• Front Matter R1-R12

• Summary 1-4

• Part I: Introduction and Research on Learning 5-6

• 1: Introduction 7-20

• 2 Foundational Mathematics Content 21-58

• 3 Cognitive Foundations for Early Mathematics Learning 59-94

• 4 Developmental Variation, Sociocultural Influences, and Difficulties in Mathematics 95-120

• Part II: Teaching-Learning Paths 121-126

• 5 The Teaching-Learning Paths for Number, Relations, and Operations 127-174

• 6 The Teaching-Learning Paths for Geometry, Spatial Thinking, and Measurement 175-222

• Part III: Contexts for Teaching and Learning 223-224

• 7 Standards, Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment 225-288

• 8 The Early Childhood Workforce and Its Professional Development 289-328

• Part IV: Future Directions for Policy, Practice, and Research 329-330

• 9 Conclusions and Recommendations 331-350

• Appendix A: Glossary 351-358

• Appendix B: Concepts of Measurement 359-362

• Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff 363-370

• Index 371-386

" Part III: Contexts for Teaching and Learning ." Mathematics Learning in Early Childhood: Paths Toward Excellence and Equity . Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009 .

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