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Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 5
Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants
Volume 5
Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines
Committee on Toxicology
Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
Division on Earth and Life Studies
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 5
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This project was supported by Grant No. NNX07AP75G between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 95-73151
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-12844-5
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-12844-7
Additional copies of this report are available from:
The National Academies Press
500 Fifth Street, NW Box 285 Washington, DC 20055 800-624-6242 202-334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area) http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 2008 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
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Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 5
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 5
COMMITTEE ON SPACECRAFT EXPOSURE GUIDELINES
Members
GAROLD S. YOST (Chair),
University of Utah, Salt Lake City
A. JOHN BAILER,
Miami University, Oxford, OH
DAROL E. DODD,
The Hamner Institute for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
KEVIN E. DRISCOLL,
Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Mason, OH
DAVID W. GAYLOR,
Gaylor and Associates, Eureka Springs, AR
JACK R. HARKEMA,
Michigan State University, East Lansing
DAVID G. KAUFMAN,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
KENNETH ROSENMAN,
Michigan State University, East Lansing
KENNETH E. THUMMEL,
University of Washington, Seattle
JOYCE TSUJI,
Exponent Environmental Group, Inc., Bellevue, WA
ROCHELLE TYL,
RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC
JUDITH T. ZELIKOFF,
New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo
Staff
EILEEN N. ABT, Project Director
JENNIFER SAUNDERS, Project Director (up to December 2007)
RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Senior Editor
HEIDI MURRAY-SMITH, Research Associate
TAMARA DAWSON, Program Associate
PANOLA GOLSON, Senior Program Assistant
Sponsor
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
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COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY
Members
WILLIAM E. HALPERIN (Chair),
New Jersey Medical School, Newark
LAWRENCE S. BETTS,
Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk
EDWARD C. BISHOP,
HDR Engineering, Inc., Omaha, NE
JAMES V. BRUCKNER,
University of Georgia, Athens
GARY P. CARLSON,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
MARION EHRICH,
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg
SIDNEY GREEN,
Howard University, Washington, DC
MERYL KAROL,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
JAMES MCDOUGAL,
Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH
ROGER MCINTOSH,
Science Applications International Corporation, Baltimore, MD
GERALD WOGAN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
Staff
SUSAN N.J. MARTEL, Senior Program Officer for Toxicology
EILEEN N. ABT, Senior Program Officer for Risk Analysis
ELLEN K. MANTUS, Senior Program Officer
MIRSADA KARALIC-LONCAREVIC, Manager of the Technical Information Center
RADIAH A. ROSE, Editorial Projects Manager
TAMARA DAWSON, Senior Program Assistant
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Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 5
BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY1
Members
JONATHAN M. SAMET (Chair),
University of Southern California, Los Angeles
RAMÓN ALVAREZ,
Environmental Defense Fund, Austin, TX
JOHN M. BALBUS,
Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, DC
DALLAS BURTRAW,
Resources for the Future, Washington, DC
JAMES S. BUS,
Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI
RUTH DEFRIES,
Columbia University, New York, NY
COSTEL D. DENSON,
University of Delaware, Newark
E. DONALD ELLIOTT,
Willkie, Farr & Gallagher LLP, Washington, DC
MARY R. ENGLISH,
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
J. PAUL GILMAN,
Covanta Energy Corporation, Fairfield, NJ
JUDITH A. GRAHAM (Retired),
Pittsboro, NC
WILLIAM M. LEWIS, JR.,
University of Colorado, Boulder
JUDITH L. MEYER,
University of Georgia, Athens
DENNIS D. MURPHY,
University of Nevada, Reno
DANNY D. REIBLE,
University of Texas, Austin
JOSEPH V. RODRICKS,
ENVIRON International Corporation, Arlington, VA
ARMISTEAD G. RUSSELL,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
ROBERT F. SAWYER,
University of California, Berkeley
KIMBERLY M. THOMPSON,
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
MARK J. UTELL,
University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
Senior Staff
JAMES J. REISA, Director
DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Scholar
RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Senior Program Officer for Environmental Studies
EILEEN N. ABT, Senior Program Officer for Risk Analysis
SUSAN N.J. MARTEL, Senior Program Officer for Toxicology
KULBIR BAKSHI, Senior Program Officer
ELLEN K. MANTUS, Senior Program Officer
RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Senior Editor
1
This study was planned, overseen, and supported by the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology.
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Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 5
OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air Pollution (2008)
Respiratory Diseases Research at NIOSH (2008)
Evaluating Research Efficiency in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2008)
Hydrology, Ecology, and Fishes of the Klamath River Basin (2008)
Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology and Risk Assessment (2007)
Models in Environmental Regulatory Decision Making (2007)
Toxicity Testing in the Twenty-first Century: A Vision and a Strategy (2007)
Sediment Dredging at Superfund Megasites: Assessing the Effectiveness (2007)
Environmental Impacts of Wind-Energy Projects (2007)
Scientific Review of the Proposed Risk Assessment Bulletin from the Office of Management and Budget (2007)
Assessing the Human Health Risks of Trichloroethylene: Key Scientific Issues (2006)
New Source Review for Stationary Sources of Air Pollution (2006)
Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals (2006)
Health Risks from Dioxin and Related Compounds: Evaluation of the EPA Reassessment (2006)
Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (2006)
State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions (2006)
Superfund and Mining Megasites—Lessons from the Coeur d’Alene River Basin (2005)
Health Implications of Perchlorate Ingestion (2005)
Air Quality Management in the United States (2004)
Endangered and Threatened Species of the Platte River (2004)
Atlantic Salmon in Maine (2004)
Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin (2004)
Cumulative Environmental Effects of Alaska North Slope Oil and Gas Development (2003)
Estimating the Public Health Benefits of Proposed Air Pollution Regulations (2002)
Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practices (2002)
The Airliner Cabin Environment and Health of Passengers and Crew (2002)
Arsenic in Drinking Water: 2001 Update (2001)
Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs (2001)
Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act (2001)
A Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments (2001)
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals (six volumes, 2000-2008)
Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury (2000)
Strengthening Science at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2000)
Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (2000)
Ecological Indicators for the Nation (2000)
Waste Incineration and Public Health (2000)
Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment (1999)
Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter (four volumes, 1998-2004)
The National Research Council’s Committee on Toxicology: The First 50 Years (1997)
Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet (1996)
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Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996)
Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995)
Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)
Biologic Markers (five volumes, 1989-1995)
Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)
Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992)
Science and the National Parks (1992)
Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)
Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)
Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)
Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academies Press
(800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313
www.nap.edu
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OTHER REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY
Review of Toxicologic and Radiologic Risks to Military Personnel from Exposures to Depleted Uranium (2008)
Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants, Volume 1 (2007), Volume 2 (2008)
Review of the Department of Defense Research Program on Low-Level Exposures to Chemical Warfare Agents (2005)
Review of the Army's Technical Guides on Assessing and Managing Chemical Hazards to Deployed Personnel (2004)
Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants, Volume 1 (2004), Volume 2 (2007), Volume 3 (2008)
Toxicologic Assessment of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8 (2003)
Review of Submarine Escape Action Levels for Selected Chemicals (2002)
Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals (2001)
Evaluating Chemical and Other Agent Exposures for Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity (2001)
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 1 (2000), Volume 2 (2002), Volume 3 (2003), Volume 4 (2004), Volume 5 (2007), Volume 6 (2008), Volume 7 (2008)
Review of the US Navy’s Human Health Risk Assessment of the Naval Air Facility at Atsugi, Japan (2000)
Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines (2000)
Review of the U.S. Navy Environmental Health Center’s Health-Hazard Assessment Process (2000)
Review of the U.S. Navy’s Exposure Standard for Manufactured Vitreous Fibers (2000)
Re-Evaluation of Drinking-Water Guidelines for Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate (2000)
Submarine Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Hydrofluorocarbons: HFC-236fa, HFC-23, and HFC-404a (2000)
Review of the U.S. Army’s Health Risk Assessments for Oral Exposure to Six Chemical-Warfare Agents (1999)
Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants, Volume 1(1997), Volume 2 (1999), Volume 3 (1999)
Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants (1998)
Toxicity of Alternatives to Chlorofluorocarbons: HFC-134a and HCFC-123 (1996)
Permissible Exposure Levels for Selected Military Fuel Vapors (1996)
Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 1 (1994), Volume 2 (1996), Volume 3 (1996), Volume 4 (2000)
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Preface
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is aware of the potential toxicologic hazards to crew that might be associated with prolonged spacecraft missions. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the atmosphere within spacecraft, some contamination of the air appears inevitable. NASA has measured numerous airborne contaminants during space missions. As the missions increase in duration and complexity, ensuring the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment becomes increasingly difficult. As part of its efforts to promote safe conditions aboard spacecraft, NASA requested the National Research Council (NRC) to develop guidelines for establishing spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants and to review SMACs for various spacecraft contaminants to determine whether NASA’s recommended exposure limits are consistent with the guidelines recommended by the committee. In response to this request, the NRC first developed criteria and methods for preparing SMACs for airborne contaminants, published in its 1992 report Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. Since then, the NRC’s Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines has been reviewing NASA’s documentation of chemical-specific SMACs. This report is the fifth volume in the series Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants. The first volume was published in 1994, the second and third in 1996, and the fourth in 2000. This report presents SMACs for acrolein, C3 to C8 aliphatic saturated aldehydes, C2 to C9 alkanes, ammonia, benzene, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, 1,2-dichloroethane, dimethylhydrazine, ethanol, formaldehyde, limonene, methanol, methylene dichloride, n-butanol, propylene glycol, toluene, trimethylsilanol, and xylenes.
The committee’s review of the SMAC documents involved both oral and written presentations to the committee by the authors of the documents. The committee examined the draft documents and provided comments and recommendations for how they could be improved in a series of interim reports. The authors revised the draft SMAC documents based on the advice in the interim reports and presented them for re-examination by the committee as many times as necessary until the committee was satisfied that the SMACs were scientifi-
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cally justified and consistent with the 1992 NRC guideline report. Once these determinations are made for a SMAC document, it is ready to be published as an appendix in a volume like this one.
The committee’s interim reports were reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscripts remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of one or more of the interim reports listed above:
Lawrence S. Betts, Eastern Virginia Medical School
H. Tim Borges, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Barbara G. Callahan, University Research Engineers and Associates
Janice E. Chambers, Mississippi State University
David Dankovic, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Donald E. Gardner, Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Inc.
Robert A. Goyer, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Sidney Green, Howard University
Rogene Henderson, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute
Samuel Kacew, University of Ottawa
Gary Krieger, NewFields
Loren D. Koller, Loren Koller & Associates, LLC
John L. O’Donoghue, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry
George M. Rusch, Honeywell, Inc.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the interim report or this volume before their release.
The review of each interim report was overseen by a review coordinator, and we thank the following individuals for serving in this capacity for one or more of the interim reports listed above:
James V. Bruckner, University of Georgia
Samuel Kacew, University of Ottawa
David P. Kelly, DuPont
George M. Rusch, Honeywell, Inc.
Robert Snyder, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
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Appointed by the National Research Council, the coordinators were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of these reports was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
Special thanks are extended to John James, Noreen Khan-Mayberry, and Torin McCoy (NASA) and Hector Garcia, Shannon Langford, Chiu Wing Lam, and Raghupathy Ramanathan (Wyle Laboratories) for preparing and revising the SMAC documents. We also thank members of the committee who contributed to the development of this document, including A. John Bailer, Miami University; Darol Dodd, the Hamner Institute for Health Sciences; Kevin Driscoll, Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals; David Gaylor, Gaylor and Associates; Jack Harkema, Michigan State University; David Kaufman, University of North Carolina; Kenneth Rosenman, Michigan State University; Kenneth Thummel, University of Washington; Joyce Tsuji, Exponent Environmental Group; Rochelle Tyl, RTI International; and Judith Zelikoff, New York University School of Medicine.
We are grateful for the assistance of the NRC staff in supporting this project and preparing the report. James J. Reisa, director of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, contributed to this effort. We especially wish to recognize the contributions of Eileen Abt, program director; Jennifer Saunders, project director (through December 2007); Heidi Murray-Smith, research associate; Ruth Crossgrove, senior editor; Mirsada Karalic-Loncarevic, manager of the Technical Information Center; Radiah Rose, editorial projects manager; Tamara Dawson, program associate; and Panola Golson, senior program assistant.
Garold S. Yost, Ph.D., Chair,
Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines
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Contents
INTRODUCTION
3
APPENDIX
1 ACROLEIN
13
2 C3-C8 ALIPHATIC SATURATED ALDEHYDES
34
3 AMMONIA
48
4 BENZENE
62
5 n-BUTANOL
73
6 C2-C9 ALKANES
85
7 CARBON DIOXIDE
112
8 CARBON MONOXIDE
125
9 1,2- DICHLORETHANE
144
10 DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE
162
11 ETHANOL
190
12 FORMALDEHYDE
206
13 LIMONENE
250
14 METHANOL
275
15 METHYLENE CHLORIDE
289
16 PROPYLENE GLYCOL
314
17 TOLUENE
329
18 TRIMETHYLSILANOL
348
19 XYLENES
356
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FIGURES, AND TABLES
FIGURES
3-1
BMDS graphic representation of results for data on eye irritation,
54
6-1
Concentration-response slopes for decreases in respiratory rate after exposures to n-heptane, n-octane, and n-nonane,
96
8-1
Prediction of CO uptake and COHb saturation using CFK equation,
126
8-2
CO and COHb concentrations and toxic health effects observed on spacestation,
133
11-1
Ethanol concentrations (mg/L) measured in U.S. Lab Condensate (USL) and Russian Service Module (SM) condensate on ISS,
192
11-2
Breath acetaldehyde concentrations (ng/mL) in Asian (left) and Caucasian (right) volunteers,
200
12-1
Formaldehyde concentration measured in the ISS atmosphere,
211
13-1
Major Pathways for d-Limonene Metabolism,
254
18-1
Structures of compounds tested by Kim et al. (2006),
351
TABLES
1-1
SMACs for Acrolein, 1996,
15
1-2
SMACs for Acrolein, 2008,
22
1-3
Estimates of BMC and BMCL for 13-wk Exposures in Rats, Reported by Feron et al. (1978) with 180- and 1,000-d ACs,
26
1-4
Summation of Benchmark Dose Analysis Results,
28
1-5
Selected Inhalation Exposure Levels for Acrolein from Various Agencies,
30
2-1
Physical Properties of C3 to C8 Straight-Chain Aliphatic Aldehydes,
35
2-2
SMACs for C3 to C8 Aliphatic Saturated Aldehydes from James (2000),
36
2-3
Acceptable Concentrations for Identified Toxicological End Points, 2000,
38
2-4
Selected Odor Characteristics of C3 to C8 Aliphatic Saturated Aldehydes,
39
2-5
SMACs for C3 to C8 Aliphatic Saturated Aldehydes, 2008,
41
2-6
Incidence of Effects in the Most Sensitive End Point in Each Sex of Rats and Mice (10 Animals per Dose Group) and Estimates of BMC10 and BMCL10 for 13-wk Exposures,
43
2-7
Incidence of Effects and Estimates of BMC5 and BMCL5 for 2-y Exposures,
44
2-8
Selected Inhalation Exposure Levels for Selected C3 to C8 Aliphatic Saturated Aldehydes,
45
3-1
SMACs for Ammonia Vapors, 1994,
50
3-2
Human and Pig Responses to Ammonia Vapors,
53
3-3
VAS Severity Score Averages for Exposures of 3 to 178 min,
54
3-4
Results from BMD Analysis of Sundblad et al. 2004 Data,
54
3-5
SMACs for Ammonia Vapors, 2008,
55
3-6
Time-Averaged Scores for Each Subject and Measured Effect,
56
3-7
Air Standards for Ammonia Set by Other Organizations,
58
3-8
ACs for Ammonia,
59
4-1
Benzene End Points and Acceptable Concentrations, 1996,
65
4-2
Exposure Limits Set by Other Organizations,
69
5-1
SMACs Set in Volume 3 for n-Butanol,
75
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5-2
Comparison of Blood Parameters in Male Rats after 3 Months of Exposure to n-Butanol or n-BA,
77
5-3
ACs for n-Butanol Toxicity and Proposed SMACs,
82
6-1
Physical and Chemical Properties of C2-C9 n-Alkanes,
87
6-2
Toxicity Summary for C5-C9 Saturated Alkanes (Excluding n-Hexane),
92
6-3
Predicted RD0, RD10, and RD50 Values for C7-C11 Alkanes from Sensory Irritation Investigations,
97
6-4
Exposure Limits Set by Other Organizations,
101
6-5
Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations C2-C9 Alkanes (ppm),
101
6-6
Acceptable Concentrations,
102
7-1
Applicability of a Benchmark Dose Modeling Approach,
118
7-2
Comparison of Exposure Standards,
120
7-3
End Points and Acceptable Concentrations (Wong 1996),
123
8-1
COHb Effect Level (2% to 24%),
128
8-2
Other Organizations’ Recommendations for CO Exposure,
131
8-3
Calculated COHb and Recorded CO Aboard Mir Spacestation Post-Fire Event,
134
8-4
Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations,
135
9-1
Tumors Found in NCI Bioassay of EDC,
148
9-2
A Summary of Exposure Standards or Recommended Levels by Other Organizations for EDC Vapors,
150
9-3
Air Concentration and Specified Carcinogenic Risk Levels,
151
9-4
Summary of 1,000-d ACs for Vapors to EDC by Inhalation,
156
9-5
A Summary of SMACs for EDC for Various Durations,
159
10-1
Physical and Chemical Properties of UDMH,
163
10-2
LC50 Values for UDMH (95% Confidence Interval),
167
10-3
Incidence of Cancers in Female Mice Exposed 6 Months to DMNA-Contaminated UDMH,
172
10-4
Inhalation Toxicity Summary,
177
10-5
Exposure Limits Set by Other Organizations,
181
10-6
Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations,
181
10-7
End Point and Acceptable Concentrations,
182
11-1
Acceptable Concentrations for Ethanol End Points in Volume 3,
193
11-2
Toxicity Summary (For New Studies or Those Not Reviewed in Volume 3 SMAC Document),
194
11-3
Updated Acceptable Concentrations for Ethanol,
203
12-1
Occupational Exposure Limits and Other Established Limits for Formaldehyde,
207
12-2
Shuttle Orbiter Data on Formaldehyde Concentrations (ppm) in Spacecraft Air,
210
12-3
Current Acceptable Concentrations and SMACs for Formaldehyde,
213
12-4
Summary of Critical Toxicologic Studies on Formaldehyde Inhalation,
214
12-5
ACs for Sensory Irritation in the 1994 SMAC Document,
226
12-6
Results of Benchmark Dose Risk Analysis Conducted by Schlosser et al. (2003) and Comparison with EPA (1987) Risk Estimate Used as Basis for Existing SMAC,
234
12-7
Time-Weighted, Site-Averaged Unit-Length Labeling Index Data from Schlosser et al. (2003), Derived from Original Work of Monticello et al. (1996),
239
12-8
Acceptable Concentrations,
242
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13-1
Metabolites in Urine,
255
13-2
Incidence of Kidney Lesions, Including Cancer, in Male Rats Dosed Orally with d-Limonene for 2 Years,
256
13-3
Inhalation Toxicity of d-Limonene,
257
13-4
Oral Toxicity of d-Limonene in Rodents,
257
13-5
Oral Toxicity of d-Limonene (Non-NTP Studies),
259
13-6
Limonene Occupational Exposure Limits Set, Recommended, or Proposed by Other Organizations,
267
13-7
Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Limonene,
267
13-8
Acceptable Concentrations and Proposed SMACs for Limonene,
268
14-1
Methanol Concentrations in Foods and Beverages,
276
14-2
Background Blood Methanol and Formate Concentrations in Humans,
276
14-3
Toxicity Summary,
278
14-4
Air Standards for Methanol VaporsSet by Other Organizations,
283
14-5
SMACs for Methanol Vapors,
283
14-6
Acceptable Concentrations for Methanol (ppm),
285
15-1
Summary of Previously Published SMACS for DCM (Wong 1996),
293
15-2
Summary of Rodent Carcinogenicity Bioassays for Exposure to DCM by Inhalation,
294
15-3
Exposure Limits Recommended or Set by Other Organizations,
297
15-4
Summary of Noncancer Effects of Chronic Inhalation Exposures to DCM,
299
15-5
Incidence of Hepatic Vacuolization in Rats from DCM Inhalation,
301
15-6
Summary of BMC and BMCL for Hepatic Vacuolization for Various Models,
301
15-7
Non-neoplastic Changes in Female F344/N Rats Exposed to DCM for 2 y,
302
15-8
DCM and Renal Tubular Degeneration (NTP 1986): Summary of Results from the BMD Method,
304
15-9
Summary of 1,000-d ACs,
307
15-10
Summary of Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentration,
309
15-11
Acceptable Concentrations for Cancer Risk of 1 in 10,000,
309
16-1
Physical and Chemical Properties of Propylene Glycol,
315
16-2
Toxicity Studies of Propylene Glycol (Inhalation Exposures),
319
16-3
Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for PG,
321
16-4
Summary of Acceptable Concentrations and SMACs for Various Durations,
326
17-1
Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Toluene,
331
17-2
Summary of Dose-Response Data for Ototoxicity,
333
17-3
Toxicity Summary,
336
17-4
Air Standards for Toluene VaporsSet by Other Organizations,
340
17-5
2008 Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentration for Toluene Vapors,
340
17-6
Acceptable Concentrations for Toluene,
340
18-1
Previously Set SMACs for TMS,
349
18-2
Lipophilicity (Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient) of Three Compounds Compared with Their Antimicrobial Activity in Two Strains of Bacteria,
351
18-3
Comparison of TEELs for TMS and t-Butanol,
353
18-4
Previous and Revised SMACs for TMS,
354
19-1
A Summary of SMACs for Xylene,
360
OCR for page R19
Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 5
19-2
Toxicity Summary of Studies Included in This Document,
366
19-3
Exposure Limits Set or Recommended by Other Organizations,
370
19-4
ATSDR Inhalation Minimal Risk Levels,
370
19-5
Summary of SMACs for Xylene for Various Durations of Exposure,
373
19-6
A Summary of Updated and New ACs and SMACs for Various Durations,
382
OCR for page R20
Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 5
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