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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2008. Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs: Phase I. Proposed Approach for Recommending Revisions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12512.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2008. Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs: Phase I. Proposed Approach for Recommending Revisions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12512.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2008. Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs: Phase I. Proposed Approach for Recommending Revisions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12512.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2008. Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs: Phase I. Proposed Approach for Recommending Revisions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12512.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2008. Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs: Phase I. Proposed Approach for Recommending Revisions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12512.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2008. Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs: Phase I. Proposed Approach for Recommending Revisions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12512.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2008. Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs: Phase I. Proposed Approach for Recommending Revisions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12512.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2008. Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs: Phase I. Proposed Approach for Recommending Revisions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12512.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2008. Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs: Phase I. Proposed Approach for Recommending Revisions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12512.
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Suggested Citation:"7 References." Institute of Medicine. 2008. Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs: Phase I. Proposed Approach for Recommending Revisions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12512.
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7 References Adams, M. A., R. L. Pelletier, M. M. Zive, and J. F. Sallis. 2005. Salad bars and fruit and vegetable consumption in elementary schools: A plate waste study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 105(11):1789–1792. Alaimo, K., C. M. Olson, and E. A. Frongillo, Jr. 2001. Low family income and food insufficiency in relation to overweight in U.S. children: Is there a paradox? Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 155(10):1161–1167. Baker, J. L., L. W. Olsen, and T. I. A. Sørensen. 2007. Childhood body-mass index and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood. New England Journal of Medicine 357(23):2329– 2337. Bandini, L. G., H. Cyr, A. Must, and W. H. Dietz. 1997. Validity of reported energy intake in preadolescent girls. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65(4 Supp.):1138S–1141S. Basch, C. E., S. Shea, R. Arliss, I. R. Contento, J. Rips, B. Gutin, M. Irigoyen, and P. Zybert. 1990. Validation of mothers’ reports of dietary intake by four to seven year-old children. American Journal of Public Health 80(11):1314–1317. Baxter, S. D., W. O. Thompson, M. S. Litaker, F. H. A. Frye, and C. H. Guinn. 2002. Low accuracy and low consistency of fourth-graders’ school breakfast and school lunch recalls. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 102(3):386–395. Baxter, S. D., J. A. Royer, J. W. Hardin, C. H. Guinn, and A. F. Smith. 2007. Fourth-grade children are less accurate in reporting school breakfast than school lunch during 24-hour dietary recalls. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 39(3):126–133. Beaton, G. H. 1994. Approaches to analysis of dietary data: Relationship between planned analyses and choice of methodology. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59(1 Suppl.):253S–261S. Bhattacharya, J., J. Currie, and S. Haider. 2004. Poverty, food insecurity, and nutritional outcomes in children and adults. Journal of Health Economics 23(4):839–862. Braam, L. A. J. L. M., M. C. Ocke, H. B. Bueno-De-Mesquita, and J. C. Seidell. 1998. Determinants of obesity-related underreporting of energy intake. American Journal of Epidemiology 147(11):1081–1086. Briefel, R. R., C. T. Sempos, M. A. McDowell, S. Chien, and K. Alaimo. 1997. Dietary methods research in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Underreporting 115

116 NUTRITION STANDARDS AND MEAL REQUIREMENTS of energy intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65(4 Suppl.):1203S–1209S. Britten, P., K. Marcoe, S. Yamini, and C. Davis. 2006. Development of food intake patterns for the MyPyramid food guidance system. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 38(6 Suppl.):S78–S92. Burghardt, J. A., B. L. Devaney, and A. R. Gordon. 1995. The school nutrition dietary assessment study: Summary and discussion. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61(1 Suppl.):252S–257S. Carriquiry, A. L. 1999. Assessing the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy. Public Health Nutrition 2(1):23–33. Casey, P. H., P. M. Simpson, J. M. Gossett, M. L. Bogle, C. M. Champagne, C. Connell, D. Harsha, B. McCabe-Sellers, J. M. Robbins, J. E. Stuff, and J. Weber. 2006. The association of child and household food insecurity with childhood overweight status. Pediatrics 118(5):e1406–e1413. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2002. Iron Deficiency—United States, 1999–2000. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 51(40):897–899. http://www.cdc. gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5140a1.htm (accessed October 22, 2008). CDC. 2003. Physical activity levels among children aged 9–13 years—United States, 2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52(33):785–788. CDC. 2004. Spina bifida and anencephaly before and after folic acid mandate—United States, 1995–1996 and 1999–2000. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53(17):362–365. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5317a3.htm (accessed October 22, 2008). CDC. 2008a. Overweight Prevalence. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/childhood/ prevalence.htm (accessed August 5, 2008). CDC. 2008b. School Health Profiles: Characteristics of Health Programs Among Secondary Schools 2006. Atlanta, GA: CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/profiles/ (accessed September 2, 2008). CDC. 2008c. National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the U.S. Population: 1999–2002. NCEH Pub. No. 08-2982c. Atlanta, GA: CDC. http://www.cdc. gov/nutritionreport/download.html (accessed October 27, 2008). CFPA (California Food Policy Advocates). 2008. The Federal Child Nutrition Commodity Program: A Report on Nutritional Quality. Oakland, CA: CFPA. http://www.cfpa.net/ School_Food/commodities_full.pdf (accessed September 29, 2008). Cleveland, L. E., D. A. Cook, S. M. Krebs-Smith, and J. Friday. 1997. Method for assessing food intakes in terms of servings based on food guidance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65(Suppl.):1254S–1263S. Cullen, K. W., K. Watson, and I. Zakeri. 2008. Improvements in middle school student dietary intake after implementation of the Texas Public School Nutrition Policy. American Journal of Public Health 98(1):111–117. De Ferranti, S. D., K. Gauvreau, D. S. Ludwig, J. W. Newburger, and N. Rifai. 2006. Inflammation and changes in metabolic syndrome abnormalities in US adolescents: Findings from the 1988–1994 and 1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Clinical Chemistry 52(7):1325–1330. Devaney, B., P. Ziegler, S. Pac, V. Karwe, and S. I. Barr. 2004. Nutrient intakes of infants and toddlers. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 104(Suppl. 1):S14–S21.

REFERENCES 117 Ebbeling, C. B., and D. S. Ludwig. 2008. Tracking pediatric obesity: An index of uncertainty? Journal of the American Medical Association 299(20):2442–2443. Gleason, P. M., and C. W. Suitor. 2003. Eating at school: How the National School Lunch Program affects children’s diets. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 85(4):1047–1061. Gordon, A. R., B. L. Devaney, and J. A. Burghardt. 1995. Dietary effects of the National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61(1 Suppl.):221S–231S. Goulding, A., R. Cannan, S. M. Williams, E. J. Gold, R. W. Taylor, and N. J. Lewis-Barned. 1998. Bone mineral density in girls with forearm fractures. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 13(1):143–148. Goulding, A., I. E. Jones, R. W. Taylor, S. M. Williams, and P. J. Manning. 2001. Bone mineral density and body composition in boys with distal forearm fractures: A dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry study. Journal of Pediatrics 139(4):509–515. Greer, F. R., N. F. Krebs, R. D. Baker, Jr., J. J. S. Bhatia, M. B. Heyman, F. Lifshitz, D. Blum- Kemelor, M. P. Boland, W. Dietz, V. S. Hubbard, S. J. Walker, and P. T. Kanda. 2006. Optimizing bone health and calcium intakes of infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics 117(2):578–585. Guinn, C. H., S. D. Baxter, J. W. Hardin, J. A. Royer, and A. F. Smith. 2008. Intrusions in children’s dietary recalls: The roles of BMI, sex, race, interview protocol, and social desirability. Obesity 16(9):2169–2174. Gundersen, C., B. J. Lohman, J. C. Eisenmann, S. Garasky, and S. D. Stewart. 2008. Child- specific food insecurity and overweight are not associated in a sample of 10- to 15-year- old low-income youth. Journal of Nutrition 138(2):371–378. HHS/USDA (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services/U.S. Department of Agriculture). 1980. Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Home and Garden Bulletin No. 232. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. http://www.cnpp. usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuidelines/1980/DG1980pub.pdf (accessed July 23, 2008). HHS/USDA. 1995. Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 4th ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/ dgaspreviousguidelines1995guidelines.htm (accessed September 2, 2008). HHS/USDA. 2004. Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/report/ (accessed September 12, 2008). HHS/USDA. 2005. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 6th ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. http://www.health.gov/DietaryGuidelines/dga2005/ document (accessed July 23, 2008). IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1997. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 2000a. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 2000b. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

118 NUTRITION STANDARDS AND MEAL REQUIREMENTS IOM. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 2002/2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. IOM. 2003. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Planning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. IOM. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. IOM. 2006a. Food Insecurity and Hunger in the United States: An Assessment of the Measure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. IOM. 2006b. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. IOM. 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. ISU (Iowa State University). 1997. Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (PC-SIDE), Version 1.02. Ames: ISU. Jago, R., J. S. Harrell, R. G. McMurray, S. Edelstein, L. El Ghormli, and S. Bassin. 2006. Prevalence of abnormal lipid and blood pressure values among an ethnically diverse population of eighth-grade adolescents and screening implications. Pediatrics 117(6):2065–2073. Johnson, R. K., B. A. Yon, and J. H. Hankin. 2008. Dietary assessment and validation. In Research: Successful Approaches, 3rd ed., edited by E. R. Monsen and L. Van Horn. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association. Kennedy, E., and C. Davis. 1998. U.S. Department of Agriculture School Breakfast Program. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67(4):798S–803S. Little, P., J. Barnett, B. Margetts, A. L. Kinmonth, J. Gabbay, R. Thompson, D. Warm, H. Warwick, and S. Wooton. 1999. The validity of dietary assessment in general practice. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 53(3):165–172. Livingstone, M. B. E., A. M. Prentice, W. A. Coward, J. J. Strain, A. E. Black, P. S. W. Davies, C. M. Stewart, P. G. McKenna, and R. G. Whitehead. 1992. Validation of estimates of energy intake by weighed dietary record and diet history in children and adolescents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(1):29–35. Lytle, L. A., M. Z. Nichaman, E. Obarzanek, E. Glovsky, D. Montgomery, T. Nicklas, M. Zive, and H. Feldman. 1993. Validation of 24-hour recalls assisted by food records in third- grade children. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 93(12):1431–1436. Marcoe, K., W. Juan, S. Yamini, A. Carlson, and P. Britten. 2006. Development of food group composites and nutrient profiles for the MyPyramid food guidance system. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 38(6 Suppl.):S93–S107. Marples, C. A., and D. M. Spillman. 1995. Factors affecting students’ participation in the Cincinnati public schools lunch program. Adolescence 30(119):745–754. Martin, J. 2008a. Overview of the federal child nutrition legislation. In Managing Child Nutrition Programs: Leadership for Excellence, 2nd ed., edited by J. Martin and C. B. Oakley. Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Pp. 145–202.

REFERENCES 119 Martin, J. 2008b. History of child nutrition programs. In Managing Child Nutrition Programs: Leadership for Excellence, 2nd ed., edited by J. Martin and C. B. Oakley. Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Pp. 47–143. Martin, K. S., and A. M. Ferris. 2007. Food insecurity and gender are risk factors for obesity. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 39(1):31–36. Messiah, S. E., K. L. Arheart, B. Luke, S. E. Lipshultz, and T. L. Miller. 2008. Relationship between body mass index and metabolic syndrome risk factors among U.S. 8- to 14-year- olds, 1999 to 2002. Journal of Pediatrics 153(2):215–221. Moshfegh, A. J., D. G. Rhodes, D. J. Baer, T. Murayi, J. C. Clemens, W. V. Rumpler, D. R. Paul, R. S. Sebastian, K. J. Kuczynski, L. A. Ingwersen, R. C. Staples, and L. E. Cleveland. 2008. The US Department of Agriculture Automated Multiple-Pass Method reduces bias in the collection of energy intakes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88(2):324–332. NCH (National Coalition for the Homeless). 2008. Homeless Families with Children: NCH Fact Sheet #12. http://www.nationalhomeless.org/publications/facts/families.html (accessed October 29, 2008). NRC (National Research Council). 1986. Nutrient Adequacy: Assessment Using Food Consumption Surveys. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC. 1989. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Nusser, S. M., A. L. Carriquiry, K. W. Dodd, and W. A. Fuller. 1996. A semiparametric transformation approach to estimating usual daily intake distributions. Journal of the American Statistical Association 91(436):1440–1449. Ogden, C. L., M. D. Carroll, and K. M. Flegal. 2008. High body mass index for age among U.S. children and adolescents, 2003–2006. Journal of the American Medical Association 299(20):2401–2405. Pryer, J. A., M. Vrijheid, R. Nichols, M. Kiggins, and P. Elliott. 1997. Who are the “low energy reporters” in the Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults? International Journal of Epidemiology 26(1):146–154. SNA (School Nutrition Association). 2007. School Nutrition Operations Report: The State of School Nutrition 2007. Alexandria, VA: SNA. SNA/SNF (School Nutrition Association/School Nutrition Foundation). 2007. From Cupcakes to Carrots: Local Wellness Policies One Year Later. Alexandria, VA: SNA. Stallone, D. D., E. J. Brunner, S. A. Bingham, and M. G. Marmot. 1997. Dietary assessment in Whitehall II: The influence of reporting bias on apparent socioeconomic variation in nutrient intakes. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51(12):815–825. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2008. Consumer Price Index Database: All Urban Consumers. http://www.bls.gov/cpi/data.htm (accessed September 22, 2008). U.S. Census Bureau. 2006. Table C3. Living Arrangements of Children Under 18 Years and Marital Status of Parents, by Age, Gender, Race, and Hispanic Origin of the Child for All Children: 2006. In America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006. http://www. census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html (accessed August 28, 2008). U.S. Department of Education. 2000a. The Release of the Condition of Education: 2000. http:// nces.ed.gov/whatsnew/commissioner/remarks2000/6_01_2000.asp (accessed October 24, 2008).

120 NUTRITION STANDARDS AND MEAL REQUIREMENTS U.S. Department of Education. 2000b. In the Middle: Characteristics of Public Schools with a Focus on Middle Schools. Report NCES 2000-312. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. http://nces.ed.gov/pubSearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2000312 (accessed September 12, 2008). U.S. Department of Education. 2004. Education for Homeless Children and Youth Program: Title VII-B of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, as amended by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 Non-Regulatory Guidance. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Educations. http://www.ed.gov/programs/homeless/guidance.pdf (accessed October 1, 2008). U.S. Department of Education. 2007. Public Elementary and Secondary School Student Enrollment, High School Completions, and Staff from the Common Core of Data: School Year 2005-06. First Look. Report NCES 2007-352. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2007352 (accessed August 22, 2008). U.S. Department of Education. 2008a. Digest of Education Statistics 2007. Report NCES 2008- 022. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. http://nces.ed.gov/pubs 2008/2008022.pdf (accessed August 22, 2008). U.S. Department of Education. 2008b. Characteristics of the 100 Largest Public Elementary and Secondary School Districts in the United States: 2005–06. Report NCES 2008-339. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2008/ 2008339.pdf (accessed August 22, 2008). USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture). 1976. Part 210—National School Lunch Program. Federal Register 41(114):23695–23696. USDA. 1993. The School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study: School Food Service, Meals Offered, and Dietary Intakes. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/OANE/MENU/Published/CNP/cnp-archive.htm (accessed August 4, 2008). USDA. 1994a. National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program: Nutrition objectives for school meals; proposed rule. Federal Register 59(111):30217–30251. USDA. 1994b. School Lunch and Breakfast Cost Study: Executive Summary. http://www.fns. usda.gov/OANE/MENU/Published/CNP/FILES/LunchandBreakfastCost.htm (accessed August 4, 2008). USDA. 1995. National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program: School meals initiative for healthy children: Final Rule. Federal Register 60(113):31188–31222. USDA. 1997. Evaluation of the Nutrient Standard Menu Planning Demonstration: Findings from the Formative Evaluation. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/oane/menu/Published/CNP/FILES/formev2.pdf (accessed August 6, 2008). USDA. 1998a. Evaluation of the Nutrient Standard Menu Planning Demonstration: Summary of Findings. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/ oane/menu/Published/CNP/FILES/nsmpdem.pdf (accessed August 6, 2008). USDA. 1998b. School Food Purchase Study: Final Report. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/OANE/MENU/Published/CNP/cnp-archive. htm (accessed August 4, 2008).

REFERENCES 121 USDA. 1998c. Eating Breakfast: Effects of the School Breakfast Program. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. Http://www.fns.usda.gov/OANE/MENU/Published/ CNP/FILES/BR-REP.PDF (accessed August 4, 2008). USDA. 1999. The Story of Team Nutrition: Executive Summary of the Pilot Study. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/oane/menu/Published/ CNP/FILES/tn2execsum.pdf (accessed August 5, 2008). USDA. 2000a. The School Meals Initiative Implementation Study—First Year Report. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/oane/ menu/Published/CNP/FILES/SMIYear1.pdf (accessed August 5, 2008). USDA. 2000b. Meal Planning in the National School Lunch Program. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/menu/menu.planning.NSLP. htm (accessed August 26, 2008). USDA. 2001a. School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study—II Final Report. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/OANE/MENU/Published/ CNP/FILES/sndaII.pdf (accessed August 4, 2008). USDA. 2001b. The School Meals Initiative Implementation Study—Second Year Report. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/oane/ menu/Published/CNP/FILES/smiy2.pdf (accessed August 5, 2008). USDA. 2001c. National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program: Alternatives to standard application and meal counting procedures. Federal Register 66(183):48323– 48334. USDA. 2002a. The School Meals Initiative Implementation Study—Third Year Report. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/oane/ menu/Published/CNP/FILES/smiyear3.pdf (accessed August 4, 2008). USDA. 2002b. School Lunch Salad Bars. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/OANE/MENU/Published/CNP/FILES/saladbar.pdf (accessed August 8, 2008). USDA. 2002c. Provision 2 Guidance: National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/ Governance/prov-1-2-3/Prov2Guidance.pdf (accessed October 21, 2008). USDA. 2004. Evaluation of the School Breakfast Program Pilot Project: Final Report. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/OANE/ MENU/Published/CNP/FILES/SBPPFinal.pdf (accessed August 4, 2008). USDA. 2005. MyPyramid Food Intake Patterns. http://www.mypyramid.gov/professional/pdf _food_intake.html (accessed August 7, 2008). USDA. 2006a. USDA-approved Software Requirements Regarding Vitamin A. http://www.fns. usda.gov/CND/Governance/Policy-Memos/2006/SP_24-2006.pdf (accessed October 21, 2008). USDA. 2006b. MyPyramid Equivalents Database for USDA Survey Food Codes, 1994–2002, Version 1.0. http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=8503 (accessed August 8, 2008). USDA. 2007a. School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study—III. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/oane/MENU/Published/recentreleases. htm (accessed August 4, 2008).

122 NUTRITION STANDARDS AND MEAL REQUIREMENTS USDA. 2007b. The Road to SMI Success: A Guide for Food Service Directors. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/tn/Resources/roadto success.html (accessed August 22, 2008). USDA. 2007c. Food Distribution Programs: History and Background. http://www.fns.usda.gov/ fdd/aboutfd/history.htm (accessed October 2, 2008). USDA. 2007d. USDA Commodities in the National School Lunch Program. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/fdd/foods/healthy/White Paper.pdf (accessed October 31, 2008). USDA. 2008a. The National School Lunch Program Background and Development. http://www. fns.usda.gov/cnd/Lunch/AboutLunch/ProgramHistory_5.htm (accessed August 15, 2008). USDA. 2008b. The National School Lunch Program: Background, Trends, and Issues. http:// www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/ERR61/ (accessed August 4, 2008). USDA. 2008c. National School Lunch Program: Participation and Lunches Served. http://www. fns.usda.gov/pd/slsummar.htm (accessed August 5, 2008). USDA. 2008d. School Breakfast Program Participation and Meals Served. http://www.fns.usda. gov/pd/sbsummar.htm (accessed August 5, 2008). USDA. 2008e. School Lunch and Breakfast Cost Study—II, Final Report. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/OANE/MENU/Published/ CNP/FILES/MealCostStudy.pdf (accessed August 4, 2008). USDA. 2008f. Menu Planning in the School Breakfast Program. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/Breakfast/Menu/sbp-menu- planning.htm (accessed August 26, 2008). USDA. 2008g. Federal Cost of School Food Programs. http://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/cncosts.htm (accessed October 7, 2008). USDA. 2008h. National School Lunch, Special Milk, and School Breakfast Programs, National average payments/maximum reimbursement rates. Federal Register 73(130):38392– 38395. USDA. 2008i. Schools/Child Nutrition Commodity Programs. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/fdd/programs/schcnp/pfs-schcnp.pdf (accessed September 29, 2008). USDA. 2008j. About Commodity Processing. http://www.fns.usda.gov/fdd/processing/about_ processing.htm (accessed August 5, 2008). USDA. 2008k. Food Distribution Programs: Department of Defense Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program. http://www.fns.usda.gov/fdd/programs/dod/DoD_FreshFruitandVegetable Program.pdf (accessed September 29, 2008). USDA. 2008l. Diet Quality of American School-Age Children by School Lunch Participation Status: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004. Alexandria, VA: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service. http://www.fns.usda.gov/OANE/ menu/published/CNP/FILES/NHANES-NSLP.pdf (accessed August 20, 2008). USDA. 2008m. Child Nutrition Labeling. http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/cnlabeling/default.htm (accessed August 6, 2008). USDA. 2008n. Inside the Pyramid. http://www.mypyramid.gov/pyramid/index.html (accessed October 24, 2008).

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124 NUTRITION STANDARDS AND MEAL REQUIREMENTS Yetley, E. A. 2008. Assessing the vitamin D status of the U.S. population. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88(2):558S–564S.

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The National School Breakfast Program feeds 10 million children each day, and the National School Lunch Program feeds more than 30 million students. Yet the national nutrition standards and meal requirements for these meals were created more than a decade ago, making them out of step with recent guidance about children's diets. With so many children receiving as much as 50 percent of their daily caloric intake from school meals, it is vital for schools to provide nutritious food alongside the best possible education for the success of their students. At the request of U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Institute of Medicine assembled a committee to recommend updates and revisions to the school lunch and breakfast programs. The first part of the committee's work is reflected in the December 2008 IOM report Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs: Phase I. Proposed Approach for Recommending Revisions. Phase II of the report is expected in Fall 2009. This first report provides information about the committee's approach as it reviews the school lunch and breakfast programs. In the report's second part, the committee will share its findings and recommendations to bring these meals more in line with today's dietary guidelines. The committee welcomes public comments about its intended approach. An open forum will be held January 28, 2009 in Washington, DC to receive input from the public. Please go to http://www.iom.edu/fnb/schoolmeals for details or email FNBSchoolMeals@nas.edu with any input.

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