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Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials: International Workshop Proceedings (2009)
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. "24 Areas of the Russian Federation Affected by Radiation Contamination Due to the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident--S. M. Vakulovsky, T. S. Borodina, A. A. Volokitin, V. M. Kim, G. I. Petrenko, E. G. Tertyshnik, A. D. Uvarov, and V. N. Yakhryushin." Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials: International Workshop Proceedings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009.

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Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials: International Workshop Proceedings

24
Areas of the Russian Federation Affected by Radiation Contamination Due to the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident*

S. M. Vakulovsky, T. S. Borodina, A. A. Volokitin, V. M. Kim, G. I. Petrenko, E. G. Tertyshnik, A. D. Uvarov, and V. N. Yakhryushin, Typhoon Research and Production Association—State Institution, Obninsk


As a result of the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant on April 26, 1986, 19 Russian Federation subjects (oblasts and autonomous republics) suffered cesium-137 contamination at levels of more than 1 Ci/km2 (37 kBq/m2). The total land area with this level of contamination in all the affected regions in 1986 was 65,050 km2. Table 24-1 presents a 1998 forecast of expected changes in the contamination level over time due to radioactive decay.1 As the table indicates, by 2006 the contaminated land area totaled 31,120 km2—that is, it had been reduced in size by one-half during the 20 years since the accident.

All population centers located in areas with cesium-137 contamination levels of more than 1 Ci/km2 (37 kBq/m2) were studied to determine their level of radiation contamination.2 The results of this research are presented in Table 24-2. From this table, it is clear that based on conditions in early 2006, there were 3,234 population centers in 15 Russian regions with cesium-137 contamination levels of more than 1 Ci/km2 (37 kBq/m2). For all these population centers, calcula-

*

Translated from the Russian by Kelly Robbins.

1

Izrael, Yu. A., et al. 1998. Long-term forecast of changes in the levels of Cs-137 radioactive contamination in areas of Russia after the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident. Meteorology and Hydrology 4:5-17.

2

The term population center encompasses urbanized areas of various sizes ranging from large cities to towns, villages, and small rural settlements.
Page
191
Front Matter (R1-R14)
Opening Remarks, 1 Welcoming Remarks--Nikolay Laverov (1-4)
2 Welcoming Remarks--Frank L. Parker (5-6)
3 Welcoming Remarks--David N. McNelis (7-7)
4 Interests of the International Science and Technology Center--Norbert Jousten (8-10)
Overview Presentations, 5 Ensuring Nuclear and Radiation Safety in the Use of Nuclear Energy for Peaceful Purposes--Andrei B. Malyshev (11-16)
6 The Environmental Policy of the Russian Federal Atomic Energy Agency (Rosatom) and Priority Objectives for its Implementation--Aleksandr M. Agapov and Leonid A. Bolshov (17-31)
7 Evaluation of Radiation Ecology Status Around Russian Nuclear and Radiation Enterprises Based on Landscape-Geochemical Research--V. I. Velichkin, Ye. N. Borisenko, A. Yu. Miroshnikov, V. I. Myskin, N. V. Kuzmenkova, and I. I. Chudnyavtseva (32-42)
8 Systems Studies of the Radiation Legacy and the Development of the Informational, Legal, and Regulatory Framework for Post-Rehabilitation Institutional Control, Oversight, and Management of Radiation-Hazard Facilities in the Russian Federation--S. N. Brykin, O. G. Lebedev, V. K. Popov, and D. A. Serezhnikov (43-50)
9 Comprehensive Resolution of the Problem of Radioactive Waste Management and Rehabilitation of Contaminated Areas in the Moscow Region--S. A. Dmitriev (51-58)
Case Studies, 10 Lands Damaged as a Result of Uranium Ore Mining Operations in the Russian Federation--V. P. Karamushka and V. V. Ostroborodov (59-68)
11 Uranium Recovery and Remediation of Uranium Mill Tailings: Russian and U.S. Experience--James H. Clarke and Frank L. Parker (69-80)
12 Experience in Rehabilitating Contaminated Land and Bodies of Water Around the Mayak Production Association--Yu. V. Glagolenko, Ye. G. Drozhko, and S. I. Rovny (81-91)
13 Rehabilitation of Contaminated Groundwater Layers Near the Mayak Enterprise Using Deep Burial Technology--V. G. Skidanov, Ye. N. Kamnev, and A. I. Rybalchenko (92-94)
14 Observations Concerning Mayak--Frank L. Parker (95-98)
15 Remediation of Contaminated Facilities at the Kurchatov Institute--V. G. Volkov, Yu. A. Zverkov, S. G. Semenov, A. V. Chesnokov, and A. D. Shisha (99-109)
16 Selected Remediation Issues at the Russian Research Center - Kurchatov Institute--Roy E. Gephart (110-115)
17 Industrial Nuclear Explosion Sites in the Russian Federation: Recovery and Institutional Monitoring Problems--V. V. Kasatkin, Ye. N. Kamnev, and V. A. Ilyichev (116-120)
18 Comments on Presentation on Industrial Nuclear Explosion Sites in the Russian Federation: Recovery and Institutional Monitoring Problems--Don J. Bradley (121-126)
19 The Past, Present, and Future of the Facilities at Andreev Bay--A. P. Vasiliev (127-136)
20 Environmental Remediation of Spent Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste Temporary Storage Facilities in Gremikha Village: Challenges and Proposed Solutions--Yu. Ye. Gorlinsky, A. Yu. Kazennov, O. A. Nikolsky, V. A. Pavlov, B. S. Stepennov, and A. F. Usaty (137-151)
21 Criteria for Environmental Rehabilitation of the Temporary Storage Site for Spent Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste in Gremikha Village--Yu. Ye. Gorlinsky, V. A. Kutkov, and N. K. Shandala (152-160)
22 Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials: Coastal Maintenance Bases Andreev Bay and Gremikha--Dieter K. Rudolph (161-176)
Other Contributions, 23 Criteria for Categorizing Territories at Russian Federal Atomic Energy Agency Enterprises Experiencing Chemical and Radioactive Contamination--S. N. Brykin, N. K. Shandala, N. S. Roznova, and A. V. Titov (177-190)
24 Areas of the Russian Federation Affected by Radiation Contamination Due to the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident--S. M. Vakulovsky, T. S. Borodina, A. A. Volokitin, V. M. Kim, G. I. Petrenko, E. G. Tertyshnik, A. D. Uvarov, and V. N. Yakhryushin (191-197)
25 The Experience of the Joint Environmental-Technological Scientific Research Center for Radioactive Waste Decontamination and Environmental Protection (MosNPO Radon) in Eliminating Radiation-Hazard Facilities and Rehabilitating Contaminated Sites--V. G. Safronov, V. A. Salikov, Yu. A. Pronin, and S. V. Mikheikin (198-205)
26 Use of GIS Technology for Assessing Territories Contaminated with Radioactive Materials--A. N. Plate and A. V. Vesselovsky (206-210)
Appendix A: Workshop Agenda (211-217)
Appendix B: Titles of Additional Papers and Extended Abstracts Presented at the Workshop on Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Material (218-220)

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Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials: International Workshop Proceedings 24 Areas of the Russian Federation Affected by Radiation Contamination Due to the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident* S. M. Vakulovsky, T. S. Borodina, A. A. Volokitin, V. M. Kim, G. I. Petrenko, E. G. Tertyshnik, A. D. Uvarov, and V. N. Yakhryushin, Typhoon Research and Production Association—State Institution, Obninsk As a result of the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant on April 26, 1986, 19 Russian Federation subjects (oblasts and autonomous republics) suffered cesium-137 contamination at levels of more than 1 Ci/km2 (37 kBq/m2). The total land area with this level of contamination in all the affected regions in 1986 was 65,050 km2. Table 24-1 presents a 1998 forecast of expected changes in the contamination level over time due to radioactive decay.1 As the table indicates, by 2006 the contaminated land area totaled 31,120 km2—that is, it had been reduced in size by one-half during the 20 years since the accident. All population centers located in areas with cesium-137 contamination levels of more than 1 Ci/km2 (37 kBq/m2) were studied to determine their level of radiation contamination.2 The results of this research are presented in Table 24-2. From this table, it is clear that based on conditions in early 2006, there were 3,234 population centers in 15 Russian regions with cesium-137 contamination levels of more than 1 Ci/km2 (37 kBq/m2). For all these population centers, calcula- * Translated from the Russian by Kelly Robbins. 1 Izrael, Yu. A., et al. 1998. Long-term forecast of changes in the levels of Cs-137 radioactive contamination in areas of Russia after the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident. Meteorology and Hydrology 4:5-17. 2 The term population center encompasses urbanized areas of various sizes ranging from large cities to towns, villages, and small rural settlements.

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Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials: International Workshop Proceedings TABLE 24-1 Forecast of Expected Changes in Total Land Area in Russia with Varying Levels of Cesium-137 Radioactive Contamination Due to the Chernobyl Accident Year Area (in km2) with Varying Levels of Local Cs-137 Contamination >40 Ci/km2 15-20 Ci/km2 5-15 Ci/km2 1-5 Ci/km2 1986 580 2,070 5,780 56,260 1996 310 1,900 5,330 48,980 2006 40 1,280 3,540 26,260 2016   850 2,780 18,920 2026   625 2,700 15,040 2036   190 2,340 12,500 2046   100 1,500 10,930 tions were made to determine how long it would take for each to move to the next lowest contamination category as a result of radioactive decay. The results of these calculations are presented in Table 24-3, which indicates that there will be no population centers with contamination levels greater than 40 Ci/km2 (1,480 kBq/m2) by 2020, greater than 15 Ci/km2 (555 kBq/m2) by 2063, greater than 5 Ci/km2 (185 kBq/m2) by 2110, and greater than 1 Ci/Km2 (37 kBq/m2) by 2180. Bryansk Oblast suffered the most contamination from the Chernobyl accident of any Russian region. Therefore, information was compiled on the contamination status of the near-earth atmosphere (up to approximately 5 km from the earth’s surface) and bodies of water in this particular oblast. Figure 24-1 provides information on the change in the average annual cesium-137 activity by volume in the near-earth atmosphere over the city of Bryansk. From this figure, it is clear that the activity by volume decreased by an order of magnitude from 1987 to 1995. During the next 10 years, it changed insignificantly, fluctuating within the range of 1-3 × 10−6 Bq/m3. This amount is seven orders of magnitude lower than the activity by volume allowable for the population, as established by the Radiation Safety Norms (RSN-99).3 Levels of cesium-137 atmospheric fallout are cited for the population center of Krasnaya Gora (Figure 24-2), where the level of cesium-137 contamination is close to 5 Ci/km2 (185 kBq/m2), while near this town there is an area with substantially higher levels of soil contamination. Figure 24-2 shows that the level of atmospheric fallout declined by two orders of magnitude in the 5 years following 1986, changed insignificantly from 1991 through 2001, and subsequently fell to five times less by 2005. Figure 24-3 indicates that cesium-137 concentrations in the soil due to atmospheric fallout over 19 years totaled 11.5 kBq/m2, which is 6.2 percent of initial contamination. 3 Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 1999. Radiation security norms (RSN-99).

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Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials: International Workshop Proceedings TABLE 24-2 Numbers of Population Centers in the Russian Federation by Level of Cesium-137 Contamination on an Oblast or Autonomous Republic Basis (Conditions as of January 2006) Oblast or Autonomous Republic Total Population Centers Total Samples <1 Ci/km2 1-5 Ci/km2 5-15 Ci/km2 15-40 Ci/km2 >40 Ci/km2 Population Centers Sample Population Centers Sample Population Centers Sample Population Centers Sample Population Centers Sample Bashkortostan 16 65 16 65                 Belgorod 550 3,597 419 3,007 131 590             Bryansk 2,007 25,419 1,313 11,589 428 4,676 212 6,764 51 2,301 3 747 Volgograd 5 24 4 17 1 5             Voronezh 1,208 9,636 1,136 8,901 72 735             Kaluga 591 5,952 325 2,250 242 3,220 24 400         Kursk 1,111 6,719 984 5,616 127 1,103             Leningrad 159 1,732 122 1,335 37 430             Lipetsk 214 1,607 170 1,281 44 375             Mary El 25 72 25 72                 Mordovia 390 1,459 373 1,358 17 98             Moscow 9 49 9 49                 Nizhny Novgorod 148 742 148 742                 Novgorod 85 492 85 492                 Oryol 1,596 11,850 1,001 7,201 594 4,640 1 9         Penza 202 1,483 180 1,335 22 119             Rostov 2 10 2 10                 Ryazan 579 7,365 405 5,871 174 2,493             Saratov 11 41 11 41                 Smolensk 89 513 89 513                 Tambov 123 961 121 935 2 26             Tula 2,391 19,005 1,340 7,943 995 9,855 56 1,207         Ulyanovsk 131 559 130 552 1 4             Chuvashia 34 89 34 33                 TOTAL 11,676 105,904 8,442 61,208 2,887 28,369 293 8,380 51 2,301 3 747

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Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials: International Workshop Proceedings TABLE 24-3 Year When Last Population Center in Each Area Listed in Table 24-2 Will Shift from One Cesium-137 Contamination Category to the Next Lower Oblast or Autonomous Republic 1-5 Ci/km2 5-15 Ci/km2 15-40 Ci/km2 >40 Ci/km2 Belgorod 2048       Bryansk 2180 2110 2063 2020 Volgograd 2020       Voronezh 2044       Kaluga 2100 2030     Kursk 2050       Leningrad 2044       Lipetsk 2039       Mordovia 2040       Oryol 2077 2007     Penza 2050       Ryazan 2054       Tambov 2007       Tula 2109 2039     Ulyanovsk 2011       TOTAL 2180 2110 2063 2020 FIGURE 24-1 Changes in average annual cesium-137 activity by volume in the air over the city of Bryansk since the Chernobyl accident.

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Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials: International Workshop Proceedings FIGURE 24-2 Annual cesium-137 fallout at Krasnaya Gora settlement. FIGURE 24-3 Cesium-137 concentrations in the soil in Krasnaya Gora settlement.

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Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials: International Workshop Proceedings TABLE 24-4 Concentrations of Cesium-137, Strontium-90, and Tritium in Surface Water and Well Water, 1998-1999 Body of Water Concentration, Bq/L Cs-137 Sr-90 Tritium Lake Svyatoye na Besedi 11.1-11.4 0.40-0.42 1.6-2.1 Lake Kozhanovskoye 5.1-7.1 1.1-1.5 1.4-3.0 Outflow canal from Lake Kozhanovskoye 4.4-5.9     Nagorny Canal 0.5-1.4     Karyer Reservoir 0.30-0.34 0.57-0.86 2.1-3.1 Ponds in rural settlements Yalovka and Nikolaevka 0.6-5.4 0.37-0.91 1.8-2.8 Other small bodies of water 0.07-3.54 0.17-0.71 1.2-4.2 Rivers Iput, Besed, Snov, Korna, Vaga, Tsata 0.01-0.23 0.021-0.095 1.9-2.7 Wells in rural settlement Nikolaevka 0.05-0.4     Well in rural settlement Zaborye 0.08     Well in center of rural settlement Kozhany 0.03   1.5 Borehole in urbanized settlement Mirny, school, water pipeline     0.2 RSN-99 levels of intervention, Bq/L 11 5 7,700 The levels of radioactive contamination in bodies of water in Bryansk Oblast were also studied in detail.4 Some results of this research are presented in Table 24-4 and Figure 24-4. The table and figure show that levels of contamination in the water in rivers flowing through the contaminated areas of Bryansk Oblast and in wells located in the most contaminated population centers (Kozhany, Nikolaevka, and Zaborye) are two to three orders of magnitude below the level of intervention established by RSN-99. However, contamination levels in water in closed reservoirs located near those population centers (Lake Kozhanovskoye and Lake Svyatoye na Besedi) are close to or exceed the level of intervention. High levels of cesium-137 contamination in fish have also been identified in these lakes. Table 24-5 presents data on contamination levels in fish from these lakes. As shown in the table, the contamination levels in fish exceeded the maximum allowable level by one to two orders of magnitude. 4 Vakulovsky, S. M., et al. 2000. Radioecological monitoring of the environment in Bryansk Oblast in 1998-1999. Pp. 19-23 in Proceedings of the International Conference on Radioactivity Associated with Nuclear Explosions and Accidents, April 24-26, 2000, Moscow, vol. 2.

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Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials: International Workshop Proceedings FIGURE 24-4 Cesium-137 concentration in lakes Svyatoye and Kozhanovskoye. TABLE 24-5 Specific Cesium-137 Activity Levels in Fish, 1998-1999 Fish Length, cm Body of Water Specific Activity, kBq/kg dry weight Cs-137 Bioconcentration Factor in Fish, L/kg Perch 5 Zalomenye 0.6 1,600 Carp 10 Yalovka 0.3 400 Carp 21-23 Vereshchaki 0.3 400 Carp 21-26 Karyer 0.1-0.3 300-900 Carp 25-30 Kozhanovskoye 5.2-9.5 1,100-2,100 Carp 20-36 Kozhanovskoye 6.1-10.0 1,300-2,200 Ruffe 10 Karyer 0.13 400 Northern pike 66 Karyer 0.7 2,200 Northern pike 17-43 Kozhanovskoye 5.5-12.4 1,200-2,700 Roach 10-15 Kozhanovskoye 2-5.8 400-1,300 Roach 22 Kozhanovskoye 6 1,300