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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Medical Isotope Production Without Highly Enriched Uranium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12569.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Medical Isotope Production Without Highly Enriched Uranium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12569.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Medical Isotope Production Without Highly Enriched Uranium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12569.
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Page 165
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Medical Isotope Production Without Highly Enriched Uranium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12569.
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Page 166
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Medical Isotope Production Without Highly Enriched Uranium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12569.
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Page 167
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Medical Isotope Production Without Highly Enriched Uranium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12569.
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References Ad Hoc Health Experts Working Group on Medical Isotopes. 2008. Lessons learned from the shutdown of the Chalk River reactor: Report submitted to the (Canadian) Minister of Health, May. AIPES (Association of Imaging Producers and Equipment Suppliers). 2007. General background on NRU Reactor problem at Chalk River, Canada. Press Release, December 17. Allen, C. W., R. A. Butler, C. Jarousse, and J. L. Falgoux. 2007. Feasibility development program LEU-foil plate type target for the production of Mo-99. Abstract. 2007 In- ternational RERTR (Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors) Meeting, Prague, Czech Republic, September 23-27, 2007. Available at http://www.rertr.anl.gov/ RERTR29/PDF/9-3_Allen.pdf. Apolo A. B., N. Pandit-Taskar, M. J. Morris. 2008. Novel tracers and their development for the imaging of metastatic prostate cancer. J Nucl Med 49(12):2031-2041. AuntMinnie.com Staff Writers. 2008. Nuclear medicine procedures up in 2007. Copyright © AuntMinnie.com 2008. Available at http://www.auntminnie.com/index.asp?Sec= sup&Sub=mol&Pag=dis&ItemId=83450&wf=1236. Bakel A., A. Leyva, T. Wiencek, A. Hebden, K. Quigley, J. Falkenberg, L. Hafenrichter, and G. Vandergrift. 2008. Overview of Argonne progress related to implementation of the LEU-modified Centichem process. Presented at 2008 International RERTR Meeting, Washington, DC, October 5-9. Ball, R. 1999. Characteristics of Nuclear Reactors Used for the Production of Molybdenum- 99. IAEA-TECDOC-106. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency. Bateman T. M., G. V. Heller, A. I. McGhie, J. D. Friedman, J. A. Case, J. R. Bryngelson, G. K. Hertenstein, K. L. Moutray, K. Reid, S. J. Cullom. 2006. Diagnostic accuracy of rest/stress ECG-gated Rb-82 myocardial perfusion PET: comparison with ECG-gated Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT. Nucl Cardiol 13(1):24-33. Bio-Tech Systems, Inc. 2006. The U.S. market for diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals. Bio-Tech Systems Report 250, Las Vegas, NV. 163

164 MEDICAL ISOTOPE PRODUCTION WITHOUT HIGHLY ENRICHED URANIUM Bonet, H., B. David, and B. Ponsard. 2005. Production of 99Mo in Europe: Status and per- spectives. Presentation at the 9th International Topical Meeting on Research Reactor Fuel Management (RRFM), Budapest, Hungary, April 10-13. Available at http://www. euronuclear.org/meetings/rrfm2005/presentations/Bonet.pdf. Briyatmoko, B., B. Guswardani, S. Purwanta, S. Permana, D. ­Basiran, and M. Kartaman. 2007. Indonesia’s current status for conversion of Mo-99 ­production to LEU fission. Presentation at the 2007 International RERTR Meeting, Prague, Czech ­ Republic, September 23-27. Available at http://www.rertr.anl.gov/RERTR29/PDF/6-1_­Briyatmoko.pdf. Brown, R. W. 2005. The radiopharmaceutical industry’s effort to migrate toward Mo-99 pro- duction utilizing LEU. Presentation at the 2005 International RERTR Meeting, ­Boston, MA, November 6-10. Available at http://www.rertr.anl.gov/RERTR27/PDF/S8-2_Brown. pdf. Buchhold, B. A., and G.E. Vandegrift. 1995. Processing of LEU Targets for 99Mo ­Production– D ­ issolution of U3Si2Targets by Alkaline Peroxide, ANL/CMT/CP-8772 (CONF-9509253-8), September. Butler, R. A. 2008. Production of molybdenum 99 at the University of Missouri Research Reactor Center. Presentation at the INMM (Institute of Nuclear Materials Management) Annual Meeting, Nashville, TN, July 13-17. Cestau D., A. Novello, P. Cristini, M. Bronca, R. Centurión, R. Bavaro, J. Cestau, E. Carranza. 2007. HEU and LEU comparison in the production of molybdenum-99. Presentation at the International RERTR Meeting, Prague, Czech Republic, September 23-27. Available at http://www.rertr.anl.gov/RERTR29/PDF/6-4_Cestau.pdf. Cestau D., A. Novello, P. Cristini, M. Bronca, R. Centurión, R. Bavaro, J. Cestau, and E. C ­ arranza. 2008. HEU and LEU cost comparison in the production of molybdenum-99. Presentation at the 2008 International RERTR Meeting, Washington, DC, October 5-9. Chemerisov, S., A. Gelis, A. Bakel, and G. Vandegrift. 2008. Radiolysis effects on the composi- tion and rate of gas generation in an aqueous homogeneous reactor. Presentation at the 2008 International RERTR Meeting, Washington, DC, October 5-9. Collier, R. 2008. Canada’s nuclear fallout. Canadian Medical Association Journal 178(5): 536-538. Cols, H. J., P. R. Cristini, and A. C. Manzini. 2000. Mo-99 from low-enriched uranium. Presentation at the 2000 International RERTR Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, October 1-6. Available at http://www.rertr.anl.gov/Web2000/PDF/Cristi00.pdf. DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 1996a. Medical Isotopes Production Project: Molybdenum-99 and Related Isotopes, Environmental Impact Statement, Vols 1 & 2, DOE/EIS-0249F, April. DOE. 1996b. Medical Isotopes Production Project: Molybdenum-99 and Related Isotopes, Record of Decision, September 1996. Medical isotope EIS (p. 3.2). Donlevy, T. M., P. J. Anderson, G. Storr, G. Yeoh, D. Beattie, M. Deura, D. Wassink, B. Brad- dock, and W. Chant. 2000. Low enrichment Mo-99 target development program at AN- STO. Presentation at the 2000 International RERTR Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, October 1-6. Available at http://www.rertr.anl.gov/Web2000/PDF/Horlo00.pdf. Durán, A. 2005. Radionuclide purity of fission Mo-99 produced from LEU and HEU. A comparative study. Presentation at the 2005 International RERTR Meeting, Boston, MA, November 6-10. Available at http://www.rertr.anl.gov/RERTR27/PDF/S8-3_Duran.pdf. Durand, J. P., Y. Fanjas, and A. Tissier. 1992. Development of higher density fuel at CERCA. Proceedings of the 1992 International Meeting on Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors. Roskilde, Denmark, September 27-October 1, ANL/RERT/TM19 (Conf-9209266) pp. 50-61.

REFERENCES 165 ESFRI (European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures). 2006. European Roadmap for Research Infrastructures. Luxembourg: Office for the Official Publications of the European Communities. Gelis, A., S. Chemerisov, A. Bakel, and G. Vandegrift. 2008. Radiolysis effects on molybdenum oxidation state and recovery from aqueous-homogeneous-reactor fuel. Presentation at the 2008 International RERTR Meeting, Washington, DC, October 5-9. Glaser, A. 2006. On the proliferation potential of uranium fuel for research reactors at various enrichment levels. Science and Global Security. 14:1-24. Goldman, I. N., N. Ramamorthy, and P. Adelfang. 2007. Progress and status of the IAEA co- ordinated research project: Production of Mo-99 using LEU fission or neutron activation. Presentation at the 2007 International RERTR Meeting, Prague, Czech Republic, Septem- ber 23-27. Available at http://www.rertr.anl.gov/RERTR29/PDF/6-3_Goldman.pdf. Higuchi, T., S. G. Nekolla, M. M. Huisman, S. Reder, T. Poethko, M. Yu, H.-J. Wester, D. S. Casebier, S. P. Robinson, R. M. Botnar, and M. Schwaiger. 2008. A new 18F-labeled myo- cardial pet tracer: Myocardial uptake after permanent and transient coronary occlusion in rats. J Nucl Med 49:1715-1722. HM Treasury. 2003. The Green Book: Appraisal and Evaluation in Central Government. London: HM Treasury. Hudsmith, L. E., and S. Neubauer. 2008. Detection of myocardial disorders by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 5(S2):S49-S56. IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency). 1998. Management of Radioactive Waste from 99Mo Production. November 1998, IAEA-TECDOC-1051. Vienna, Austria: IAEA. IAEA. 1999. The Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Nuclear Facilities. INFCIRC 225, Rev. 4, Vienna, Austria: IAEA. Available at http://www.iaea.org/Publications/­ Documents/Infcircs/1999/infcirc225r4c/rev4_content.html. IAEA. 2000. Nuclear Research Reactors of the World. Reference Data Series No. 3. September, Vienna, Austria: IAEA. IAEA. 2003. Consultants Report on Small Scale Fission Molybdenum-99 Production from Low Enriched Uranium (LEU). July 7-10. Vienna, Austria: IAEA. IAEA. 2004. IAEA Safety Standards, Safety Requirements. No. TS-R-1 2005 Ed. Vienna, Austria: IAEA. Available at http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1225_ web.pdf. IAEA. 2008. Optimization of Research Reactor Availability and Reliability: Recommended Practices. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series No. Np-T-5.4. Vienna, Austria: IAEA. Iracane, D. 2007. JHR Project Status. Proceedings of the International Group on Research Reactors. Lyon, France. March 12-14. Available at http://www.igorr.com/home/liblocal/ docs/Proceeding/Meeting%2011/Iracane.pdf. Kim, K.-H., M.-K. Son, S.-J. Oh, D.-B. Lee, B.-C. Lee, C.-K. Kim, and D.-S. Sohn. 2004. Development of the fabrication technology of wide uranium foils for Mo-99 irradi- ation target by cooling-roll casting method. Presentation at the 2004 International RERTR Meeting, Vienna, Austria, November 7-12. Available at http://www.rertr.anl. gov/RERTR26 /pdf/58-Kim.pdf. Kohut, C., M. de la Fuente, P. Echenique, D. Podesta, and P. Adelfang. 2000. Target develop- ment of low enrichment for production of 99Mo for fission. Presentation at the 2000 International RERTR Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, October 1-6. Available at http://www. rertr.anl.gov/Web2000/PDF/Fuente00.pdf. Kolar, Z. I., and H. T. Wolterbeek. 2004. Making of fission 99Mo from LEU silicide(s): A radiochemist’s view. Presentation at the 2004 International RERTR Meeting, Vienna, Austria, November 7-12. Available at http://www.rertr.anl.gov/RERTR26/pdf/59-Kolar. pdf.

166 MEDICAL ISOTOPE PRODUCTION WITHOUT HIGHLY ENRICHED URANIUM Koonen, E. 2008. Ongoing activities at BR2 with regard to conversion. Presentation at the 2008 International RERTR Meeting, Washington, DC, October 5-9. Kudo, T. 2007. Metabolic imaging using PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 34(Suppl 1): S49-S61. Kuperman, A. J. 2005. Weaker U.S. export controls on bomb-grade uranium: Causes, con- sequences, and prospects. Presentation at the 2005 International RERTR Meeting, Boston, MA, November 6-10. Available at http://www.rertr.anl.gov/RERTR27/PDF/ S8-4_­Kuperman.pdf. Kuperman, A. J. 2006. Bomb-grade bazaar: How industry, lobbyists, and Congress weakened export controls on highly enriched uranium. Bulletin of Atomic Scientists. pp. 44-40. March/April. Malkoske G. R., B. S. Eng, and P. Eng. 2003. The LEU target development and conversion program for the maple reactors and new processing facility. Presentation at the 2003 International RERTR Meeting, Chicago, IL, October 5-10. Available at http://www.rertr. anl.gov/RERTR25/PDF/Malkoske.pdf. Moore, M. A., A. E. Boardman, A. R. Vining, D. L. Weimer, and D. H. Greenberg. 2004. “Just give me a number!”: Practical values for the social discount rate. J of Policy Anal and Manag 23(4):789-812. MURR (University of Missouri Research Reactor Center). 2006. Feasibility study–part 4: Technical and regulatory program for registration of fission 99Mo prepared for using low enriched uranium-235. Technical data report TDR-0106, October. NEA (Nuclear Energy Agency). 2005. Beneficial uses and production of isotopes: 2004 ­update. NEA No. 5293. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. NNSA and ANSTO (National Nuclear Security Administration and Australian Nuclear Sci- ence and Technology Organisation). 2007. Global initiative to combat nuclear terrorism: Workshop on the production of Mo-99 using low enriched uranium. Workshop report, 21 pp. Sydney, Australia, December 2-5. NRC and IOM (National Research Council and Institute of Medicine). 2007. Advancing Nuclear Medicine through Innovation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Available at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11985. OMB (U.S. Office of Management and Budget). 1996. Economic analysis of federal regula- tions under Executive Order 12866. Washington, DC: OMB. Available at http://www. whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg/riaguide.html. Ottinger, C. L., and E. D. Collins. 1996. Assessment of potential ORNL contributions to sup- ply of molybdenum-99. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report No. ORNL/TM-13184. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Perkins, A., A. Hilson, and J. Hall. 2008. Global shortage of medical isotopes t ­ hreatens nuclear medicine services. BMJ 337:a1577. Available at http://www.bmj. com/cgi/content/extract/337/sep05_2/a1577. Piani, C. S. B. 2007. SAFARI-1: Adjusting priorities during the LEU conversion program. Presentation at the 11th International Topical Meeting on Research Reactor Fuel Man- agement (RRFM), Lyon, France, March 12-15. Reynolds, E. 2008. Overview of Babcock & Wilcox Medical Isotope Production System (MIPS). 2008. Overview of Argonne progress related to implementation of Mo-99 pro- duction by use of a homogeneous reactor. Presentation at the 2008 International RERTR Meeting, Washington, DC, October 5-9. Rispler S., Z. Keidar, E. Ghersin, A. Roguin, A. Soil, R. Dragu, D. Litmanovich, A. ­Frenkel, D. Aronson, A. Engel, R. Beyar, O. Israel. ���������������������������������������� 2007. Integrated single-photon emission computed tomography and computed tomography coronary angiography for the assess­ment of hemo­dynamically significant coronary artery lesions. J Am Coll Cardiol 49(10):1059-1067.

REFERENCES 167 Schrader R., J. Klein, J. Medal, J. Marín, N. Salazar, M. Barrera, C. Albornoz, M. Chandía, X. Errazu, R. Becerra, G. Sylvester, J. C. Jiménez, E. Vargas. 2007. Progress in Chile in the development of the fission 99Mo production using modified CINTICHEM. Presentation at the 2007 International RERTR Meeting, Prague, Czech Republic, September 23-27. Available at http://www.rertr.anl.gov/RERTR29/PDF/9-4_Schrader.pdf. Shah D. J., R. M. Judd, and R. J. Kim. 2005. Technology insight: MRI of the myocardium. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2(11):597-605. SNM (Society for Nuclear Medicine). 2008. Preliminary Draft Report of the SNM Isotope Availability Task Group. June. Available at http://interactive.snm.org/docs/DRAFT_ r ­ eport_7.15.08.pdf. Solbrekken, G. L., A. S. El-Gizawy, and C. Allen. 2008. Engineering design of LEU foil based target for high volume production of Mo-99. 2008 International RERTR Meeting, Washington, DC, October 5-9. Takács S., F. Tárkányi, M. Sonck, and A. Hermanne. 2002. Investigation of the natMo(p,x)96mgTc nuclear reaction to monitor proton beams: New measurements and consequences on the earlier reported data. Nucl Inst Method in Phy Res B 198:183-196. Takács S., Z. Szűcs, F. Tárkányi, A. Hermanne, and M. Sonck. 2003. Evaluation of proton induced reactions on 100Mo: New cross sections for production of 99mTc and 99Mo. Radioanal Nucl Chem 257(1):195-210. TRIUMF. 2008. Making Medical Isotopes: Report of the Task Force on Alternatives for Medical-Isotope Production. Available at http://admin.triumf.ca/facility/5yp/comm/­ Report-vPREPUB.pdf. USNRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 1988. Safety Evaluation Report Related to the Evaluation of Low-Enriched Uranium Silicide-Aluminum Dispersion Fuel for Use in Non-Power Reactors. NUREG-1313, July. Rockville, MD: USNRC. Vandegrift, G. 2005. Facts and Myths Concerning 99Mo Production with HEU and LEU ­Targets. Presentation at the 2005 International RERTR Meeting, Boston, MA, November 6-10. Available at http://www.rertr.anl.gov/RERTR27/PDF/S8-1_VandeGrift.pdf. Vandegrift G. F., A. J. Bakel, and J. W. Thomas. 2007. Overview of 2007 ANL progress for conversion of HEU-based Mo-99 production as part of the U.S. global threat ­reduction– conversion program. Presentation at the 2007 International RERTR Meeting, Prague, Czech Republic, September 23-27. Available at http://www.rertr.anl.gov/RERTR29/ PDF/6-2_Vandegrift.pdf. Vandegrift, G., J. Fortner, A. Bakel, S. Chemerisov, A. Gelis, J. Jerden, D. Stepinski, and A. Zeigler. 2008. Overview of Argonne progress related to implementation of Mo-99 pro- duction by use of a homogeneous reactor. Presentation at the 2008 International RERTR Meeting, Washington, DC, October 5-9. van der Schaaf, B., F. J. B������������������������������������������������������������������ lom, K. O��������������������������������������������������������� . Broekhaus, and R. Jansma. 2008. Pallas, the New Petten ����������������������������� Research and Isotope Reactor. Proceedings of the Research Reactor Fuel Management Conference, Hamburg, Germany, March 2-5. von Hippel, F. N., and L. H. Kahn. 2006. Feasibility of eliminating the use of highly ­enriched uranium in the production of medical radioisotopes. Science and Global Security 14:151-162. Wiencek, T. C., G. F. Vandegrift, A. Bakel, A. A. Leyva, and A. S. Hebden. 2008. Status and progress of foil and target fabrication activities for the production of 99Mo from LEU. Presentation at the 2008 International RERTR Meeting, Washington, DC, October 5-9. Ziegler, A. J., D. C. Stepinski, J. F. Krebs, S. D. Chemerisov, A. J. Bakel, and G. F. Vandegrift. 2008. Mo-99 recovery from aqueous-homogenous-reactor fuel-behavior of termoxid sorbents. Presentation at the 2008 International RERTR Meeting, Washington, DC, October 5-9.

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This book is the product of a congressionally mandated study to examine the feasibility of eliminating the use of highly enriched uranium (HEU2) in reactor fuel, reactor targets, and medical isotope production facilities. The book focuses primarily on the use of HEU for the production of the medical isotope molybdenum-99 (Mo-99), whose decay product, technetium-99m3 (Tc-99m), is used in the majority of medical diagnostic imaging procedures in the United States, and secondarily on the use of HEU for research and test reactor fuel.

The supply of Mo-99 in the U.S. is likely to be unreliable until newer production sources come online. The reliability of the current supply system is an important medical isotope concern; this book concludes that achieving a cost difference of less than 10 percent in facilities that will need to convert from HEU- to LEU-based Mo-99 production is much less important than is reliability of supply.

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