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Global Security Engagement: A New Model for Cooperative Threat Reduction (2009)

Chapter: Appendix C: Department of Defense Cooperative Threat Reduction Program History: References

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Department of Defense Cooperative Threat Reduction Program History: References." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. Global Security Engagement: A New Model for Cooperative Threat Reduction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12583.
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Page 139
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Department of Defense Cooperative Threat Reduction Program History: References." National Academy of Sciences. 2009. Global Security Engagement: A New Model for Cooperative Threat Reduction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12583.
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Page 140

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Appendix C Department of Defense Cooperative Threat Reduction Program History: References Allison, Graham, Ashton B. Carter, Steven E. Miller, and Philip Zelikow, eds. 1993. Cooperative Denuclearization: From Pledges to Deeds. Cambridge, Mass.: Center for Science and Interna- tional Affairs, Harvard University, January 1993. Allison, Graham, Owen R. Cote, Jr., Richard A. Falkenrath, and Steven E. Miller. 1996. Avoid- ing Nuclear Anarchy: Containing the Threat of Loose Russian Nuclear Weapons and Fissile Material. Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Press. Accessed at http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=5530 on May 18, 2009. Binnendijk, Hans and Mary Locke. 1993. The Diplomatic Record, 1991-1992. Boulder, CO: West- view Press. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 2002. Re-Shaping U.S.–Russian Threat Reduction: New Approaches for the Second Decade. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for Inter- national Peace and the Russian American Nuclear Security Advisory Council. Accessed at http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/ReshapingThreatReduction.pdf on May 18, 2009. Carter, Ashton and William J. Perry. 1999. Preventive Defense: A New Security Strategy for America. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. Carter, Ashton, William J. Perry, and John D. Steinbruner. 1992. A New Concept of Cooperative Security. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. Carter, Ashton, Kurt Campbell, Steven Miller, and Charles Zraket. 1991. Soviet Nuclear Fission: Control of the Nuclear Arsenal in a Disintegrating Soviet Union. Cambridge, Mass.: Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University. Einhorn, Robert and Michèle Flournoy. Protecting Against the Spread of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons: An Action Agenda for the Global Partnership. 2003. Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Threat Initiative. Moltz, James Clay, et al. Special Report: Assessing U.S. Nonproliferation Assistance to the Newly Independent States. 2000. The Nonproliferation Review. 7:1. Accessed at http://cns.miis. edu/npr/71toc.htm on May 18, 2009. Orlov, Vladimir, Roland Timerbaev, and Anton Kholpkov. 2002. Nuclear Nonproliferation in U.S.- Russian Relations: Challenges and Opportunities. Moscow, Russia: PIR Center Library Se- ries. Accessed at http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591= 0C54E3B3-1E9C-BE1E-2C24-A6A8C7060233&lng=en&id=54962 on May 18, 2009. Reiss, Mitchell. Bridled Ambition: Why Countries Constrain Their Nuclear Capabilities. 1995. Bal- timore, Md.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. 139

140 APPENDIX C Shields, John. 1995. Reports: CIS Nonproliferation Developments. The Nonproliferation Review. 3:1. Accessed at http://cns.miis.edu/npr/31toc.htm on May 18, 2009. Shields, John and William C. Potter, eds. 1997. Dismantling the Cold War: U.S. and Newly- Independent States Perspectives on the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Accessed at http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default. asp?ttype=2&tid=3868 on May 18, 2009.

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The government's first Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) programs were created in 1991 to eliminate the former Soviet Union's nuclear, chemical, and other weapons and prevent their proliferation. The programs have accomplished a great deal: deactivating thousands of nuclear warheads, neutralizing chemical weapons, converting weapons facilities for peaceful use, and redirecting the work of former weapons scientists and engineers, among other efforts. Originally designed to deal with immediate post-Cold War challenges, the programs must be expanded to other regions and fundamentally redesigned as an active tool of foreign policy that can address contemporary threats from groups that are that are agile, networked, and adaptable. As requested by Congress, Global Security Engagement proposes how this goal can best be achieved.

To meet the magnitude of new security challenges, particularly at the nexus of weapons of mass destruction and terrorism, Global Security Engagement recommends a new, more flexible, and responsive model that will draw on a broader range of partners than current programs have. The White House, working across the Executive Branch and with Congress, must lead this effort.

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