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TABLE 2.1 Emphasizing observation requirements not currently met in the vicinity of listed phenomena that would improve definition of mesoscale structure and predictions out to 48 hours
|
Phenomenon |
Size |
Duration |
Parameters to Observe |
Resolution |
||
|
∆x |
∆t |
∆z |
||||
|
Flooding from large-scale storms |
300-2000 km |
0.5-5.0 days |
Temperature |
50 km |
3 h |
200 m (up to 5 km MSL) |
|
|
|
Moisture |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
Wind |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Precipitation |
|
|
|
|
|
Nor’easter |
500-2000 km |
0.5-4.0 days |
SST |
10 km |
12 h |
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|
|
|
Temperature |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
Moisture |
50 km |
3 h |
100 m (up to 12 km) |
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|
|
Wind |
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|
|
|
|
Snowstorms |
swaths |
2 h-2 days |
Temperature |
30 km |
2 h |
100 m (up to 5 km MSL) |
|
Ice storms |
200 km wide |
|
Moisture |
|
|
|
|
1000 km long |
|
Wind |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Precipitation |
|
|
|
|
|
Hurricanes and tropical storms |
100-2000 km |
1-7 days |
Temperature |
Track forecasts |
|
|
|
|
|
Moisture |
100 km |
6 h |
500 m (up to 16 km) |
|
|
|
|
Wind |
Intensity changes |
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||
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SST |
10 km |
3 h |
200 m (up to 16 km) |
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|
Precipitation |
|
|
|
|
|
Air pollution and toxic releases |
20-1000 km |
6 h-5 days |
Temperature |
Metro areas |
|
|
|
|
|
Moisture |
5 km |
15 min |
50 m | up to top of mixed |
|
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|
|
Wind |
Rural areas |
| layer, generally |
||
|
|
|
Sources/sinks |
20-30 km |
30 min |
50 m | below 4 km AGL) |
|
|
|
|
Concentration |
|
|
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|
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