Permian extinction. Science 305:506–509. Pease CM (1992) On the declining extinction and origination rates of fossil taxa. Paleobiology 18:89–92. Pechmann JHK, Wake DB (2006) Enigmatic declines and disappearances of amphibian populations. In Principles of Conservation Biology, eds Groom M, Meffe GK, Carroll CR (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA), 3rd Ed., pp 93–98. Pechmann JHK, Wilbur HM (1994) Putting declining amphibian populations in perspective: Natural fluctuations and human impacts. Herpetologica 50:65–84. Pedersen AB, Jones KE, Nunn CL, Altizer S (2007) Infectious diseases and extinction risk in wild mammals. Conserv Biol 21:1269–1279. Pedrosa S, et al. (2005) Evidence of three maternal lineages in Near Eastern sheep supporting multiple domestication events. Proc R Soc London Ser B 272:2211–2217.

380  /  References Pennington RT, Richardson JA, Lavin M (2006) Insights into the historical construction of species-rich biomes from dated plant phylogenies, phylogenetic community structure, and neutral ecological theory. New Phytol 172:605–616. Pergams ORW, Zaradic PA (2006) Is love of nature in the US becoming love of electronic media? 16-year downtrend in national park visits explained by watching movies, play- ing video games, Internet use, and oil prices. J Environ Manag 80:387–393. Pergams ORW, Zaradic PA (2008) Evidence for a fundamental and pervasive shift away from nature-based recreation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:2295–2300. Perrot-Minnot MJ (2004) Larval morphology, genetic divergence, and contrasting levels of host manipulation between forms of Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala). Int J Parasitol 34:45–54. Petchey OL, Gaston KJ (2006) Functional diversity: Back to basics and looking forward. Ecol Lett 9:741–758. Peters RL, Lovejoy TE (1992) Global Warming and Biological Diversity (Yale Univ Press, New Haven, CT). Peters SE (2005) Geologic constraints on the macroevolutionary history of marine animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:12326–12331. Peters SE (2006) Genus extinction, origination, and the durations of sedimentary hiatuses. Paleobiology 32:387–407. Peters SE, Foote M (2001) Biodiversity in the Phanerozoic: A reinterpretation. Paleobiology 27:583–601. Peterson AT, Soberon J, Sanchez-Cordero V (1999) Conservatism of ecological niches in evolutionary time. Science 285:1265–1267. Pimentel D, et al. (1992) Conserving biological diversity in agricultural-forestry systems: Most biological diversity exists in human-managed ecosystems. BioScience 42:354–362. Pimm SL (1982) Food Webs (Chapman & Hall, London). Pimm SL, Russell GJ, Gittleman JL, Brooks TM (1995) The future of biodiversity. Science 269:347–350. Pires JM, Dobzhansky TH, Black GA (1953) An estimate of the number of species of trees in an Amazonian forest community. Bot Gaz 114:467–477. Plotkin JB, Muller-Landau HC (2002) Sampling the species composition of a landscape. Ecology 83:3344–3356. Plotnick RE, McKinney ML (1993) Ecosystem organization and extinction dynamics. Palaios 8:202–212. Polacheck T (2006) Tuna longline catch rates in the Indian Ocean: Did industrial fishing result in a 90% rapid decline in the abundance of large predatory species? Mar Policy 30:470–482. Polgreen L (2007) In Niger, trees and crops turn back the desert. NY Times, World Section, February 11. Available at www.nytimes.com/2007/02/11/world/africa/11uiger.html. Pope KL, Matthews KR (2001) Movement ecology and seasonal distribution of mountain yellow-legged frogs, Rana muscosa, in a high elevation Sierra Nevada basin. Copeia 2001:787–793. Population Reference Bureau (2007) 2007 World Population Data Sheet (Population Reference Bureau, Washington, DC). Possingham HP, et al. (2002) Limits to the use of threatened species lists. Trends Ecol Evol 17:503–507. Poulin R (1999) The intra- and interspecific relationships between abundance and distribu- tion in helminth parasites of birds. J Anim Ecol 68:719–725. Poulin R (2001) Another look at the richness of helminth communities in tropical freshwater fish. J Biogeogr 28:737–743. Poulin R, Morand S (2000) The diversity of parasites. Q Rev Biol 75:277–293. Poulin R, Morand S (2004) Parasite Biodiversity (Smithsonian, Washington, DC).

References  /  381 Pounds JA, Fogden MPL, Savage JM, Gorman GC (1997) Tests of null models for amphibian declines on a tropical mountain. Conserv Biol 11:1307–1322. Pounds JA, Fogden MPL, Campbell J (1999) Biological response to climate change on a tropi- cal mountain. Nature 398:611–615. Pounds JA, et al. (2006) Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming. Nature 439:161–167. Powell MG (2007a) Geographic range and genus longevity of late Paleozoic brachiopods. Paleobiology 33:530–546. Powell MG (2007b) Latitudinal diversity gradients for brachiopod genera during late Pal- aeozoic time: Links between climate, biogeography and evolutionary rates. Global Ecol Biogeogr 16:519–528. Prendergast JR, Quinn RM, Lawton JH, Eversham BC, Gibbons DW (1993) Rare species, the coincidence of diversity hotspots and conservation strategies. Nature 365:335–337. Pressey RL, Possingham HP, Margules CR (1996) Optimality in reserve selection algorithms: When does it matter and how much? Biol Conserv 76:259–267. Preston FW (1948) The commonness, and rarity, of species. Ecology 29:254–283. Preston FW (1962) The canonical distribution of commonness and rarity. Ecology 43:185; 215:410–432. Price SA, Gittleman JL (2007) Hunting to extinction: Biology and regional economy influ- ence extinction risk and the impact of hunting in artiodactyls. Proc R Soc London Ser B 274:1845–1851. Primack RB (2006) Essentials of Conservation Biology (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA), 4th Ed. Pringle RM, Young TP, Rubenstein DI, McCauley DJ (2007) Herbivore-initiated interaction cascades and their modulation by productivity in an African savanna. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:193–197. Prinzing A, Durka W, Klotz S, Brandl R (2001) The niche of higher plants: Evidence for phylogenetic conservatism. Proc R Soc London Ser B 268:2383–2389. Pulquério MJF, Nichols RA (2007) Dates from the molecular clock: How wrong can we be? Trends Ecol Evol 22:180–184. Purvis A (1996) Using interspecies phylogenies to test macroevolutionary hypotheses. In New Uses for New Phylogenies, eds Harvey PH, Leigh Brown AJ, Maynard Smith J, Nee S (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford), pp 153–168. Purvis A, Hector A (2000) Getting the measure of biodiversity. Nature 405:212–218. Purvis A, Agapow P-M, Gittleman JL, Mace GM (2000a) Nonrandom extinction risk and the loss of evolutionary history. Science 288:328–330. Purvis A, Jones KE, Mace GM (2000b) Extinction. BioEssays 22:1123–1133. Purvis A, Katzourakis A, Agapow P-M (2002) Evaluating phylogenetic tree shape: Two modifications to Fusco and Cronk’s method. J Theor Biol 214:99–103. Purvis A, Cardillo M, Grenyer R, Collen B (2005a) Correlates of extinction risk: Phylogeny, biology, threat and scale. In Phylogeny and Conservation, eds Purvis A, Gittleman JL, Brooks T (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK), pp 295–316. Purvis A, Gittleman JL, Brooks T, eds (2005b) Phylogeny and Conservation (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK). Puschendorf R, Bolanõs F, Chaves G (2006) The amphibian chytrid fungus along an altitudi- nal transect before the first reported declines in Costa Rica. Biol Conserv 132:136–142. Qian H, Ricklefs RE (1999) A comparison of the taxonomic richness of vascular plants in China and the United States. Am Nat 154:160–181. Qian H, Ricklefs RE (2000) Large-scale processes and the Asian bias in species diversity of temperate plants. Nature 407:180–182. Quinn JF (1983) Mass extinctions in the fossil record. Science 219:1239–1240.

382  /  References Rabalais NN, Turner RE, Sen Gupta BK, Platon E, Parsons ML (2007) Sediments tell the history of eutrophication and hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Ecol Appl 17: S129–S143. Rachowicz LJ, Vredenburg VT (2004) Transmission of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis within and between amphibian life stages. Dis Aquat Org 61:75–83. Rachowicz LJ, et al. (2006) Emerging infectious disease as a proximate cause of amphibian mass mortality. Ecology 87:1671–1683. Raff RA (2007) Written in stone: Fossils, genes, and evo-devo. Nat Rev Genet 8:911–920. Rahbek C (2005) The role of spatial scale and the perception of large-scale species-richness patterns. Ecol Lett 8:224–239. Rangel TFLVB, Diniz-Filho JAF, Colwell RK (2007) Species richness and evolutionary niche dynamics: A spatial pattern-oriented simulation experiment. Am Nat 170:602–616. Rastetter EB, Ågren GI, Shaver GR (1997) Responses of N-limited ecosystems to increased CO2: A balanced-nutrition, coupled-element-cycles model. Ecol Appl 7:444–460. Raup DM (1972) Taxonomic diversity during the Phanerozoic. Science 231:1065–1071. Raup DM (1976) Species diversity in the Phanerozoic: A tabulation. Paleobiology 2:279–288. Raup DM (1985) Mathematical models of cladogenesis. Paleobiology 11:42–52. Raup DM (1986) Biological extinction in Earth history. Science 231:1528–1533. Raup DM (1991) Extinction: Bad Genes or Bad Luck? (Norton, New York). Raup DM (1992) Large-body impact and extinction in the Phanerozoic. Paleobiology 18:80–88. Raup DM (1994) The role of extinction in evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:6758–6763. Raup DM, Jablonski D (1993) Geography of end-Cretaceous marine bivalve extinctions. Science 260:971–973. Raup DM, Sepkoski JJ, Jr (1982) Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record. Science 215: 1501–1503. Raup DM, Sepkoski JJ, Jr (1983) Mass extinctions in the fossil record. Science 219:1240–1241. Raup DM, Sepkoski JJ, Jr (1984) Periodicity of extinctions in the geologic past. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:801–805. Raup DM, Gould SJ, Schopf TJM, Simberloff DS (1973) Stochastic models of phylogeny and the evolution of diversity. J Geol 81:525–542. Ravelo AC, Andreasen DH, Lyle M, Lyle AO, Wara MW (2004) Regional climate shifts caused by gradual global cooling in the Pliocene epoch. Nature 429:263–267. Reaka ML (1979) The evolutionary ecology of life history patterns in stomatopod Crustacea. Reproductive Ecology of Marine Invertebrates, ed Stancyk S (Univ of South Carolina Press, Columbia), pp 235–260. Reaka ML (1980) Geographic range, life history patterns, and body size in a guild of coral- dwelling mantis shrimps. Evolution 34:1019–1030. Reaka ML, Manning RB (1981) The behavior of stomatopod Crustacea, and its relationship to rates of evolution. J Crust Biol 1:309–327. Reaka ML, Manning RB (1987a) The significance of body size, dispersal potential, and habitat for rates of morphological evolution in stomatopod Crustacea. Smithson Contrib Zool 448:1–45. Reaka ML, Manning RB (1987b) The stomatopod Crustacea of Enewetak Atoll. In The Natural History of Enewetak Atoll, Vol. 2, Biogeography and Systematics, eds Deveney DM, Reese ES, Burch BL, Helfrich P (Office of Scientific and Technical Information, US Dept of Energy, Washington, DC), pp 181–190. Reaka-Kudla ML (1991) Processes regulating biodiversity in coral reef communities on eco- logical vs. evolutionary time scales. In The Unity of Evolutionary Biology, ed Dudley EC (Dioscorides Press, Portland, OR), Vol 1, pp 61–70.

References  /  383 Reaka-Kudla ML (1997) The global biodiversity of coral reefs: A comparison with rainforests. In Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Natural Resources, eds Reaka-Kudla ML, Wilson DE, Wilson EO (Joseph Henry Press, Washington, DC), pp 83–108. Reaka-Kudla ML (2000) The evolution of endemism in insular Pacific faunas: Coral-dwelling stomatopods. J Crust Biol 20:56–70. Redding DW, Mooers AO (2006) Incorporating evolutionary measures into conservation prioritization. Conserv Biol 20:1670–1678. Ree HR, Moore BR, Webb C, Donoghue MJ (2005) A likelihood framework for inferring the evolution of geographic range on phylogenetic trees. Evolution 59:2299–2311. Reed HE, Martiny JBH (2007) Testing the functional significance of microbial composition in natural communities. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 62:161–170. Regan HM, Lupia R, Drinnan AN, Burgman MA (2001) The currency and tempo of extinc- tion. Am Nat 157:1–10. Reich PB, et al. (2001) Plant diversity enhances ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 and nitrogen deposition. Nature 410:809–812. Reich PB, Wright IJ, Lusk CH (2007) Predicting leaf physiology from simple plant and cli- mate attributes: A global GLOPNET analysis. Ecol Appl 17:1982–1988. Reid WV (1998) Biodiversity hotspots. Trends Ecol Evol 13:275–280. Relyea RA (2005) The lethal impact of Roundup on aquatic and terrestrial amphibians. Ecol Appl 15:1118–1124. Renner SS, Clausing G, Meyer K (2001) Historical biogeography of Melastomataceae: The roles of Tertiary migration and long-distance dispersal. Am J Bot 88:1290–1300. Retallick RWR, McCallum H, Speare R (2004) Endemic infection of the amphibian chytrid fungus in a frog community post-decline. PLoS 2:1965–1971. Reversat J, Renaud F, Maillard C (1989) Biology of parasite populations, the differential specificity of the genus Helicometra Odhner, 1902 (Trematoda, Opecoelidae) in the Medi- terranean Sea demonstrated by enzyme electrophoresis. Int J Parasitol 19:885–890. Revkin A (2008) Bush plans vast protected sea area in Hawaii. NY Times, June 15, Available at www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15hawaii.html. Accessed 6/28/08. Ricciardi A (2004) Assessing species invasions as a cause of extinction. Trends Ecol Evol 19:619. Richardson JE, et al. (2004) Historical biogeography of two cosmopolitan families of flowering plants: Annonaceae and Rhamnaceae. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 359:1495–1508. Ricketts TH (2001) The matrix matters: Effective isolation in fragmented landscapes. Am Nat 158:87–99. Ricketts TH, Daily GC, Ehrlich PR, Michener CD (2004) Economic value of tropical forest to coffee production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:12579–12582. Ricklefs RE (2003) Global diversification rates of passerine birds. Proc R Soc London Ser B 270:2285–2292. Ricklefs RE (2004) A comprehensive framework for global patterns in biodiversity. Ecol Lett 7:1–15. Ricklefs RE (2007a) Estimating diversification rates from phylogenetic information. Trends Ecol Evol 22:601–610. Ricklefs RE (2007b) History and diversity: Explorations at the intersection of ecology and evolution. Am Nat 170(Suppl):S56–S70. Ricklefs RE, Renner SS (1994) Species richness within families of flowering plants. Evolution 48:1619–1636. Riebesell U (2004) Effects of CO2 enrichment on marine phytoplankton. J Oceanogr 60:719–729. Riebesell U, et al. (2000) Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2. Nature 407:634–637.

384  /  References Rigby S, Milsom C (2000) Origins, evolution, and diversification of zooplankton. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 31:293–313. Rillig MC, Wright SF, Shaw MR, Field CB (2002) Artificial climate warming positively af- fects arbuscular mycorrhizae but decreases soil aggregate water stability in an annual grassland. Oikos 97:52–58. Rimer S (2007) At 71, physics professor is a web star. NY Times, Education Section, December 19. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/19/education/19physics.html. Rindfuss RR, Bumpass L, St John C (1980) Education and fertility: Implications for the roles women occupy. Am Sociol Rev 45:431–447. Ripple WJ, Beschta RL (2007a) Hardwood tree decline following large carnivore loss on the Great Plains, USA. Front Ecol Environ 5:241–246. Ripple WJ, Beschta RL (2007b) Restoring Yellowstone’s aspen with wolves. Biol Conserv 138:514–519. Rivadeneira MM, Marquet PA (2007) Selective extinction of late Neogene bivalves on the temperate Pacific coast of South America. Paleobiology 33:455–468. Roach J (2003) “Bioblitz” finds 800-plus species in New York park. National Geographic News. July 8. Available at http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0708_ 0307708_bioblitzresults.html. Accessed 6/28/08. Roberts CM, Hawkins JP (1999) Extinction risk in the sea. Trends Ecol Evol 14:241–246. Roberts CM, et al. (2002) Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science 295:1280–1284. Roberts RG, et al. (2001) New ages for the last Australian megafauna: Continent-wide extinc- tion ≈46,000 years ago. Science 292:1888–1892. Robichaux DM, Cohen AC, Reaka ML, Allen D (1981) Experiments with zooplankton on coral reefs, or, will the real demersal plankton please come up? Mar Ecol 2:77–94. Robinson RA, Sutherland WJ (2002) Post-war changes in arable farming and biodiversity in Great Britain. J Appl Ecol 39:157–176. Rodriguez JP, et al. (2007) Globalization of conservation: A view from the south. Science 317:755–756. Rohde K (1982) Ecology of Marine Parasites, Australian Ecology Series, ed Heatwole H (Univ of Queensland Press, St Lucia, QLD, Australia). Rohde K (1999) Latitudinal gradients in species diversity and Rapoport’s rule revisited: A review of recent work and what parasites teach us about the causes of the gradients. Ecography 22:593–613. Rohde K (2002) Ecology and biogeography of marine parasites. Adv Mar Biol 43:1–86. Rohde RA, Muller RA (2005) Cycles in fossil diversity. Nature 434:208–210. Ron SR, Duellman WE, Coloma LA, Bustamante MR (2003) Population decline of the Jam- bato toad Atelopus ignescens (Anura: Bufonidae) in the Andes of Ecuador. J Herpetol 37:116–126. Roopnarine PD (2006) Extinction cascades and catastrophe in ancient food webs. Paleobiol- ogy 32:1–19. Roopnarine PD, Angielczyk KD, Wang SC, Hertog R (2007) Trophic network models ex- plain instability of Early Triassic terrestrial communities. Proc R Soc London Ser B 274:2077–2086. Root TL, Price JT, Hall KR, Rosenzweig C, Pounds JA (2003) Fingerprints of global wild animals and plants. Nature 421:57–60. Root TL, Bishop KD, Ehrlich PR, Schneider SH, Ehrlich AH (2006) Conservation of Southeast Asian birds: The role of bird markets and avian flu. Environ Awareness 29:57–65. Rosaler J (2007). Tidepool Education Interpretive Program Annual Report 2006–2007 (La- guna Ocean Foundation, Laguna Beach, CA). Rosenberg AA, et al. (2005) The history of ocean resources: Modeling cod biomass using historical records. Front Ecol Environ 3:84–90.

References  /  385 Rosenberg AA, Swasey JH, Bowman M (2006) Rebuilding US fisheries: Progress and prob- lems. Front Ecol Environ 4:303–308. Rosenzweig ML (1975) On continental steady states of species diversity. In Ecology and Evolution of Communities, eds Cody ML, Diamond JM (Belknap, Cambridge, MA), pp 121–140. Rosenzweig ML (1995) Species Diversity in Space and Time (Cambridge Univ Press, Cam- bridge, UK). Rosenzweig ML (2001) Loss of speciation rate will impoverish future diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:5404–5410. Rosenzweig ML, McCord RD (1991) Incumbent replacement: Evidence for long-term evolu- tionary progress. Paleobiology 17:202–213. Roy K, Goldberg EE (2007) Origination, extinction, and dispersal: Integrative models for understanding present-day diversity gradients. Am Nat 170(Suppl):S71–S85. Roy K, Jablonski D, Valentine JW (1996) Higher taxa in biodiversity studies: Patterns from eastern Pacific marine mollusks. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 351:1605–1613. Roy K, Jablonski D, Martien KK (2000) Invariant size-frequency distributions along a latitu- dinal gradient in marine bivalves. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:13150–13155. Roy K, Jablonski D, Valentine JW (2001) Climate change, species range limits and body size in marine bivalves. Ecol Lett 4:366–370. Roy K, Jablonski D, Valentine JW (2002) Body size and invasion success in marine bivalves. Ecol Lett 5:163–167. Ruiz GM, Fofonoff PW, Carlton JT, Wonham MJ, Hines AH (2000) Invasion of coastal marine communities in North America: Apparent patterns, processes, and biases. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 31:481–531. Russell GJ, Brooks TM, McKinney MM, Anderson CG (1998) Present and future taxonomic selectivity in bird and mammal extinctions. Conserv Biol 12:1365–1376. Ryder OA (1986) Species conservation and the dilemma of subspecies. Trends Ecol Evol 1:9–10. Safina C, Rosenberg AA, Myers RA, Quinn TJ, II, Collie J (2005) US ocean fishery recovery: Staying the course. Science 309:707–708. Sakai A, Larcher W (1987) Frost Survival of Plants: Responses and Adaptation to Freezing Stress. Ecological Studies 62 (Springer, Berlin). Salihoglu B, Hofmann EE (2007) Simulations of phytoplankton species and carbon produc- tion in the equatorial Pacific Ocean 2. Effects of physical and biogeochemical processes. J Mar Res 65:275–300. Sanderson MJ, Donoghue MJ (1989) Patterns of variation in levels of homoplasy. Evolution 43:1781–1795. Sandin SA, et al. (2008) Baselines and degradation of coral reefs in the Northern Line Islands. PLoS ONE 3:e1548. Santos PF, Whitford WG (1981) The effects of microarthropods on litter decomposition in a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem. Ecology 62:654–663. Sax DF, Gaines SD (2003) Species diversity: From global decreases to local increases. Trends Ecol Evol 18:561–566. Sax DF, Gaines SD (2006) The biogeography of naturalized species and the species-area rela- tionship: Reciprocal insights to biogeography and invasion biology. In Conceptual Ecol- ogy and Invasions Biology: Reciprocal Approaches to Nature, eds Cadotte MW, McMahon SM, Fukami T (Springer, Dordrecht), pp 449–480. Sax DF, Gaines SD, Brown JH (2002) Species invasions exceed extinctions on islands world- wide: A comparative study of plants and birds. Am Nat 160:766–783. Sax DF, et al. (2007) Ecological and evolutionary insights from species invasions. Trends Ecol Evol 22:465–471.

386  /  References Scheffer M, Carpenter SR (2003) Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: Linking theory to observation. Trends Ecol Evol 18:648–656. Scheffer M, Carpenter S, Foley JA, Folke C, Walker B (2001) Catastrophic shifts in ecosys- tems. Nature 413:591–596. Schimel J (1995) Ecosystem consequences of microbial diversity and community structure. In Arctic and Alpine Biodiversity: Patterns, Causes, and Ecosystem Consequences, eds Chapin FS, Koerner C (Springer, New York), pp 239–254. Schimel JP (2001) Biogeochemical models: Implicit vs. explicit microbiology. In Global Bio- geochem Cycles in the Climate System, eds Schulze ED, et al. (Academic, San Diego, CA), pp 239–254. Schimel JP, Gulledge J (1998) Microbial community structure and global trace gases. Glob Change Biol 4:745–758. Schloss PD, Handelsman J (2005) Introducing DOTUR, a computer program for defining operational taxonomic units and estimating species richness. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:1501–1506. Schmitt T (2007) Molecular biogeography of Europe: Pleistocene cycles and postglacial trends. Front Zool 4:11 doi:10.1186/1742-9994-4-11. Schmittner A (2005) Decline of the marine ecosystem caused by a reduction in the Atlantic overturning circulation. Nature 434:628–635. Schram FR, Muller H (2004) Catalog and Bibliography of the Fossil and Recent Stomatopoda (Backhuys, Leiden, The Netherlands). Schulman-Janiger A (2007). ACS/LA Gray Whale Census and Behavior Project. http:// www.acs-la.org/GWCensus.htm. Schuyt K (2005) Opportunities for long-term financing of forest restoration in landscapes. In Forest Restoration in Landscapes: Beyond Planting Trees, eds Mansourian S, Vallauri D, Dudley N (Springer, New York), pp 161–165. Science Daily (2007). Climate change isolates Rocky Mountain butterflies. http://www. sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070813171113.htm. Seabloom EW, Dobson AP, Stoms DM (2002) Extinction rates under nonrandom patterns of habitat loss. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:11229–11234. Sechrest W, et al. (2002) Hotspots and the conservation of evolutionary history. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:2067–2071. Seilacher A (1998) Rudists as bivalvian dinosaurs. In Bivalves, an Eon of Evolution, eds John- ston PA, Haggart JW (University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada), pp 423–436. Seilacher A (2007) Trace Fossil Analysis (Springer, Berlin). Sellner KG, Doucette GJ, Kirkpatrick GJ (2003) Harmful algal blooms: Causes, impacts and detection. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 30:383–406. Sepkoski JJ, Jr (1978) A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. I. Analysis of marine orders. Paleobiology 4:223–251. Sepkoski JJ, Jr (1979) A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. II. Early Phanero- zoic families and multiple equilibria. Paleobiology 5:222–251. Sepkoski JJ, Jr (1981) A factor analytic description of the Phanerozoic marine fossil record. Paleobiology 7:36–53. Sepkoski JJ, Jr (1982) A compendium of fossil marine families. Milwaukee Pub Mus Contrib Biol Geol 51:1–125. Sepkoski JJ, Jr (1984) A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. III. Post-Paleozoic families and mass extinction. Paleobiology 10:246–267. Sepkoski JJ, Jr (1992) A compendium of fossil marine animal families. Milwaukee Pub Mus Contrib Biol Geol 83:1–155. Sepkoski JJ, Jr (1993) Ten years in the library: New data confirm paleontological patterns. Paleobiology 19:43–51.

References  /  387 Sepkoski JJ, Jr (1996) Patterns of Phanerozoic extinction: A perspective from global data- bases. In Global Events and Event Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic, ed Walliser O (Springer, Berlin), pp 35–51. Sepkoski JJ, Jr (1997) Biodiversity: Past, present, and future. J Paleo 71:533–539. Sepkoski JJ, Jr, Miller AI (1985) Evolutionary faunas and the distribution of Paleozoic marine communities in space and time. In Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns: Profiles in Macroevolu- tion, ed Valentine JW (Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, NJ), pp 153–190. Setälä H, McLean MA (2004) Decomposition rate of organic substrates in relation to the spe- cies diversity of soil saprophytic fungi. Oecologia 139:98–107. Sheil D, Lawrence A (2004) Tropical biologists, local people and conservation: New oppor- tunities for collaboration. Trends Ecol Evol 19:634–638. Shellenberger M, Nordhaus T (2007) Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility (Houghton Mifflin, New York). Shepherd TD, Myers RA (2005) Direct and indirect fishery effects on small coastal elasmo- branchs in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Ecol Lett 8:1095–1104. Sibert J, Hampton J, Kleiber P, Maunder M (2006) Biomass, size, and trophic status of top predators in the Pacific Ocean. Science 314:1773–1776. Silva M, Downing JA (1995) The allometric scaling of density and body mass: A nonlinear relationship for terrestrial mammals. Am Nat 145:704–727. Skelton PW (1985) Preadaptation and evolutionary innovation in rudist bivalves. Spec Pap Palaeontol 33:159–173. Slingsby JA, Verboom GA (2006) Phylogenetic relatedness limits co-occurrence at fine spa- tial scales: Evidence from the schoenoid sedges (Cyperaceae: Schoeneae) of the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Am Nat 168:14–27. Smith AB (2001) Large-scale heterogeneity of the fossil record: Implications for Phanerozoic biodiversity studies. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 356:351–367. Smith AB (2007) Marine diversity through the Phanerozoic: Problems and prospects. J Geol Soc (London) 164:731–745. Smith AB, McGowan AJ (2007) The shape of the Phanerozoic marine palaeodiversity curve: How much can be predicted from the sedimentary rock record of western Europe? Palaeontology 50:765–774. Smith FA, et al. (2003) Body mass of Late Quaternary mammals. Ecol/Ecol Arch 84:3401–3417. Smith FDM, May RM, Harvey PH (1994) Geographical ranges of Australian mammals. J Anim Ecol 63:441–450. Smith G, Dobson AP (1992) Sexually transmitted diseases in animals. Parasitol Today 8:159–166. Smith JE, et al. (2006) Indirect effects of algae on coral: Algae-mediated, microbe-induced coral mortality. Ecol Lett 9:835–845. Smith JT, Roy K (2006) Selectivity during background extinction: Plio-Pleistocene scallops in California. Paleobiology 32:408–416. Smith KF, Sax DF, Lafferty KD (2006) Evidence for the role of infectious disease in species extinction and endangerment. Conserv Biol 20:1349–1357. Smith R, Rogo L (2005) Partnerships for the Global Taxonomy Initiative, CBD Technical Series. Available at www.bionet-intl.org/opencms/export/sites/default/resourceCentre/ pdf/BioNET_SBSTTA11_Extended_Abstract.pdf. Smith TB, Bernatchez L (2008) Evolutionary change in human-altered environments. Mol Ecol 17:1–8. Sneppen K, Bak P, Flyvbjerg H, Jensen MH (1995) Evolution as a self-organized critical phenomenon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:5209–5213. Sodhi NS, et al. (2008) Measuring the meltdown: Drivers of global amphibian extinction and decline. PLoS Biol 3:e1636.

388  /  References Soininen J, McDonald R, Hillebrand H (2007) The distance decay of similarity in ecological communities. Ecography 30:3–12. Solé R, Bascompte J (1996) Are critical phenomena relevant to large-scale evolution? Proc R Soc London Ser B 263:161–168. Solé R, Bascompte J, Manrubia SC (1996) Extinction: Bad genes or weak chaos? Proc R Soc London Ser B 263:1407–1413. Solé R, Manrubia SC, Benton M, Bak P (1997) Self-similarity of extinction statistics in the fossil record. Nature 388:764–767. Solé RV, Montoya JM, Erwin DH (2002) Recovery after mass extinction: Evolutionary assem- bly in large-scale biosphere dynamics. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 357:697–707. Soltis DE, Morris AB, McLachlan JS, Manos PS, Soltis PS (2006) Comparative phylogeogra- phy of unglaciated eastern North America. Mol Ecol 15:4261–4293. Soule ME, Terborgh J (1999) Conserving nature at regional and continental scales: A scientific program for North America. BioScience 49:809–817. Southwick EE, Southwick L, Jr (1992) Estimating the economic value of honey bees (Hy- menoptera: Apidae) as agricultural pollinators in the United States. Econ Entomol 85: 621–633. Sparks TH, Carey PD (1995) The responses of species to climate over two centuries: An analysis of the Marsham phenological record, 1736–1947. J Ecol 83:321–329. Speegle B (2007) Southern Orange County Coordinated Planning Process (SOCCPP). Avail- able at http://www.ocplanning.net/planning/soccpp/index.asp. Spehn EM, et al. (2005) Ecosystem effects of biodiversity manipulations in European grass- lands. Ecol Monogr 75:37–63. Spergel B (2002) Financing protected areas. In Making Parks Work: Strategies for Preserving Tropical Nature, eds Terborgh J, van Schaik C, Davenport L, Rao M (Island, Washington, DC), pp 364–382. Sprent JFA (1992) Parasites lost? Int J Parasitol 22:139–151. Stachowicz JJ, Tilman D (2005) Species invasions and the relationships between species di- versity, community saturation, and ecosystem functioning. In Species invasions: Insights into Ecology, Evolution and Biogeography, eds Sax DF, Stachowicz JJ, Gaines SD (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA), pp 41–64. Stanley S (1990) Delayed recovery and the timing of mass extinctions. Paleobiology 16:401–414. Stanley SM (2007) An analysis of the history of marine animal diversity. Paleobiology 33:1–55. Stark C, Condron LM, Stewart A, Di HJ, O’Callaghan M (2007) Influence of organic and min- eral amendments on microbial soil properties and processes. Appl Soil Ecol 35:79–93. Steadman DW (2006) Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds (Univ of Chicago Press, Chicago). Stebbins GL (1950) Variation and Evolution in Plants (Columbia Univ Press, New York). Stebbins GL (1974) Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level (Belknap, Cambridge, MA). Steli FG, Wells JW (1971) Diversity and age patterns in hermatypic corals. Syst Zool 20:115–126. Sterling EJ, Hurley MM, Minh LD (2006) Vietnam: A Natural History (Yale Univ Press, New Haven, CT). Steuber T (2000) Skeletal growth rates of Upper Cretaceous rudist bivalves: Implications for carbonate production and organism-environment feedbacks. Geol Soc London Spec Publ 178:21–32. Steuber T, Mitchell SF, Buhl D, Gunter G, Kasper HU (2002) Catastrophic extinction of Carib- bean rudist bivalves at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Geology 30:999–1002.

References  /  389 Stevens CJ, Dise NB, Mountford JO, Gowing DJ (2004) Impact of nitrogen deposition on the species richness of grasslands. Science 303:1876–1879. Stevens GC (1992) The elevational gradient in altitudinal range: An extension of Rapoport’s latitudinal rule to altitude. Am Nat 140:893–911. Stewart B (2002) A new kind of New Yorker, one with 82 legs. NY Times July 24, A1. Still CJ, Foster PN, Schneider SH (1999) Simulating the effects of climate change on tropical montane cloud forests. Nature 398:608–610. Stokstad E (2006) Ocean policy: Fisheries bill gives bigger role to science—but no money. Science 314:1857. Stoneham G, Chaudhri V, Ha A, Strappazzon L (2003) Auctions for conservation contracts: An empirical examination of Victoria’s Bush Tender trial. Austr J Agric Resource Econ 47:477–500. Stork NE (1993) How many species are there? Biodiversity Conserv 2:215–232. Stork NE, Lyal CHC (1993) Extinction or “co-extinction” rates? Nature 366:307. Strathmann RR (1985) Feeding and nonfeeding larval development and life history evolu- tion in marine invertebrates. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 16:339–361. Strathmann RR (1990) Why life histories evolve differently in the sea. Amer Zool 30:197–207. Strathmann RR, Strathmann MF (1982) The relationship between adult size and brooding in marine invertebrates. Am Nat 119:91–101. Stuart AJ, Kosintsev PA, Higham TFG, Lister AM (2004) Pleistocene to Holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth. Nature 431:684–690. Stuart SN, et al. (2004) Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinction worldwide. Science 306:1783–1786. Sullivan JJ, Timmins SM, Williams PA (2005) Movement of exotic plants into coastal native forests from gardens in northern New Zealand. New Zealand J Ecol 29:1–10. Sures B (2003) Accumulation of heavy metals by intestinal helminths in fish: An overview and perspective. Parasitology 126:S53–S60. Sures B (2004) Environmental parasitology: Relevancy of parasites in monitoring environ- mental pollution. Trends Parasitol 20:170–177. Swenson NG, et al. (2006) The problem and promise of scale dependency in community phylogenetics. Ecology 87:2418–2424. Swenson NG, Enquist BJ, Thompson J, Zimmerman JK (2007) The influence of spatial and size scale on phylogenetic relatedness in tropical forest communities. Ecology 88:1770–1780. Tang Q, et al. (2003) Decadal-scale variations of ecosystem productivity and control mecha- nisms in the Bohai Sea. Fish Oceanogr 12:223–235. ter Steege H, et al. (2006) Continental-scale patterns of canopy tree composition and function across Amazonia. Nature 443:444–446. Terborgh J (1999) Requiem for Nature (Island, Washington, DC). Terborgh J (2007) The green vs. the brown Amazon. NY Rev Books 54:33–35. Terborgh J, van Schaik C (2002) Why the world needs parks. In Making Parks Work: Strategies for Preserving Tropical Nature, eds Terborgh J, van Schaik C, Davenport L, Rao M (Island, Washington, DC), pp 3–14. Terborgh J, et al. (2001) Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments. Science 294:1923–1926. Thomas CD, et al. (2004) Extinction risk from climate change. Nature 427:145–148. Thompson HR (1956) Distribution of distance to nth neighbour in a population of randomly distributed individuals. Ecology 37:391–394. Thuiller W (2007) Biodiversity: Climate change and the ecologist. Nature 448:550–552. Tilman D (2004) A stochastic theory of resource competition, community assembly and inva- sions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:10854–10861.

390  /  References Tilman D, Lehman C (2001) Human-caused environmental change: Impacts on plant diver- sity and evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:5433–5440. Tilman D, May RM, Lehman CL, Nowak MA (1994) Habitat destruction and the extinction debt. Nature 371:65–66. Tilman D, et al. (1997) The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science 277:1300–1302. Tilman D, Cassman K, Matson P, Naylor R, Polasky S (2002) Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418:671–677. Tilman D, Hill J, Lehman C (2006) Carbon-negative biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass. Science 314:1598–1600. Todd JA, et al. (2002) The ecology of extinction: Molluscan feeding and faunal turnover in the Caribbean Neogene. Proc R Soc London Ser B 269:571–577. Toomey DF (1976) Paleosynecology of a Permian plant dominated marine community. N Jahr Palaontol Abh 152:1–18. Torsvik V, Øvreås L (2002) Microbial diversity and function in soil: From genes to ecosys- tems. Curr Opin Microbiol 5:240–245. Torsvik V, Goksoyr J, Daae FL (1990) High diversity of DNA of soil bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:782–787. Torsvik V, Øvreås L, Thingstad TF (2002) Prokaryotic diversity—Magnitude, dynamics, and controlling factors. Science 296:1064–1066. Toumisto H, Ruokolainen K (2006) Analyzing or explaining beta diversity? Understanding the targets of different methods of analysis. Ecology 87:2697–2708. Travis JMJ (2003) Climate change and habitat destruction: A deadly anthropogenic cocktail. Proc Biol Sci 270:467–473. Tringe SG, et al. (2005) Comparative metagenomics of microbial communities. Science 308: 554–557. Trueman CNG, Field JH, Dortch J, Charles B, Wroe S (2005) Prolonged coexistence of hu- mans and megafauna in Pleistocene Australia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:8381–8385. Tuomisto H, et al. (1995) Dissecting Amazonian biodiversity. Science 269:63–66. Turner RE, Rabalais NN, Justic D (2008) Gulf of Mexico hypoxia: Alternate states and a legacy. Environ Sci Technol 42:2323–2327. Turner WR, et al. (2007) Global conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. BioSci- ence 57:868–873. Tuss P (1996) From student to scientist, an experiential approach to science education. Sci Commun 17:25–44. Twitchett RJ, Barras CG (2004) Trace fossils in the aftermath of mass extinction events. The Application of Ichnology to Palaeoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Analysis, ed McIlroy D (Geological Society, London), pp 397–418. Twitchett RJ, Wignall P (1996) Trace fossils and the aftermath of the Permo-Triassic mass ex- tinction: Evidence from northern Italy. Palaeogeog Palaeoclimat Palaeoecol 124:137–151. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (2006) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. Available at www.fao.org/forestry/site/32038/en. Accessed 6/28/08. USA Today (2007) Endangered butterflies return home. Available at http://www.usatoday. com/tech/science/discoveries/2007-07-26-butterflies-return-home_N.htm. Valentine JW (1970) How many marine invertebrate fossil species? A new approximation. J Paleo 44:410–415. Valentine JW (1983) Seasonality: Effects in marine benthic communities. In Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities, eds Tevesz MJS, McCall PL (Plenum, New York), pp 121–156. Valentine JW, Walker TD (1986) Diversity trends within a model taxonomic hierarchy and evolution. Physica 22:31–42.

References  /  391 Valentine JW, Jablonski D, Kidwell SM, Roy K (2006) Assessing the fidelity of the fossil record by using marine bivalves. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:6599–6604. Valentine JW, Jablonski D, Krug AZ, Roy K (2008) Incumbency, diversity, and latitudinal gradients. Paleobiology 34:169–178. Valiente-Banuet A, Verdu M (2007) Facilitation can increase the phylogenetic diversity of plant communities. Ecol Lett 10:1029–1036. Van Valen L (1973) A new evolutionary law. Evol Theory 1:1–30. Van Valen L (1976) The Red Queen lives. Nature 260:575. Vane-Wright RI, Humphries CJ, Williams PH (1991) What to protect: Systematics and the agony of choice. Biol Conserv 55:235–254. Verdu M, Davila P, Garcia-Fayos P, Flores-Hernandez N, Valiente-Banuet A (2003) ‘‘Conver- gent’’ traits of Mediterranean woody plants belong to pre-Mediterranean lineages. Biol J Linn Soc 78:415–427. Vermeij GJ (2005) Invasion as expectation: A historical fact of life. In Species Invasions: Insights into Ecology, Evolution and Biogeography, eds Sax DF, Stachowicz JS, Gaines SD (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA), pp 315–339. Veron JE (1995) Corals in Space and Time: The Biogeography and Evolution of the Scleractinia (Univ of New South Wales Press, Sydney, Australia). Vieites DR, MinM-S, Wake DB (2007) Rapid diversification and dispersal during peri- ods of global warming by plethodontid salamanders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 19903–19907. Villier L, Korn D (2004) Morphological disparity of ammonoids and the mark of Permian mass extinctions. Science 306:264–266. Vitousek PM, Ehrlich PR, Ehrlich AH, Matson PA (1986) Human appropriation of the prod- ucts of photosynthesis. Bioscience 36:368–373. Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J, Melillo JM (1997) Human domination of Earth’s ecosystems. Science 277:494–499. Volkov I, Banavar JR, Hubbell SP, Maritan A (2003) Neutral theory and the relative abun- dance of species in ecology. Nature 424:1035–1037. Volkov I, Banavar JR, Hubbell SP, Maritan A (2007) Patterns of relative species abundance in rain forests and coral reefs. Nature 450:45–49. von Hagen KB, Kadereit JW (2001) The phylogeny of Gentianella (Gentianaceae) and its colonization of the Southern Hemisphere as revealed by nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence variation. Org Divers Evol 1:61–79. von Hagen KB, Kadereit JW (2003) The diversification of Halenia (Gentianaceae): Ecological opportunity versus key innovation. Evolution 57:2507–2518. Voyles J, et al. (2007) Electrolyte depletion and osmotic imbalance in amphibians with chy- tridiomycosis. Dis Aquat Org 77:113–118. Vredenburg VT (2004) Reversing introduced species effects: Experimental removal of in- troduced fish leads to rapid recovery of a declining frog. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:7646–7650. Vredenburg VT, et al. (2004) Patterns of habitat use and movement of Rana muscosa in the northern Sierra Nevada with comparisons to populations in the southern Sierra Nevada, with additional information on the biogeography of the species. California Department of Fish and Game Technical Report P0 185186:1–105. Vredenburg V, et al. (2007) Concordant molecular and phenotypic data delineate new tax- onomy and conservation priorities for the endangered mountain yellow-legged frog. J Zool 271:361–374. Wagner PJ (1995) Diversity patterns among early gastropods: Contrasting taxonomic and phylogenetic descriptions. Paleobiology 21:410–439. Wagner PJ (2000) The quality of the fossil record and the accuracy of phylogenetic inferences about sampling and diversity. Syst Biol 49:65–86.

392  /  References Wagner PJ, Kosnik MA, Lidgard S (2006) Abundance distributions imply elevated complex- ity of post-Paleozoic marine ecosystems. Science 314:1289–1292. Wake DB (2008) Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(Suppl):11466–11473. Wake DB, Papenfuss TJ, Lynch JF (1991) Distribution of salamanders along elevational tran- sects in Mexico and Guatemala. Tulane Publ Zool Bot, Suppl Publ 1:303–319. Walker TD, Valentine JW (1984) Equilibrium models of evolutionary species diversity and the number of empty niches. Am Nat 124:887–899. Walters C (2003) Folly and fantasy in the analysis of spatial catch raw data. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 60:1433–1436. Wang SC (2003) On the continuity of background and mass extinction. Paleobiology 29:455–467. Wara MW, Ravelo AC, Delaney ML (2005) Permanent El Niño-like conditions during the Pliocene warm period. Science 309:758–761. Ward P, Myers RA (2005) Shifts in open-ocean fish communities coinciding with the com- mencement of commercial fishing. Ecology 86:835–847. Wardle DA (1992) A comparative assessment of factors which influence microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen levels in soil. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 67:321–358. Waters MR, Stafford TW (2007) Redefining the Age of Clovis: Implications for the peopling of the Americas. Science 315:1122–1126. Webb CO (2000) Exploring the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities: An ex- ample for rain forest trees. Am Nat 156:145–155. Webb CO, Donoghue MJ (2005) Phylomatic: Tree assembly for applied phylogenetics. Mol Ecol Notes 5:181–183. Webb CO, Ackerly DD, McPeek M, Donoghue MJ (2002) Phylogenies and community ecol- ogy. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 33:475–505. Webb CO, Gilbert GS, Donoghue MJ (2006) Phylodiversity dependent seedling mortality, size structure, and disease in a Bornean rain forest. Ecology 87:S123–S131. Webb CO, Ackerly DD, Kembel SW (2007) Phylocom: Software for the analysis of commu- nity phylogenetic structure and trait evolution. Version 3.41. Webb SD (1969) Extinction-origination equilibria in late Cenozoic land mammals of North America. Evolution 23:688–702. Weir JT, Schluter D (2007) The latitudinal gradient in recent speciation and extinction rates of birds and mammals. Science 315:1574–1576. Weiss S, Ferrand N, eds (2007) Phylogeography of Southern European Refugia (Springer, Dor- drecht, The Netherlands). Wen J (1999) Evolution of eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct distributions in flowering plants. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 30:421–455. Weprin A (2007) Planet Earth Delivers for Discovery. Available at www.broadcastingcable. com/article/CA6428815.html. Accessed 6/28/08. Wertz S, et al. (2007) Decline of soil microbial diversity does not influence the resistance and resilience of key soil microbial functional groups following a model disturbance. Environ Microbiol 9:2211–2219. West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ (1997) A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology. Science 276:122–126. West JB, Bowen GJ, Cerling TE, Ehleringer JR (2006) Stable isotopes as one of nature’s eco- logical recorders. Trends Ecol Evol 21:408–414. Western D (1989) Conservation without parks: Wildlife in the rural landscape. In Conserva- tion for the Twenty-First Century, eds Western D, Pearl MM (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford), pp 158–165. Western D, Wright MA (1994) Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-Based Conserva- tion (Island, Washington, DC).

References  /  393 White EP, Ernest SKM, Kerkhoff AJ, Enquist BJ (2007) Relationships between body size and abundance in ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 22:323–330. Whitman WB, Coleman DC, Wiebe WJ (1998) Prokaryotes: The unseen majority. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:6578–6583. Whitmore TC (1980) The conservation of tropical rain forest. In Conservation Biology, eds Soulé ME, Wilcox BA (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA), pp 303–318. Whitmore TC, Sauer JA, eds (1992) Tropical Deforestation and Species Extinction (Chapman & Hall, London). Whittaker RH (1960) Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon, and California. Ecol Monogr 30:279–338. Whittaker RH (1967) Gradient analysis of vegetation. Biol Rev 42:207–264. Wiens JJ (2004) Speciation and ecology revisited: Phylogenetic niche conservatism and the origin of species. Evolution 58:193–197. Wiens JJ (2007a) Global patterns of species richness and diversification in amphibians. Am Nat 170(Suppl):S86–S106. Wiens JJ (2007b) The dangers of black-and-white conservation. Conserv Biol 21:1371–1372. Wiens JJ, Donoghue MJ (2004) Historical biogeography, ecology, and species richness. Trends Ecol Evol 19:639–644. Wiens JJ, Graham CH (2005) Niche conservatism: Integrating evolution, ecology, and con- servation biology. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 36:519–539. Wiens JJ, Brandley MC, Reeder TW (2006) Why does a trait evolve multiple times within a clade? Repeated evolution of snake-like body form in squamate reptiles. Evolution 60:123–141. Wikstrom N, Savolainen V, Chase MW (2001) Evolution of the angiosperms: Calibrating the family tree. Proc R Soc London Ser B 268:2211–2220. Wilf P, Labandeira CC, Johnson KR, Ellis B (2006) Decoupled plant and insect diversity after the end-Cretaceous extinction. Science 313:1112–1115. Wilkinson C, ed (2004) Status of the Coral Reefs of the World (Australian Inst Mar Sci, Towns- ville), Vols 1 and 2. Williams JW, Jackson ST, Kurtzbach JE (2007) Projected distributions of novel and disappear- ing climates by 2100 AD. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:5739–5742. Williams PA, Cameron EK (2006) Creating gardens: The diversity and progression of Euro- pean plant introductions. In Biological Invasions of New Zealand, eds Allen RB, Lee WG (Springer, Berlin), pp 33–47. Williams P, et al. (1996) A comparison of richness hotspots, rarity hotspots, and complemen- tary areas for conserving diversity of British birds. Conserv Biol 10:155–174. Wilson DE, Reeder DM (2005) Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Refer- ence (Johns Hopkins Univ Press, Baltimore), 3rd Ed. Wilson EO (1984) Biophilia (Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, MA). Wilson EO, ed (1988) Biodiversity (National Academy Press, Washington, DC). Wilson EO (1989) Threats to biodiversity. Sci Am 261:108–116. Wilson EO (1992) The Diversity of Life (Belknap Press of Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, MA). Wilson EO (2002) The Future of Life (Knopf, New York). Wilson EO (2003) The encyclopedia of life. Trends Ecol Evol 18:77–80. Wilson EO, Peter FM, eds (1988) Biodiversity (Natl Acad Press, Washington, DC). Wilson KA, et al. (2007) Conserving biodiversity efficiently: What to do, where, and when. PLoS Biol 5:e223. Windsor DA (1995) Equal rights for parasites. Conserv Biol 9:1–2. Winfree R, Williams NM, Dushoff J, Kremen C (2007) Native bees provide insurance against ongoing honey bee losses. Ecol Lett 10:1105–1113.

394  /  References Winkworth R, Lundberg J, Donoghue MJ (2008) Toward a resolution of campanulid phylog- eny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales. Taxon 57:53-65. Wohl DL, Arora S, Gladstone JR (2004) Functional redundancy supports biodiversity and ecosystem function in a closed and constant environment. Ecology 85:1534–1540. Wolf EC, Cooper DJ, Hobbs NT (2007) Hydrologic regime and herbivory stabilize an alterna- tive state in Yellowstone National Park. Ecol Appl 17:1572–1587. Wood R (1999) Reef Evolution (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford). Wood SN (2006) Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R (Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL). Woodcock S, et al. (2006) Taxa-area relationships for microbes: The unsampled and the un- seen. Ecol Lett 9:805–812. Woodhams DC, et al. (2007) Symbiotic bacteria contribute to innate immune defenses of the threatened mountain yellow-legged frog. Rana muscosa. Biol Conserv 138:390–398. Woodruff DS (2001) Declines of biomes and biotas and the future of evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:5471–5476. Worberg A, et al. (2007) Phylogeny of basal eudicots: Insights from noncoding and rapidly evolving DNA. Org Divers Evol 7:55–77. Worm B, Duffey JE (2003) Biodiversity, productivity, and stability in real food webs. Trends Ecol Evol 18:628–632. Worm B, et al. (2006) Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science 314:787–790. Wright SJ, Muller-Landau H (2006a) The future of tropical forest species. Biotropica 38:287–301. Wright SJ, Muller-Landau H (2006b) The uncertain future of tropical forest species. Biotropica 38:443–445. Wroe S, Field J (2006) A review of the evidence for a human role in the extinction of Austra- lian megafauna and an alternative interpretation. Q Sci Rev 25:2692–2703. Xiang Q-Y, et al. (2004) Regional differences in speciation and ITS evolution: A comparison between eastern Asia and eastern North America. Evolution 58:2175–2184. Yazdanbakhsh M, Kremsner PG, van Ree R (2002) Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hy- pothesis. Science 296:490–494. Young TP (2000) Restoration ecology and conservation biology. Biol Conserv 92:73–83. Young TP, Petersen DA, Clary JJ (2005) The ecology of restoration: Historical links, emerging issues and unexplored realms. Ecol Lett 8:662–673. Yurko M (2007). ROOTS: Upper Newport Bay Project. Community-Based Restoration and Education Program. http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/UNBweb/restore.html. Zedler JB, Callaway JC (1999) Tracking wetland restoration: Do mitigation sites follow de- sired trajectories? Restor Ecol 7:69–73. Zhang B, Tang Q, Jin X (2007) Decadal-scale variations of trophic levels at high trophic levels in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea ecosystem. J Mar Sys 67:304–311. Zimmermann AR, Canuel EA (2002) Sediment geochemical records of eutrophication in the mesohaline Chesapeake Bay. Limnol Oceanogr 47:1084–1093.

Next: Index »
In the Light of Evolution: Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction Get This Book
×
Buy Hardback | $80.00 Buy Ebook | $64.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

The current extinction crisis is of human making, and any favorable resolution of that biodiversity crisis--among the most dire in the 4-billion-year history of Earth--will have to be initiated by mankind. Little time remains for the public, corporations, and governments to awaken to the magnitude of what is at stake. This book aims to assist that critical educational mission, synthesizing recent scientific information and ideas about threats to biodiversity in the past, present, and projected future.

This is the second volume from the In the Light of Evolution series, based on a series of Arthur M. Sackler colloquia, and designed to promote the evolutionary sciences. Each installment explores evolutionary perspectives on a particular biological topic that is scientifically intriguing but also has special relevance to contemporary societal issues or challenges. Individually and collectively, the ILE series aims to interpret phenomena in various areas of biology through the lens of evolution, address some of the most intellectually engaging as well as pragmatically important societal issues of our times, and foster a greater appreciation of evolutionary biology as a consolidating foundation for the life sciences.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!