Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 287
Appendix D
Forum Member Biographies
David A. Relman, M.D. (Chair), is professor of medicine (infectious diseases
and geographic medicine) and of microbiology and immunology at Stanford
University School of Medicine, and chief of the infectious disease section at the
Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Health Care System. Dr. Relman received his
B.S. in biology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his M.D.
from Harvard Medical School. He completed his residency in internal medicine
and a clinical fellowship in infectious diseases at Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, after which he moved to Stanford for a postdoctoral fellowship in 1986
and joined the faculty there in 1994. His research focus is on understanding the
structure and role of the human indigenous microbial communities in health and
disease. This work brings together approaches from ecology, population biology,
environmental microbiology, genomics, and clinical medicine. A second area
of investigation explores the classification structure of humans and nonhuman
primates with systemic infectious diseases, based on patterns of genome-wide
gene transcript abundance in blood and other tissues. The goals of this work are
to understand mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction, as well as predict clini-
cal outcome early in the disease process. His scientific achievements include the
description of a novel approach for identifying previously unknown pathogens;
the characterization of a number of new human microbial pathogens, including
the agent of Whipple’s disease; and some of the most in-depth analyses to date
of human indigenous microbial communities. Among his other activities, Dr.
Relman currently serves as chair of the Board of Scientific Counselors of the
National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial
Research, is a member of the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity,
and advises a number of U.S. government departments and agencies on matters
OCR for page 288
MICROBIAL EVOLUTION AND CO-ADAPTATION
related to pathogen diversity, the future life sciences landscape, and the nature
of present and future biological threats. He was co-chair of the Committee on
Advances in Technology and the Prevention of Their Application to Next Gen-
eration Biowarfare Threats for the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). He
received the Squibb Award from the Infectious Diseases Society of America
(IDSA) in 2001, the Senior Scholar Award in Global Infectious Diseases from the
Ellison Medical Foundation in 2002, an NIH Director’s Pioneer Award in 2006,
and a Doris Duke Distinguished Clinical Scientist Award in 2006. He is also a
fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology.
Margaret A. Hamburg, M.D. (Vice Chair), was the founding vice president,
Biological Programs, at the Nuclear Threat Initiative, a charitable organization
working to reduce the global threat from nuclear, biological, and chemical weap-
ons, and ran the program for many years. She currently serves as senior scientist
for the organization. She completed her internship and residency in internal
medicine at the New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center and is
certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine. Dr. Hamburg is a graduate
of Harvard College and Harvard Medical School. Before taking on her current
position, she was the assistant secretary for planning and evaluation, U.S. Depart-
ment of Health and Human Services (HHS), serving as a principal policy adviser
to the secretary of health and human services, with responsibilities including
policy formulation and analysis, the development and review of regulations and
legislation, budget analysis, strategic planning, and the conduct and coordination
of policy research and program evaluation. Prior to this, she served for nearly six
years as the commissioner of health for the City of New York. As chief health
officer in the nation’s largest city, her many accomplishments included the design
and implementation of an internationally recognized tuberculosis control program
that produced dramatic declines in tuberculosis cases, the development of initia-
tives that raised childhood immunization rates to record levels, and the creation of
the first public health bioterrorism preparedness program in the nation. She cur-
rently serves on the Harvard University Board of Overseers. She has been elected
to membership in the Institute of Medicine (IOM), the New York Academy of
Medicine, and the Council on Foreign Relations and is a fellow of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and the American College
of Physicians.
David W. K. Acheson, M.D., F.R.C.P., is assistant commissioner for food pro-
tection in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Dr. Acheson graduated
from the University of London Medical School in 1980 and, following training
in internal medicine and infectious diseases in the United Kingdom, moved to the
New England Medical Center and Tufts University in Boston in 1987. As an asso-
ciate professor at Tufts University, he undertook basic molecular pathogenesis
research on foodborne pathogens, especially Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia
OCR for page 289
APPENDIX D
coli. In 2001, Dr. Acheson moved his laboratory to the University of Maryland
Medical School in Baltimore to continue research on foodborne pathogens. In
September 2002, Dr. Acheson accepted a position as chief medical officer at the
FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN). In January 2004,
he also became the director of CFSAN’s Food Safety and Security Staff, and
in January 2005, the staff was expanded to become the Office of Food Safety,
Defense and Outreach. In January 2007, the office was further expanded to
become the Office of Food Defense, Communication and Emergency Response.
On May 1, 2007, Dr. Acheson assumed the position of FDA assistant commis-
sioner for food protection to provide advice and counsel to the commissioner on
strategic and substantive food safety and food defense matters. Dr. Acheson has
published extensively and is internationally recognized both for his public health
expertise in food safety and for his research in infectious diseases. Additionally,
Dr. Acheson is a fellow of both the Royal College of Physicians (London) and
the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Ruth L. Berkelman, M.D., is the Rollins Professor and director of the Center
for Public Health Preparedness and Research at the Rollins School of Public
Health, Emory University, in Atlanta. She received her A.B. from Princeton Uni-
versity and her M.D. from Harvard Medical School. Board certified in pediatrics
and internal medicine, she began her career at the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) in 1980 and later became deputy director of the National
Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID). She also served as a senior adviser to
the director of CDC and as assistant surgeon general in the U.S. Public Health
Service. In 2001 she came to her current position at Emory University, direct-
ing a center focused on emerging infectious diseases and other urgent threats to
health, including terrorism. She has also consulted with the biologic program of
the Nuclear Threat Initiative and is most recognized for her work in infectious
diseases and disease surveillance. She was elected to the IOM in 2004. Cur-
rently a member of the Board on Life Sciences of the National Academies, she
also chairs the Board of Public and Scientific Affairs at the American Society of
Microbiology (ASM).
Enriqueta C. Bond, Ph.D., is president of the Burroughs Wellcome Fund. She
received her undergraduate degree from Wellesley College, her M.A. from the
University of Virginia, and her Ph.D. in molecular biology and biochemical genet-
ics from Georgetown University. She is a member of the Institute of Medicine,
the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Society
for Microbiology, and the American Public Health Association. Dr. Bond chairs
the Academies’ Board on African Science Academy Development and serves on
the Report Review Committee for the Academies. She serves on the board and
executive committee of the Research Triangle Park Foundation, the board of the
National Institute for Statistical Sciences, the board of the Northeast Biodefense
OCR for page 290
0 MICROBIAL EVOLUTION AND CO-ADAPTATION
Center and the New England Center of Excellence in Biodefense and Emerging
Infectious Diseases, and the council of the National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development. Prior to being named president of the Burroughs Wellcome
Fund in 1994, Dr. Bond served on the staff of the IOM beginning in 1979, becom-
ing its executive officer in 1989.
Roger G. Breeze, Ph.D., received his veterinary degree in 1968 and his Ph.D.
in veterinary pathology in 1973, both from the University of Glasgow, Scotland.
He was engaged in teaching, diagnostic pathology, and research on respiratory
and cardiovascular diseases at the University of Glasgow Veterinary School from
1968 to 1977 and at Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine
from 1977 to 1987, where he was professor and chair of the Department of Micro-
biology and Pathology. From 1984 to 1987 he was deputy director of the Wash-
ington Technology Center, the state’s high-technology sciences initiative, based
in the College of Engineering at the University of Washington. In 1987, he was
appointed director of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) Plum Island
Animal Disease Center, a Biosafety Level 3 facility for research and diagnosis of
the world’s most dangerous livestock diseases. In that role he initiated research
into the genomic and functional genomic basis of disease pathogenesis, diagnosis,
and control of livestock RNA and DNA virus infections. This work became the
basis of U.S. defense against natural and deliberate infection with these agents
and led to his involvement in the early 1990s in biological weapons defense and
proliferation prevention. From 1995 to 1998, he directed research programs in 20
laboratories in the Southeast for the USDA Agricultural Research Service before
going to Washington, DC, to establish biological weapons defense research pro-
grams for USDA. He received the Distinguished Executive Award from President
Clinton in 1998 for his work at Plum Island and in biodefense. Since 2004 he has
been chief executive officer of Centaur Science Group, which provides consulting
services in biodefense. His main commitment is to the Defense Threat Reduction
Agency’s Biological Weapons Proliferation Prevention Program in Europe, the
Caucasus, and Central Asia.
Steven J. Brickner, Ph.D., is a research fellow in antibacterials chemistry at
Pfizer Global Research and Development in Groton, Connecticut. He graduated
from Miami University (Ohio) with a B.S. in chemistry with honors and received
his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in organic chemistry from Cornell University. He was
an NIH postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Dr.
Brickner is a medicinal chemist with 25 years of research experience in the phar-
maceutical industry, all focused on the discovery of novel antibacterial agents. He
is an inventor or co-inventor on 21 U.S. patents and has published numerous sci-
entific papers in the areas of oxazolidinones and novel azetidinones. Dr. Brickner
has been a member of the IOM Forum on Microbial Threats since 1997 and is a
member of the editorial advisory board for Current Pharmaceutical Design. Dr.
OCR for page 291
APPENDIX D
Brickner initiated the oxazolidinone research program at Upjohn, led the team that
discovered Zyvox® (linezolid), and is a co-inventor of this antibiotic used to treat
multidrug-resistant gram-positive infections. Zyvox is the first member of any
entirely new class of antibiotics to reach the market in more than 35 years since
the quinolones. He is a co-recipient of the 2007 American Chemical Society’s
Team Innovation Award and the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of
America’s 2007 Discoverers Award. He was named the 2002-2003 Outstanding
Alumni Lecturer, College of Arts and Science, Miami University (Ohio).
Gail H. Cassell, Ph.D., is currently vice president, Scientific Affairs, and Dis-
tinguished Lilly Research Scholar for Infectious Diseases, Eli Lilly and Com-
pany, in Indianapolis, Indiana. She is the former Charles H. McCauley Professor
and chairman of the Department of Microbiology at the University of Alabama
Schools of Medicine and Dentistry at Birmingham, a department that ranked first
in research funding from NIH during her decade of leadership. She obtained her
B.S. from the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa and in 1993 was selected
as one of the top 31 female graduates of the twentieth century. She obtained
her Ph.D. in microbiology from the University of Alabama at Birmingham and
was selected as its 2003 Distinguished Alumnus. She is a past president of the
American Society for Microbiology (the oldest and single-largest life sciences
organization, with a membership of more than 42,000). She was a member of the
NIH Director’s Advisory Committee and a member of the Advisory Council of
the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) of NIH. She
was named to the original Board of Scientific Councilors of the CDC Center for
Infectious Diseases and served as chair of the board. She recently served a three-
year term on the Advisory Board of the director of the CDC and as a member of
the HHS secretary’s Advisory Council of Public Health Preparedness. Currently
she is a member of the Science Board of the FDA Advisory Committee to the
Commissioner. Since 1996 she has been a member of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative
Medical Science Program responsible for advising the respective governments on
joint research agendas (U.S. State Department-Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs).
She has served on several editorial boards of scientific journals and has authored
more than 250 articles and book chapters. Dr. Cassell has received national and
international awards and an honorary degree for her research in infectious dis-
eases. She is a member of the IOM and is currently serving a three-year term on
the IOM Council, its governing board. Dr. Cassell has been intimately involved in
the establishment of science policy and legislation related to biomedical research
and public health. For nine years she was chairman of the Public and Scientific
Affairs Board of the American Society for Microbiology; she has served as
an adviser on infectious diseases and indirect costs of research to the White
House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP); and she has been an
invited participant in numerous congressional hearings and briefings related to
infectious diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and biomedical research. She has
OCR for page 292
MICROBIAL EVOLUTION AND CO-ADAPTATION
served two terms on the Liaison Committee for Medical Education (LCME), the
accrediting body for U.S. medical schools, as well as other national committees
involved in establishing policies for training in the biomedical sciences. She has
just completed a term on the Leadership Council of the School of Public Health
of Harvard University. Currently she is a member of the Executive Committee
of the Board of Visitors of Columbia University School of Medicine, the Board
of Directors of the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, and the Advisory Council of the
School of Nursing of Johns Hopkins.
Bill Colston, Ph.D., is division leader for the Chemical and Biological Coun-
termeasures (CB) Division for the Global Security (GS) Principal Directorate
at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The newly formed CB Division
is comprised of about 190 scientists from a variety of disciplines. The mission
of this division is to provide national policy support, threat characterization,
biological detection, chemical and explosives detection, instrumentation and
systems development, decontamination and restoration, forensics and attribu-
tion, Biodefense Knowledge Center products, and incident response support
operations. Prior to this assignment he held the positions of founding director
of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Biodefense Knowledge Center
(BKC) and deputy program leader for the Chemical and Biological Security Pro-
gram. Dr. Colston holds a Ph.D. from the University of California, Davis, in bio-
medical engineering. He has published more than 40 publications in the scientific
literature, holds more than 15 patents related to medical diagnostics and imaging
devices, and has received three different research and development (R&D) 100
Awards. His research interests are focused mainly on molecular characterization
of infectious disease, with direct relevance to new diagnostic devices.
Col. Ralph (Loren) Erickson, M.D., M.P.H., Dr.P.H., is the director of the
Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response
System (DOD-GEIS) headquartered in Silver Spring, Maryland. He holds a
B.S. degree in chemistry from the University of Washington, an M.D. from the
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, an M.P.H. from Harvard
University, and a Dr.P.H. from Johns Hopkins University. Residency trained and
board certified in preventive medicine, Dr. Erickson has held a number of lead-
ership positions within the Army Medical Department, including director of the
General Preventive Medicine Residency Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of
Research; director, Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance, U.S. Army Center
for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine; commander of the U.S. Army
Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (Europe); and specialty
leader for all U.S. Army preventive medicine physicians.
Mark Feinberg, M.D., Ph.D., is vice president for medical affairs and policy in
global vaccine and infectious diseases at Merck & Co., Inc., and is responsible
OCR for page 293
APPENDIX D
for global efforts to implement vaccines to achieve the greatest health benefits,
including efforts to expand access to new vaccines in the developing world. Dr.
Feinberg received a bachelor’s degree magna cum laude from the University of
Pennsylvania in 1978 and his M.D. and Ph.D. degrees from Stanford University
School of Medicine in 1987. His Ph.D. research at Stanford was supervised by
Dr. Irving Weissman and included time spent studying the molecular biology of
the human retroviruses—HTLV-I (human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, type I) and
HIV—as a visiting scientist in the laboratory of Dr. Robert Gallo at the National
Cancer Institute. From 1985 to 1986, Dr. Feinberg served as a project officer for
the IOM Committee on a National Strategy for AIDS. After receiving his M.D.
and Ph.D. degrees, Dr. Feinberg pursued postgraduate residency training in inter-
nal medicine at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital of Harvard Medical School
and postdoctoral fellowship research in the laboratory of Dr. David Baltimore
at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. From 1991 to 1995, Dr.
Feinberg was an assistant professor of medicine and microbiology and immunol-
ogy at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), where he also served
as an attending physician in the AIDS-oncology division and as director of the
virology research laboratory at San Francisco General Hospital. From 1995 to
1997, Dr. Feinberg was a medical officer in the Office of AIDS Research in the
Office of the Director of NIH, the chair of the NIH Coordinating Committee on
AIDS Etiology and Pathogenesis Research, and an attending physician at the
NIH Clinical Center. During this period, he also served as executive secretary of
the NIH Panel to Define Principles of Therapy of HIV Infection. Prior to joining
Merck in 2004, Dr. Feinberg served as professor of medicine and microbiology
and immunology at the Emory University School of Medicine, as an investigator
at the Emory Vaccine Center, and as an attending physician at Grady Memorial
Hospital. At UCSF and Emory, Dr. Feinberg and colleagues were engaged in
the preclinical development and evaluation of novel vaccines for HIV and other
infectious diseases and in basic research studies focused on revealing fundamen-
tal aspects of the pathogenesis of AIDS. Dr. Feinberg also founded and served
as the medical director of the Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center—a clini-
cal research facility devoted to the clinical evaluation of novel vaccines and to
translational research studies of human immune system biology. In addition to
his other professional roles, Dr. Feinberg has also served as a consultant to, and
a member of, several IOM and NAS committees. Dr. Feinberg currently serves as
a member of the National Vaccine Advisory Committee (NVAC) and is a mem-
ber of the Board of Trustees of the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases
(NFID). Dr. Feinberg has earned board certification in internal medicine; he is
a fellow of the American College of Physicians, a member of the Association of
American Physicians, and the recipient of an Elizabeth Glaser Scientist Award
from the Pediatric AIDS Foundation and an Innovation in Clinical Research
Award from the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation.
OCR for page 294
MICROBIAL EVOLUTION AND CO-ADAPTATION
J. Patrick Fitch, Ph.D., is laboratory director for the National Biodefense Analy-
sis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC) and president of Battelle National Bio-
defense Institute, LLC (BNBI). BNBI manages and operates the NBACC national
laboratory for the Department of Homeland Security as a Federally Funded
Research and Development Center (FFRDC) established in 2006. NBACC’s mis-
sion is to provide the nation with the scientific basis for awareness of biological
threats and attribution of their use against the American public. Dr. Fitch joined
Battelle in 2006 as vice president for Biodefense Programs after more than 20
years of experience leading multidisciplinary applied science teams at the Uni-
versity of California’s Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). From
2001 to 2006, he led the LLNL Chemical and Biological National Security Pro-
gram (CBNP), with applied science programs from pathogen biology to deployed
systems. CBNP accomplishments include performing more than 1 million assays
on national security samples; setting up and operating 24/7 reach-back capabili-
ties; setting up a nationwide bioalert system; receiving three R&D 100 awards;
designing signatures for validated assays in the CDC Laboratory Response Net-
work and the National Animal Health Laboratory Network; and designing. His
advisory board activities have included the U.S. Animal Health Association, Texas
A&M University DHS Center of Excellence, Central Florida University (College
of Engineering), Colorado State University (College of Engineering), California
State Breast Cancer Research Program, and Biomolecular Engineering. Dr. Fitch
was a fellow of the American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery and an
associate editor of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing. He has received two
national awards for medical devices, a technical writing award for an article in
Science, and an international best paper award from the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers. He also co-invented the technology, developed the initial
business plan, and successfully raised venture investments for a medical device
start-up company. Dr. Fitch received his Ph.D. from Purdue University and B.S.
from Loyola College of Maryland.
Capt. Darrell R. Galloway, M.S.C., Ph.D., is chief of the Medical Science
and Technology Division for the Chemical and Biological Defense Directorate
at the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. He received his baccalaureate degree
in microbiology from California State University in Los Angeles in 1973. After
completing military service in the U.S. Army as a medical corpsman from 1969
to 1972, Captain Galloway entered graduate school and completed a doctoral
degree in biochemistry in 1978 from the University of California, followed
by two years of postgraduate training in immunochemistry as a fellow of the
National Cancer Institute (NCI) at the Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation
in La Jolla, California. Captain Galloway began his Navy career at the Naval
Medical Research Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, where he served as a research
scientist working on vaccine development from 1980 to 1984. In late 1984,
OCR for page 295
APPENDIX D
Captain Galloway left active service to pursue an academic appointment at Ohio
State University, where he is now a tenured faculty member in the Department of
Microbiology. He also holds appointments at the University of Maryland Biotech-
nology Institute and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences.
He has an international reputation in the area of bacterial toxin research and has
published more than 50 research papers on various studies of bacterial toxins. In
recent years, Captain Galloway’s research has concentrated on anthrax and the
development of DNA-based vaccine technology. His laboratory has contributed
substantially to the development of a new DNA-based vaccine against anthrax
that has completed the first phase of clinical trials. Captain Galloway is a member
of the ASM and has served as president of the Ohio branch of that organization.
He received an NIH Research Career Development Award. In 2005, Captain Gal-
loway was awarded the Joel M. Dalrymple Award for significant contributions to
biodefense vaccine development.
S. Elizabeth George, Ph.D., is deputy director, Biological Countermeasures
Portfolio Science and Technology Directorate, Department of Homeland Security.
Until it merged into the new department in 2003, she was program manager of
the Chemical and Biological National Security Program in the Department of
Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration’s Office of Nonproliferation
Research and Engineering. Significant accomplishments include the design and
deployment of BioWatch, the nation’s first civilian biological threat agent moni-
toring system, and PROTECT, the first civilian operational chemical detection
and response capability deployed in the Washington, DC area subway system.
Previously, she spent 16 years at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), Office of Research and Development, National Health and Ecological
Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, where she
was branch chief of the Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Branch. She received
her B.S. in biology in 1977 from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni-
versity and her M.S. and Ph.D. in microbiology in 1979 and 1984, respectively,
from North Carolina State University. From 1984 to 1986, she was a National
Research Council (NRC) fellow in the laboratory of Dr. Larry Claxton at EPA.
Dr. George is the 2005 chair of the Chemical and Biological Terrorism Defense
Gordon Research Conference. She has served as councillor for the Environmental
Mutagen Society and president and secretary of the Genotoxicity and Environ-
mental Mutagen Society. She holds memberships in the ASM and the AAAS
and is an adjunct faculty member in the School of Rural Public Health, Texas
A&M University. She is a recipient of the EPA Bronze Medal and Scientific
and Technological Achievement Awards and the DHS Under Secretary’s Award
for Science and Technology. She is author of numerous journal articles and has
presented her research at national and international meetings.
OCR for page 296
MICROBIAL EVOLUTION AND CO-ADAPTATION
Jesse L. Goodman, M.D., M.P.H., is director of the FDA’s Center for Biologics
Evaluation and Research (CBER), which oversees medical, public health, and
policy activities concerning the development and assessment of vaccines, blood
products, tissues, and related devices and novel therapeutics, including cellular
and gene therapies. He moved to the FDA full-time in 2001 from the University
of Minnesota, where he was professor of medicine and director of the Division
of Infectious Diseases. A graduate of Harvard College, he received his M.D. from
the Albert Einstein College of Medicine; did residency and fellowship training at
the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and at the University of California,
Los Angeles (UCLA), where he was also chief medical resident; and is board
certified in internal medicine, oncology, and infectious diseases. He trained in
the virology laboratory of Jack Stevens at UCLA and has had an active labora-
tory program in the molecular pathogenesis of infectious diseases. In 1995, his
laboratory isolated the etiologic agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE)
and subsequently characterized fundamental events involved in the infection of
leukocytes, including their cellular receptors. He is editor of the book Tick Borne
Diseases of Humans published by ASM Press in 2005 and is a staff physician
and infectious diseases consultant at the NIH Clinical Center and the National
Naval Medical Center-Walter Reed Army Medical Center, as well as adjunct pro-
fessor of medicine at the University of Minnesota. He is active in a wide variety
of clinical, public health, and product development issues, including pandemic
and emerging infectious disease threats; bioterrorism preparedness and response;
and blood, tissue, and vaccine safety and availability. In these activities, he has
worked closely with CDC, NIH, and other HHS components, academia, and the
private sector, and he has put into place an interactive team approach to emerg-
ing threats. This model was used in the collaborative development and rapid
implementation of nationwide donor screening of the U.S. blood supply for West
Nile virus. He has been elected to the American Society for Clinical Investigation
(ASCI) and to the IOM.
Eduardo Gotuzzo, M.D., is principal professor and director at the Instituto de
Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humbolt, Universidad Peruana Cayetan Here-
dia in Lima, Peru, as well as chief of the Department of Infectious and Tropical
Diseases at the Cayetano Heredia Hospital. He is also an adjunct professor of
medicine at the University of Alabama, Birmingham, School of Medicine. Dr.
Gotuzzo is an active member of numerous international societies and has been
president of the Latin America Society of Tropical Disease (2000-2003), the
IDSA Scientific Program (2000-2003), the International Organizing Committee
of the International Congress of Infectious Diseases (1994 to present), president-
elect of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (1996-1998), and presi-
dent of the Peruvian Society of Internal Medicine (1991-1992). He has published
more than 230 articles and chapters as well as six manuals and one book. Recent
honors and awards include being named an honorary member of the American
OCR for page 297
APPENDIX D
Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in 2002, an associate member of the
National Academy of Medicine in 2002, an honorary member of the Society of
Internal Medicine in 2000, and a distinguished visitor at the Faculty of Medical
Sciences, University of Cordoba, Argentina, in 1999. In 1988 he received the
Golden Medal for Outstanding Contribution in the Field of Infectious Diseases
awarded by Trnava University, Slovakia.
Jo Handelsman, Ph.D., is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute professor in the
Departments of Bacteriology and Plant Pathology and chair of the Department
of Bacteriology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison (UW, Madison). She
received her Ph.D. in molecular biology from the UW, Madison, in 1984 and
joined the faculty of UW, Madison, in 1985. Her research focuses on the genetic
and functional diversity of microorganisms in soil and insect gut communities.
She is one of the pioneers of functional metagenomics, an approach to access-
ing the genetic potential of unculturable bacteria in environmental samples. In
addition to her research program, Dr. Handelsman is nationally known for her
efforts to improve science education and increase the participation of women and
minorities in science at the university level. She co-founded the Women in Sci-
ence and Engineering Leadership Institute at UW, Madison, which has designed
and evaluated interventions intended to enhance the participation of women in
science. Her leadership in women in science led to her appointment as the first
president of the Rosalind Franklin Society and her service on the National Acad-
emies’ panel that wrote the 2006 report Beyond Bias and Barriers: Fulfilling the
Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering, which documented the
issues of women in science and recommended changes to universities and federal
funding agencies. In addition to more than 100 scientific research publications,
Dr. Handelsman is co-author of two books about teaching: Entering Mentoring
and Scientific Teaching. Dr. Handelsman is the editor-in-chief of DNA and Cell
Biology, and the series Controversies in Science and Technology, and a member
of the National Academy of Sciences’ Board on Life Sciences and the Institute of
Medicine’s Forum on Microbial Threats. She is a National Academies mentor in
the life sciences, a fellow in the American Academy of Microbiology and AAAS,
director of the Wisconsin Program for Scientific Teaching, and co-director of The
National Academies’ Summer Institutes on Undergraduate Education in Biology.
In 2008, she received the Alice Evans Award from the American Society for
Microbiology in recognition of her mentoring. In 2009, she received the Carski
Award from the American Society for Microbiology in recognition of her teach-
ing contributions, and she was named “A Revolutionary Mind” by Seed Magazine
in recognition of her unorthodox ideas.
Carole A. Heilman, Ph.D., is the director of the Division of Microbiology and
Infectious Diseases (DMID), at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, a component of NIH-HHS. As director of DMID she has responsibil-
OCR for page 300
00 MICROBIAL EVOLUTION AND CO-ADAPTATION
Hughes worked initially on foodborne and waterborne diseases and subsequently
on infection control in healthcare settings. He served as director of CDC’s Hos-
pital Infections Program from 1983 to 1988, as deputy director of NCID from
1988 to 1992, and as director of NCID from 1992 to 2005. A major focus of Dr.
Hughes’ career has been on building partnerships among the clinical, research,
public health, and veterinary communities to prevent and respond to infectious
diseases at the national and global levels. His research interests include emerg-
ing and reemerging infectious diseases; antimicrobial resistance; foodborne dis-
eases; healthcare-associated infections; vectorborne and zoonotic diseases; rapid
detection of and response to infectious diseases and bioterrorism; strengthening
public health capacity at the local, national, and global levels; and prevention
of water-related diseases in the developing world. Dr. Hughes is a fellow of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American College of
Physicians, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America, a member of IOM,
and a councillor of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
Stephen A. Johnston, Ph.D., is currently director of the Center for Innovations
in Medicine in the Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University. His cen-
ter focuses on formulating and implementing disruptive technologies for basic
problems in health care. The center has three divisions: Genomes to Vaccines,
Cancer Eradication, and DocInBox. Genomes to Vaccines has developed high-
throughput systems to screen for vaccine candidates and is applying them to
predict and produce chemical vaccines. The Cancer Eradication group is working
on formulating a universal prophylactic vaccine for cancer. DocInBox is devel-
oping technologies to facilitate presymptomatic diagnosis. Dr. Johnston founded
the Center for Biomedical Inventions (also known as the Center for Translation
Research) at the University of Texas-Southwestern, the first center of its kind in
the medical arena. He and his colleagues have developed numerous inventions
and innovations, including the gene gun, genetic immunization, TEV (tobacco
etch virus) protease system, organelle transformation, digital optical chemistry
arrays, expression library immunization, linear expression elements, and others.
He also was involved in transcription research for years, first cloning Gal, then
later discovering functional domains in transcription factors and the connection
of the proteasome to transcription. He has been professor at the University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas and associate and assistant profes-
sor at Duke University. He has been involved in several capacities as an adviser
on biosecurity since 1996 and is a member of the WRCE SAB and a founding
member of BioChem 20/20.
Gerald T. Keusch, M.D., is associate provost and associate dean for global health
at Boston University and Boston University School of Public Health. He is a
graduate of Columbia College (1958) and Harvard Medical School (1963). After
completing a residency in internal medicine, fellowship training in infectious
OCR for page 301
0
APPENDIX D
diseases, and two years as an NIH research associate at the Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization (SEATO) Medical Research Laboratory in Bangkok, Thailand, Dr.
Keusch joined the faculty of the Mt. Sinai School of Medicine in 1970, where
he established a laboratory to study the pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery and
the biology and biochemistry of Shiga toxin. In 1979 he moved to Tufts Medi-
cal School and New England Medical Center in Boston to found the Division of
Geographic Medicine, which focused on the molecular and cellular biology of
tropical infectious diseases. In 1986 he integrated the clinical infectious diseases
program into the Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases,
continuing as division chief until 1998. He has worked in the laboratory and in
the field in Latin America, Africa, and Asia on basic and clinical infectious dis-
eases and HIV/AIDS research. From 1998 to 2003, he was associate director for
international research and director of the Fogarty International Center at NIH. Dr.
Keusch is a member of ASCI, the Association of American Physicians, the ASM,
and the IDSA. He has received the Squibb (1981), Finland (1997), and Bristol
(2002) awards of the IDSA. In 2002 he was elected to the IOM.
Rima F. Khabbaz, M.D., is director of the National Center for Preparedness,
Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases at CDC. She became director of
the National Center for Infectious Diseases at CDC in December 2005 and led
its transition to the current centers. She is a graduate of the American University
of Beirut, Lebanon, where she obtained both her bachelor’s degree in science and
her medical doctorate degree. She trained in internal medicine and completed a
fellowship in infectious diseases at the University of Maryland in Baltimore. She
is also a clinical associate professor of medicine (infectious diseases) at Emory
University. She began her CDC career in 1980 as an epidemic intelligence service
officer in the Hospital Infections Program. She later served as a medical epidemi-
ologist in CDC’s Retrovirus Diseases Branch, where she made major contributions
to defining the epidemiology of non-HIV retroviruses (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) in
the United States and developing guidance for counseling HTLV-infected per-
sons. Following the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome outbreak in the southwestern
United States in 1993, she led CDC’s efforts to set up national surveillance for the
syndrome. Prior to becoming director of NCID, she was acting deputy director
and, before that, associate director for epidemiologic science, NCID. Additional
positions held at CDC include associate director for science and deputy director
of the Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases. She played a leading role in
developing CDC’s blood safety programs and its food safety programs related to
viral diseases. She also had a key role in CDC’s responses to outbreaks of new
and/or reemerging viral infections including Nipah, Ebola, West Nile, SARS, and
monkeypox. She led CDC’s field team to the nation’s capital during the public
health response to the anthrax attack of 2001. She is a fellow of the Infectious
Diseases Society of America, a member of the American Epidemiologic Society,
the American Society for Microbiology, and the Council of State and Territorial
OCR for page 302
0 MICROBIAL EVOLUTION AND CO-ADAPTATION
Epidemiologists. She served on FDA’s Blood Product Advisory Committee and
on its Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee. She also
served on IDSA’s Annual Meeting Scientific Program Committee and serves on
the society’s National and Global Public Health Committee. She is a graduate of
the National Preparedness Leadership Initiative at Harvard University and of the
Public Health Leadership Institute at the University of North Carolina.
Lonnie J. King, D.V.M., is currently director of CDC’s new National Center for
Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases (NCZVED). Dr. King leads the
center’s activities for surveillance, diagnostics, disease investigations, epidemiol-
ogy, research, public education, policy development, and disease prevention and
control programs. NCZVED also focuses on waterborne, foodborne, vectorborne,
and zoonotic diseases of public health concern, which also include most of
CDC’s select and bioterrorism agents, neglected tropical diseases, and emerging
zoonoses. Before serving as director, he was the first chief of the agency’s Office
of Strategy and Innovation. In 1996, Dr. King was appointed dean of the Col-
lege of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University. He served for 10 years
as dean of the college. As dean, he was the chief executive officer for academic
programs, research, the teaching hospital, diagnostic center for population and
animal health, basic and clinical science departments, and outreach and continu-
ing education programs. As dean and professor of large animal clinical sciences,
Dr. King was instrumental in obtaining funds for construction of the $60 million
Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, initiated the Center for
Emerging Infectious Diseases in the college, served as the campus leader in food
safety, and had oversight for the National Food Safety and Toxicology Center.
He brought the Center for Integrative Toxicology to the college and was the
university’s designated leader for counterbioterrorism activities for his college.
Prior to this, Dr. King was administrator for USDA’s Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service (APHIS). Dr. King served as the country’s chief veterinary
officer for five years and worked extensively in global trade agreements within
the North American Free Trade Agreement and the World Trade Organization.
Before beginning his government career in 1977, he was in private veterinary
practice for seven years in Dayton, Ohio, and in Atlanta, Georgia. He received
his B.S. and D.V.M. from Ohio State University in 1966 and 1970, respectively.
He earned his M.S. in epidemiology from the University of Minnesota while
on special assignment with the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1980. He
received his master’s in public administration from the American University in
Washington, DC in 1991. Dr. King has a broad knowledge of animal agriculture
and the veterinary profession through his work with other government agencies,
universities, major livestock and poultry groups, and private practitioners. Dr.
King is a board-certified member of the American College of Veterinary Preven-
tive Medicine and has completed the senior executive fellowship program at
Harvard University. He served as president of the Association of American Vet-
OCR for page 303
0
APPENDIX D
erinary Medical Colleges from 1999 to 2000 and was vice chair for the National
Commission on Veterinary Economic Issues from 2000 to 2004. Dr. King helped
start the National Alliance for Food Safety, served on the Governor’s Task Force
on Chronic Wasting Disease for the State of Michigan, and was a member of
four NAS committees; most recently, he chaired the National Academies Com-
mittee on Assessing the Nation’s Framework for Addressing Animal Diseases.
Dr. King is one of the developers of the Science, Politics, and Animal Health
Policy Fellowship Program, and he lectures extensively on the future of animal
health, emerging zoonoses, and veterinary medicine. He served as a consultant
and member of the Board of Scientific Counselors to CDC’s National Center for
Infectious Diseases and is a member of the IOM’s Forum on Microbial Threats.
Dr. King was an editor for the OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) Sci-
entific Review on Emerging Zoonoses, is a current member of FDA’s Board of
Scientific Advisors, and is president of the American Veterinary Epidemiology
Society. Dr. King was elected to the IOM in 2004.
Col. George W. Korch, Ph.D., is commander, U.S. Army Medical Research
Institute for Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland. Dr. Korch attended
Boston University and earned a B.S. in biology in 1974, followed by postgraduate
study in mammalian ecology at the University of Kansas from 1975 to 1978. He
earned his Ph.D. from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health
in immunology and infectious diseases in 1985, followed by postdoctoral experi-
ence at Johns Hopkins from 1985 to 1986. His areas of training and specialty are
the epidemiology of zoonotic viral pathogens and medical entomology. For the
past 15 years, he has also been engaged in research and program management for
medical defense against biological pathogens used in terrorism or warfare.
Stanley M. Lemon, M.D., is the John Sealy Distinguished University Chair and
director of the Institute for Human Infections and Immunity at the University
of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) at Galveston. He received his undergraduate
A.B. degree in biochemical sciences from Princeton University summa cum laude
and his M.D. with honors from the University of Rochester. He completed post-
graduate training in internal medicine and infectious diseases at the University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill and is board certified in both. From 1977 to 1983
he served with the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command,
followed by a 14-year period on the faculty of the University of North Carolina
School of Medicine. He moved to UTMB in 1997, serving first as chair of the
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, then as dean of the School of
Medicine from 1999 to 2004. Dr. Lemon’s research interests relate to the molecu-
lar virology and pathogenesis of the positive-stranded RNA viruses responsible
for hepatitis. He has had a long-standing interest in antiviral and vaccine develop-
ment and has served as chair of FDA’s Anti-Infective Drugs Advisory Committee.
He is the past chair of the Steering Committee on Hepatitis and Poliomyelitis of
OCR for page 304
0 MICROBIAL EVOLUTION AND CO-ADAPTATION
the WHO Programme on Vaccine Development. He is past chair of the NCID-
CDC Board of Scientific Counselors and currently serves as a member of the U.S.
Delegation to the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Medical Sciences Program. He was co-
chair of the NAS Committee on Advances in Technology and the Prevention of
Their Application to Next Generation Biowarfare Threats, and he recently chaired
an IOM study committee related to vaccines for the protection of the military
against naturally occurring infectious disease threats.
Edward McSweegan, Ph.D., is a program officer at the National Institute of
Allergy and Infectious Diseases. He graduated from Boston College with a B.S. in
biology in 1978. He has an M.S. in microbiology from the University of New
Hampshire and a Ph.D. in microbiology from the University of Rhode Island.
He was an NRC associate from 1984 to 1986 and did postdoctoral research at
the Naval Medical Research Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. Dr. McSweegan
served as an AAAS diplomacy fellow in the U.S. State Department from 1986
to 1988 where he helped to negotiate science and technology agreements with
Poland, Hungary, and the former Soviet Union. After moving to NIH, he con-
tinued to work on international health and infectious disease projects in Egypt,
Israel, India, and Russia. Currently, he manages NIAID’s bilateral program with
India, the Indo-U.S. Vaccine Action Program, and he represents NIAID in the
HHS Biotechnology Engagement Program with Russia and related countries.
He is a member of AAAS, the ASM, and the National Association of Science
Writers. He is the author of numerous journal and freelance articles.
Stephen S. Morse, Ph.D., is professor of epidemiology and founding director
of the Center for Public Health Preparedness at the Mailman School of Public
Health of Columbia University. He returned to Columbia in 2000 after four years
in government service as program manager at the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency (DARPA), where he co-directed the Pathogen Countermeasures
Program and subsequently directed the Advanced Diagnostics Program. Before
coming to Columbia, he was assistant professor of virology at the Rockefeller
University in New York, where he remains an adjunct faculty member. He is the
editor of two books, Emerging Viruses (Oxford University Press, 1993; paper-
back, 1996), which was selected by American Scientist for its list of 100 Top Sci-
ence Books of the 20th Century, and The Evolutionary Biology of Viruses (Raven
Press, 1994). He was a founding section editor of the CDC journal Emerging
Infectious Diseases and was formerly an editor-in-chief of the Pasteur Institute’s
journal Research in Virology. Dr. Morse was chair and principal organizer of the
1989 NIAID-NIH Conference on Emerging Viruses, for which he originated the
term and concept of emerging viruses-infections. He has served as a member
of the IOM-NAS Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health, chaired
its Task Force on Viruses, and was a contributor to the resulting report Emerg-
ing Infections (1992). He was a member of the IOM’s Committee on Xenograft
OCR for page 305
0
APPENDIX D
Transplantation, and he currently serves on the Steering Committee of the IOM’s
Forum on Emerging Infections (now the Forum on Microbial Threats). Dr. Morse
also served as an adviser to WHO and several government agencies. He is a fel-
low of the New York Academy of Sciences and a past chair of its microbiology
section, a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology of the American Col-
lege of Epidemiology, and an elected life member of the Council on Foreign Rela-
tions. He was the founding chair of ProMED, the nonprofit international Program
to Monitor Emerging Diseases, and was one of the originators of ProMED-mail,
an international network inaugurated by ProMED in 1994 for outbreak reporting
and disease monitoring using the Internet. Dr. Morse received his Ph.D. from the
University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Michael T. Osterholm, Ph.D., M.P.H., is director of the Center for Infec-
tious Disease Research and Policy and director of the NIH-sponsored Minnesota
Center for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance at the University
of Minnesota. He is also professor at the School of Public Health and adjunct
professor at the Medical School. Previously, Dr. Osterholm was the state epide-
miologist and chief of the acute disease epidemiology section for the Minnesota
Department of Health. He has received numerous research awards from NIAID
and CDC. He served as principal investigator for the CDC-sponsored Emerging
Infections Program in Minnesota. He has published more than 300 articles and
abstracts on various emerging infectious disease problems and is the author of
the best-selling book Living Terrors: What America Needs to Know to Survive the
Coming Bioterrorist Catastrophe. He is past president of the Council of State and
Territorial Epidemiologists. He currently serves on the IOM Forum on Microbial
Threats. He has also served on the IOM Committee to Ensure Safe Food from
Production to Consumption, and on the IOM Committee on the Department
of Defense Persian Gulf Syndrome Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation Pro-
gram, and as a reviewer for the IOM report Chemical and Biological Terrorism:
Research and Development to Improve Civilian Medical Response.
George Poste, Ph.D., D.V.M., is director of the Biodesign Institute and Del E.
Webb Distinguished Professor of Biology at Arizona State University. From 1992
to 1999, he was chief science and technology officer and president, Research and
Development, of SmithKline Beecham (SB). During his tenure at SB, he was
associated with the successful registration of 29 drug, vaccine, and diagnostic
products. He is chairman of Orchid Cellmark. He serves on the board of directors
of Monsanto and Exelixis. He is a distinguished fellow at the Hoover Institution
at Stanford University. He is a member of the Defense Science Board of the U.S.
Department of Defense and of the IOM Forum on Microbial Threats. Dr. Poste
is a board-certified pathologist, a fellow of the Royal Society, and a fellow of the
Academy of Medical Sciences. He was awarded the rank of Commander of the
British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in 1999 for services to medicine and for
OCR for page 306
0 MICROBIAL EVOLUTION AND CO-ADAPTATION
the advancement of biotechnology. He has published more than 350 scientific
papers; has co-edited 15 books on cancer, biotechnology, and infectious diseases;
and serves on the editorial board of several technical journals.
John C. Pottage, Jr., M.D., has been vice president for Global Clinical Develop-
ment in the Infectious Disease Medicine Development Center at GlaxoSmithKline
since 2007. Previously he was senior vice president and chief medical officer at
Achillion Pharmaceuticals in New Haven, Connecticut. Achillion is a small bio-
technology company devoted to the discovery and development of medicines for
HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and resistant antibiotics. Dr. Pottage initially joined
Achillion in May 2002. Prior to Achillion, Dr. Pottage was medical director of
antivirals at Vertex Pharmaceuticals. During this time he also served as an asso-
ciate attending physician at the Tufts New England Medical Center in Boston.
From 1984 to 1998, Dr. Pottage was a faculty member at Rush Medical College
in Chicago, where he held the position of associate professor, and also served as
the medical director of the Outpatient HIV Clinic at Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s
Medical Center. While at Rush, Dr. Pottage was the recipient of several teaching
awards and is a member of the Mark Lepper Society. Dr. Pottage is a graduate of
St. Louis University School of Medicine and Colgate University.
Gary A. Roselle, M.D., received his medical degree from the Ohio State Uni-
versity School of Medicine in 1973. He served his residency at the Northwestern
University School of Medicine and his infectious diseases fellowship at the Uni-
versity of Cincinnati School of Medicine. He is program director for infectious
diseases for the Department of Veterans Affairs Central Office in Washington,
DC, as well as the chief of the medical service at the Cincinnati VA Medical Cen-
ter. He is a professor of medicine in the Department of Internal Medicine, Divi-
sion of Infectious Diseases, at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine.
Dr. Roselle serves on several national advisory committees. In addition, he is
currently heading the Emerging Pathogens Initiative for the VA. He has received
commendations from the under secretary for health for the VA and the secretary
of veterans affairs for his work in the Infectious Diseases Program for the VA. He
has been an invited speaker at several national and international meetings and has
published more than 90 papers and several book chapters.
Janet Shoemaker is director of the ASM’s Public Affairs Office, a position she
has held since 1989. She is responsible for managing the legislative and regula-
tory affairs of this 42,000-member organization, the largest single biological sci-
ence society in the world. She has served as principal investigator for a project
funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to collect and disseminate data
on the job market for recent doctorates in microbiology and has played a key role
in ASM projects, including production of the ASM Employment Outlook in the
Microbiological Sciences and The Impact of Managed Care and Health System
OCR for page 307
0
APPENDIX D
Change on Clinical Microbiology. Previously, she held positions as assistant
director of public affairs for ASM; as ASM coordinator of the U.S.-U.S.S.R.
Exchange Program in Microbiology, a program sponsored and coordinated by
the NSF and the U.S. Department of State; and as a freelance editor and writer.
She received her baccalaureate, cum laude, from the University of Massachu-
setts and is a graduate of the George Washington University programs in public
policy and in editing and publications. She has served as commissioner to the
Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology and as ASM representa-
tive to the ad hoc Group for Medical Research Funding, and she is a member of
Women in Government Relations, the American Society of Association Execu-
tives, and AAAS. She has co-authored published articles on research funding,
biotechnology, biological weapons control, and public policy issues related to
microbiology.
P. Frederick Sparling, M.D., is the J. Herbert Bate Professor Emeritus of Medi-
cine, Microbiology, and Immunology at the University of North Carolina (UNC)
at Chapel Hill, and professor of medicine, Duke University. He is director of the
North Carolina Sexually Transmitted Infections Research Center and also the
Southeast Regional Centers of Excellence in Biodefense and Emerging Infec-
tions. Previously he served as chair of the Department of Medicine and chair of
the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at UNC. He was president of
the Infectious Diseases Society of America from 1996 to 1997. He was also a
member of the IOM Committee on Microbial Threats to Health (1990-1992) and
the IOM Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health in the 21st Century
(2001-2003). Dr. Sparling’s laboratory research has been on the molecular biol-
ogy of bacterial outer membrane proteins involved in pathogenesis, with a major
emphasis on gonococci and meningococci. His work helped to define the genetics
of antibiotic resistance in gonococci and the role of iron-scavenging systems in
the pathogenesis of human gonorrhea.
Brian Staskawicz, Ph.D., is professor and chair, Department of Plant and Micro-
bial Biology, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Staskawicz received his
B.A. in biology from Bates College in 1974 and his Ph.D. from the University
of California, Berkeley, in 1980. Dr. Staskawicz’s work has contributed greatly
to understanding the molecular interactions between plants and their pathogens.
He was elected to the NAS in 1998 for elucidating the mechanisms of disease
resistance, as his lab was the first to clone a bacterial effector gene from a patho-
gen and among the first to clone and characterize plant disease resistance genes.
Dr. Staskawicz’s research focuses on the interaction of the bacteria Pseudomo-
nas and Xanthomonas with Arabidopsis, tomato, and pepper. He has published
extensively in this area and is one of the leading scientists in the world working
on elucidating the molecular basis of plant innate immunity.
OCR for page 308
0 MICROBIAL EVOLUTION AND CO-ADAPTATION
Terence Taylor is director of the Global Health and Security Initiative and presi-
dent and director of the International Council for the Life Sciences (ICLS). He
is responsible for the overall direction of the ICLS and its programs, which have
the goal of enhancing global biosafety and biosecurity. From 1995 to 2005, he
was assistant director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS),
a leading independent international institute, and president and executive direc-
tor of its U.S. office (2001-2005). He studies international security policy, risk
analysis, and scientific and technological developments and their impact on politi-
cal and economic stability worldwide. He was one of IISS’s leading experts on
issues associated with nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons and their means
of delivery. In his previous appointments, he has had particular responsibilities
for issues affecting public safety and security in relation to biological risks and
advances in the life sciences. He was one of the commissioners to the United
Nations Special Commission on Iraq, for which he also conducted missions as
a chief inspector. He was a science fellow at the Center for International Secu-
rity and Cooperation at Stanford University, where he carried out, among other
subjects, studies of the implications for government and industry of the weapons
of mass destruction treaties and agreements. He has also carried out consultancy
work for the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on the implemen-
tation and development of the laws of armed conflict and serves as a member of
the editorial board of the ICRC Review. He has served as chairman of the World
Federation of Scientists’ Permanent Monitoring Panel on Risk Analysis. He was
a career officer in the British Army on operations in many parts of the world,
including counterterrorist operations and UN peacekeeping. His publications
include monographs, book chapters, and articles for, among others, Stanford
University, the World Economic Forum, Stockholm International Peace Research
Institute (SIPRI), the Crimes of War Project, the International Herald Tribune,
the Wall Street Journal, the International Defence Review, the Independent (Lon-
don), Tiempo (Madrid), the International and Comparative Law Quarterly, the
Washington Quarterly, and other scholarly journals, including unsigned contribu-
tions to IISS publications.
Murray Trostle, Dr.P.H., is a foreign service officer with the U.S. Agency for
International Development (USAID), presently serving as the deputy director of
the Avian and Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response Unit. Dr. Trostle
attended Yale University where he received a master’s in public health in 1978,
focusing on health services administration. In 1990, he received his doctorate in
public health from UCLA. His research involved household survival strategies
during famine in Kenya. Dr. Trostle has worked in international health and devel-
opment for approximately 38 years. He first worked overseas in the Malaysian
national malaria eradication program in 1968 and has since focused on health
development efforts in the former Soviet Union, Africa, and Southeast Asia.
He began his career with USAID in 1992 as a postdoctoral fellow with AAAS.
OCR for page 309
0
APPENDIX D
During his career he has worked with a number of development organizations
such as the American Red Cross, Project Concern International, and the Center
for Development and Population Activities. With USAID, Dr. Trostle has served
as director of the child immunization cluster, where he was chairman of the
European Immunization Interagency Coordinating Committee and the USAID
representative to the Global Alliance on Vaccines and Immunization. Currently,
Dr. Trostle leads the USAID Infectious Disease Surveillance Initiative as well as
the Avian Influenza Unit.
OCR for page 310
