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Suggested Citation:"Appendix K: Relevant Studies." National Research Council. 2009. Countering Biological Threats: Challenges for the Department of Defense's Nonproliferation Program Beyond the Former Soviet Union. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12596.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix K: Relevant Studies." National Research Council. 2009. Countering Biological Threats: Challenges for the Department of Defense's Nonproliferation Program Beyond the Former Soviet Union. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12596.
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Page 180
Suggested Citation:"Appendix K: Relevant Studies." National Research Council. 2009. Countering Biological Threats: Challenges for the Department of Defense's Nonproliferation Program Beyond the Former Soviet Union. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12596.
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Page 181
Suggested Citation:"Appendix K: Relevant Studies." National Research Council. 2009. Countering Biological Threats: Challenges for the Department of Defense's Nonproliferation Program Beyond the Former Soviet Union. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12596.
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Appendix K Relevant Studies Reports of National Research Council Studies Institute of Medicine Board on Global Health. 2006. Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Available online at www. nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11567. Accessed February 9, 2009. Institute of Medicine Committee for the Assessment of DOD-GEIS Influenza Surveillance and Response Programs. 2007. Review of the DOD-GEIS Influenza Programs: Strengthening Global Surveillance and Response. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Avail- able online at www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11974. Accessed February 9, 2009. Institute of Medicine Forum on Microbial Threats. 2008. Vector-Borne Diseases: Understand- ing the Environmental, Human Health, and Ecological Connections, Workshop Summary. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Available online at books.nap.edu/catalog. php?record_id=11950. Accessed January 7, 2009. National Research Council Committee on Biological Threats to Agricultural Plants and Animals. 2003. Countering Agricultural Bioterrorism. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Available online at www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10505. Accessed November 29, 2008. National Research Council Committee on International Outreach Activities on Biosecurity; De- velopment, Security, and Cooperation. 2008. The 2nd International Forum on Biosecurity: Summary of an International Meeting, Budapest, Hungary, March 30−April 2. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Available online at books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_ id=12525. Accessed January 7, 2009. National Research Council Committee on Methodological Improvements to the Department of Homeland Security’s Biological Agent Risk Analysis. 2008. Department of Homeland Se- curity Bioterrorism Risk Assessment: A Call for Change. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Available online at www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12206. Accessed January 14, 2009. National Research Council Committee on Prevention of Proliferation of Biological Weapons. 2007. The Biological Threat Reduction Program of the Department of Defense: From Foreign As- sistance to Sustainable Partnerships. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Avail- able online at books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12005. Accessed November 29, 2008. 179

180 APPENDIX K National Research Council Committee on Research Standards and Practices to Prevent the De- structive Application of Biotechnology. 2004. Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Available online at www.nap.edu/catalog. php?record_id=10827. Accessed November 29, 2008. National Research Council Committee on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism. 2002. Countering Bioterrorism: The Role of Science and Technology. Washington, D.C.: The Na- tional Academies Press. Available online at books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309086078. Accessed November 29, 2008. National Research Council Forum on Microbial Threats, S. Lemon, M. Hamburg, P. Sparling, E. Choffnes, and A. Mack, rapporteurs. 2007. Global Infectious Disease Surveillance and Detection: Assessing the Challenges—Finding Solutions. Workshop Summary. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Available online at www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_ id=11996. Accessed February 9, 2009. U.S. Government Documents Benkert, J. A. 2008. Cooperative Threat Reduction Program and the Proliferation Security Ini- tiative. Hearing of the Senate Committee on Armed Services: Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities, Washington, D.C., April 2. Available online at armed-services.senate. gov/statemnt/2008/April/Benkert%2004-02-08.pdf. Gootnick, D. 2007. U.S. Agencies Support Programs to Build Overseas Capacity for Infectious Disease Surveillance. Washington, D.C.: Government Accountability Office. Available online at hsgac.senate.gov/public/_files/GootnickTestimony.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2009. Homeland Security Council. 2006. National Strategy for Combating Terrorism. Available online at www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nsct/2006/. Accessed December 2, 2008. National Intelligence Council. 2004. Mapping the Global Future: Report of the National Intel- ligence Council’s 2020 Project. NIC 2004-13. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Available online at www.foia.cia.gov/2020/2020.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2009. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity. 2007. Proposed Framework for the Oversight of Dual-Use Life Science Research: Strategies for Minimizing the Potential Misuse of Research Information. Bethesda, MD: Department of Health and Human Services. Available online at oba.od.nih.gov/biosecurity/pdf/Framework%20for%20transmittal%200807_Sept07.pdf. Ac- cessed February 9, 2009. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity. 2006. Draft Guidance Documents. Available online at oba.od.nih.gov/biosecurity/PDF/NSABB_Draft_Guidance_Documents_27Sep06_(12_ 11_2006).pdf. Accessed November 29, 2008. National Security Council. 2006. National Security Strategy. Presidential Decision Directive NSTC-7. 1996. Washington, D.C.: Executive Office of the Presi- dent. Serafino, N. M., C. Dale, et al. 2008. ����������������������������������������������������������� The Department of Defense Role in Foreign Assistance: Back- ground, Major Issues, and Options for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Available online at www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL34639.pdf. Accessed November 29, 2008. U.S. Department of Defense. 2007. DOD Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System Annual Report Fiscal Year 2006. Silver Spring, MD: DOD-GEIS. Available online at www.geis.fhp.osd.mil/GEIS/aboutGEIS/annualreports/GEIS_06_LR.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2009. U.S. Department of Defense. 2008. Annual Report to Congress on Cooperative Threat Reduction. Arlington, VA: Department of Defense. Available online at www.partnershipforglobalsecurity. org/documents/fy08_ctr_annual_report.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2009.

APPENDIX K 181 U.S. Department of Defense. 2008. Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System. Silver Spring, MD: DOD-GEIS. Available online at www.geis.fhp.osd.mil/GEIS/aboutGEIS/ annualreports/GEIS07AR.pdf. Accessed November 29, 2008. U.S. Department of State. 2008. Country Reports on Terrorism 2007. Washington, D.C.: Govern- ment Printing Office. Available online at www.state.gov/documents/organization/105904.pdf. Accessed January 13, 2009. U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation. 2008. Nonpro- liferation and Disarmament Fund. Available online at www.state.gov/t/isn/ndf/. Accessed February 19, 2008. U.S. Department of State Bureau of Nonproliferation. 2005. United States Initiatives to Prevent Proliferation. Washington, D.C.: Department of State. Available online at www.state.gov/ documents/organization/47000.pdf. Accessed December 5, 2008. U.S. Government Accountability Office. 2005. Nonproliferation Programs Need Better Integra- tion. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Available online at www.gao.gov/new. items/d05157.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2009. U.S. Government Accountability Office. 2007. U.S. Agencies Support Programs to Build Overseas Capacity for Infectious Disease Surveillance. Available online at www.gao.gov/new.items/ d071186.pdf. Accessed November 29, 2008. White House. 2004. Biodefense for the 21st Century. Washington, D.C.: White House Press Of- fice. Available online at www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/20040430.html. Accessed November 29, 2008. Woolf, A. F. 2004. Expanding Threat Reduction and Nonproliferation Programs: Concepts and Definitions. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Available online at www. au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rs21840.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2009. Woolf, A. F. 2008. Nonproliferation and Threat Reduction Assistance: U.S. Programs in the Former Soviet Union. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Available online at fas. org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL31957.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2009. Reports of Other Studies Anthony, I. 2004. Reducing Threats at the Source: A European Perspective on Cooperative Threat Reduction. New York: Oxford University Press. Available online at books.sipri.org/files/RR/ SIPRIRR19.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2009. Anthony, I. 2004. The Role of the EU in International Non-proliferation and Disarmament As- sistance. Geneva Center for Security Policy Occasional Paper Series No. 44. Available online at www.gcsp.ch/e/publications/Security_Challenges/WMD/Occ_Papers/44-Anthony.pdf. Ac- cessed December 5, 2008. Biotechnology Industry Organization. 2008. Science for Life, Bioethics Statement of Principles. Available online at www.bio.org/bioethics/background/principles.asp. Accessed October 17, 2008. Burgess, S. F., and H. E. Purkitt. 2001. The Rollback of South Africa’s Chemical and Biological Warfare Program. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: U.S. Air Force Counterproliferation Center. Available online at www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cpc-pubs/southafrica.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2009. Clunan, A. L., P. R. Lavoy, and S. B. Martin, eds. 2008. Terrorism, War, or Disease? Unraveling the Use of Biological Weapons. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Finlay, B. D., E. Turpen, and F. Kellett. 2008. Manufacturing Possibility: Expanding Resources to Meet Global Challenges, Promote Economic Development, Support Innovation, and Prevent Proliferation. Washington, D.C.: The Henry L. Stimson Center. Available online at www. stimson.org/cnp/pdf/Manufacturing_Possibility.pdf. Accessed November 29, 2008.

182 APPENDIX K Frew, S. E., H. E. Kettler, and P. A. Singer. 2008. The Indian and Chinese health biotechnology indus- tries: Potential champions of global health. Health Affairs 27(4):12. Available online at content. healthaffairs.org/cgi/reprint/27/4/1029?ijkey=CQKhyuVY79Vng&keytype=ref&siteid=healthaff. Accessed February 9, 2009. Global Partnership Against the Proliferation of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction. 2007. Report on the G8 Global Partnership. Available online at www.g-8.de/nsc_true/Content/EN/ Artikel/__g8-summit/anlagen/gp-report-final,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf/gp- report-final. Accessed February 9, 2009. Hoffman, B. 2006. Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press. International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations. 2007. Partnerships to Build Healthier Societies in the Developing World. Geneva: IFPMA. Available online at www. canadapharma.org/Pubs/International/IFPMA%20Building%20Healthier%20ENG%202007. pdf. Accessed November 29, 2008. Kellman, B. 2007. Bioviolence: Preventing Biological Terror and Crime. New York: Cam- bridge University Press. Available online at www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue. asp?isbn=9780511339936. Accessed November 29, 2008. Lackie, J. 2007. Reported Accomplishments of Selected Threat Reduction and Nonproliferation Programs, by Agency, for Fiscal Year 2006. Washington, D.C.: Partnership for Global Secu- rity. Available online at www.partnershipforglobalsecurity.org/documents/2007_accomplish- ments.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2009. Martellini, M. 2004. Internationalizing and Expanding Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs. Geneva: United Nations. Available online at www.partnershipforglobalsecurity.org/PDFFrame- set.asp?PDF=martellini_speech.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2009. Merritt, G. 2005. Next Generation Threat Reduction: Bioterrorism’s Challenges and Solutions. Brussels: New Defence Agenda. Available online at www.securitydefenceagenda.org/Por- tals/7/Reports/2005/Next_Generation_Threat_Reduction_January_25.pdf. Accessed Febru- ary 9, 2009. Royal Society. 2008. Royal Society Activities on Reducing the Risk of the Misuse of Scientific Research. London: The Royal Society. Available online at royalsociety.org/displaypagedoc. asp?id=31055. Accessed November 29, 2008. Trapp, R. 2008. Advances in science and technology and the chemical weapons convention. Arms Control Today 38(2):18-22. Available online at www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_03/Trapp. Ac- cessed February 9, 2009. United Nations. 2008. Implementing Resolution 1540: The Role of Regional Organizations. New York: United Nations. Available online at www.unidir.org/bdd/fiche-ouvrage.php?ref_ou- vrage=978-92-9045-190-7-en. Accessed November 29, 2008. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Division on Investment Technology and Enterprise Development. 2002. Key Issues in Biotechnology. New York and Geneva: United Nations. Available online at www.unctad.org/en/docs/poitetebd10.en.pdf. Accessed November 29, 2008. World Bank. 2007. Healthy Development: The World Bank Strategy for Health, Nutrition, and Population Results. Available online at siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITION- ANDPOPULATION/Resources/281627-1154048816360/HNPStrategyFINALApril302007. pdf. Accessed November 30, 2008.

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In response to a request from the U.S. Congress, this book examines how the unique experience and extensive capabilities of the Department of Defense (DOD) can be extended to reduce the threat of bioterrorism within developing countries outside the former Soviet Union (FSU). During the past 12 years, DOD has invested $800 million in reducing the risk from bioterrorism with roots in the states of the FSU. The program's accomplishments are many fold. The risk of bioterrorism in other countries is too great for DOD not to be among the leaders in addressing threats beyond the FSU.

Taking into account possible sensitivities about a U.S. military presence, DOD should engage interested governments in about ten developing countries outside the FSU in biological threat reduction programs during the next five years. Whenever possible, DOD should partner with other organizations that have well established humanitarian reputations in the countries of interest. For example, the U.S. Agency for International Development, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the World Health Organization should be considered as potential partners.

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