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Appendix C Bibliography Acs, Zoltan, and David Audretsch. 1990. Innovation and Small Firms. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Advanced Technology Program. 2001. Performance of 50 Completed ATP Projects, Status Re- port Number 2. NIST Special Publication 950-2. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Advanced Technology Program and National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2003. Beyond Measure: A Profile of ATP Health Care Investments. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Advanced Technology Program and National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2003. Powering Our High-Speed Economy: A Profile of ATP Energy Investments. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Advanced Technology Program and National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2003. Survey of ATP Applicants 2000. NIST GCR 03-847. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Advanced Technology Program and National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2004. Measur- ing ATP Impact: 2004 Report on Economic Progress. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Advanced Technology Program and National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2005. A Profile of ATP Manufacturing Investments, Inspiring Innovations in Industry. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Advanced Technology Program and National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2005. Survey of ATP Applicants 2002. NIST GCR 05-876. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Aerts, Kris, and Dirk Czarnitzki. 2005. “Using Innovation Survey Data to Evaluate R&D Policy: The Case of Flanders.” Catholic University of Leuven, Department of Applied Economics and Steunpunt O&O Statistieken. Aerts, Kris, and Dirk Czarnitski. 2006. “The Impact of Public R&D Funding in Flanders.” IWT ­ tudies 54. S 168

APPENDIX C 169 Aghion, Phillipe, Robin Burgess, Stephen Redding, and Fabrizio Zilibotti. 2003. “The Unequal Effects of Liberalization: Theory and Evidence from India.” Washington, DC: Center for Eco- nomic Policy Research. Agrawal, A. and R. Henderson. 2002. “Putting Patents in Context: Exploring Knowledge Transfer from MIT.” Management Science 48(1):44-60. Ahluwalia, Montek Singh. 2001. “State Level Reforms Under Economic Reforms in India.” Stanford University Working Paper No. 96, March. Aizcorbe, A., K. Flamm, and A. Kurshid. 2002. “The Role of Semiconductor Inputs in IT Hardware Price Decline: Computers vs. Communications.” Federal Reserve Finance and Economics Discussion Paper 2002-37. Washington, DC: The Federal Reserve Board of Governors. August 2002; revised 2004. Aizcorbe, A., S. Oliner, and D. Sichel. 2006. “Shifting Trends in Semiconductor Prices and the Pace of Technological Progress.” Federal Reserve Board Finance and Economics Discussion Series Working Paper No. 2006-44. September. Alberts, David, John Garska, and Frederick Stein. 1999. Network Centric Warfare. Washington, DC: Department of Defense Command and Control Research Program. Available at <http://www. dodccrp.org/files/Alberts_NCW.pdf>. Alic, John A., Lewis M. Branscomb, Harvey Brooks, Ashton B. Carter, and Gerald L. Epstein. 1992. Beyond Spin-off: Military and Commercial Technologies in a Changing World. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Allen, Stuart D., Albert N. Link, and Dan T. Rosenbaum. 2007. “Entrepreneurship and Human Capi- tal: Evidence of Patenting Activity from the Academic Sector.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 31(6):937-951. Allison, J., and M. Lemley. 1998. “Empirical Evidence on the Validity of Litigated Patents.” AIPLA Quarterly Journal 26:185-277. Altenburg, Tilman, Hubert Schmitz, and Andreas Stamm. 2008. “Breakthrough: China’s and India’s Transition from Production to Innovation.” World Development 36(2):325-344. American Intellectual Property Law Association. 2004. Reply to the National Academies Report. Washington, DC: American Intellectual Property Law Association. Amsden, Alice H. 2001. The Rise of “the Rest”: Challenges to the West from Late-industrializing Economies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Amsden, Alice H. and Wan-wen Chu. 2003. Beyond Late Development: Taiwan’s Upgrading Policies. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Amsden, Alice H., Ted Tschang, and Akira Goto. 2001. “Do Foreign Companies Conduct R&D in Developing Countries?” Tokyo, Japan: ADB Institute. Anderson, Gary, Jeanne Powell, and Stephanie Shipp. 2003. “Improving the Advanced Technol- ogy Program’s Business Reporting System—A Firm-Level R&D Survey.” Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, Government Statistics Section, [CD-ROM]. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association. Aoki, Reiko, and Sadao Nagaoka. 2004. “The Consortium Standard and Patent Pools.” The Economic Review (Keizai Kenkyu) 55(4):345-356. Aoki, Reiko, and Sadao Nagaoka. 2005. “Coalition Formation for a Consortium Standard through a Standard Body and a Patent Pool: Theory and Evidence from MPEG2, DVD and 3G.” IIR Working Paper WP#05-01. February. Applied Research Institute, Inc. 2006. Survey of the Environment for Startups. Applied Research Institute. November. Archibugi, Danielle, Jeremy Howells, and Jonathan Michie, eds. 1999. Innovation Policy and the Global Economy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Argyres, N. S., and J. P. Liebeskind. 1998. “Privatizing the Intellectual Commons: Universities and the Commercialization of Biotechnology.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 35:427-454.

170 UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PARKS Arora, A., and R. P. Merges. 2004. “Specialized Supply Firms, Property Rights, and Firm Boundar- ies.” Industrial and Corporate Change 13(3):451-476. Arora, A., M. Ceccagnoli, and W. Cohen. 2001. “R&D and the Patent Premium.” Carnegie-Mellon University and INSEAD: paper presented at the ASSA Annual Meetings. January 2002. Atlanta, Georgia. Arora, A., A. Fosfuri, and A. Gambardella. 2003. “Markets for Technology and Corporate Strategy.” In O. Granstrand, ed., Economics, Law, and Intellectual Property, Boston, MA: Kluwer Aca- demic Publishers. Arrow K. J. 2000. “Increasing Returns: Historiographic Issues and Path Dependence.” European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 7(2):171-180. Arrow, Kenneth. 1962. The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Uni- versity Press. Pp. 609-626. Arthur, W. 1989. “Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-in by Historical Small Events.” Economic Journal 99(2):116-131. Asheim, Bjorn T. et al., eds. 2003. Regional Innovation Policy for Small-medium Enterprises. C ­ heltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Association of University Research Parks. 1998. “Worldwide Research & Science Park Directory 1998.” New York: BPI Communications. Association of University Research Parks. 2008 “The Power of Place: A National Strategy for Build- ing America’s Communities of Innovation.” Tucson, AZ: Association of University Research Parks. Athreye, Suma S. 2000. “Technology Policy and Innovation: The Role of Competition Between Firms.” In Pedro Conceicao et al., eds. Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy: Opportunities and Challenges for the Knowledge Economy. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Atkinson, Robert. 2004. The Past and Future of America’s Economy–Long Waves of Innovation that Power Cycles of Growth. ­Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Atkinson, Robert. 2006. “Is the Next Economy Taking Shape?” Issues in Science and Technology. Winter. Audretsch, D. B., ed. 1998. Industrial Policy and Competitive Advantage, Volumes 1 and 2. Chelten- ham, UK: Edward Elgar. Audretsch, D. B. 1998. “Agglomeration and the Location of Innovative Activity.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 14(2):18-29. Audretsch, D. B. 2001. “The Prospects for a Technology Park at Ames: A New Economy Model for Industry-Government Partnership?” In National Research Council. A Review of the New Initia- tives at the NASA Ames Research Center. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Audretsch, D. B. 2006. The Entrepreneurial Society. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Audretsch, D. B., and M. P. Feldman. 1996. “R&D Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation and Production.” American Economic Review 86(3):630-640. Audretsch, D. B., and M. P. Feldman. 1999. “Innovation in Cities: Science-based Diversity, Special- ization, and Localized Competition.” European Economic Review 43(2):409-429. Audretsch, D. B., B. Bozeman, K. L. Combs, M. P. Feldman, A. N. Link, D. S. Siegel, P. Stephan, G. Tassey, and C. Wessner. 2002. “The Economics of Science and Technology.” Journal of Technology Transfer 27:155-203. Audretsch, D. B., H. Grimm, and C. W. Wessner. 2005. Local Heroes in the Global ­Village: Global- ization and the New Entrepreneurship Policies. New York: Springer. Auerswald, Philip E., Lewis M. Branscomb, Nicholas Demos, and Brian K. Min. 2005. Understand- ing Private-Sector Decision Making for Early-Stage Technology Development: A “Between Invention and Innovation Project” Report. NIST GCR 02–841A. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.

APPENDIX C 171 Augustine, Norman. 2007. Is America Falling Off the Flat Earth? Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Baker, Stephen. 2005. “New York’s Big Hopes for Nano.” BusinessWeek February 4. Bakouros, Y. L., D. C. Mardas, and N. C. Varsakelis. 2002. “Science Parks, a High-Tech Fantasy? An Analysis of the Science Parks of Greece.” Technovation 22(2):123-128. Baldwin, J. R., P. Hanl, and D. Sabourin. 2000. “Determinants of Innovative Activity in Canadian Manufacturing Firms: The Role of Intellectual Property Rights.” Statistics Canada Working Paper No. 122. March. Baldwin, John Russel, and Peter Hanel. 2003. Innovation and Knowledge Creation in an Open Economy: Canadian Industry and International Implications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Balzat, Markus, and Andreas Pyka. 2006. “Mapping National Innovation Systems in the OECD Area.” International Journal of Technology and Globalisation 2(1-2):158-176. Baptista, R. 1998. “Clusters, Innovation, and Growth: A Survey of the Literature.” In G. M. P. Swann, M. Prevezer, and D. Stout, eds. The Dynamics of Industrial Clustering. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Bartzokas, Anthony, and Morris Teubal. 2002. “The Political Economy of Innovation Policy Imple- mentation in Developing Countries.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 11(4-5). Beinhocker, Eric D. 2007. Origin of Wealth—Evolution, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School. Bennis, Warren, and Patricia Ward Biederman. 1997. Organizing Genius. New York: Basic Books. Berlin, Leslie. 2005. The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley. New York: Oxford University Press. Bessen, J., and M. J. Meurer. 2005. “The Patent Litigation Explosion,” Research on Innovation and Boston University School of Law: manuscript. August. Bhidé, Amar. 2006. “Venturesome Consumption, Innovation and Globalization.” Paper presented at the Centre on Capitalism & Society and CESifo Venice Summer Institute 2006, “Perspectives on the Performance of the Continent’s Economies,” 21-22 July 2006. Held at Venice International University. San Servolo, Italy. Biegelbauer, Peter S., and Susana Borras, eds. 2003. Innovation Policies in Europe and the U.S.: The New Agenda. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. Birch, David. 1981. “Who Creates Jobs?” The Public Interest 65:3-14. Blanpied, William A. 1998. “Inventing U.S. Science Policy.” Physics Today 51(2):34-40. Block, Fred, and Matthew Keller. 2008. “Where Do Innovations Come From? Transformations in the U.S. National Innovation System, 1970-2006.” The Information Technology and Innovation Forum. July. Blomström, Magnus, Ari Kokko, and Fredrik Sjöholm. 2002. “Growth & Innovation Policies for a Knowledge Economy: Experiences from Finland, Sweden, & Singapore.” EIJS Working Paper, Series No. 156. Bloomberg News. 2006. “The Next Green Revolution.” August 21. Bonvillian, William B. 2006. “Power Play, The DARPA Model and U.S. Energy Policy.” The Ameri- can Interest II(2):39-48. Booz Allen Hamilton. 2005. “Booz Allen Hamilton Global Innovation 1000: Money Isn’t Everything.” Strategy + Business, 41. Borras, Susana. 2003. The Innovation Policy of the European Union: From Government to Gover- nance. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Borrus, Michael, and Jay Stowsky. 2000. “Technology Policy and Economic Growth.” In Charles Edquist and Maureen McKelvey, eds. Systems of Innovation: Growth, Competitiveness and Employment, Vol. 2. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Branscomb, L. M., and P. E. Auerswald. 2001. Taking Technical Risks: How Innovators, Executives, and Investors Manage High-Tech Risks. Boston, MA: The MIT Press.

172 UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PARKS Branscomb, Lewis M., and Philip E. Auerswald. 2002. Between Invention and Innovation: An Analy- sis of Funding for Early-Stage Technology Development. NIST GCR 02–841. Gathersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. November. Braudel, Fernand. 1973. Capitalism and Material Life 1400-1800. London, UK: Harper Colophon Books. Breschi, S. and F. Lissoin. 2001. ��������������������������������������������������������������� “Knowledge Spillovers and Local Innovation Systems: A Critical Survey.” Industrial and Corporate Change 10(4):975-1005. Browning, L., and J. Shetler. 2000. SEMATECH: Saving the U.S. Semiconductor Industry. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. Buchanan, James M. 1987. “An Economic Theory of Clubs.” In Economics: Between a Predictive Science and Moral Philosophy. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. Bush, Nathan. 2005. “Chinese Competition Policy, It Takes More than a Law.” China Business ­ eview. May-June. R Bush, Vannevar. 1945. Science: The Endless Frontier. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Capron, Henri, and Michele Cincera. 2006. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Flemish Innovation System: An External Viewpoint. Brussels, Belgium: IWT. Caracostas, Paraskevas, and Ugur Muldur. 2001. “The Emergence of the New European Union Research and Innovation Policy.” In P. Laredo and P. Mustar, eds. Research and Innovation Policies in the New Global Economy: An International Comparative Analysis. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Castells, M., and P. Hall. 1994. Technopoles of the World. London, UK: Oxford University Press. Cebrowski, Arthur, and John Garska. 1998. “Network Centric Warfare: Its Origin and Future.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings. January. Chambers, John, ed. 1999. The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Chan, K. F., and Theresa Lau. 2005. “Assessing Technology Incubator Programs in the Science Park: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly.” Technovation 25(10):1215-1228. Chand, Satish, and Kunal Sen. 2002. “Trade Liberalization and Productivity Growth: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing.” Review of Development Economics 6, February. Chang, Connie, Stephanie Shipp, and Andrew Wang. 2002. The Advanced Technology Program: A Public-Private Partnership for Early-stage Technology Development. Venture Capital 4(4): 363-370. Chesbrough, Henry. 2003. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press. April. China Daily. 2008. “China Luring ‘Sea Turtles’ Home.” December 18. China Trade Extra. 2005. China Agrees to Delay Software Procurement Rule While Talking with U.S. July 11. Chinese Ministry of Finance. 2006. Opinions of the Ministry of Finance on Implementing Government Procurement Policies That Encourage Indigenous Innovation. Cai Ku [2006] No. 47, June 13. Chordà, I. M. 1996. “Towards the Maturity State: An Insight into the Performance of French Techno- poles.” Technovation 16(3):143-152. Chuma, Hiroyuki. 2006. “Increasing Complexity and Limits of Organization in the Micro­lithography Industry: Implications for Science-based Industries.” Research Policy 35:394-411. Chuma, Hiroyuki, and Norikazu Hashimoto. 2007. “Moore’s Law, Increasing Complexity and Limits of Organization: Modern Significance of Japanese DRAM ERA.” NISTEP Discussion Paper No. 44. National Institute of Science and Technology Policy. Cimoli, Mario, and Marina della Giusta. 2000. “The Nature of Technological Change and its Main Implications on National and Local Systems of Innovation.” IIASA Interim Report IR-98-029. Cincera, Michele. 2006. Comparison of Regional Approaches to Foster Innovation in the European Union: The Case of Flanders. Brussels, Belgium: IWT.

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186 UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PARKS National Academy of Engineering. 2004. The Engineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in the New Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Academy of Sciences/National Academy of Engineering/Insitute of Medicine. 2007. Ris- ing Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Institute of Science and Technology Policy and Mitsubishi Research Institute. 2005. Govern- ment S&T Budget Analysis during the First and Second S&T Basic Plans. �Dai-ikki oyobi dai- ( niki Kagaku-Gijutu-Kihonkeikaku kikanchuu no kenkyuu-kaihatu-soushi no naiyou-bunseki). NISTEP Report No. 84. March. National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council. 2006. “The National Strategy for Manufacturing.” New Delhi, India. March. National Research Council. 1982. Scientific Communication and National Security. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council. 1987. Balancing the National Interest: U.S. National Security Export Controls and Global Economic Competition. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council. 1996. Conflict and Cooperation in National Competition for High- t ­ echnology Industry. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council. 1999. The Advanced Technology Program: Challenges and Opportunities. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council. 1999. Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing ­ esearch. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. R National Research Council. 1999. Industry-Laboratory Partnerships: A Review of the Sandia Science and Technology Park Initiative. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council. 1999. New Vistas in Transatlantic Science and Technology Cooperation. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council. 1999. The Small Business Innovation Research Program: Challenges and Opportunities. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council. 2000. The Small Business Innovation Research Program: A Review of the Department of Defense Fast Track Initiative. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council. 2000. U.S. Industry in 2000: Studies in Competitive Performance. David C. Mowery, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council. 2001. The Advanced Technology Program: Assessing Outcomes. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council. 2001. Building a Workforce for the Information Economy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council. 2001. Capitalizing on New Needs and New Opportunities: Government- Industry Partnerships in Biotechnology and Information Technologies. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council. 2001. A Review of the New Initiatives at the NASA Ames Research Center. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council. 2001. Trends in Federal Support of Research and Graduate Education. Stephen A. Merrill, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council. 2002. Government-Industry Partnerships for the Development of New Technologies: Summary Report. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: The National Acad- emies Press. National Research Council. 2003. Government-Industry Partnerships for the Development of New Technologies: Summary Report. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: The National Acad- emies Press.

APPENDIX C 187 National Research Council. 2003. Securing the Future: Regional and National Programs to Support the Semiconductor Industry. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Research Council. 2004. Getting Up to Speed: The Future of Supercomputing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Research Council. 2004. A Patent System for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The Na- tional Academies Press. National Research Council. 2004. Productivity and Cyclicality in Semiconductors: Trends, Implica- tions, and Questions. Dale W. Jorgenson and Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Research Council. 2004. The Small Business Innovation Research Program: Program ­ iversity and Assessment Challenges. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: The National D Academies Press. National Research Council. 2005. Getting Up to Speed: The Future of Superconducting. Susan L. Graham, Marc Snir, and Cynthia A. Patterson, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Research Council. 2005. Policy Implications of International Graduate Students and Post- doctoral Scholars in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Research Council. 2007. Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. Dale W. Jorgenson and Charles W. Wessner, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Research Council. 2007. India’s Changing Innovation System. Charles W. Wessner and Sujai J. Shivakumar, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Research Council. 2007. Innovation Policies for the 21st Century. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Research Council. 2007. SBIR and the Phase III Challenge of Commercialization. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Research Council. 2008. An Assessment of the SBIR Program. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Research Council. 2008. An Assessment of the SBIR Program at the Department of Energy. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Research Council. 2008. An Assessment of the SBIR Program at the National Science Foun- dation. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Research Council. 2008. Innovative Flanders: Innovation Policies for the 21st Century. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Research Council. 2009. 21st Century Innovation Systems for Japan and the United States: Lessons from a Decade of Change. Sadao Nagaoka, Masayuki Kondo, Kenneth Flamm, and Charles Wessner, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Research Council. 2009. An Assessment of the SBIR Program at the National Institutes of Health. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Research Council. 2009. An Assessment of the SBIR Program at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Charles W. Wessner, ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Science Board. 2004. Science and Engineering Indicators 2004. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. National Science Board. 2006. Science and Engineering Indicators, Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. National Science Board. 2008. Science and Engineering Indicators 2008. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. National Science Foundation. 2004. Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards: 2003. NSF 05-300. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation.

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Understanding Research, Science and Technology Parks: Global Best Practices: Report of a Symposium Get This Book
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Many nations are currently adopting a variety of directed strategies to launch and support research parks, often with significant financial commitments and policy support. By better understanding how research parks of other nations operate, we can seek to improve the scale and contributions of parks in the U.S. To that end, the National Academies convened an international conference on global best practices in research parks.

This volume, a report of the conference, includes discussion of the diverse roles that research parks in both universities and laboratories play in national innovation systems. The presentations identify common challenges and demonstrate substantial differences in research park programs around the world.

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